CISI.ALL

his own professional idiom as belonging to one great whole:
quantitative linguistics.
  The book stresses the peculiarity of statistics of language
structure as against just conventional statistics.  To put the
difference between two types of statistics briefly, the latter comprises
the methods and parameters of general number statistics as applied, e.g., in
Economics and Demography, the former has its own methods and characterising
parameters, particularly useful for describing and evaluating language
structure.  The idea of statistical linguistics as using concepts and
methods of its own, which was adumbrated in the author's "Language as
choice and Chance", 1956, has now taken definite shape.
  Of this development I shall try to give a brief account.  In my book,
"Language as Choice and Chance", the foundation was laid for a truly
sensible application of statistics to language by my interpretation
of the langue-parole dichotomy as being essentially that between statistical
universe and sample.
.X
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667	1	19
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751	1	19
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765	1	19
777	1	19
778	1	19
782	1	19
791	1	19
804	1	19
805	1	19
835	1	19
851	1	19
862	1	19
875	1	19
893	1	19
952	1	19
1016	1	19
1061	1	19
1085	1	19
1086	1	19
1087	1	19
1182	1	19
1194	1	19
1199	2	19
1200	1	19
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.I 20
.T
The Age of Jewett: Charles Coffin Jewett and American Librarianship
1841-1868
.A
Harris, M.M.
.W
     Most librarians mark the beginning of modern librarianship
from the founding of the American Library Association in 1876 and
the appearance on the national library scene of such dynamic and
controversial figures as Melvil Dewey and Charles Ammi Cutter.
     But in doing so, they overlook an extremely significant era in
the history of our profession, for the quarter century preceding the
1876 meeting in Philadelphia was one characterized by great advances
in the field of American librarianship.  This period of growth was to
have considerable influence on the course of library development in
America after 1876.  To ignore the third quarter of the nineteenth
century is to risk misinterpreting the pivotal post-1876 era,
and in this time of reappraisal, it seems particularly appropriate
and useful to focus our attention on the years preceding the founding
of the American Library Association.
.X
8	1	20
20	6	20
42	1	20
60	1	20
85	1	20
129	1	20
171	1	20
172	1	20
237	1	20
469	1	20
585	1	20
599	1	20
640	1	20
652	1	20
665	1	20
762	1	20
803	1	20
909	1	20
918	1	20
1022	1	20
1045	1	20
1061	1	20
1268	1	20
1453	2	20
1453	2	20
.I 21
.T
On Aggression
.A
Lorenz, K.
.W
  In this book, Lorenz deals with the evolution of aggression
in vertebrates.  He points out that aggressivity is totally different
from predation: that it is a biological necessity for defence of
territory and for a cornered animal, and that it becomes mixed
up with other innate drives, thus leading up towards reduction
of intraspecific damage. This, be it noted, is most evident in
fiercer social predators like wolves, where escape from the pack
is virtually impossible and where co-operation without fighting
is necessary for survival; whereas in the non-social but proverbially
peaceful dove prevention of escape leads to violent and often
fatal attacks on the weaker mate.
  In a final chapter he advances some suggestion as to how in
the human species, where evolution is primarily cultural, and
not guided by Darwinian selection in the strict sense, the
aggressive drive may be canalized into less dangerous channels.
Man has innumerable ways of adaptively ritualizing his behavior,
many of them analogous, if not homologous, to those found in
animals.  In any event, On Aggression is a fascinating book by
a master of his subject.
.X
21	6	21
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902	1	21
1034	2	21
1329	1	21
1386	1	21
1399	1	21
1399	1	21
.I 22
.T
Education and Manpower for Librarians
.A
Asheim, L.E.
.W
  This paper is not an official policy statement
of the American Library Association nor
of the Office for Library Education.  It is
simply an exploration, an outline of possibilities
for consideration by the profession.  Its purpose is 
to generate discussion that will lead
eventually to a statement of Association policy
that the profession will support and make
effective.
  A basic assumption on which the statement
rests is this: that the library occupation is
much broader than that segment of it which is
the library profession, but that the professional
segment has responsibility for the definition
and supervision of the training and education
required by the complete range of activities
encompassed by the occupation.  Librarians
are not the only persons who work in
libraries, but librarians are the ones who are
concerned with the advancement and improvement
of the library profession.  It follows then
that it is the obligation of the professionals
to engage actively in the establishment and
maintenance of standards and norms governing
the preparation of people who work at
any level in libraries.  They should define and
guide the kinds of preparation most useful at
the pre-professional level and not
merely the education of those who will hold
positions at the level we now call "professional."
