.I 1
.T
18 Editions of the Dewey Decimal Classifications
.A
Comaromi, J.P.
.W
The present study is a history of the DEWEY Decimal
Classification. The first edition of the DDC was published
in 1876, the eighteenth edition in 1971, and future editions
will continue to appear as needed. In spite of the DDC's
long and healthy life, however, its full story has never
been told. There have been biographies of Dewey
that briefly describe his system, but this is the first
attempt to provide a detailed history of the work that
more than any other has spurred the growth of
librarianship in this country and abroad.
.X
1 5 1
92 1 1
262 1 1
556 1 1
1004 1 1
1024 1 1
1024 1 1
.I 2
.T
Use Made of Technical Libraries
.A
Slater, M.
.W
This report is an analysis of 6300 acts of use
in 104 technical libraries in the United Kingdom.
Library use is only one aspect of the wider pattern of
information use. Information transfer in libraries is
restricted to the use of documents. It takes no
account of documents used outside the library, still
less of information transferred orally from person
to person. The library acts as a channel in only a
proportion of the situations in which information is
transferred.
Taking technical information transfer as a whole,
there is no doubt that this proportion is not the
major one. There are users of technical information -
particularly in technology rather than science -
who visit libraries rarely if at all, relying on desk
collections of handbooks, current periodicals and personal
contact with their colleagues and with people in other
organizations. Even regular library users also receive
information in other ways.
.X
2 5 2
32 1 2
76 1 2
132 1 2
137 1 2
139 1 2
152 2 2
155 1 2
158 1 2
183 1 2
195 1 2
203 1 2
204 1 2
210 1 2
243 1 2
371 1 2
475 1 2
552 1 2
760 1 2
770 1 2
771 1 2
774 1 2
775 1 2
776 1 2
788 1 2
789 1 2
801 1 2
815 1 2
839 1 2
977 1 2
1055 1 2
1056 1 2
1151 1 2
1361 1 2
1414 1 2
1451 1 2
1451 1 2
.I 3
.T
Two Kinds of Power
An Essay on Bibliographic Control
.A
Wilson, P.
.W
The relationships between the organization and control of writings
and the organization and control of knowledge and information will
inevitably enter our story, for writings contain, along with much else, a
great deal of mankind's stock of knowledge and information. Bibliographical
control is a form of power, and if knowledge itself is a form of power,
as the familiar slogan claims, bibliographical control is in a certain sense
power over power, power to obtain the knowledge recorded in written
form. As writings are not simply, and not in any simple way, storehouses of
knowledge, we cannot satisfactorily discuss bibliographical control as
simply control over the knowledge and information contained in writings.
.X
3 7 3
42 1 3
172 1 3
268 1 3
292 1 3
323 1 3
360 1 3
361 1 3
444 1 3
457 1 3
665 1 3
762 1 3
803 1 3
846 1 3
907 2 3
911 1 3
985 1 3
1219 1 3
1268 1 3
1309 1 3
1402 2 3
1426 1 3
1426 1 3
.I 4
.T
Systems Analysis of a University Library;
final report and research project
.A
Buckland, M.K.
.W
The establishment of nine new universities in the 1960's provoked a highly
stimulating re-examination of the nature, purpose and management of academic
libraries. Long-established attitudes and methods were questioned, but
although changes were made, the basic difficulty remained - a lack of objective
information about the best ways of providing a library service in a university.
The report of the UGC Committee on Libraries (the Parry Repot [267]), which,
in general, endorsed these changes, also stressed the need for research into
all aspects of academic library provision.
.X
4 10 4
5 2 4
9 1 4
32 1 4
65 1 4
96 1 4
137 1 4
162 1 4
163 1 4
207 2 4
245 1 4
293 1 4
298 1 4
364 1 4
418 1 4
456 1 4
580 1 4
622 1 4
696 1 4
705 1 4
728 1 4
729 1 4
766 1 4
768 2 4
770 1 4
774 2 4
776 1 4
783 1 4
786 1 4
791 1 4
799 1 4
811 2 4
816 2 4
823 1 4
842 1 4
843 1 4
844 1 4
913 1 4
915 1 4
925 3 4
959 1 4
960 1 4
961 3 4
962 2 4
964 2 4
968 1 4
981 1 4
1068 1 4
1069 1 4
1070 1 4
1203 1 4
1214 1 4
1321 1 4
1400 1 4
1407 1 4
1445 1 4
1445 1 4
.I 5
.T
A Library Management Game:
a report on a research project
.A
Brophy, P.
.W
Although the use of games in professional education has
become widespread only during the last decade, the method has
been used in a number of fields for many hundreds of years.
Its origins have been traced to simple war games, used in
military training when the "real thing" was either unavailable
or too dangerous. In more recent times, these games have
become more and more sophisticated, and many now use large
electronic computers to handle the complex calculations involved.
Since 1956, when the first well-developed management game was
introduced, the technique has spread rapidly into a wide variety
of disciplines and today it is used at all levels of education,
from primary school classes to courses for experienced professional
men and women. One of the main causes of this "game explosion"
has been the rapid development of sophisticated management
techniques, such as simulation and mathematical modelling, which
have been made possible by rapid advances in computer technology.
.X
4 2 5
5 6 5
90 1 5
91 1 5
115 1 5
158 1 5
207 1 5
222 1 5
223 1 5
234 1 5
245 2 5
364 2 5
365 1 5
368 1 5
435 1 5
535 1 5
553 1 5
598 1 5
615 1 5
764 1 5
766 1 5
811 2 5
815 1 5
816 2 5
818 1 5
823 1 5
842 1 5
915 1 5
925 2 5
944 1 5
948 1 5
957 1 5
959 1 5
960 1 5
961 2 5
962 1 5
964 1 5
1023 2 5
1219 1 5
1227 1 5
1257 1 5
1365 1 5
1390 1 5
1400 1 5
1400 1 5
.I 6
.T
Abstracting Concepts and Methods
.A
Borko, H.
.W
Graduate library school study of abstracting should be more than a
how-to-do-it course.
It should include general material on the characteristcs and types of abstracts,
the historical development of abstracting publications, the abstract-publishing
industry (especially in the United States), and the need for standards in the
preparation and evaluation of the product.
These topics we call concepts.
The text includes a methods section containing instructions for writing
various types of abstracts, and for editing and preparing abstracting publications.
These detailed instructions are supplemented by examples and exercises in the
appendix.
There is a brief discussion of indexing of abstract publications.
Research on automation has been treated extensively in this work, for we
believe that the topic deserves greater emphasis than it has received in the
past.
Computer use is becoming increasingly important in all aspects of librarianship.
Much research effort has been expended on the preparation and evaluation of
computer-prepared abstracts and extracts.
Students, librarians, and abstractors will benefit from knowing about this
research and understanding how computer programs were researched to analyze text,
select key sentences, and prepare extracts and abstracts.
The benefits of this research are discussed.
Abstracting is a key segment of the information industry.
Opportunities are available for both full-time professionals and part-time or
volunteer workers.
Many librarians find such activities pleasant and rewarding, for they know
they are contributing to the more effective use of stored information.
One chapter is devoted to career opportunities for abstractors.
.X
6 6 6
363 1 6
403 1 6
461 1 6
551 1 6
551 1 6
.I 7
.T
Academic Library Buildings
A Guide to Architectural Issues and Solutions
.A
Ellsworth, R.E.
.W
This book attempts to present representative examples of successful
architectural solutions to the important problems librarians and
architects face in planning new college and university library
buildings or in remodeling and enlarging existing structures. It does
not attempt to make case study evaluations, as was done by
Ellsworth Mason for Brown and Yale. Nor does it present examples
of unsuccessful solutions except to show how to avoid mistakes,
and in these cases the libraries will not be identified.
.X
7 8 7
240 1 7
262 1 7
353 1 7
892 1 7
1028 1 7
1211 3 7
1212 1 7
1266 1 7
1424 1 7
1424 1 7
.I 8
.T
The Academic Library Essays in Honor of Guy R. Lyle
.A
Farber, E.I.
.W
As important for staff members' individual development
as was the apprenticeship in administration, perhaps the most
significant attitude one acquired while working for
Guy was engendered by his insistence that librarians must
be interested in and knowledgeable about the content of the
materials with which they dealt. His love of literature, his
respect for scholarship, his admiration for good writing and
reading were manifested in many ways, but most notably in
his admonition that, though we were primarily a research
library, we must constantly keep in mind our obligation to
collect contemporary poetry, fiction and belles-letters. It
was primarily up to the library staff, he felt, to be
responsible for these as well as for "general" books which crossed
disciplinary lines or fell between the disciplines, those books
which a faculty mostly concerned with research materials is
apt to overlook. And in building this portion of the collection,
"there is no substitute for a thorough acquaintance with
books through a reading of critical reviews and the books
themselves." This counsel is from The President, the Professor,
and the College Library, but the importance of its thrust--the
need to keep up with the world of books and publishing--was
continually impressed upon us.
.X
8 5 8
20 1 8
171 1 8
909 1 8
918 1 8
1061 1 8
1453 1 8
1453 1 8
.I 9
.T
Access to Libraries in College
.A
Hyman, R.T.
.W
This study assumed that an additional use study held
less promise than an analytical consideration of concepts.
The basic approach was a survey comparing traditional and
current professional ideas on direct access. Principal data-gathering
instruments were documentary analysis and opinion questionnaire.
Findings of the documentary analysis included the following:
Research from 1890 to 1970 on the direct shelf approach
and browsing left the problems largely unresolved and
evidently resistant to established methods of use and user
research. The need for an exhaustive study of concepts was
confirmed.
Open shelf libraries--organized through shelf classification
and relative location--were meant to arouse the intellectual,
social, and political interest of the average citizen and affect
his democratic self-realization.
Definitions of "browsing" varied greatly: self-indulgence
by the untutored in objectionable works; beneficial self-education
for the general reader; valuable guidance for the scholar in his
research.
.X
4 1 9
9 5 9
32 1 9
96 1 9
137 1 9
163 1 9
207 2 9
222 1 9
223 1 9
296 1 9
297 1 9
298 1 9
300 1 9
301 1 9
302 1 9
358 1 9
364 1 9
456 1 9
515 1 9
535 1 9
625 1 9
629 1 9
631 1 9
634 1 9
768 1 9
774 1 9
783 1 9
791 1 9
799 1 9
811 2 9
816 2 9
818 1 9
823 1 9
843 1 9
844 1 9
846 1 9
913 1 9
915 1 9
961 2 9
962 2 9
964 2 9
968 1 9
994 1 9
1015 1 9
1068 1 9
1203 1 9
1242 1 9
1247 1 9
1268 1 9
1321 1 9
1354 1 9
1407 1 9
1445 1 9
1445 1 9
.I 10
.T
Access to Periodical Resources
.A
Palmour, V.E.
.W
The purpose of this study was to develop, evaluate,
and recommend a national plan for improving access to periodical
resources. About 48 percent of all academic interlibrary loans
are for periodical materials, with the bulk of the loans being
satisfied in the form of photocopies. A major consideration in
the long-range improvement of the interlibrary loan system is
the possible augmentation with a national system for acquiring,
storing, and satisfying loan requests for periodical materials.
This study focused on the physical access to the
periodical literature. Based on the needs of the library community,
design features were developed, and included the following:
Service should be made available to all users
without any restriction other than access
through a library.
Initially, the service should be confined primarily
to rapid, dependable delivery of photocopies of
journal articles.
The collection of a center should be comprehensive
in subject coverage excluding only medicine.
All worthwhile journals should be collected
irrespective of language.
.X
10 12 10
145 1 10
167 1 10
190 1 10
225 1 10
232 1 10
244 1 10
304 1 10
305 1 10
306 1 10
358 1 10
385 1 10
394 1 10
400 1 10
433 1 10
459 1 10
534 1 10
541 1 10
551 2 10
702 1 10
731 1 10
732 1 10
788 1 10
817 1 10
820 1 10
823 1 10
825 1 10
826 1 10
827 1 10
828 1 10
831 1 10
881 1 10
886 1 10
887 1 10
919 1 10
920 1 10
921 1 10
942 1 10
947 2 10
948 1 10
1017 1 10
1058 2 10
1059 1 10
1060 1 10
1146 1 10
1227 1 10
1230 1 10
1257 1 10
1258 2 10
1302 1 10
1305 1 10
1306 1 10
1390 6 10
1390 6 10
.I 11
.T
The Acquisition of Library Materials
.A
Ford, S.
.W
The scope of acquisitions work, outlined in the Introduction,
acknowledges the importance of selection policy,
serials recording, and other topics kindred to acquisitions.
These topics are discussed in this book only as they relate
to obtaining library materials. They are examined thoroughly
in books and papers that are cited in the references and the
bibliographic note.
Centralized acquisitions and automation of order routines are of
major importance in order work and they are reviewed as chapters in
this book. These chapters are introductions to the concepts and
problems of centralization and automation, not manuals of practice.
For treatment of these topics in particular and in depth the reader is
referred to the references cited. For automation these references
are only a modest selection from an enormous literature.
.X
11 5 11
143 1 11
242 1 11
268 1 11
305 1 11
1020 1 11
1021 1 11
1058 1 11
1322 2 11
1322 2 11
.I 12
.T
Acquisition from the 3rd World
.A
Clarke, D.A.
.W
The Ligue des bibliotheques europeennes de recherche (LIBER) was set up
in 1971 as an international non-governmental organization, with the aim of
establishing close collaboration between the general research libraries of
Western Europe, particularly national and university libraries, and in
particular to help in finding practical ways of improving the quality of
the services these libraries provide.
At the second meeting of its General Assembly, held in Luxembourg in 1972,
LIBER decided to hold a seminar on the acquisition of materials from the
'Third World'; and I was charged with the 'intellectual organization' of this
seminar. The purpose of the meeting would be to examine the problems of
acquisition; the availability of materials in European libraries both for
reference and for lending; and the feasibility of setting up a European centre
for the collection of such material, to be available for loan. The provision
of bibliographic information, preferable in machine-readable form, was to be
a basic consideration, whatever means were proposed for acquiring publications
from those areas. The Council of Europe made a generous grant towards the
cost of the seminar which was held at the University of Sussex from 17 to 19
September 1973.
.X
12 8 12
12 8 12
.I 13
.T
AD695049
.A
Wooster, H.
.W
I am not, nor have I ever pretended to be, an expert on
microfiche. Nevertheless, when I was invited to address the
Third Annual Northeastern DDC/Industry Users Conference in
Waltham, Massachusetts in April of 1968 I had the temerity to
attempt to describe what I as a user would like to have in a
fiche reader. ("Towards a Uniform Federal Report Numbering
System and a Cuddly Microfiche Reader--Two Modest Proposals."
Revised September 1968. AD-669204)
.X
13 5 13
24 1 13
66 1 13
76 1 13
121 1 13
152 1 13
213 1 13
245 1 13
286 1 13
465 1 13
466 1 13
475 1 13
664 1 13
720 1 13
783 1 13
837 1 13
839 1 13
907 1 13
914 1 13
968 1 13
1362 1 13
1363 1 13
1363 1 13
.I 14
.T
The Administration of the College Library
.A
Lyle, G.R.
.W
If this book has a central thesis, it rests upon the simple but
frequently neglected principle that college library service goes
beyond the commonly accepted functions of book circulation and
storage. The college library exists, not merely to house and
circulate library materials, but to supplement and extend the teaching
process with reference service, to afford faculty members library
opportunities for improving instruction, and to encourage students
to read more and better books. Administration is essentially a
service activity, a tool through which library functions are more
fully and efficiently realized.
The present work retains most of the material of the first edition,
but includes substantial revision in each chapter. The book was
planned not only as a text in the teaching of college library
administration but also for independent professional reading. Because
readers have found the footnotes and chapter bibliographies useful
for reference purposes, they have been brought up to date and in
some cases extended.
.X
14 6 14
132 1 14
137 1 14
153 1 14
170 1 14
223 1 14
237 1 14
266 1 14
271 1 14
272 1 14
302 1 14
550 1 14
767 1 14
772 1 14
952 1 14
1019 1 14
1028 1 14
1030 1 14
1086 1 14
1090 1 14
1275 1 14
1280 1 14
1424 3 14
1424 3 14
.I 15
.T
Information Flow in Research and Development Laboratories
.A
Allen, Thomas J.
Cohen, Stephen I.