.X
22	11	22
60	1	22
230	1	22
272	2	22
371	1	22
908	1	22
934	1	22
954	1	22
1005	1	22
1148	1	22
1227	1	22
1423	1	22
1423	1	22
.I 23
.T
Pilot Inventory of Library Holdings
.A
Braden, I.A.
.W
This project was undertaken because of the
high degree of uncertainty among the library
staff regarding the extent of the problem of
missing books.  The findings of this study gave
the Ohio State University libraries concrete
evidence as to how many books are missing
and indicated the areas in which book losses
are the greatest.  These figures also provide
information which can be conveyed to the
faculty or administration when they voice
complaints about the unavailability of library
books.  The areas where losses are high also
tend to indicate the areas of most frequent
use.
.X
23	5	23
23	5	23
.I 24
.T
Libraries and Technological Forces Affecting Them
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.W
1.  What do we mean by technology and what kind of technological forces are
we concerned with?
2.  Why is it important to be concerned with technology in thinking about the
future of libraries?
3.  What kinds of technology are particularly important for libraries?
4.  How can this technology be applied today?
5.  What can we foresee for the future, as we move toward the year 2000?
6.  What, if anything, should we do tomorrow to try to get from here to here?
.X
13	1	24
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210	1	24
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684	1	24
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748	1	24
782	1	24
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789	1	24
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851	1	24
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853	1	24
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925	1	24
955	1	24
984	1	24
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1083	1	24
1361	1	24
1400	1	24
1404	1	24
1451	1	24
1451	1	24
.I 25
.T
Algebraic Systems
.A
Maltsev, A.I.
.W
   As far back as the 1920's, algebra had been accepted as the science
studying the properties of sets on which there is defined a particular
system of operations.  However up until the forties the overwhelming
majority of algebraists were investigating merely a few kinds of algebraic
structures.  These were primarily groups, rings and lattices.  The first
general theoretical work dealing with arbitrary sets with arbitrary
operations is due to G. Birkhoff (1935).  During these same years, A.
Tarski published an important paper in which he formulated the basic
principles of a theory of sets equipped with a system of relations.  Such
sets are now called models.  In contrast to algebra, model theory made
abundant use of the apparatus of mathematical logic.  The possibility of
making fruitful use of logic not only to study universal algebras but
also the more classical parts of algebra such as group theory was
discovered by the author in 1936.
  During the next twenty-five years, it gradually became clear that the
theory of universal algebras and model theory are very intimately
related despite a certain difference in the nature of their problems.  And
it is therefore meaningful to speak of a single theory of algebraic systems
dealing with sets on which there is defined a series of operations and
relations (algebraic systems). The formal apparatus of the theory is the
language of the so-called applied predicate calculus.  Thus the theory can
be considered to border on logic and algebra.
.X
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455	1	25
1117	3	25
1118	1	25
1119	2	25
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1137	1	25
1140	1	25
1141	1	25
1224	1	25
1409	1	25
1409	1	25
.I 26
.T
Indexing and Abstracting by Association
.A
Doyle, L.B.
.W
This article discusses the possibility of exploiting the
statistics of word co-occurrence in text for purposes of
document retrieval. Co-occurrence is defined and related
to the mental processes of authors and readers; several
means of quantitative measurement of word co-occurrence
are then scrutinized.  It is shown that the most
strongly co-occurring word pairs, which are therefore
"associated" in a statistical sense, can be represented
in the form of an "association map."  The last half of the
article presents two modes of use of association maps
in literature searching.
.X
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666	1	26
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812	1	26
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1144	1	26
1232	1	26
1279	1	26
1381	1	26
1382	2	26
1385	1	26
1427	1	26
1427	1	26
.I 27
.T
Cost Analysis and Simulation Procedures for the Evaluation
of Large Information Systems
.A
Bourne, C.P.
Ford, D.F.
.W
A computer program has been written and used which
simulates the several-year operation of an information
system and computes estimates of the expected
operating costs as well as the amount of equipment
and personnel required during that time period.  The
program has been used for the analysis of several
large systems and has proven itself to be a useful
research tool for the study of systems with so many
components and interrelated operations that an
equivalent manual analysis would be extremely
cumbersome and time consuming,and perhaps even
impractical. This paper describes this program and
shows, as an example, some of the results of a simulation
of two of several suggested designs for a specific
information system.