.W
Technical communication patterns in two research and development laboratories
were examined using modified sociometric techniques.. The structure of
technical communication networks in the two laboratories results from the
interaction of both social relations and work structure.. The sociometric
"stars" in the technical communication network who provide other members of the
organization with information either make greater use of individuals outside
the organization or read the literature more than other members of the
laboratory..
.X
15 10 15
32 1 15
102 1 15
103 1 15
105 2 15
139 1 15
152 1 15
313 2 15
356 1 15
447 1 15
449 1 15
475 1 15
560 1 15
574 1 15
592 1 15
625 1 15
658 1 15
803 1 15
1036 1 15
1048 1 15
1186 2 15
1187 1 15
1188 1 15
1235 1 15
1291 1 15
1319 1 15
1321 1 15
1329 1 15
1333 1 15
1386 1 15
1387 1 15
1408 2 15
1408 2 15
.I 16
.T
Adopting the Library of Congress Classification System
.A
Matthis, R.E.
.W
This manual is designed to make it possible for any library to change
efficiently to the Library of Congress Classification system. Detailed
procedures are outlined which may serve as exact models or as a series of
suggested steps which have proven effective in actual use. Most of the text
deals with the necessary criteria for effecting the planning, making the
preparations, selecting the tools, and establishing the procedures which
are essential for a reclassification project. Beyond this, considerable
attention has been given to many of the problem areas of the LC
Classification-series, biography, bibliography, law, PZ3 and PZ4. In
addition, the literature Tables VIIIa and IXa, two of the most
frequently used tables throughout the entire class system, have been
thoroughly explained and their application illustrated by a series of
comprehensive examples. Since the mechanics, production, and cost of
catalogue card copy can significantly affect the flow of books to users,
a chapter has been devoted to describing the use of Xerox copying
machines in library operations. Finally, an annotated bibliography
of books and articles judged to be helpful in deciding to reclassify is
included for those readers who wish to delve more deeply into the
tortuous and frustrating 50-year history of the concept of centralized
cataloging and classification. The numbers enclosed in parentheses
throughout the text refer to sources in the bibliography which relate
to or support the arguments being advanced in any particular case.
.X
16 6 16
154 1 16
235 1 16
250 1 16
289 1 16
404 1 16
796 1 16
802 1 16
838 1 16
861 1 16
863 2 16
864 1 16
897 1 16
989 1 16
1152 1 16
1392 1 16
1431 1 16
1431 1 16
.I 17
.T
Adventures in Librarianship
.A
Voigt, M.J.
.B
1970
.W
There has long been a need for a continuing series to provide
scholarly reviews of the rapidly changing and advancing field of
librarianship, a series which would select subjects with particular
current significance to the profession and provide an analysis of
the advances made through research and practice. Advances in
Librarianship is planned and designed to fill this need. It will
present critical articles and surveys based on the published literature,
research in progress, and developments in libraries of all types.
Mechanization may appear to be the most obvious of the advancing fronts
of librarianship, for automation has caught the enthusiastic support of all
librarians who can visualize its potential.
Advances in this field will certainly be found in every volume of this series.
As the first group of articles in this volume demonstrate, technological change
has an obvious and direct implication for libraries, but the problem has been
found to be much more complex than the simple inventory problem many experts
expected.
Advances in Librarianship is dedicated to presenting the realities of
automation, assessing where we are, where we are going, and how fast we can hope
to get there.
"The Machine and Cataloging" reviews the current status of the machine-produced
book catalog and what lies ahead as we enter the age of MARC.
Where business methods have greater applicability, progress is easier, as
reported in "Mechanization of Acquisition Processes."
Even in this area generally acceptable practices and standardization are in the
future, not the past.
One of the problems of major and immediate importance in computerization of
catalog information is that discussed in "Filing Systems for Computer
Manipulation."
This detailed review presents the complexity of the problems and suggests
possible solutions.
For many years technical service costs have been defended without adequate
knowledge of the facts.
As automated procedures are proposed, standards are determining costs of
traditional operations become essential.
The article on standards for such costs shows why the problems have been difficult
and reviews the significant advances of the past few years.
The school library has widened its dimensions in materials and services much
more rapidly than other libraries, as reflected in its new name, the
instructional media center.
Here, technical change, together with new teaching methods, has made possible
major developments in library service in schools as well as for children in
the public library.
Two articles make clear that what can be done has been demonstrated, and that
what remains is to make this the rule rather than the exception.
Bibliotherapy is an example of a field in which progress has been slow.
Articles which illustrate the potential which systems theory and managerial
planning theory have for libraries.
The articles on the application of these concepts, which come from research in
administration, are provocative and may appear controversial to some.
The article on library development in developing countries provides an
analysis in depth of our efforts and degree of success in assisting other
countries in providing the library service which is so important in the modern
world.
.X
17 6 17
17 6 17
.I 18
.T
Selective Dissemination of Information
.A
Mauerhoff, G.R.
.B
1974
.W
The present contribution does not duplicate previous studies but
complements the earlier publications and closes the few gaps that
exist in the literature prior to 1966 and after 1971. Additionally,
it is a bold attempt to evaluate critically and objectively the history
of the mechanized selective dissemination of information (SDI) as
reflected in the literature, from the initial description by Luhn
(1958, 1961b, c) to the post-1970 period when the SDI boom began losing
ground to the more popular on-line interactive systems. The review
therefore questions and interprets the concept of SDI, its implementation,
and its evolution in the light of work performed by many companies,
government agencies, universities, societies, and libraries during the
last fourteen years.
.X
18 7 18
34 1 18
49 1 18
53 1 18
59 1 18
121 1 18
125 2 18
127 4 18
129 2 18
145 5 18
164 1 18
202 1 18
211 1 18
213 1 18
224 1 18
243 1 18
357 1 18
376 2 18
378 1 18
408 1 18
421 1 18
440 1 18
452 1 18
453 1 18
459 3 18
465 1 18
466 1 18
467 1 18
468 1 18
490 1 18
491 1 18
495 1 18
506 2 18
507 1 18
508 1 18
510 1 18
511 1 18
512 2 18
514 1 18
517 1 18
520 1 18
521 1 18
523 1 18
524 2 18
525 1 18
526 1 18
527 1 18
528 1 18
529 1 18
530 1 18
534 1 18
576 1 18
580 1 18
591 1 18
595 1 18
603 1 18
604 2 18
609 1 18
612 1 18
619 1 18
622 2 18
623 2 18
629 2 18
631 1 18
632 1 18
633 3 18
635 1 18
636 1 18
637 1 18
639 1 18
642 1 18
659 1 18
676 1 18
699 1 18
700 1 18
702 1 18
703 1 18
705 1 18
707 1 18
711 1 18
722 1 18
723 2 18
726 2 18
727 1 18
728 2 18
729 1 18
730 4 18
731 2 18
732 2 18
733 1 18
734 1 18
736 1 18
754 1 18
809 1 18
810 1 18
812 1 18
813 2 18
814 2 18
820 2 18
822 2 18
826 1 18
827 1 18
828 1 18
866 1 18
870 2 18
873 1 18
877 1 18
879 2 18
1078 1 18
1089 1 18
1091 2 18
1143 3 18
1264 1 18
1283 1 18
1298 1 18
1299 1 18
1302 1 18
1303 1 18
1363 1 18
1366 2 18
1367 2 18
1368 2 18
1370 1 18
1372 1 18
1383 1 18
1396 5 18
1396 5 18
.I 19
.T
Adventures in Theory of Languages
.A
Herdan, G.
.W
In trying to give an account of the statistical properties of
language, one is faced with the problem of having to find the
common thread which would show the many and multifarious forms
of language statistics - embodied in scattered papers written
by linguists, philosophers, mathematicians, engineers, each using
his own professional idiom as belonging to one great whole:
quantitative linguistics.
The book stresses the peculiarity of statistics of language
structure as against just conventional statistics. To put the
difference between two types of statistics briefly, the latter comprises
the methods and parameters of general number statistics as applied, e.g., in
Economics and Demography, the former has its own methods and characterising
parameters, particularly useful for describing and evaluating language
structure. The idea of statistical linguistics as using concepts and
methods of its own, which was adumbrated in the author's "Language as
choice and Chance", 1956, has now taken definite shape.
Of this development I shall try to give a brief account. In my book,
"Language as Choice and Chance", the foundation was laid for a truly
sensible application of statistics to language by my interpretation
of the langue-parole dichotomy as being essentially that between statistical
universe and sample.
.X
19 7 19
37 1 19
39 1 19
40 1 19
44 1 19
47 1 19
88 1 19
97 1 19
102 1 19
103 1 19
228 2 19
229 1 19
233 1 19
253 1 19
313 1 19
318 1 19
321 2 19
324 1 19
329 2 19
359 1 19
377 1 19
379 1 19
395 1 19
416 2 19
441 1 19
442 1 19
450 1 19
495 1 19
505 1 19
511 1 19
521 1 19
524 1 19
560 1 19
563 1 19
565 1 19
567 1 19
573 1 19
592 1 19
618 1 19
632 1 19
635 1 19
667 1 19
700 1 19
748 1 19
749 1 19
751 1 19
764 1 19
765 1 19
777 1 19
778 1 19
782 1 19
791 1 19
804 1 19
805 1 19
835 1 19
851 1 19
862 1 19
875 1 19
893 1 19
952 1 19
1016 1 19
1061 1 19
1085 1 19
1086 1 19
1087 1 19
1182 1 19
1194 1 19
1199 2 19
1200 1 19
1274 1 19
1277 1 19
1278 1 19
1280 1 19
1287 1 19
1301 1 19
1302 1 19
1304 1 19
1313 1 19
1338 1 19
1344 1 19
1347 1 19
1380 1 19
1428 1 19
1444 1 19
1444 1 19
.I 20
.T
The Age of Jewett: Charles Coffin Jewett and American Librarianship
1841-1868
.A
Harris, M.M.
.W
Most librarians mark the beginning of modern librarianship
from the founding of the American Library Association in 1876 and
the appearance on the national library scene of such dynamic and
controversial figures as Melvil Dewey and Charles Ammi Cutter.
But in doing so, they overlook an extremely significant era in
the history of our profession, for the quarter century preceding the
1876 meeting in Philadelphia was one characterized by great advances
in the field of American librarianship. This period of growth was to
have considerable influence on the course of library development in
America after 1876. To ignore the third quarter of the nineteenth
century is to risk misinterpreting the pivotal post-1876 era,
and in this time of reappraisal, it seems particularly appropriate
and useful to focus our attention on the years preceding the founding
of the American Library Association.
.X
8 1 20
20 6 20
42 1 20
60 1 20
85 1 20
129 1 20
171 1 20
172 1 20
237 1 20
469 1 20
585 1 20
599 1 20
640 1 20
652 1 20
665 1 20
762 1 20
803 1 20
909 1 20
918 1 20
1022 1 20
1045 1 20
1061 1 20
1268 1 20
1453 2 20
1453 2 20
.I 21
.T
On Aggression
.A
Lorenz, K.
.W
In this book, Lorenz deals with the evolution of aggression
in vertebrates. He points out that aggressivity is totally different
from predation: that it is a biological necessity for defence of
territory and for a cornered animal, and that it becomes mixed
up with other innate drives, thus leading up towards reduction
of intraspecific damage. This, be it noted, is most evident in
fiercer social predators like wolves, where escape from the pack
is virtually impossible and where co-operation without fighting
is necessary for survival; whereas in the non-social but proverbially
peaceful dove prevention of escape leads to violent and often
fatal attacks on the weaker mate.
In a final chapter he advances some suggestion as to how in
the human species, where evolution is primarily cultural, and
not guided by Darwinian selection in the strict sense, the
aggressive drive may be canalized into less dangerous channels.
Man has innumerable ways of adaptively ritualizing his behavior,
many of them analogous, if not homologous, to those found in
animals. In any event, On Aggression is a fascinating book by
a master of his subject.
.X
21 6 21
118 2 21
168 1 21
902 1 21
1034 2 21
1329 1 21
1386 1 21
1399 1 21
1399 1 21
.I 22
.T
Education and Manpower for Librarians
.A
Asheim, L.E.
.W
This paper is not an official policy statement
of the American Library Association nor
of the Office for Library Education. It is
simply an exploration, an outline of possibilities
for consideration by the profession. Its purpose is
to generate discussion that will lead
eventually to a statement of Association policy
that the profession will support and make
effective.
A basic assumption on which the statement
rests is this: that the library occupation is
much broader than that segment of it which is
the library profession, but that the professional
segment has responsibility for the definition
and supervision of the training and education
required by the complete range of activities
encompassed by the occupation. Librarians
are not the only persons who work in
libraries, but librarians are the ones who are
concerned with the advancement and improvement
of the library profession. It follows then
that it is the obligation of the professionals
to engage actively in the establishment and
maintenance of standards and norms governing
the preparation of people who work at
any level in libraries. They should define and
guide the kinds of preparation most useful at
the pre-professional level and not
merely the education of those who will hold
positions at the level we now call "professional."
.X
22 11 22
60 1 22
230 1 22
272 2 22
371 1 22
908 1 22
934 1 22
954 1 22
1005 1 22
1148 1 22
1227 1 22
1423 1 22
1423 1 22
.I 23
.T
Pilot Inventory of Library Holdings
.A
Braden, I.A.
.W
This project was undertaken because of the
high degree of uncertainty among the library
staff regarding the extent of the problem of
missing books. The findings of this study gave
the Ohio State University libraries concrete
evidence as to how many books are missing
and indicated the areas in which book losses
are the greatest. These figures also provide
information which can be conveyed to the
faculty or administration when they voice
complaints about the unavailability of library
books. The areas where losses are high also
tend to indicate the areas of most frequent
use.
.X
23 5 23
23 5 23
.I 24
.T
Libraries and Technological Forces Affecting Them
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.W
1. What do we mean by technology and what kind of technological forces are
we concerned with?
2. Why is it important to be concerned with technology in thinking about the
future of libraries?
3. What kinds of technology are particularly important for libraries?
4. How can this technology be applied today?
5. What can we foresee for the future, as we move toward the year 2000?
6. What, if anything, should we do tomorrow to try to get from here to here?
.X
13 1 24
24 5 24
62 1 24
65 1 24
66 1 24
74 1 24
75 3 24
76 1 24
78 1 24
80 1 24
119 1 24
122 1 24
137 1 24
177 1 24
210 1 24
245 1 24
278 1 24
279 1 24
280 1 24
281 2 24
336 2 24
386 1 24
395 1 24
398 1 24
658 1 24
684 1 24
716 1 24
748 1 24
782 1 24
788 1 24
789 1 24
835 1 24
837 1 24
849 1 24
850 1 24
851 1 24
852 1 24
853 1 24
854 1 24
855 1 24
907 1 24
925 1 24
955 1 24
984 1 24
1011 2 24
1083 1 24
1361 1 24
1400 1 24
1404 1 24
1451 1 24
1451 1 24
.I 25
.T
Algebraic Systems
.A
Maltsev, A.I.
.W
As far back as the 1920's, algebra had been accepted as the science
studying the properties of sets on which there is defined a particular
system of operations. However up until the forties the overwhelming
majority of algebraists were investigating merely a few kinds of algebraic
structures. These were primarily groups, rings and lattices. The first
general theoretical work dealing with arbitrary sets with arbitrary
operations is due to G. Birkhoff (1935). During these same years, A.
Tarski published an important paper in which he formulated the basic
principles of a theory of sets equipped with a system of relations. Such
sets are now called models. In contrast to algebra, model theory made
abundant use of the apparatus of mathematical logic. The possibility of
making fruitful use of logic not only to study universal algebras but
also the more classical parts of algebra such as group theory was
discovered by the author in 1936.
During the next twenty-five years, it gradually became clear that the
theory of universal algebras and model theory are very intimately
related despite a certain difference in the nature of their problems. And
it is therefore meaningful to speak of a single theory of algebraic systems
dealing with sets on which there is defined a series of operations and
relations (algebraic systems). The formal apparatus of the theory is the
language of the so-called applied predicate calculus. Thus the theory can
be considered to border on logic and algebra.
.X
25 7 25
455 1 25
1117 3 25
1118 1 25
1119 2 25
1133 1 25
1137 1 25
1140 1 25
1141 1 25
1224 1 25
1409 1 25
1409 1 25
.I 26
.T
Indexing and Abstracting by Association
.A
Doyle, L.B.
.W
This article discusses the possibility of exploiting the
statistics of word co-occurrence in text for purposes of
document retrieval. Co-occurrence is defined and related
to the mental processes of authors and readers; several
means of quantitative measurement of word co-occurrence
are then scrutinized. It is shown that the most
strongly co-occurring word pairs, which are therefore
"associated" in a statistical sense, can be represented
in the form of an "association map." The last half of the
article presents two modes of use of association maps
in literature searching.
.X
26 10 26
35 1 26
45 1 26
51 1 26
78 1 26
174 1 26
175 2 26
176 1 26
309 1 26
315 2 26
328 2 26
419 3 26
420 2 26
421 1 26
422 1 26
479 1 26
484 1 26
485 1 26
499 1 26
562 3 26
564 2 26
565 2 26
566 1 26
571 1 26
577 1 26
660 3 26
661 1 26
662 4 26
663 2 26
664 4 26
666 1 26
769 1 26
812 1 26
824 1 26
1118 1 26
1144 1 26
1232 1 26
1279 1 26
1381 1 26
1382 2 26
1385 1 26
1427 1 26
1427 1 26
.I 27
.T
Cost Analysis and Simulation Procedures for the Evaluation
of Large Information Systems
.A
Bourne, C.P.
Ford, D.F.
.W
A computer program has been written and used which
simulates the several-year operation of an information
system and computes estimates of the expected
operating costs as well as the amount of equipment
and personnel required during that time period. The
program has been used for the analysis of several
large systems and has proven itself to be a useful
research tool for the study of systems with so many
components and interrelated operations that an
equivalent manual analysis would be extremely
cumbersome and time consuming,and perhaps even
impractical. This paper describes this program and
shows, as an example, some of the results of a simulation
of two of several suggested designs for a specific
information system.
.X
27 5 27
67 1 27
74 1 27
83 1 27
158 1 27
211 1 27
324 1 27
474 1 27
490 1 27
491 1 27
492 1 27
495 1 27
496 1 27
497 1 27
584 1 27
591 1 27
976 1 27
976 1 27
.I 28
.T
A Note on the Pseudo-Mathematics of Relevance
.A
Taube, M.
.W
Recently a number of articles, books, and reports
dealing with information systems, i.e., document retrieval
systems, have advanced the doctrine that such systems
are to be evaluated in terms of the degree or percentage
of relevancy they provide.
Although there seems to be little agreement on what
relevance means, and some doubt that it is quantifiable,
there is, nevertheless, a growing agreement that a fixed
and formal relationship exists between the relevance and
the recall performance of any system. Thus, we will find
in the literature both a frankly subjective notion of
relevance as reported by individual users, and equations,
curves, and mathematical formulations which presumably provide
numerical measures of the recall and relevance
characteristics of information systems. This phenomenon
of shifting back and forth from an admittedly subjective
and non-mathematical term to equations in which the
same term is given a mathematical value or a mathematical
definition has its ancient parallel in discussions
of probability. One cannot, of course, legislate the
meaning of a term. It all depends, as Alice pointed out,
on "who is master," the user or the term. On the other hand,
the use of a single term in the same document to cover
two or more distinct meanings, especially when such a
usage is designed to secure the acceptance of a doctrine
by attributing to it mathematical validity which it does
not have, represents a more serious situation than merely
careless ambiguity.
.X
28 5 28
42 1 28
43 1 28
45 1 28
72 1 28
79 1 28
133 1 28
134 1 28
157 1 28
381 1 28
389 1 28
390 1 28
468 1 28
486 2 28
487 1 28
514 1 28
518 1 28
564 1 28
565 2 28
595 1 28
615 1 28
646 1 28
661 1 28
663 1 28
714 1 28
752 1 28
785 1 28
820 1 28
822 1 28
827 1 28
829 1 28
853 1 28
895 1 28
1091 1 28
1282 1 28
1282 1 28
.I 29
.T
Some Questions Concerning "Information Need"
.A
O'Connor, J.
.W
The expression "satisfying a requester's information
need" is often used, but its meaning is obscure. The
literature on "information need" in relation to
retrieval suggests three different (though not inconsistent)
possible interpretations. However, each of these
interpretations is itself fundamentally unclear. The
various obscurities involved are indicated by critical
questions, which those who write of information need
are invited to answer.
.X
29 5 29
35 1 29
42 1 29
43 1 29
58 3 29
66 1 29
68 1 29
69 1 29
70 1 29
84 1 29
95 1 29
165 1 29
175 1 29
261 1 29
274 1 29
346 1 29
382 1 29
444 1 29
445 2 29
447 1 29
449 1 29
451 2 29
458 1 29
474 1 29
475 1 29
476 1 29
477 1 29
478 1 29
479 1 29
480 1 29
484 1 29
485 1 29
486 1 29
532 1 29
566 1 29
590 1 29
609 1 29
625 1 29
656 1 29
660 1 29
680 1 29
689 1 29
704 1 29
762 2 29
764 1 29
781 1 29
814 1 29
893 1 29
901 1 29
967 2 29
1016 1 29
1030 1 29
1038 1 29
1045 1 29
1077 1 29
1084 1 29
1094 1 29
1118 1 29
1175 1 29
1195 1 29
1201 1 29
1231 1 29
1235 1 29
1281 2 29
1285 1 29
1358 1 29
1358 1 29
.I 30
.T
Vocabulary Building and Control Techniques
.A
Wall, Eugene
.W
The rationale is given for creation and maintainance by an information
center of a controlled indexing and retrieval vocabulary.. Basic vocabulary
principles are (1) use of natural language, (2) development of hospitality
to new concepts, (3) provision of adequate cross-referencing, and (4)
formatting for easy use.. Terminalogical conventions necessary for development
and control of a useful vocabulary are summarized, and the techniques for
applying these conventions to construct a thesaurus are described..
Computerized editing techniques and updating techniques are briefly set forth..
.X
30 5 30
71 1 30
75 1 30
77 1 30
78 1 30
79 1 30
80 1 30
81 1 30
82 1 30
83 1 30
154 1 30
176 1 30
179 1 30
212 1 30
247 1 30
363 1 30
419 1 30
434 1 30
483 1 30
581 1 30
661 1 30
666 1 30
838 1 30
853 1 30
1118 1 30
1327 1 30
1393 1 30
1414 1 30
1431 1 30
1448 1 30
1448 1 30
.I 31
.T
Attendance and Use of the Science Library at M.I.T.
.A
Bush, G.C.
Galliher, H.P.
Morse, P.M.
.W
This is an interim report on continuing
studies of library operations at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology being made by
members of the Institute's Operations Research
Project in cooperation with the librarians and
library staff. In this report, which is based
on actual observations of on-the-premise use
made of the Science Library, various statistics
measuring the kind, degree, and intensity of use
are tabulated. In addition there are some
suggested measures of effectiveness of the library.
A unique outcome of the survey has been the
construction and verification of a mathematical
model employing probability theory to measure
rate and kind of use of library material
together with length of stay of library patrons.
Such models, characteristic of an operations
research approach, give promise of furthering
the goal of effective library management and
planning.
.X
31 5 31
36 1 31
41 1 31
46 3 31
181 1 31
182 1 31
183 2 31
184 1 31
193 2 31
195 1 31
198 1 31
201 3 31
206 1 31
207 1 31
208 1 31
266 1 31
269 2 31
359 1 31
373 1 31
379 1 31
395 1 31
415 1 31
475 1 31
748 1 31
760 1 31
767 2 31
774 1 31
778 2 31
891 1 31
905 1 31
925 1 31
952 1 31
953 1 31
964 2 31
968 1 31
977 1 31
1009 1 31
1018 1 31
1019 2 31
1086 1 31
1173 1 31
1203 2 31
1240 1 31
1352 1 31
1359 1 31
1397 1 31
1417 1 31
1451 1 31
1451 1 31
.I 32
.T
Information Gathering Patterns and Creativity
A study of research chemists in an industrial research laboratory
.A
Maizell, Robert E.
.W
A comparison of creative and "noncreative" research chemists with
respect to the ways in which they use their professional and technical
literature.. The creative chemists differ from the "noncreative" in that the
former read more technical literature on the job, are less reluctant to use
literature of greater reading difficulty, are less influenced in their
independence of thought, read more extensively and consult more frequently the
older material, are more inquisitive and have broader cultural interests.. The
findings of the study are believed to be helpful in planning library and
information services, in refining future inquiries into the ways in which
scientists use recorded information, and in improving tests for the
identification of creative ability among chemists..
.X
2 1 32
4 1 32
9 1 32
15 1 32
32 5 32
96 1 32
103 2 32
137 1 32
163 1 32
207 1 32
255 1 32
456 1 32
475 1 32
592 1 32
716 1 32
768 1 32
771 1 32
774 1 32
783 1 32
799 1 32
811 1 32
816 1 32
913 1 32
961 1 32
962 1 32
964 1 32
968 1 32
1068 1 32
1151 1 32
1203 1 32
1291 1 32
1321 1 32
1339 1 32
1361 1 32
1407 1 32
1445 1 32
1445 1 32
.I 33
.T
The "Half-Life" of Some Scientific and Technical Literatures
.A
Burton, R.E.
.A
Kebler, R.W.
.W
A consideration of the analogy between the half-life of radioactive
substances and the rate of obsolescence of scientific literature.. The validity
of this analogy suggest the possibility of more accurate prognostications
concerning the period of time during which scientific literature may by used
and hence might help to guide the planning of library collections and
technical information services..
.X
33 19 33
36 2 33
41 1 33
46 1 33
48 2 33
89 1 33
90 1 33
97 1 33
101 1 33
102 1 33
104 1 33
105 1 33
106 2 33
107 1 33
111 2 33
112 1 33
155 2 33
161 1 33
163 1 33
183 2 33
184 2 33
193 2 33
198 1 33
199 2 33
201 1 33
202 1 33
203 2 33
204 1 33
205 1 33
209 1 33
210 1 33
212 1 33
217 1 33
220 1 33
222 1 33
225 1 33
233 1 33
267 1 33
269 1 33
284 1 33
286 1 33
294 1 33
314 1 33
361 1 33
367 1 33
373 2 33
543 1 33
544 1 33
545 2 33
552 1 33
560 1 33
587 2 33
588 1 33
605 2 33
613 2 33
614 3 33
616 1 33
624 1 33
632 1 33
635 1 33
638 3 33
651 1 33
667 1 33
735 1 33
747 2 33
748 1 33
750 2 33
751 1 33
753 1 33
759 1 33
765 1 33
766 1 33
767 3 33
775 3 33
778 1 33
782 1 33
784 2 33
786 1 33
788 1 33
789 2 33
791 1 33
793 4 33
794 1 33
799 1 33
800 5 33
808 3 33
811 1 33
905 1 33
925 2 33
948 1 33
953 1 33
959 1 33
977 2 33
983 3 33
1016 1 33
1019 1 33
1023 1 33
1030 2 33
1055 1 33
1063 1 33
1081 1 33
1082 2 33
1087 1 33
1088 1 33
1090 1 33
1097 1 33
1135 1 33
1151 1 33
1174 1 33
1260 1 33
1273 1 33
1275 2 33
1276 1 33
1278 1 33
1280 1 33
1285 4 33
1286 4 33
1287 5 33
1302 2 33
1308 2 33
1312 1 33
1334 1 33
1335 2 33
1338 2 33
1341 1 33
1346 1 33
1352 1 33
1390 1 33
1397 1 33
1417 1 33
1428 1 33
1432 1 33
1432 1 33
.I 34
.T
Keyword-In-Context Index for Technical Literature (KWIC Index)
.A
Luhn, H.P.
.W
A distinction is made between bibliographical indexes for new and past
literature based on the willingness of the user to trade perfection for
currency.. Indexes giving keywords in their context are proposed as suitable
for disseminating new information.. These can be entirely machine-generated
and hence kept up-to-date with the current literature.. A compatible coding
scheme to identify the indexed documents is also proposed.. In it elements are
automatically extracted from the usual identifiers of the document so that the
coded identifier yields a maximum of information while remaining susceptible
to normal methods of ordering..
.X
18 1 34
34 8 34
49 1 34
53 4 34
59 1 34
164 1 34
175 1 34
202 1 34
213 1 34
224 1 34
243 1 34
252 1 34
421 1 34
465 1 34
466 1 34
480 1 34
490 1 34
491 1 34
506 1 34
507 1 34
510 2 34
512 1 34
565 1 34
591 1 34
595 1 34
603 2 34
604 1 34
622 1 34
623 1 34
629 1 34
633 1 34
639 1 34
659 1 34
673 1 34
674 1 34
676 1 34
680 1 34
711 4 34
715 1 34
722 1 34
723 1 34
726 1 34
728 1 34
730 1 34
731 1 34
732 1 34
746 1 34
760 1 34
809 1 34
810 1 34
813 1 34
814 1 34
820 1 34
822 1 34
828 1 34
870 1 34
879 1 34
1045 1 34
1091 1 34
1118 1 34
1281 1 34
1283 1 34
1298 1 34
1299 1 34
1327 1 34
1363 1 34
1366 1 34
1367 1 34
1368 1 34
1396 1 34
1448 1 34
1448 1 34
.I 35
.T
Comparisons of Four Types of Lexical Indicators of Content
.A
Rath, G.J.
Resnick, A.
Savage, T.R.
.W
An experiment was conducted to determine which of
four types of lexical indicators of content could be
utilized best by subjects to determine relevant from
irrelevant documents and to answer a set of 100
questions. The results indicate that there were no
major differences between the groups using complete
text and abstracts to select relevant documents, but
the group utilizing the complete text obtained a
significantly higher score on the examination.
.X
26 1 35
29 1 35
35 5 35
42 2 35
43 3 35
52 1 35
58 1 35
70 2 35
73 1 35
81 1 35
84 1 35
95 1 35
315 1 35
420 2 35
444 1 35
445 1 35
447 1 35
449 1 35
474 1 35
486 1 35
499 1 35
532 1 35
571 3 35
578 1 35
582 1 35
589 1 35
594 1 35
595 1 35
625 1 35
655 1 35
656 1 35
657 2 35
660 1 35
664 1 35
666 1 35
712 1 35
762 1 35
764 1 35
893 1 35
1016 1 35
1030 1 35
1045 1 35
1054 2 35
1084 1 35
1154 1 35
1195 1 35
1201 1 35
1232 1 35
1235 1 35
1281 3 35
1285 1 35
1295 1 35
1298 1 35
1298 1 35
.I 36
.T
Recorded Use of Books in the Yale Medical Library
.A
Kilgour, F.G.
.W
Explores the amount of use of books by categories of
borrowers in the Yale Medical Library, with a view to
discovering the proportion of the catalogue which should
be put in machinable form.
.X
31 1 36
33 2 36
36 7 36
41 2 36
46 2 36
57 1 36
89 1 36
90 1 36
97 1 36
102 1 36
111 1 36
112 1 36
161 1 36
163 1 36
181 1 36
182 1 36
183 4 36
184 5 36
185 1 36
193 4 36
195 2 36
198 2 36
199 2 36
201 4 36
202 1 36
203 4 36
204 2 36
205 2 36
209 1 36
210 1 36
211 1 36
212 1 36
217 2 36
220 2 36
222 1 36
225 1 36
233 1 36
267 1 36
269 3 36
284 1 36
286 1 36
294 1 36
359 1 36
373 1 36
395 2 36
415 1 36
543 1 36
545 1 36
552 1 36
587 2 36
588 1 36
605 1 36
613 2 36
614 1 36
624 1 36
638 1 36
667 1 36
735 1 36
747 1 36
748 1 36
750 2 36
751 1 36
753 1 36
759 1 36
760 1 36
765 1 36
766 1 36
767 3 36
774 1 36
775 1 36
778 2 36
782 1 36
784 1 36
787 1 36
788 1 36
789 1 36
791 1 36
792 1 36
793 2 36
799 1 36
800 3 36
808 2 36
891 2 36
905 2 36
952 1 36
953 2 36
959 1 36
964 1 36
968 1 36
977 1 36
983 1 36
1009 1 36
1016 1 36
1018 1 36
1019 1 36
1023 1 36
1030 1 36
1055 1 36
1081 1 36
1082 1 36
1083 1 36
1085 1 36
1086 1 36
1087 1 36
1090 1 36
1135 1 36
1151 1 36
1201 1 36
1240 1 36
1260 1 36
1275 2 36
1276 1 36
1278 2 36
1280 1 36
1285 1 36
1286 1 36
1287 1 36
1302 1 36
1335 1 36
1359 1 36
1390 1 36
1397 3 36
1401 1 36
1416 1 36
1417 3 36
1418 1 36
1428 1 36
1432 1 36
1432 1 36
.I 37
.T
The World's Technical Journal Literature:
An Estimate of Volume, Origin, Language,
Field, Indexing, and Abstracting
.A
Bourne, C.P.