.X
27	5	27
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74	1	27
83	1	27
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211	1	27
324	1	27
474	1	27
490	1	27
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492	1	27
495	1	27
496	1	27
497	1	27
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.I 28
.T
A Note on the Pseudo-Mathematics of Relevance
.A
Taube, M.
.W
  Recently a number of articles, books, and reports
dealing with information systems, i.e., document retrieval
systems, have advanced the doctrine that such systems
are to be evaluated in terms of the degree or percentage
of relevancy they provide.
  Although there seems to be little agreement on what
relevance means, and some doubt that it is quantifiable,
there is, nevertheless, a growing agreement that a fixed
and formal relationship exists between the relevance and
the recall performance of any system.  Thus, we will find
in the literature both a frankly subjective notion of 
relevance as reported by individual users, and equations,
curves, and mathematical formulations which presumably provide
numerical measures of the recall and relevance
characteristics of information systems.  This phenomenon
of shifting back and forth from an admittedly subjective
and non-mathematical term to equations in which the
same term is given a mathematical value or a mathematical
definition has its ancient parallel in discussions
of probability.  One cannot, of course, legislate the
meaning of a term.  It all depends, as Alice pointed out,
on "who is master," the user or the term.  On the other hand,
the use of a single term in the same document to cover
two or more distinct meanings, especially when such a
usage is designed to secure the acceptance of a doctrine
by attributing to it mathematical validity which it does
not have, represents a more serious situation than merely
careless ambiguity.
.X
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829	1	28
853	1	28
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1091	1	28
1282	1	28
1282	1	28
.I 29
.T
Some Questions Concerning "Information Need"
.A
O'Connor, J.
.W
The expression "satisfying a requester's information
need" is often used, but its meaning is obscure.  The
literature on "information need" in relation to
retrieval suggests three different (though not inconsistent)
possible interpretations.  However, each of these
interpretations is itself fundamentally unclear. The
various obscurities involved are indicated by critical
questions, which those who write of information need
are invited to answer.
.X
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35	1	29
42	1	29
43	1	29
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66	1	29
68	1	29
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84	1	29
95	1	29
165	1	29
175	1	29
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274	1	29
346	1	29
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474	1	29
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477	1	29
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480	1	29
484	1	29
485	1	29
486	1	29
532	1	29
566	1	29
590	1	29
609	1	29
625	1	29
656	1	29
660	1	29
680	1	29
689	1	29
704	1	29
762	2	29
764	1	29
781	1	29
814	1	29
893	1	29
901	1	29
967	2	29
1016	1	29
1030	1	29
1038	1	29
1045	1	29
1077	1	29
1084	1	29
1094	1	29
1118	1	29
1175	1	29
1195	1	29
1201	1	29
1231	1	29
1235	1	29
1281	2	29
1285	1	29
1358	1	29
1358	1	29
.I 30
.T
Vocabulary Building and Control Techniques
.A
Wall, Eugene
.W
   The rationale is given for creation and maintainance by an information 
center of a controlled indexing and retrieval vocabulary.. Basic vocabulary
principles are (1) use of natural language, (2) development of hospitality
to new concepts, (3) provision of adequate cross-referencing, and (4)
formatting for easy use.. Terminalogical conventions necessary for development
and control of a useful vocabulary are summarized, and the techniques for 
applying these conventions to construct a thesaurus are described.. 
Computerized editing techniques and updating techniques are briefly set forth..
.X
30	5	30
71	1	30
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83	1	30
154	1	30
176	1	30
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212	1	30
247	1	30
363	1	30
419	1	30
434	1	30
483	1	30
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661	1	30
666	1	30
838	1	30
853	1	30
1118	1	30
1327	1	30
1393	1	30
1414	1	30
1431	1	30
1448	1	30
1448	1	30
.I 31
.T
Attendance and Use of the Science Library at M.I.T.
.A
Bush, G.C.
Galliher, H.P.
Morse, P.M.
.W
This is an interim report on continuing
studies of library operations at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology being made by
members of the Institute's Operations Research
Project in cooperation with the librarians and
library staff.  In this report, which is based
on actual observations of on-the-premise use
made of the Science Library, various statistics
measuring the kind, degree, and intensity of use
are tabulated.  In addition there are some
suggested measures of effectiveness of the library.
A unique outcome of the survey has been the
construction and verification of a mathematical
model employing probability theory to measure
rate and kind of use of library material
together with length of stay of library patrons.