.W
A quantitative estimate is made of the magnitude of the
world's scientific and technical journal literature problem.
Using a number of basic sources of statistical information,
a composite picture is established to show such things as
the total volume, linguistic and national origins, breakdown
by subject field, and degree of coverage by the abstracting
and indexing services.
.X
19 1 37
37 9 37
39 1 37
40 3 37
47 1 37
63 2 37
88 1 37
97 1 37
102 1 37
103 1 37
166 1 37
198 1 37
233 1 37
253 2 37
313 1 37
359 1 37
377 1 37
379 1 37
395 2 37
505 1 37
543 1 37
560 1 37
573 1 37
614 1 37
618 2 37
622 1 37
632 1 37
635 1 37
638 1 37
667 1 37
735 1 37
748 1 37
749 1 37
751 1 37
760 1 37
764 1 37
765 1 37
777 2 37
778 1 37
782 1 37
804 1 37
805 1 37
893 1 37
907 1 37
952 2 37
1016 1 37
1030 1 37
1061 1 37
1085 1 37
1086 1 37
1087 1 37
1115 1 37
1168 1 37
1182 1 37
1200 1 37
1210 1 37
1223 1 37
1260 1 37
1274 1 37
1275 2 37
1276 1 37
1277 1 37
1278 1 37
1280 1 37
1287 1 37
1301 2 37
1302 3 37
1304 1 37
1313 1 37
1330 1 37
1338 1 37
1344 1 37
1347 1 37
1380 2 37
1428 1 37
1444 1 37
1446 1 37
1447 1 37
1447 1 37
.I 38
.T
Machinelike Indexing by People
.A
Montgomery, C.
Swanson, D.R.
.W
A study of several thousand entries in a classified bibliography
of article titles (the Index Medicus) revealed that a
large proportion of the title entries contained words identical
to or synonymous with words of the corresponding
subject heading. It is inferred that a major part of the
bibliography studied could have been compiled by a machine
procedure operating on titles alone, provided the
machine was supplied with a suitable synonym dictionary.
.X
38 9 38
52 2 38
75 1 38
84 1 38
150 2 38
175 1 38
382 1 38
429 1 38
488 1 38
489 1 38
490 1 38
491 1 38
492 1 38
493 1 38
494 1 38
495 1 38
496 1 38
497 1 38
499 1 38
500 1 38
510 2 38
514 1 38
520 1 38
565 1 38
581 1 38
582 3 38
583 3 38
584 1 38
586 2 38
589 2 38
597 1 38
603 3 38
608 1 38
659 1 38
722 2 38
726 1 38
755 1 38
795 1 38
801 1 38
813 1 38
820 1 38
822 1 38
827 1 38
830 1 38
986 1 38
1091 1 38
1144 2 38
1171 1 38
1195 2 38
1294 2 38
1327 1 38
1421 1 38
1448 1 38
1448 1 38
.I 39
.T
Bibliographic Coupling Between Scientific Papers
.A
Kessler, M.M.
.W
This report describes the results of automatic processing
of a large number of scientific papers according
to a rigorously defined criterion of coupling. The
population of papers under study was ordered into
groups that satisfy the stated criterion of interrelation.
An examination of the papers that constitute the
groups shows a high degree of logical correlation.
.X
19 1 39
37 1 39
39 19 39
40 1 39
47 1 39
50 2 39
67 1 39
83 1 39
88 1 39
89 1 39
97 2 39
102 1 39
103 1 39
106 1 39
113 1 39
114 1 39
120 1 39
175 2 39
233 1 39
253 1 39
292 1 39
313 1 39
326 1 39
359 1 39
377 1 39
379 2 39
395 1 39
420 1 39
446 1 39
455 1 39
458 1 39
473 2 39
485 5 39
503 6 39
505 1 39
560 2 39
572 1 39
573 1 39
576 1 39
584 1 39
602 1 39
605 1 39
616 1 39
618 2 39
632 8 39
635 2 39
662 1 39
666 1 39
667 3 39
748 1 39
749 2 39
751 1 39
764 1 39
765 1 39
773 1 39
777 1 39
778 1 39
782 1 39
784 1 39
804 1 39
805 2 39
893 2 39
952 1 39
958 1 39
1010 1 39
1016 1 39
1044 1 39
1061 1 39
1082 1 39
1083 1 39
1085 2 39
1086 2 39
1087 1 39
1123 1 39
1144 1 39
1182 1 39
1187 1 39
1200 1 39
1201 1 39
1207 4 39
1273 1 39
1274 1 39
1277 2 39
1278 1 39
1280 1 39
1283 2 39
1285 2 39
1287 3 39
1300 1 39
1301 1 39
1302 3 39
1304 1 39
1313 1 39
1327 1 39
1338 1 39
1341 1 39
1344 1 39
1346 1 39
1347 2 39
1380 2 39
1405 1 39
1426 1 39
1428 2 39
1444 3 39
1444 3 39
.I 40
.T
Worldwide Census of Scientific and Technical Serials
.A
Gottschalk, Charles M.
.A
Desmond, Winifred F.
.W
Results of the census of the world's scientific and technical serial
literature, within the limits defined and based on an examination of published
source material from countries throughout the world, reflect a total title
population much lower than estimated before.. Distribution of this population
by country, showing better than 50% of the total divided among six major
countries, is included and discussed, together with a broad subject
distribution of serials for certain countries..
.X
19 1 40
37 3 40
39 1 40
40 10 40
47 1 40
88 1 40
97 1 40
102 1 40
103 1 40
131 1 40
133 1 40
136 1 40
150 1 40
233 1 40
253 2 40
313 1 40
359 1 40
360 1 40
377 1 40
379 1 40
395 1 40
465 1 40
505 1 40
560 1 40
573 1 40
618 2 40
622 1 40
632 1 40
635 1 40
667 1 40
748 1 40
749 1 40
751 1 40
764 1 40
765 1 40
777 2 40
778 1 40
782 2 40
804 1 40
805 1 40
893 1 40
952 1 40
1016 1 40
1030 1 40
1061 1 40
1085 1 40
1086 1 40
1087 1 40
1089 1 40
1098 1 40
1151 1 40
1160 1 40
1168 1 40
1182 1 40
1200 1 40
1209 1 40
1223 1 40
1235 1 40
1274 1 40
1275 1 40
1277 1 40
1278 1 40
1280 1 40
1287 1 40
1289 1 40
1290 1 40
1301 2 40
1302 2 40
1304 1 40
1313 1 40
1338 1 40
1344 1 40
1347 1 40
1380 2 40
1428 1 40
1444 1 40
1444 1 40
.I 41
.T
New Factors in the Evaluation of Scientific Literature
Through Citation Indexing
.A
Garfield, E.
.A
Sher, I.H.
.W
More than one million citations from the scientific literature have been
processed by the Citation Index Project at the Institute for Scientific
Information.. The Project, sponsored by NSF and NIH, will be described briefly,
and new methods of using citation data for evaluation of publications will be
discussed..
Summaries of statistical data, compiled by computer methods such as the
following, will be given..
1. Frequency of citation of one journal by another..
2. Frequency of current citations to the past literature..
3. Frequency of self-citation by journals and authors..
4. Number of source citations per cited paper..
5. Number of references per source paper..
6. Number of papers published per journal..
.X
31 1 41
33 1 41
36 2 41
41 9 41
46 1 41
47 1 41
50 1 41
89 1 41
97 1 41
102 1 41
105 1 41
106 1 41
111 1 41
112 1 41
132 1 41
147 1 41
163 1 41
181 1 41
182 1 41
183 2 41
184 2 41
193 2 41
195 2 41
196 2 41
198 2 41
199 2 41
201 1 41
203 2 41
210 1 41
215 1 41
219 1 41
221 1 41
225 1 41
233 1 41
269 2 41
359 1 41
373 1 41
377 1 41
395 1 41
415 1 41
473 1 41
545 1 41
552 1 41
587 1 41
605 1 41
613 1 41
614 1 41
632 1 41
638 1 41
735 1 41
747 2 41
750 1 41
753 1 41
760 1 41
764 1 41
766 1 41
767 2 41
772 1 41
774 1 41
775 1 41
778 1 41
782 1 41
784 1 41
788 1 41
789 1 41
793 1 41
800 1 41
808 1 41
891 1 41
893 1 41
905 3 41
952 1 41
953 2 41
964 1 41
965 1 41
968 1 41
977 1 41
983 1 41
1009 1 41
1010 1 41
1016 1 41
1018 1 41
1019 1 41
1023 1 41
1030 1 41
1055 1 41
1071 2 41
1085 1 41
1086 1 41
1087 1 41
1090 2 41
1135 1 41
1147 2 41
1240 1 41
1260 1 41
1274 1 41
1275 2 41
1276 1 41
1277 1 41
1278 2 41
1280 2 41
1283 1 41
1285 5 41
1286 1 41
1287 3 41
1301 1 41
1302 5 41
1313 1 41
1335 1 41
1341 1 41
1347 1 41
1352 1 41
1359 1 41
1390 1 41
1397 2 41
1417 2 41
1428 1 41
1432 1 41
1444 1 41
1444 1 41
.I 42
.T
The Notion of Relevance
.A
Hillman, Donald J.
.W
Analysis of the problems of defining the mutual relevancies of queries and
document-collections indicates that they essentially involve the problem of
conceptual relatedness.. In order to consider the later problem, the question
of concept-formation is first discussed, which in turn requires a definition of
concept.. An extensional interpretation is suggested whereby a concept is
associated with a class of conceptually-similar documents.. Users' similarity-
judgments then provide the empirical data for formal definitions of concept and
conceptual relatedness.. It is found, however, that certain very general
difficulties rule out the possibility of defining concepts and their
relatedness by the method proposed.. Since this method is based on human
relevance-judgments, it seems a natural one to adopt, so that its collapse has
serious practical and theoretical consequences.. An alternative approach is
therefore proposed whose elaboration will form Part II of this article..
.X
3 1 42
20 1 42
28 1 42
29 1 42
35 2 42
42 7 42
43 2 42
52 1 42
58 1 42
60 1 42
70 2 42
72 1 42
73 1 42
79 1 42
81 1 42
84 1 42
85 1 42
95 1 42
129 1 42
152 1 42
172 1 42
184 1 42
193 1 42
202 1 42
420 1 42
444 2 42
445 1 42
447 1 42
449 1 42
469 1 42
474 1 42
486 1 42
532 1 42
564 1 42
565 1 42
578 1 42
582 1 42
585 1 42
589 1 42
594 1 42
595 1 42
599 1 42
625 1 42
640 1 42
652 1 42
655 1 42
656 1 42
657 1 42
660 1 42
661 1 42
663 1 42
665 1 42
714 2 42
761 1 42
762 3 42
764 1 42
803 1 42
893 1 42
907 1 42
1016 1 42
1022 1 42
1030 1 42
1045 2 42
1054 1 42
1084 1 42
1154 1 42
1195 1 42
1201 1 42
1232 1 42
1235 1 42
1268 1 42
1281 2 42
1285 1 42
1295 1 42
1298 1 42
1394 1 42
1407 1 42
1407 1 42
.I 43
.T
The Consistency of Human Judgments of Relevance
.A
Resnick, A.
.A
Savage, T.R.
.W
A comparison of the ability of humans to consistently judge the relevance
of documents to their general interests from bases of citations, abstracts,
keywords, and total text was made under controlled experimental conditions..
The results showed that 1) humans are able to make such judgments consistently,
and 2) the consistency of the judgment is independent of the particular base
from which it is made.. Apparent inconsistency arising from judgments made on the
basis of abstracts remains unexplained.. This experiment, as well as others
concerned with human evaluations of text material, leave unexplored the basic
problem of providing a metric scale on which such evaluations can be measured..
.X
28 1 43
29 1 43
35 3 43
42 2 43
43 6 43
47 1 43
50 1 43
52 1 43
58 1 43
65 1 43
70 2 43
73 1 43
75 1 43
81 1 43
84 1 43
95 1 43
309 1 43
328 1 43
389 1 43
390 1 43
420 1 43
444 1 43
445 1 43
447 1 43
449 1 43
474 1 43
486 2 43
532 1 43
565 1 43
571 1 43
578 1 43
582 1 43
586 1 43
589 1 43
594 1 43
595 1 43
625 1 43
655 1 43
656 1 43
657 1 43
660 2 43
661 1 43
762 1 43
764 1 43
778 1 43
791 1 43
893 1 43
958 1 43
1016 1 43
1030 1 43
1045 1 43
1054 1 43
1084 1 43
1154 1 43
1195 1 43
1201 1 43
1232 1 43
1235 1 43
1281 3 43
1285 1 43
1295 1 43
1298 1 43
1298 1 43
.I 44
.T
The Distribution of Term Usage in Manipulative Indexes
.A
Houston, Nona
.A
Wall, Eugene
.W
A semi-empirical correlation, based on data from nine indexes, permits the
prediction of the percentage of terms in a manipulative index vocabulary which
will be used to index any given number of documents.. This is a function of the
total number of index entries in the system.. A log-normal relationship,
similar to Zipf's Law, exists between total index entries and distribution of
term usage.. Based upon the correlation, optimum vocabulary size and growth rate
can inferred, as well as the most efficient arrangement of index entries in a
storage medium.. The results agree well with published data and appear to be
particularly useful for designers of mechanized retrieval or publication
operations..
.X
19 1 44
44 5 44
57 3 44
61 1 44
62 1 44
76 1 44
81 1 44
329 1 44
359 2 44
389 1 44
390 1 44
416 2 44
450 1 44
511 1 44
521 1 44
565 2 44
567 1 44
748 1 44
759 1 44
765 1 44
778 2 44
787 1 44
791 1 44
875 1 44
893 2 44
894 1 44
1081 1 44
1082 1 44
1083 1 44
1154 1 44
1173 1 44
1201 1 44
1255 1 44
1255 1 44
.I 45
.T
Measuring the Reliability of Subject Classification by Men and Machines
.A
Borko, Harold
.W
Procedures for measuring the consistency of document classification are
described.. Three subject specialists classified 997 abstracts of psychological
reports into one of eleven categories.. These abstracts were also mechanically
classified by a computer program using a factor score computational procedure..
Each abstract was scored for all categories and assigned to the one with the
highest score.. The three manual classifications were compared with each other
and with the mechanical classifications, and a series of contingency
coefficients was computed.. The average reliability of manual classification
procedures was equal to .870.. The correlation between automatic and manual
classification was .766..
.X
26 1 45
28 1 45
45 6 45
61 1 45
73 1 45
81 1 45
82 1 45
174 1 45
175 1 45
310 1 45
315 1 45
419 1 45
420 1 45
421 1 45
422 1 45
454 1 45
479 1 45
483 1 45
485 1 45
486 1 45
487 1 45
562 1 45
564 2 45
661 1 45
662 3 45
663 3 45
664 1 45
769 1 45
853 1 45
1279 1 45
1327 1 45
1419 1 45
1419 1 45
.I 46
.T
A Quantitative Measure of User Circulation Requirements and Its Possible
Effect on Stack Thinning and Multiple Copy Determination
.A
Trueswell, Richard W.
.W
The strategy outlined in this article describes a possible aid to the
librarian for thinning a library's stack according to the criterion of user
needs.. The method uses the last circulation date as a parameter of user
circulation requirements.. The resulting stack collection would, by design,
satisfy over 99 percent of the user circulation requirements and yet be of
minimum size.. Preliminary, but not yet fully validated research, indicates
that the number of volumes in a library's holdings may be reduced by 60 to 70
percent and yet satisfy well over 99 percent of the user requirements.. It may
also be possible to determine which books should have multiple copies in order
that user disappointment can be minimized.. The effective result of this
approach is that there now may be a quantitative method of maintaining the
library's holdings at a reasonable level and, in addition, a reduction in the
disappointment of the user who is unable to find the book he wants because of
use by another..
.X
31 3 46
33 1 46
36 2 46
41 1 46
46 14 46
115 1 46
181 1 46
182 1 46
183 1 46
184 1 46
193 1 46
195 1 46
198 1 46
201 1 46
206 1 46
207 1 46
208 1 46
266 1 46
269 3 46
278 1 46
280 2 46
282 1 46
290 2 46
367 1 46
395 1 46
415 1 46
759 1 46
760 1 46
767 2 46
774 1 46
778 2 46
891 1 46
905 1 46
925 2 46
943 1 46
952 1 46
953 1 46
964 2 46
968 1 46
977 1 46
983 3 46
1009 1 46
1018 1 46
1019 4 46
1023 1 46
1030 1 46
1086 1 46
1203 2 46
1240 1 46
1359 1 46
1397 1 46
1416 2 46
1417 3 46
1450 1 46
1450 1 46
.I 47
.T
Improvement of the Selectivity of Citation Indexes to Science Literature
Through Inclusion of Citation Relationship Indicators
.A
Lipetz, Ben-Ami
.W
Citation indexes to large bodies of science literature can often list far
more citing references under the known cited reference than the user can
afford the time to look up.. By providing some additional information, beyond
the minimal association of the citing reference with the cited reference, a
citation index could provide the means of the user to select from a long list
those citing references which are most relevant to his immediate search
requirement.. Means of providing this selectivity are discussed.. Particular
attention is given to the possibility of adding short codes to the citation
entries which would be informative of the way in which the citing publication
is operationally related to the cited one (this method is an integral feature
of the Shepard's legal citations).. A scheme of citation relationships of
potential value to users of science literature is presented.. These
relationships were tested on a sampling of physics literature.. The suggested
categories include indicators of the relation of the citing reference to the
scientific process in general, as well as indicators of its relationship to the
cited reference in particular.. Assignment of the categories to a citation
requires the exercise of judgment, as in subject indexing, but does not involve
the use of subject terminology.. An illustration is provided of the application
from a citation index to physics literature..
.X
19 1 47
37 1 47
39 1 47
40 1 47
41 1 47
43 1 47
47 6 47
48 1 47
50 1 47
65 1 47
75 1 47
88 1 47
97 1 47
102 2 47
103 1 47
106 1 47
113 1 47
233 1 47
253 1 47
313 1 47
359 1 47
377 2 47
379 1 47
395 1 47
503 1 47
505 1 47
513 1 47
560 1 47
573 1 47
586 1 47
618 1 47
632 2 47
635 1 47
667 1 47
748 1 47
749 1 47
751 1 47
764 2 47
765 1 47
777 1 47
778 2 47
782 1 47
791 1 47
804 1 47
805 1 47
893 1 47
952 1 47
958 1 47
1016 1 47
1061 1 47
1085 1 47
1086 1 47
1087 1 47
1182 1 47
1200 1 47
1210 1 47
1274 2 47
1277 2 47
1278 2 47
1280 2 47
1285 1 47
1287 1 47
1300 1 47
1301 2 47
1302 2 47
1304 1 47
1308 1 47
1313 3 47
1338 1 47
1344 1 47
1347 1 47
1380 1 47
1428 1 47
1444 2 47
1444 2 47
.I 48
.T
The Norms of Citation Behavior: Prolegomena to the Footnote
.A
Kaplan, Norman
.W
The publication explosion has focused renewed attention on the lowly
footnote.. While we are all at least partially aware of the technical functions
of the citation for both the writer and the reader of the scientific paper,
little is known about the norms operating in actual practice.. Even less is
known about the operating norms with respect to the more sociological functions,
including the acknowledgement of intellectual debts or the conferral of
recognition upon the works of others.. This paper reviews the state of our
knowledge, raises questions, and proposes suggestions and hypotheses for
studying the relationships between footnoting practices among scientists and
the social system of science..
.X
33 2 48
47 1 48
48 10 48
98 2 48
100 1 48
102 3 48
104 2 48
106 3 48
108 1 48
110 1 48
111 1 48
112 1 48
113 4 48
167 1 48
170 1 48
233 1 48
314 1 48
361 1 48
439 1 48
440 1 48
456 3 48
503 1 48
513 1 48
533 2 48
545 2 48
560 1 48
614 1 48
635 1 48
638 1 48
748 1 48
753 1 48
756 1 48
757 1 48
784 1 48
787 1 48
792 1 48
793 1 48
821 1 48
831 1 48
952 1 48
953 1 48
1062 1 48
1082 1 48
1083 1 48
1087 1 48
1173 1 48
1210 2 48
1254 1 48
1256 1 48
1260 1 48
1270 1 48
1273 1 48
1275 1 48
1278 1 48
1285 3 48
1286 2 48
1287 4 48
1291 1 48
1300 1 48
1301 1 48
1302 1 48
1304 1 48
1308 1 48
1313 1 48
1335 1 48
1337 2 48
1338 4 48
1340 1 48
1341 1 48
1344 2 48
1346 2 48
1347 1 48
1369 1 48
1373 1 48
1386 1 48
1418 1 48
1418 1 48
.I 49
.T
Adaptive Information Dissemination
.A
Sage, C.R.
.A
Anderson, R.R.
.A
Fitzwater, D.R.
.W
Computer dissemination of information offers significant advantages over
manual dissemination because the computer can use strategies that are
impractical and in some cases impossible for a human.. This paper describes
the Ames Laboratory Selective Dissemination of Information system with emphasis
on the effectiveness of user feedback.. The system will accept any document,
abstract, keyword, etc., in a KWIC or Science Citation Index Source format..
User profiles consist of words or word clusters each with an initially
assigned significance value.. These values are used in making the decision to
notify a user that he may be interested in a particular document.. According to
responses, the significance values are increased or decreased and quickly
attain an equilibrium which accurately describes the user's interests.. The
system is economical compared to other existing SDI systems and human
intervention is negligible except for adding and deleting profile entries..
.X
18 1 49
34 1 49
49 5 49
53 1 49
54 1 49
59 1 49
164 1 49
202 1 49
213 1 49
224 1 49
243 1 49
421 2 49
465 3 49
466 1 49
480 1 49
490 1 49
491 1 49
506 1 49
507 1 49
510 1 49
512 1 49
591 1 49
595 1 49
603 1 49
604 1 49
622 1 49
623 1 49
629 1 49
633 1 49
639 1 49
659 1 49
676 2 49
711 1 49
714 1 49
722 1 49
723 1 49
726 1 49
728 1 49
730 1 49
731 1 49
732 1 49
748 1 49
809 1 49
810 1 49
813 1 49
814 1 49
820 1 49
822 1 49
828 1 49
870 1 49
879 1 49
1091 1 49
1279 1 49
1283 1 49
1298 1 49
1299 1 49
1363 1 49
1366 1 49
1367 1 49
1368 1 49
1396 1 49
1396 1 49
.I 50
.T
Comparison of the Results of Bibliographic Coupling and
Analytic Subject Indexing
.A
Kessler, M.M.
.W
A detailed comparison of how 334 papers in Volume 112 of Physical Review form
related groups according to two criteria of relatedness.. The criteria are: (1)
the Analytic Subject Index as used by the editors of the Physical Review; and
(2) the method of Bibliographic Coupling.. The similarities and differences
between the groups thus formed are illustrated and discussed..
.X
39 2 50
41 1 50
43 1 50
47 1 50
50 8 50
65 1 50
75 1 50
105 1 50
131 2 50
175 2 50
233 1 50
326 1 50
382 1 50
395 1 50
446 1 50
473 3 50
485 2 50
486 1 50
503 1 50
572 1 50
586 1 50
616 1 50
632 1 50
769 1 50
773 1 50
778 1 50
780 1 50
785 1 50
791 1 50
893 1 50
907 1 50
958 2 50
965 1 50
966 1 50
1123 1 50
1207 2 50
1255 1 50
1277 1 50
1280 1 50
1283 1 50
1285 3 50
1287 2 50
1341 1 50
1426 1 50
1426 1 50
.I 51
.T
An Experiment in Automatic Indexing
.A
Damerau, Fred J.
.W
This report describes a method of indexing documents which is based on the
assumptions, (1) that a subset of the words in a document can be an effective
index to that document, and (2) that this subject can be approximated by
selecting those words from the document whose frequencies are statistically
unexpectedly high.. The results of the experiment are encouraging, although not
definitive because any index set chosen must be tested by using it for
retrieval from a large collection..
.X
26 1 51
51 5 51
61 1 51
69 2 51
71 1 51
77 1 51
79 2 51
114 1 51
144 1 51
168 1 51
175 2 51
176 3 51
315 1 51
382 1 51
419 2 51
441 1 51
448 1 51
458 1 51
480 1 51
483 1 51
484 1 51
486 1 51
488 1 51
491 1 51
493 1 51
503 1 51
507 1 51
509 1 51
510 1 51
512 1 51
517 1 51
520 1 51
522 1 51
527 1 51
528 1 51
531 1 51
565 2 51
566 2 51
577 2 51
581 1 51
596 1 51
603 1 51
608 1 51
633 1 51
644 1 51
659 1 51
660 3 51
662 2 51
664 1 51
715 1 51
754 1 51
790 1 51
805 1 51
809 1 51
810 1 51
812 2 51
813 1 51
814 1 51
817 1 51
824 2 51
825 1 51
894 1 51
1051 1 51
1294 2 51
1327 2 51
1419 1 51
1427 1 51
1427 1 51
.I 52
.T
Comparative Indexing: Terms Supplied by Biomedical
Authors and by Document Titles
.A
Schultz, Claire K.
.A
Schultz, Wallace L.
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.W
The original aim of this study was to obtain objective data bearing on the
much argued question of whether author indexing is "good".. Author indexing of
285 documents reporting biomedical research was scored by comparing the author-
supplied terms (author set) for each paper with a criterion set of terms that
was established by asking a group of 12 potential users to describe the same
document.. Terms in the document title (title set) were scored similarly.. The
average author set contained almost half of all the terms employed by more than
one member of the user group and scored 73% of the maximal possible score, as
compared with 44% for the average title set.. When judged by the method and
criterion employed here, author indexing is substantially better than indexing
derived from document titles.. The findings suggest that indicia supplied by an
author should serve scientists in biomedical disciplines other than his own
about as well as they serve his disciplinary colleagues.. The general method
developed for measuring indexing quality may represent a practical yardstick of
wide applicability..
.X
35 1 52
38 2 52
42 1 52
43 1 52
52 6 52
61 1 52
70 1 52
73 2 52
75 1 52
81 2 52
82 1 52
95 1 52
150 2 52
420 1 52
429 1 52
455 1 52
510 1 52
578 1 52
582 2 52
589 3 52
594 1 52
595 1 52
603 2 52
655 1 52
656 1 52
657 1 52
722 2 52
781 1 52
799 1 52
830 1 52
893 1 52
1054 1 52
1144 1 52
1154 1 52
1195 2 52
1232 1 52
1255 1 52
1281 1 52
1295 1 52
1298 1 52
1421 1 52
1421 1 52
.I 53
.T
The KWIC Index Concept: A Retrospective View
.A
Fischer, Marguerite
.W
This paper defines and describes the KWIC (keyword in context) index concept,
providing a history of the concept and of its literature.. It discusses
variations of the index, such as the Bell Telephone Index, KWOC indexes, and
the WADEX..
The paper discusses improvements and variations to the KWIC index, such as
manipulation of the index line, variations of the code, addition of
classification information, combination of author index and title index, and
improvements to the preparation of the KWIC indexes, such as improvement of
titles and use of a thesaurus, and discusses improvement of the use of the KWIC
index.. The paper discusses the usage of the KWIC index and comments on the
future of KWIC indexes of the KWIC concept..
.X
18 1 53
34 4 53
49 1 53
53 7 53
59 1 53
150 1 53
164 1 53
175 1 53
202 1 53
213 1 53
224 1 53
243 1 53
252 1 53
421 1 53
465 1 53
466 1 53
480 1 53
490 1 53
491 1 53
506 1 53
507 1 53
510 1 53
512 1 53
565 1 53
589 1 53
591 1 53
595 1 53
603 1 53
604 1 53
622 1 53
623 1 53
629 1 53
633 1 53
639 1 53
659 1 53
674 1 53
676 1 53
680 1 53
711 4 53
715 2 53
722 1 53
723 1 53
726 1 53
728 1 53
730 1 53
731 1 53
732 1 53
746 1 53
760 1 53
809 1 53
810 1 53
813 1 53
814 1 53
820 1 53
822 1 53
828 1 53
850 1 53
870 1 53
879 1 53
1045 1 53
1091 1 53
1118 1 53
1195 1 53
1281 2 53
1283 1 53
1298 1 53
1299 1 53
1327 1 53
1363 1 53
1366 1 53
1367 1 53
1368 1 53
1396 1 53
1396 1 53
.I 54
.T
Simulation of Boolean Logic Constraints Through
the Use of Term Weights
.A
Brandhorst, W.T.
.W
The evolution described below of one aspect of the NASA
system and Technical Information Facility's machine search
system may be of general interest to the documentation
profession.
.X
49 1 54
54 7 54
73 1 54
150 1 54
319 2 54
465 1 54
480 1 54
509 1 54
519 1 54
565 1 54
625 1 54
660 2 54
714 2 54
748 1 54
773 1 54
780 1 54
785 1 54
810 2 54
1279 1 54
1307 1 54
1427 1 54
1427 1 54
.I 55
.T
Bradford's Law and the Keenan-Atherton Data
.A
Groos, O.V.
.W
Bradford's methods are applied to the Keenan-Atherton
data. The results do not fit Bradford's Law.
.X
55 5 55
210 1 55
219 1 55
225 1 55
359 1 55
361 1 55
379 1 55
573 1 55
592 1 55
614 1 55
747 1 55
748 2 55
751 2 55
777 1 55
778 2 55
791 1 55
792 1 55
889 1 55
893 1 55
1016 1 55
1085 3 55
1086 2 55
1200 1 55
1285 1 55
1337 1 55
1338 1 55
1418 1 55
1418 1 55
.I 56
.T
Computer-Produced Micro-Library Catalog
.A
Kozumplik, W.A.
Lange, R.T.
.W
The philosophy, production, and cost-effectiveness of
a computer-generated library catalog is described.
This catalog is unique in that it utilizes direct computer
to microfilm composition techniques, employing the
Stromberg Carlson 4020. Cost, user acceptance, and
by-product capabilities are stressed.
.X
56 7 56
341 1 56
886 2 56
887 1 56
892 3 56
1229 2 56
1269 1 56
1371 2 56
1371 2 56
.I 57
.T
Distribution of Indexing Terms for Maximum Efficiency
of Information Transmission
.A
Zunde, Pranas
.A
Slamecka, Vladimir
.W
A function was developed for the optimum distribution of indexing terms by
the number of postings.. This makes it possible to transmit information with
maximum efficiency.. The comparison of the actual distribution of the term
groups with the calculated optimum distribution provides an objective measure
for evaluating any indexing system with respect to its efficiency as
information transmission channel..
.X
36 1 57
44 3 57
57 8 57
61 1 57
73 1 57
75 1 57
76 1 57
77 1 57
81 1 57
175 1 57
176 2 57
184 1 57
193 1 57
195 1 57
201 1 57
203 1 57
204 1 57
205 1 57
233 1 57
267 1 57
274 1 57
329 2 57
359 2 57
389 1 57
390 2 57
395 1 57
416 2 57
445 1 57
449 1 57
450 1 57
458 1 57
511 1 57
521 1 57
565 4 57
567 1 57
572 1 57
577 1 57
587 1 57
595 1 57
596 1 57
608 1 57
619 1 57
625 1 57
634 1 57
643 1 57
644 1 57
649 1 57
652 1 57
660 1 57
667 1 57
748 2 57
750 1 57
751 1 57
752 1 57
754 1 57
759 2 57
765 2 57
767 1 57
778 2 57
780 1 57
785 1 57
787 2 57
791 2 57
792 1 57
793 1 57
800 1 57
810 1 57
812 3 57
813 1 57
814 1 57
829 1 57
830 1 57
870 1 57
875 1 57
893 1 57
894 2 57
895 1 57
928 1 57
963 1 57
990 1 57
991 1 57
1081 2 57
1082 2 57
1083 2 57
1085 1 57
1086 1 57
1154 1 57
1201 2 57
1255 2 57
1278 1 57
1282 1 57
1401 1 57
1413 1 57
1417 1 57
1418 1 57
1445 1 57
1445 1 57
.I 58
.T
Relevance Disagreements and Unclear Request Forms
.A
O'Connor, John
.W
Disagreements about the relevance of documents to retrieval requests occur
because relevance judges differently interpret requests of documents.. Requests
may be differently interpreted because they are unclear.. Well-known types of
request obscurity are reviewed.. Less well known is that a request may be
unclear because its form - "documents about subject S", "document answering
question Q", etc. - is unclear..