Such models, characteristic of an operations
research approach, give promise of furthering
the goal of effective library management and
planning.
.X
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36	1	31
41	1	31
46	3	31
181	1	31
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395	1	31
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774	1	31
778	2	31
891	1	31
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925	1	31
952	1	31
953	1	31
964	2	31
968	1	31
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1018	1	31
1019	2	31
1086	1	31
1173	1	31
1203	2	31
1240	1	31
1352	1	31
1359	1	31
1397	1	31
1417	1	31
1451	1	31
1451	1	31
.I 32
.T
Information Gathering Patterns and Creativity
A study of research chemists in an industrial research laboratory
.A
Maizell, Robert E.
.W
   A comparison of creative and "noncreative" research chemists with 
respect to the ways in which they use their professional and technical 
literature.. The creative chemists differ from the "noncreative" in that the
former read more technical literature on the job, are less reluctant to use 
literature of greater reading difficulty, are less influenced in their 
independence of thought, read more extensively and consult more frequently the
older material, are more inquisitive and have broader cultural interests.. The
findings of the study are believed to be helpful in planning library and 
information services, in refining future inquiries into the ways in which
scientists use recorded information, and in improving tests for the 
identification of creative ability among chemists..
.X
2	1	32
4	1	32
9	1	32
15	1	32
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96	1	32
103	2	32
137	1	32
163	1	32
207	1	32
255	1	32
456	1	32
475	1	32
592	1	32
716	1	32
768	1	32
771	1	32
774	1	32
783	1	32
799	1	32
811	1	32
816	1	32
913	1	32
961	1	32
962	1	32
964	1	32
968	1	32
1068	1	32
1151	1	32
1203	1	32
1291	1	32
1321	1	32
1339	1	32
1361	1	32
1407	1	32
1445	1	32
1445	1	32
.I 33
.T
The "Half-Life" of Some Scientific and Technical Literatures
.A
Burton, R.E.
.A
Kebler, R.W.
.W
   A consideration of the analogy between the half-life of radioactive 
substances and the rate of obsolescence of scientific literature.. The validity 
of this analogy suggest the possibility of more accurate prognostications
concerning the period of time during which scientific literature may by used 
and hence might help to guide the planning of library collections and 
technical information services..
.X
33	19	33
36	2	33
41	1	33
46	1	33
48	2	33
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560	1	33
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632	1	33
635	1	33
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651	1	33
667	1	33
735	1	33
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750	2	33
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767	3	33
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778	1	33
782	1	33
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791	1	33
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808	3	33
811	1	33
905	1	33
925	2	33
948	1	33
953	1	33
959	1	33
977	2	33
983	3	33
1016	1	33
1019	1	33
1023	1	33
1030	2	33
1055	1	33
1063	1	33
1081	1	33
1082	2	33
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1090	1	33
1097	1	33
1135	1	33
1151	1	33
1174	1	33
1260	1	33
1273	1	33
1275	2	33
1276	1	33
1278	1	33
1280	1	33
1285	4	33
1286	4	33
1287	5	33
1302	2	33
1308	2	33
1312	1	33
1334	1	33
1335	2	33
1338	2	33
1341	1	33
1346	1	33
1352	1	33
1390	1	33
1397	1	33
1417	1	33
1428	1	33
1432	1	33
1432	1	33
.I 34
.T
Keyword-In-Context Index for Technical Literature (KWIC Index)
.A
Luhn, H.P.
.W
   A distinction is made between bibliographical indexes for new and past
literature based on the willingness of the user to trade perfection for 
currency.. Indexes giving keywords in their context are proposed as suitable 
for disseminating new information.. These can be entirely machine-generated 
and hence kept up-to-date with the current literature.. A compatible coding 
scheme to identify the indexed documents is also proposed.. In it elements are
automatically extracted from the usual identifiers of the document so that the 
coded identifier yields a maximum of information while remaining susceptible 
to normal methods of ordering..
.X
18	1	34
34	8	34
49	1	34
53	4	34
59	1	34
164	1	34
175	1	34
202	1	34
213	1	34
224	1	34
243	1	34
252	1	34
421	1	34
465	1	34
466	1	34
480	1	34
490	1	34
491	1	34
506	1	34
507	1	34
510	2	34
512	1	34
565	1	34
591	1	34
595	1	34
603	2	34
604	1	34
622	1	34
623	1	34
629	1	34
633	1	34
639	1	34
659	1	34
673	1	34
674	1	34