Explications are developed of the meanings of the request forms just given
and several others.. A request of any of the forms discussed is interpreted to
be for documents which support statements of a specified kind in a specified
way.. Examples are given which suggest that some, perhaps all, "about S"
requests are unclear.. Some ways of formulating clear question requests are
given..
Various ways in which documents may support statements are distinguished..
These depend on on such factors as parts of a document use, inference strength,
and background knowledge permitted.. Some possible clear support specifications
are indicated..
.X
29 3 58
35 1 58
42 1 58
43 1 58
58 10 58
66 1 58
68 4 58
70 1 58
84 3 58
117 1 58
165 1 58
172 1 58
274 2 58
386 1 58
444 1 58
445 2 58
447 1 58
449 1 58
451 3 58
457 1 58
467 1 58
474 1 58
486 1 58
532 1 58
578 1 58
590 2 58
604 1 58
609 1 58
625 1 58
656 1 58
660 1 58
683 1 58
689 2 58
762 2 58
764 1 58
785 1 58
814 1 58
893 1 58
901 1 58
967 1 58
1016 1 58
1030 1 58
1045 1 58
1054 1 58
1077 1 58
1084 1 58
1094 1 58
1195 1 58
1201 1 58
1231 1 58
1235 1 58
1281 1 58
1285 1 58
1285 1 58
.I 59
.T
Opinion Paper
.A
Savage, T.R.
.W
Although a large number of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI)
Systems have been planned, implemented, and tested over the past few years,
insufficient attention has been given to the collection and interpretation of
important data needed for evaluation.. We describe some of the defects common
to almost all of the reported systems, single out one recent report for
detailed discussion and argue in favor of collection and correct interpretation
of data on one important and frequently overlooked evaluation factor..
.X
18 1 59
34 1 59
49 1 59
53 1 59
59 8 59
63 1 59
164 2 59
175 1 59
202 1 59
213 1 59
224 1 59
243 1 59
274 1 59
355 1 59
401 1 59
421 1 59
465 1 59
466 1 59
481 1 59
482 1 59
490 1 59
491 1 59
506 1 59
507 1 59
510 1 59
512 1 59
591 1 59
595 1 59
603 1 59
604 1 59
622 1 59
623 1 59
629 1 59
633 1 59
639 1 59
659 1 59
676 2 59
711 1 59
717 1 59
718 1 59
719 1 59
720 1 59
722 1 59
723 1 59
726 1 59
728 1 59
730 1 59
731 1 59
732 1 59
809 1 59
810 1 59
813 1 59
814 1 59
820 1 59
822 1 59
828 1 59
870 1 59
879 1 59
980 1 59
1042 1 59
1051 1 59
1084 1 59
1091 1 59
1281 1 59
1283 1 59
1298 2 59
1299 1 59
1363 1 59
1366 1 59
1367 1 59
1368 1 59
1396 1 59
1410 1 59
1415 1 59
1426 1 59
1426 1 59
.I 60
.T
Information Science: What Is It?
.A
Borko, H.
.W
In seeking a new sense of identity, we ask, in this article, the question:
What is information science? What does the information science do? Tentative
answers to these questions are given in the hope of simulating discussion that
will help clarify the nature of our field and our work..
.X
20 1 60
22 1 60
42 1 60
60 5 60
85 2 60
129 1 60
172 1 60
272 1 60
371 1 60
469 1 60
574 1 60
585 1 60
599 1 60
640 2 60
652 1 60
665 1 60
762 1 60
803 1 60
907 1 60
1022 2 60
1045 1 60
1077 1 60
1268 1 60
1309 1 60
1309 1 60
.I 61
.T
Expected Search Length: A Single Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness
Based on the Work Ordering Action of Retrieval Systems
.A
Cooper, William S.
.W
A measure of document retrieval system performance called the "expected
search length reduction factor" is defined and compared with indicators, such
as precision and recall, that have been suggested by other workers.. The new
measure is based on calculations of the expected number of irrelevant documents
in the collection which would have to be searched through before the desired
number of relevant documents could be found.. Its advantages are: (1) it
provides a single index of the property it attempts to measure; (2) it allows
for gradations of retrieval status, through the mathematical concept of a "weak
ordering"; (3) it evaluates retrieval performance relative to random searching;
and (4) it takes into account the amount of relevant material desired by the
requester..
.X
44 1 61
45 1 61
51 1 61
52 1 61
57 1 61
61 14 61
62 1 61
67 2 61
70 1 61
71 1 61
72 1 61
73 2 61
114 1 61
135 1 61
144 1 61
149 1 61
175 3 61
176 1 61
206 1 61
207 1 61
208 1 61
274 1 61
320 1 61
382 1 61
389 1 61
390 1 61
419 1 61
455 1 61
458 3 61
459 1 61
481 1 61
483 1 61
485 1 61
491 1 61
526 1 61
546 1 61
565 2 61
577 1 61
579 1 61
606 1 61
626 1 61
644 1 61
660 1 61
662 1 61
664 1 61
676 1 61
745 1 61
754 1 61
779 1 61
780 1 61
814 1 61
826 1 61
907 1 61
981 1 61
982 1 61
1035 1 61
1154 1 61
1187 1 61
1255 3 61
1268 1 61
1286 1 61
1327 1 61
1358 1 61
1380 1 61
1402 1 61
1410 1 61
1416 1 61
1417 1 61
1417 1 61
.I 62
.T
A Literature Search and File Organization Model
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
.W
A principle of sequential optimization in search theory distributes the
search effort at each stage so as to maximize the probability of target
detection with the effort expended thus far.. As an application of this
principle to the search of pertinent items in a literature file, the file items
should be arranged in decreasing order of the probability that an item will
yield the information sought.. Complete ordering in this manner may not be
feasible, and it is proposed that the files be partially ordered in search
zones with some loss in search efficiency.. A model for assessing the relative
efficiency for partial ordering is developed and used to determine optimal zone
sizes under an assumed target distribution pattern.. In this way, trade-off
between file organization effort and search effort can be meaningfully
evaluated.. A representative target distribution function for search literature
appears to follow the Bradford law of scattering.. This function is used to
demonstrate the application of the model over a meaningful range of parameters
obtained from empirical studies.. It is shown that a good two-zone search plan
to scientific literature is one in which 15-20% of the most useful documents
are examined first.. Only about one of three searches should have to go on to a
search over the remainder of the file..
.X
24 1 62
44 1 62
61 1 62
62 10 62
65 1 62
66 1 62
67 2 62
75 1 62
76 1 62
137 1 62
172 1 62
175 2 62
210 1 62
278 1 62
279 1 62
280 1 62
310 1 62
316 1 62
318 1 62
359 3 62
360 1 62
363 1 62
382 1 62
386 1 62
395 1 62
398 1 62
409 1 62
435 1 62
458 1 62
462 1 62
483 1 62
484 1 62
567 1 62
604 1 62
658 1 62
716 1 62
737 1 62
748 1 62
751 1 62
765 2 62
778 3 62
779 1 62
782 1 62
788 1 62
789 1 62
837 1 62
853 1 62
875 1 62
883 1 62
893 1 62
907 1 62
925 1 62
1083 1 62
1085 1 62
1173 1 62
1184 1 62
1187 2 62
1219 1 62
1268 1 62
1274 1 62
1361 1 62
1400 1 62
1404 1 62
1416 1 62
1417 2 62
1418 1 62
1419 1 62
1426 1 62
1426 1 62
.I 63
.T
The Publication Inflation
.A
London, Gertrude
.W
The much-vaunted information explosion seems to be the manifestation of a
rather generalized publication inflation.. Multipublication and pretentious
writing have become obstacles to "communication between human minds". To
counteract their harmful effects it will be necessary to reduce the quantity
and improve the quality of the printed records by filtering the material before
it is stored for retrieval..
.X
37 2 63
59 1 63
63 7 63
166 1 63
175 2 63
348 1 63
355 1 63
389 1 63
390 1 63
481 1 63
482 1 63
487 1 63
502 1 63
579 1 63
596 1 63
600 1 63
601 1 63
717 1 63
718 1 63
719 1 63
799 1 63
805 1 63
807 1 63
863 1 63
864 1 63
907 1 63
956 1 63
963 1 63
980 1 63
987 1 63
988 1 63
989 1 63
1030 1 63
1042 1 63
1051 1 63
1115 1 63
1152 1 63
1265 1 63
1294 1 63
1327 1 63
1330 1 63
1410 1 63
1415 1 63
1426 1 63
1446 2 63
1447 1 63
1447 1 63
.I 64
.T
A Computer-Based Serials Control System for a Large Biomedical Library
.A
Roper, Fred W.
.W
Rather than reiterate the obvious purposes and procedures involved in
creating a computer system for control of serials, in this paper the author
deals with the concept upon which the UCLA system is based and the manner in
which the system is maintained in day-to-day operations of the UCLA Biomedical
Library.. The paper deals with some of the points made in an earlier publication
from the UCLA serials project.. The attempt is to show how the theory of
publication pattern (discussed in the earlier article) has been used to
produce a different idea in computer control of serials.. Publication pattern
information which is entered into the master record for each title causes
check-in cards for the next expected issue of each title to be generated by the
computer, regardless of when this text issue is expected - next week, next
month, next year.. This is departure from most systems, which attempt to
predict a certain number of issues which should arrive during a given time
period.. The information, which must be a part of the computer record, is
described, as are library procedures in maintaining the system..
.X
64 6 64
175 1 64
200 2 64
245 1 64
374 1 64
717 1 64
781 1 64
783 1 64
834 1 64
835 1 64
848 1 64
849 1 64
850 1 64
851 1 64
852 1 64
922 1 64
925 1 64
979 1 64
981 1 64
982 1 64
1042 1 64
1051 1 64
1415 1 64
1415 1 64
.I 65
.T
A Study of Searching the Eye Research Literature
.A
Miller, Russell R.
.W
The paper is a report of most of the major findings of a study in searching
the periodical eye research literature.. Questions were collected from eye
researchers and a selected group of these were searched in nine different
secondary sources.. Articles thought to be relevant were Xeroxed and sent to
the eye researchers who subsequently rated the articles.. Articles of eye
research interest are found in a wide variety of journals, but a small number
of journals carry a large proportion of the articles judged valuable by the eye
researchers.. Approximately a fourth of eye research articles are in foreign
languages.. Translations are not readily available.. Despite a delay of more
than 15 month between the original appearance of article in journals and the
mailing of photocopies, about half of the articles of interest to the
researchers were not known to them previously.. For extensive retrospective
searches more than one secondary service must be used.. Index Medicus and
Excerpta Medica (Section 12) or Ophthalmic Literature would be good sources..
MEDLARS demand searches were not shown to be clearly superior to manual
searches of Index Medicus.. Titles, abstracts, and full text were shown to be
equally effective in permitting searches to retrieve references that were
subsequently rated as relevant by the researchers.. A searcher with a background
in ophthalmology was able to retrieve more articles of research interest than
other non-ophthalmologist searchers..
.X
4 1 65
24 1 65
43 1 65
47 1 65
50 1 65
62 1 65
65 5 65
66 1 65
75 3 65
76 2 65
137 1 65
156 1 65
162 1 65
210 1 65
213 1 65
214 1 65
278 1 65
279 1 65
280 1 65
382 1 65
386 1 65
395 1 65
398 1 65
495 1 65
580 1 65
586 1 65
622 1 65
658 1 65
696 1 65
705 1 65
716 1 65
728 1 65
729 1 65
748 1 65
770 1 65
776 2 65
778 1 65
779 1 65
782 1 65
788 1 65
789 1 65
790 1 65
791 1 65
837 1 65
925 1 65
958 1 65
981 1 65
1055 1 65
1083 2 65
1086 1 65
1295 1 65
1297 1 65
1361 1 65
1400 1 65
1404 1 65
1404 1 65
.I 66
.T
Psychology and Information
.A
Miller, George A.
.W
An aspect of the human use of information that has generally been overlooked
in the automation in information services is the human tendency to locate
information spatially.. Computer-based systems do not necessarily assign any
unique role to spatial tags, and so a feature of considerable importance for
the organization of the user's memory seems to have been largely overlooked..
The spatial dimension of human memory is discussed, and some suggestions are
offered for exploiting it more effectively in the context of information
retrieval services..
.X
13 1 66
24 1 66
29 1 66
58 1 66
62 1 66
65 1 66
66 7 66
75 2 66
76 1 66
137 1 66
152 1 66
197 1 66
210 1 66
211 1 66
218 1 66
274 1 66
278 1 66
279 1 66
280 1 66
332 1 66
350 1 66
386 1 66
395 1 66
398 1 66
451 1 66
455 1 66
475 1 66
546 1 66
586 1 66
593 1 66
594 1 66
606 1 66
658 1 66
664 1 66
716 1 66
748 1 66
782 1 66
783 1 66
788 1 66
789 1 66
837 2 66
839 1 66
907 1 66
925 1 66
967 1 66
968 1 66
1035 2 66
1083 1 66
1094 1 66
1213 1 66
1361 1 66
1400 1 66
1404 1 66
1404 1 66
.I 67
.T
The Use of Simulation in Studying Information Storage and Retrieval Systems
.A
Baker, Norman R.
.A
Nance, Richard E.
.W
Previous applications of simulation to information storage and retrieval
systems (ISRS) have been overly restrictive in their scope and have failed to
consider the environment within which such systems operate.. This paper
considers the ISRS as a subsystem within a larger system which includes the
users and the funders of the retrieval system.. The three components form a
closed-loop information feedback system in which user response influences both
the funding and operation of the ISRS as it attempts to satisfy user needs
within a finite budget allocation.. Reward-cost theory provides the basis for
describing user behavior.. An industrial dynamics model has been developed to
simulate ISRS/user/funder behavior where a university departmental library is
the ISRS component.. The results which such an analysis can produce are
discussed..
.X
27 1 67
39 1 67
61 2 67
62 2 67
67 5 67
70 1 67
71 1 67
72 1 67
73 1 67
83 1 67
120 1 67
135 1 67
175 1 67
206 1 67
207 1 67
208 1 67
211 1 67
292 1 67
382 1 67
435 1 67
458 1 67
481 1 67
483 1 67
485 1 67
584 1 67
779 1 67
780 1 67
981 1 67
982 1 67
1184 1 67
1187 3 67
1358 1 67
1402 1 67
1410 1 67
1416 1 67
1417 2 67
1417 2 67
.I 68
.T
Retrieval of Answer-Providing Documents
.A
O'Connor, John
.W
(I) Better understanding of subject document retrieval might result if
different functions of subject document retrieval system are studied
separately.. This paper is concerned with retrieval of documents, in response
to a question, from which answers to that question can be inferred
("answer-providing documents").. "Answer can be inferred from document" has
many possible meanings, one of which must be selected (an "inference
specification").. Inasmuch as scientists in a field disagree about the
correctness of inferences, have somewhat different background knowledge, etc.,
any inference specification can only approximate scientific inference
practices.. Two sources of systematic knowledge of document-statement inference
practices in a scientific field are described.. (II) If a content word occurs
in a question, then it occurs in any answer to that question (with some
apparently tractable exceptions).. An indexing procedure based on that fact is
described which would permit retrieval of all answer-providing documents for a
question.. However, because the indexing is "nonrelational", it could cause
false retrievals as well.. Various ways of dealing with such false retrievals
are briefly indicated, and a study is sketched that would provide data for
helping selection among them.. Two special point concerning indexing for
retrieval of answer-providing documents are discussed separately..
.X
29 1 68
58 4 68
68 7 68
69 1 68
77 1 68
78 1 68
79 1 68
84 3 68
117 1 68
175 2 68
261 1 68
346 1 68
382 1 68
420 1 68
458 1 68
476 1 68
477 1 68
478 1 68
479 1 68
480 1 68
484 1 68
485 1 68
566 1 68
571 1 68
590 1 68
595 1 68
680 1 68
683 1 68
689 1 68
704 1 68
781 1 68
790 1 68
1118 2 68
1124 1 68
1131 1 68
1175 1 68
1382 1 68
1382 1 68
.I 69
.T
Statistical Generation of a Technical Vocabulary
.A
Stone, D. C.
.W
The results of an experiment in the use of statistical techniques for
extracting a technical vocabulary from document texts are presented and
discussed..
.X
29 1 69
51 2 69
68 1 69
69 5 69
71 1 69
77 1 69
79 2 69
168 2 69
175 2 69
176 1 69
261 1 69
315 1 69
324 1 69
346 1 69
382 2 69
441 1 69
448 1 69
458 1 69
476 1 69
477 1 69
478 1 69
479 2 69
480 2 69
483 1 69
484 2 69
485 1 69
486 1 69
488 1 69
491 1 69
493 1 69
503 1 69
507 1 69
509 1 69
510 1 69
512 1 69
517 1 69
520 1 69
522 1 69
527 1 69
528 1 69
531 1 69
558 1 69
565 1 69
566 3 69
577 1 69
581 1 69
596 1 69
603 1 69
608 1 69
633 1 69
659 1 69
660 1 69
662 1 69
680 1 69
704 1 69
715 1 69
754 1 69
780 1 69
781 1 69
790 1 69
805 1 69
809 1 69
810 1 69
812 1 69
813 1 69
814 1 69
817 1 69
824 1 69
825 1 69
894 1 69
1051 1 69
1118 1 69
1175 1 69
1282 1 69
1294 2 69
1327 1 69
1419 1 69
1427 1 69
1427 1 69
.I 70
.T
On Understanding User Choices: Textual Correlates of Relevance Judgements
.A
Gifford, Carolyn
.A
Baumanis, George J.
.W
An empirical investigation of the role of documents in relevance judgements
is reported.. Abstracts previously judged relevant, partially relevant, and
nonrelevant to each of 61 questions were compared to see whether textual
differences could be found which might reasonably account for the rating
differences.. The results of this comparison were fairly clear-cut
characterizations in each case of relevant and partially relevant abstracts..
These characterizations were found to be expressible largely as meaningful
co-occurrences of terms closely related to the question.. It is suggested that
the textual bases of user choices may be more understandable than has been
supposed..
.X
29 1 70
35 2 70
42 2 70
43 2 70
52 1 70
58 1 70
61 1 70
67 1 70
70 5 70
71 1 70
72 2 70
73 3 70
75 1 70
81 1 70
84 1 70
95 1 70
135 1 70
149 1 70
175 1 70
206 1 70
207 1 70
208 1 70
319 1 70
382 1 70
420 1 70
444 1 70
445 1 70
447 1 70
449 1 70
458 1 70
474 2 70
481 1 70
483 1 70
485 1 70
486 1 70
532 1 70
565 1 70
578 1 70
582 1 70
589 1 70
594 1 70
595 1 70
625 1 70
655 1 70
656 1 70
657 1 70
660 1 70
762 1 70
764 1 70
779 1 70
780 1 70
893 1 70
981 1 70
982 1 70
1016 1 70
1030 1 70
1045 1 70
1054 1 70
1084 1 70
1154 1 70
1195 1 70
1201 1 70
1232 1 70
1235 1 70
1281 2 70
1285 1 70
1295 1 70
1298 1 70
1358 1 70
1402 1 70
1410 1 70
1417 1 70
1417 1 70
.I 71
.T
Word-Word Associations in Document Retrieval Systems
.A
Lesk, M. E.
.W
The SMART automatic document retrieval system is used to study association
procedures for automatic content analysis.. The effect of word frequency and
other parameters on the association process is investigated through examination
of related pairs and through retrieval experiments.. Associated pairs of words
usually reflect localized word meanings, and true synonyms cannot readily be
found from first or second order relationships in our document collections..
There is little overlap between word relationships found through associations
and those used in thesaurus construction, and the effects of word associations
and a thesaurus in retrieval are independent.. The use of associations in
retrieval experiments improves not only recall, by permitting new matches
between requests and documents, but also precision, by reinforcing existing
matches.. In our experiments, the precision effect is responsible for most of
the improvement possible with associations.. A properly constructed thesaurus,
however, offers better performance than statistical association methods..
.X
30 1 71
51 1 71
61 1 71
67 1 71
69 1 71
70 1 71
71 6 71
72 2 71
73 2 71
74 1 71
75 2 71
77 3 71
78 2 71
79 3 71
80 1 71
81 2 71
82 2 71
83 2 71
86 1 71
135 1 71
153 1 71
154 1 71
156 1 71
168 1 71
175 3 71
176 2 71
206 1 71
207 1 71
208 1 71
211 1 71
212 2 71
245 1 71
247 1 71
277 1 71
279 1 71
280 1 71
315 1 71
382 2 71
389 1 71
390 1 71
448 2 71
458 2 71
480 1 71
481 1 71
483 2 71
484 1 71
485 1 71
486 2 71
488 3 71
491 1 71
493 1 71
503 1 71
507 1 71
509 2 71
510 1 71
512 1 71
517 1 71
520 1 71
522 1 71
527 1 71
528 1 71
531 1 71
565 3 71
566 1 71
581 2 71
596 1 71
603 1 71
608 1 71
633 1 71
659 2 71
666 1 71
715 1 71
720 1 71
748 1 71
754 1 71
779 1 71
780 1 71
785 1 71
786 1 71
787 1 71
788 1 71
789 1 71
790 1 71
791 1 71
805 1 71
809 1 71
810 1 71
812 1 71
813 1 71
814 1 71
817 1 71
824 1 71
825 1 71
838 1 71
853 1 71
894 1 71
925 1 71
981 1 71
982 1 71
984 1 71
1051 1 71
1294 1 71
1327 1 71
1358 1 71
1393 1 71
1402 1 71
1410 1 71
1417 1 71
1419 1 71
1427 1 71
1431 1 71
1431 1 71
.I 72
.T
A Comparison Between Manual and Automatic Indexing Methods
.A
Salton, Gerard
.W
The effectiveness of conventional document indexing is compared with that
achievable by fully automatic text processing methods.. Evaluation results are
given for a comparison between the MEDLARS search system used at the National
Library of Medicine and the experimental SMART system, and conclusions are
reached concerning the design of future automatic information systems..
.X
28 1 72
42 1 72
61 1 72
67 1 72
70 2 72
71 2 72
72 10 72
73 3 72
74 1 72
75 2 72
77 1 72
78 1 72
79 2 72
81 1 72
82 1 72
83 1 72
86 1 72
135 1 72
149 1 72
153 1 72
156 1 72
160 1 72
175 1 72
206 1 72
207 1 72
208 1 72
211 1 72
212 1 72
245 1 72
277 1 72
279 1 72
280 1 72
319 1 72
382 2 72
458 1 72
481 1 72
483 1 72
485 1 72
486 1 72
554 1 72
558 1 72
564 1 72
565 2 72
572 1 72
608 1 72
628 1 72
633 1 72
643 1 72
659 1 72
661 1 72
663 1 72
714 1 72
720 1 72
748 1 72
762 1 72
779 1 72
780 1 72
785 1 72
786 1 72
787 1 72
788 1 72
789 1 72
791 1 72
795 2 72
814 1 72
824 1 72
901 1 72
925 1 72
956 1 72
961 1 72
981 1 72
982 1 72
984 1 72
1202 1 72
1218 1 72
1294 2 72
1358 1 72
1402 1 72
1410 1 72
1417 1 72
1417 1 72
.I 73
.T
Effectiveness of Information Retrieval Methods
.A
Swets, John
.W
Results of some 50 different retrieval methods applied in three experimental
retrieval systems were subjected to the analysis suggested by statistical
decision theory.. The analysis validates a previously-proposed measure of
effectiveness and demonstrates its several desirable properties.. The
examination of a wide range of data in relation to this one metric provides a
clear and general assessment of the current state of the retrieval art..
.X
35 1 73
42 1 73
43 1 73
45 1 73
52 2 73
54 1 73
57 1 73
61 2 73
67 1 73
70 3 73
71 2 73
72 3 73
73 17 73
74 1 73
75 1 73
77 1 73
78 1 73
79 1 73
81 3 73
82 2 73
83 1 73
86 1 73
95 1 73
134 2 73
135 1 73
146 1 73
153 1 73
156 1 73
175 3 73
176 1 73
206 1 73
207 1 73
208 1 73
211 1 73
212 1 73
228 1 73
229 1 73
245 1 73
274 1 73
277 1 73
279 1 73
280 1 73
319 2 73
381 1 73
382 2 73
390 2 73
420 1 73
445 1 73
449 1 73
458 2 73
474 1 73
481 1 73
483 1 73
485 1 73
486 1 73
509 1 73
519 3 73
565 1 73
566 1 73
574 1 73
577 1 73
578 1 73
582 1 73
587 1 73
589 1 73
594 1 73
595 1 73
625 2 73
634 1 73
643 1 73
644 1 73
649 2 73
652 1 73
655 1 73
656 1 73
657 1 73
660 2 73
720 1 73
748 1 73
752 3 73
754 1 73
764 1 73
779 1 73
780 8 73
785 6 73
786 1 73
787 1 73
788 1 73
789 1 73
791 1 73
810 1 73
812 2 73
824 1 73
829 3 73
830 1 73
895 3 73
925 1 73
981 1 73
982 1 73
984 1 73
1054 1 73
1091 1 73
1154 1 73
1232 1 73
1255 2 73
1279 1 73
1281 1 73
1282 2 73
1295 1 73
1297 1 73
1298 1 73
1307 6 73
1358 1 73
1402 1 73
1410 1 73
1417 1 73
1422 1 73
1427 1 73
1448 1 73
1448 1 73
.I 74
.T
Managerial Cost Accounting for a Technical Information Center
.A
Helmkamp, John G.
.W
The purpose of this paper is to describe a research project conducted at a
technical center to test the hypothesis that: A theoretically-sound managerial
cost-accounting system can be designed to meet the specific characteristics of
a technical information center by revising and innovating systems utilized by
other enterprises.. A computerized cost system was developed and operated for
a three-month period to test this hypothesis.. The results of the study
indicate that effective managerial cost accounting is possible for a technical
information center.. Relevant cost information was generated periodically to
measure the operating performance of the center's production process.. A
summary of the data that were reported regularly to management is presented
in this paper..
.X
24 1 74
27 1 74
71 1 74
72 1 74
73 1 74
74 8 74
75 2 74
77 1 74
78 1 74
79 1 74
81 1 74
82 1 74
83 5 74
86 1 74
119 1 74
122 1 74
153 1 74
156 1 74
158 1 74
211 1 74
212 1 74
245 2 74
273 1 74
277 1 74
279 3 74
280 1 74
288 1 74
331 1 74
336 1 74
381 1 74
408 1 74
486 1 74
490 2 74
491 1 74
492 1 74
495 1 74
496 2 74
497 1 74
584 3 74
591 3 74
592 1 74
606 1 74
684 1 74
720 1 74
723 1 74
724 1 74
748 1 74
785 1 74
786 1 74
787 1 74
788 1 74
789 1 74
791 1 74
834 1 74
841 1 74
860 1 74
925 2 74
955 1 74
957 1 74
976 1 74
984 1 74
1011 1 74
1148 1 74
1227 1 74
1317 1 74
1353 1 74
1359 2 74
1360 2 74
1400 1 74
1410 1 74
1424 1 74
1451 1 74
1451 1 74
.I 75
.T
MEDLARS: Report on the Evaluation of Its Operating Efficiency
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
A comprehensive program to evaluate the performance of MEDLARS was conducted
by the National Library of Medicine in 1966 and 1967.. This report describes
the methodology used and presents a summary of the principal results,
conclusions, and recommendations..
.X
24 3 75
30 1 75
38 1 75
43 1 75
47 1 75
50 1 75
52 1 75
57 1 75
62 1 75
65 3 75
66 2 75
70 1 75
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72 2 75
73 1 75
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75 24 75
76 2 75
77 2 75
78 3 75
79 3 75
80 2 75
81 3 75
82 3 75
83 2 75
86 1 75
119 1 75
122 1 75
137 1 75
149 2 75
153 1 75
154 2 75
156 2 75
176 1 75
177 1 75
210 1 75
211 2 75
212 2 75
213 1 75
214 1 75
245 1 75
247 1 75
277 1 75
278 1 75
279 2 75
280 2 75
281 1 75
309 1 75
315 1 75
329 1 75
336 2 75
382 3 75
386 1 75
395 1 75
398 1 75
419 1 75
441 1 75
474 1 75
486 2 75
495 1 75
514 1 75
523 1 75
531 1 75
547 1 75
554 1 75
565 2 75
572 1 75
575 1 75
577 1 75
581 1 75
586 2 75
594 1 75
595 1 75
596 1 75
606 1 75
608 2 75
609 1 75
619 1 75
636 1 75
644 1 75
649 1 75
658 1 75
660 2 75
666 1 75
684 1 75
697 1 75
716 1 75
720 2 75
726 2 75
748 2 75
752 1 75
762 1 75
778 1 75
779 1 75
780 1 75
781 1 75
782 1 75
785 1 75
786 1 75
787 1 75
788 2 75
789 2 75
790 1 75
791 2 75
799 1 75
806 1 75
810 1 75
812 2 75
813 1 75
814 1 75
824 1 75
837 1 75
838 2 75
852 1 75
853 2 75
854 1 75
855 1 75
870 1 75
894 1 75
925 2 75
928 1 75
955 1 75
956 2 75
958 1 75
961 1 75
963 1 75
984 2 75
990 1 75
991 1 75
1011 2 75
1035 1 75
1055 1 75
1074 1 75
1075 1 75
1083 2 75
1086 1 75
1112 1 75
1213 1 75
1255 1 75
1282 1 75
1294 3 75
1295 1 75
1297 1 75
1303 1 75
1361 1 75
1391 1 75
1393 1 75
1400 1 75
1402 1 75
1404 1 75
1413 1 75
1429 1 75
1430 1 75
1431 1 75
1445 1 75
1451 1 75
1451 1 75
.I 76
.T
Biomedical Literature: Analysis of Journal Articles
Collected by a Radiation- and Cell-Biologist
.A
Leith, John D. Jr.
.W
The author's journal reference cards for 1965 and 1966 were analyzed
according to three "interest patterns": (I) the total collection of 1469
article titles, a "potentially useful" set; (II) a subset concerning only his
research speciality; and (III) a subset of articles defined as "useful". For
each pattern, journals were ranked by frequency of use and a scatter diagram
was drawn..
Patterns I and II largely resembled patterns obtained by counting citations
in basic journals or by counting publications of selected researchers.. Pattern
III was more widely scattered.. It is concluded that access to diverse
journals is needed by researchers to supply new ideas, and that this diversity
of reading is not reflected adequately by citation counting or other indirect
means..
Current Contents, used by the author for current-awareness purposes in
building his card file, generated 88% of all articles.. Scatter diagrams
indicated the decreased scatter predicted from its use..
The 30% most important journals in this collection, including about 80% of
titles, are ranked for each pattern..
.X
2 1 76
13 1 76
24 1 76
44 1 76
57 1 76
62 1 76
65 2 76
66 1 76
75 2 76
76 8 76
81 1 76
89 1 76
95 1 76
104 1 76
110 1 76
121 1 76
132 1 76
137 2 76
139 1 76
152 1 76
155 1 76
156 1 76
161 1 76
183 2 76
184 1 76
193 1 76
195 1 76
198 1 76
201 1 76
203 1 76
204 2 76
210 2 76
213 2 76
214 1 76
278 1 76
279 1 76
280 1 76
359 1 76
382 1 76
386 1 76
395 1 76
398 1 76
416 1 76
465 1 76
466 1 76
475 1 76
495 1 76
552 2 76
582 1 76
584 1 76
589 1 76
655 1 76
658 1 76
716 1 76
720 1 76
735 1 76
748 2 76
759 1 76
760 1 76
765 1 76
766 1 76
774 1 76
775 1 76
778 1 76
779 1 76
782 1 76
784 1 76
787 1 76
788 2 76
789 2 76
790 1 76
808 1 76
828 1 76
837 1 76
893 1 76
914 1 76
925 1 76
977 1 76
1055 3 76
1056 1 76
1081 1 76
1082 1 76
1083 3 76
1086 1 76
1098 1 76
1123 1 76
1172 1 76
1201 1 76
1287 1 76
1295 1 76
1297 2 76
1300 1 76
1361 1 76
1362 1 76
1363 1 76
1397 1 76
1400 1 76
1404 1 76
1432 1 76
1451 1 76
1451 1 76
.I 77
.T
The Effectiveness of Automatically Generated Weights and
Links in Mechanical Indexing
.A
Artandi, Susan
.A
Wolf, Edward H.
.W
Work concerned with the statistical evaluation of the output of the MEDICO
automatic indexing method is described.. The statistical test were designed
primarily to examine the validity of the assumptions which formed the basis of
the algorithms developed for the automatic computation of weights and for the
automatic generation of links between index terms and modifiers.. This
evaluation also includes a comparison of the output generated from full text
and from the processing of the abstracts or summaries of the same articles..
.X
30 1 77
51 1 77
57 1 77
68 1 77
69 1 77
71 3 77
72 1 77
73 1 77
74 1 77
75 2 77
77 8 77
78 4 77
79 6 77
80 1 77
81 2 77
82 2 77
83 2 77
86 1 77
153 1 77
154 1 77
156 1 77
168 2 77
175 4 77
176 2 77
211 1 77
212 2 77
245 1 77
247 1 77
277 1 77
279 1 77
280 1 77
315 1 77
317 1 77
320 1 77
382 1 77
420 1 77
448 2 77
458 1 77
480 1 77
483 2 77
484 1 77
486 2 77
488 2 77
489 1 77
491 1 77
493 2 77
498 2 77
499 1 77
501 1 77
503 1 77
507 1 77
509 1 77
510 1 77
512 1 77
517 1 77
520 1 77
522 1 77
527 1 77
528 1 77
531 1 77
565 3 77
566 1 77
570 1 77
581 3 77
595 1 77
596 1 77
603 1 77
608 1 77
633 1 77
659 3 77
666 1 77
715 1 77
720 1 77
748 1 77
754 1 77
785 1 77
786 1 77
787 1 77
788 1 77
789 1 77
790 3 77
791 1 77
805 1 77
809 1 77
810 2 77
812 1 77
813 1 77
814 1 77
817 1 77
824 1 77
825 1 77
838 1 77
853 1 77
894 2 77
925 1 77
984 1 77
1051 1 77
1118 1 77
1124 1 77
1131 1 77
1144 1 77
1294 3 77
1327 1 77
1382 1 77
1393 1 77
1419 1 77
1427 1 77
1431 1 77
1443 1 77
1443 1 77
.I 78
.T
On-Line Access to Information: NSF as an Aid to the Indexer/Cataloger
.A
Bennet, John L.
.W
When adding a document to a collection, an indexer should choose a
representation which makes evident both the content of the document and its
relation to other documents already in the collection.. Toward this end, the
Negotiated Search Facility (NSF) makes possible indexer-controlled retrieval of
information from a collection data base using tools beyond those available in a
traditional bibliographic catalog.. The design philosophy of NSF is to offer a
framework to guide the indexer while allowing him freedom to retrieve any data
which he judges will help him make indexing decisions.. An example which
indicates how an indexer might use the facility also shows how the display
formats and command language promote interaction.. While the discussion is
directed toward indexing, it should be clear that the facility would be equally
useful to the searcher..
.X
24 1 78
26 1 78
30 1 78
68 1 78
71 2 78
72 1 78
73 1 78
74 1 78
75 3 78
77 4 78
78 10 78
79 3 78
80 2 78
81 3 78
82 3 78
83 2 78
86 1 78
153 1 78
154 1 78
156 1 78
175 2 78
177 1 78
180 1 78
211 1 78
212 2 78
245 1 78
247 1 78
277 1 78
279 1 78
280 1 78
281 1 78
336 1 78
420 1 78
483 1 78
486 1 78
498 1 78
501 1 78
562 1 78
581 1 78
593 1 78
595 1 78
666 1 78
720 1 78
748 1 78
785 1 78
786 1 78
787 1 78
788 1 78
789 1 78
790 1 78
791 1 78
838 1 78
852 1 78
853 2 78
854 1 78
855 1 78
925 1 78
984 2 78
1011 1 78
1118 1 78
1124 1 78
1131 1 78
1144 1 78
1294 1 78
1326 1 78
1382 1 78
1393 1 78
1431 1 78
1431 1 78
.I 79
.T
Computer Selection of Keywords Using Word-Frequency Analysis
.A
Carroll, John M.
.A
Roeloffs, Robert
.W
A statistically based method for automatically identifying keywords in
machine-readable text has been developed which produces keyword lists that
agree better with composite lists produced by panels of human indexers than do
lists produced by five statistical criteria previously suggested, and also
better than lists produced by most of the individual panel members.. The method
makes use of both the in-document word-occurrence frequency and the in-corpus
relative occurrence frequency as measures of word importance.. Each statistical
criterion was compared with the performance of human indexers by the use of rank
correlation statistics.. The simple word count was found to be superior to the
other four previously suggested criteria - all of which made use of the
in-corpus relative occurrence frequency.. The test were conducted over 19
documents dealing with the subject of Information Science, a total of over
66,000 word occurrences.. Seventeen indexers representing eight different
information centers participated in experiments..
.X
28 1 79
30 1 79
42 1 79
51 2 79
68 1 79
69 2 79
71 3 79
72 2 79
73 1 79
74 1 79
75 3 79
77 6 79
78 3 79
79 12 79
80 1 79
81 2 79
82 2 79
83 2 79
86 1 79
153 1 79
154 1 79
156 1 79
168 2 79
175 2 79
176 1 79
211 1 79
212 2 79
226 1 79
245 1 79
247 1 79
277 1 79
279 1 79
280 1 79
315 3 79
317 1 79
320 1 79
324 1 79
361 1 79
382 2 79
419 1 79
420 1 79
441 3 79
448 2 79
480 1 79
483 1 79
484 1 79
486 2 79
488 2 79
489 1 79
491 1 79
493 2 79
498 1 79
499 1 79
503 1 79
507 1 79
509 1 79
510 1 79
512 1 79
517 1 79
520 1 79
522 1 79
527 1 79
528 1 79
531 2 79
564 1 79
565 3 79
566 1 79
570 1 79
575 1 79
577 1 79
581 3 79
595 1 79
596 1 79
603 1 79
608 2 79
633 1 79
644 1 79
649 1 79
659 3 79
660 2 79
661 1 79
663 1 79
666 1 79
714 1 79
715 1 79
720 1 79
748 1 79
752 1 79
754 1 79
780 1 79
785 1 79
786 1 79
787 1 79
788 1 79
789 1 79
790 3 79
791 1 79
805 1 79
809 1 79
810 2 79
812 2 79
813 1 79
814 1 79
817 1 79
824 2 79
825 2 79
838 1 79
853 1 79
894 2 79
925 1 79
956 1 79
966 1 79
984 1 79
997 1 79
1051 1 79
1118 1 79
1124 1 79
1131 1 79
1216 1 79
1266 1 79
1282 1 79
1294 5 79
1327 1 79
1382 1 79
1393 1 79
1395 1 79
1419 1 79
1421 1 79
1427 1 79
1431 1 79
1443 1 79
1443 1 79
.I 80
.T
A Graphic Catalog Card Index
.A
Lewis, Elizabeth M.
.W
To improve accessibility and maintenance of art slides in the United States
Military Academy Library at West Point, a model card with a graphic image of
the slide was designed with pertinent identifying information displayed
directly above a black-and-white opaque photo and also key-punched into it..
The card serves for ample comparison reference previous to handling the slides
and can produce a subject-arranged permuted index in book form.. The later
permits access from the approach of form, geographic area, name, time of
origin, artist, school, or style, etc.. Some added advantages, common to other
kinds of graphic collections, are detailed.. Estimated costs of
photo-reproduction of original cards, various kinds of copies, and computer
time and materials are listed.. Future benefits from a consistent, unified
cataloging system for graphic objects and the dissemination of this kind of
information in a network structure are indicated as major goals..
.X
24 1 80
30 1 80
71 1 80
75 2 80
77 1 80
78 2 80
79 1 80
80 5 80
81 1 80
82 1 80
83 1 80
154 1 80
177 1 80
212 1 80
247 1 80
281 1 80
336 1 80
581 1 80
666 1 80
838 1 80
852 1 80
853 2 80
854 1 80
855 1 80
984 1 80
1011 1 80
1393 1 80
1431 1 80
1431 1 80
.I 81
.T
Indexing Consistency and Quality
.A
Zunde, Pranas
.A
Dexter, Margaret E.
.W
A measure of indexing consistency is developed based on the concept of
"fuzzy-sets".. It assigns a higher consistency value if indexers agree on the
more important terms.. Measures of the quality of an indexer's work and
exhaustivity of indexing are also proposed.. Experimental data on indexing
consistency is presented for certain categories of indexers; and consistency,
quality, and exhaustivity values are compared and analyzed.. The analysis of
indexing exhaustivity leads to the conclusion that the increase of information
as a result of group indexing is a process analogous to Bradford's law of
information scattering, Lotka's law of scientific productivity, and Zipf's law
of vocabulary distribution..
.X
30 1 81
35 1 81
42 1 81
43 1 81
44 1 81
45 1 81
52 2 81
57 1 81
70 1 81
71 2 81
72 1 81
73 3 81
74 1 81
75 3 81
76 1 81
77 2 81
78 3 81
79 2 81
80 1 81
81 8 81
82 5 81
83 2 81
86 1 81
95 1 81
153 1 81
154 1 81
156 1 81
175 1 81
211 1 81
212 2 81
245 1 81
247 1 81
277 1 81
279 1 81
280 1 81
359 1 81
416 1 81
420 1 81
486 1 81
578 1 81
581 1 81
582 1 81
589 1 81
594 1 81
595 1 81
655 1 81
656 1 81
657 1 81
666 1 81
720 1 81
748 2 81
759 1 81
765 1 81
778 1 81
781 1 81
785 1 81
786 2 81
787 2 81
788 1 81
789 1 81
791 1 81
799 1 81
838 1 81
840 1 81
853 1 81
893 1 81
925 2 81
984 1 81
1054 1 81
1081 1 81
1082 1 81
1083 1 81
1154 1 81
1201 1 81
1232 1 81
1281 1 81
1294 1 81
1295 1 81
1298 1 81
1393 1 81
1401 1 81
1417 1 81
1431 1 81
1431 1 81
.I 82
.T
Is Interindexer Consistency A Hobgoblin?
.A
Cooper, William S.
.W
It is often assumed that the amount of interindexer consistency experienced
under a given method of indexing is somehow indicative of the quality of the
indexing.. To explore this assumption, two hypotheses are stated concerning the
possible connection between interindexer consistency and indexing quality.. A
specific counter-example is then exhibited which shows both hypotheses to be
invalid.. Although a mathematical analysis of the counterexample yields certain
insights, the general relationship between interindexer consistency and
successful retrieval is more subtle than might have been expected.. It is
concluded that until equations describing this relationship have been derived,
measurements of inter-indexer consistency will have little meaning as clues to
indexing quality..
.X
30 1 82
45 1 82
52 1 82
71 2 82
72 1 82
73 2 82
74 1 82
75 3 82
77 2 82
78 3 82
79 2 82
80 1 82
81 5 82
82 6 82
83 2 82
86 1 82
153 1 82
154 1 82
156 1 82
175 1 82
211 1 82
212 2 82
245 1 82
247 1 82
277 1 82
279 1 82
280 1 82
486 1 82
581 1 82
653 1 82
666 1 82
720 1 82
748 1 82
781 1 82
785 1 82
786 1 82
787 1 82
788 1 82
789 1 82
791 1 82
799 1 82
838 1 82
853 1 82
925 1 82
984 1 82
1294 1 82
1393 1 82
1431 1 82
1431 1 82
.I 83
.T
The Cost Analysis of Document Surrogation: A Literature Review
.A
Landau, Herbert B.
.W
A state-of-the art literature review on the cost of classification,
cataloging, indexing, and abstracting has been included.. It was found that
while some data on specific costs are available, the literature is generally
found lacking from the point of view of accuracy, completeness, consistency,
and availability..
.X
27 1 83
30 1 83
39 1 83
67 1 83
71 2 83
72 1 83
73 1 83
74 5 83
75 2 83
77 2 83
78 2 83
79 2 83
80 1 83
81 2 83
82 2 83
83 10 83
86 1 83
120 1 83
153 2 83
154 1 83
156 1 83
158 1 83
211 1 83
212 2 83
245 3 83
247 1 83
273 1 83
277 1 83
279 3 83
280 1 83
288 1 83
292 1 83
331 1 83
369 1 83
381 1 83
382 1 83
408 1 83
486 1 83
490 2 83
491 1 83
492 1 83
495 1 83
496 2 83
497 1 83
581 1 83
584 4 83
591 2 83
592 1 83
666 1 83
717 1 83
720 1 83
723 1 83
724 1 83
748 1 83
785 1 83
786 1 83
787 1 83
788 1 83
789 1 83
791 1 83
792 1 83
834 1 83
838 1 83
841 1 83
842 1 83
853 1 83
860 1 83
925 2 83
957 1 83
976 1 83
984 1 83
1148 1 83
1151 1 83
1187 1 83
1227 1 83
1317 2 83
1353 1 83
1359 2 83
1360 2 83
1393 1 83
1400 1 83
1410 1 83
1424 1 83
1431 1 83
1431 1 83
.I 84
.T
Some Independent Agreements and Resolved Disagreements
About Answer-Providing Documents
.A
O'Connor, John
.W
Eighty-two documents and 30 questions, in documentation and related areas,
was compared to find answer-providing documents (documents from which answers to
questions can be inferred).. Two judges (documentation experts) made
comparisons independently.. They discussed their disagreements, attempting to
resolve them.. In each case the positive judge was first asked to indicate what
answer he inferred, and from what document passage(s).. The further discussion
depended on the details of each case.. In general, the resolution procedures
used will resolve a disagreement about whether a document is answer-providing
or reduce it to a familiar kind of scientific disagreement (about a passage's
meaning, a statement's correctness, or an inference's correctness).. This seems
better than treating relevance judgements as subjective and not open to
rational discussion..
.X
29 1 84
35 1 84
38 1 84
42 1 84
43 1 84
58 3 84
68 3 84
70 1 84
84 5 84
175 1 84
444 1 84
445 1 84
447 1 84
449 1 84
474 1 84
486 1 84
488 1 84
489 1 84
490 1 84
491 1 84
492 1 84
493 1 84
494 1 84
495 1 84
496 1 84
497 1 84
499 1 84
500 1 84
532 1 84
571 1 84
581 1 84
583 1 84
584 1 84
586 1 84
625 1 84
659 1 84
660 1 84
762 1 84
764 1 84
795 1 84
801 1 84
893 1 84
986 1 84
1016 1 84
1030 1 84
1045 1 84
1084 1 84
1195 1 84
1201 1 84
1235 1 84
1281 1 84
1285 1 84
1294 1 84
1294 1 84
.I 85
.T
Information Science: Toward the Development of a True Scientific Discipline
.A
Yovits, M. C.
.W
It is pointed out that if information science is to be considered a "true"
science similar to physics or chemistry then it must have a set of concepts and
analytical expression which apply to the flow of information in a general way..
In several previous papers, the author and a colleague have described a model
of a generalized information system which has wide, and perhaps universal
applicability.. This paper elaborates on this model and indicates the range of
its applicability.. Several fundamental quantities are defined specifically in
a way which allows for quantification.. It is pointed out in this paper that
this model can be the basis for the development of a "true" science of
information with all of the necessary requirements for a science.. By the use
of this model and the definition of a "true" science, the goals and requirements
for a curriculum in information science are thus established.. Within this
context, information is defined as data of value in decision making..
Quantitative measures of information can be obtained by relating information to
specific observable actions which can be measured physically..
.X
20 1 85
42 1 85
60 2 85
85 8 85
129 1 85
172 1 85
457 1 85
469 1 85
574 1 85
585 2 85
599 1 85
640 1 85
652 1 85
665 1 85
762 1 85
803 2 85
1022 3 85
1037 2 85
1045 3 85
1077 1 85
1116 1 85
1161 1 85
1220 1 85
1268 1 85
1309 1 85
1309 1 85
.I 86
.T
A Comparison of a Keyword from Title Index with a Single Access Point
per Document Alphabetic Subject Index
.A
Jahoda, G.
.A
Stursa, Mary Lou
.W
Two indexes to a collection of 3,204 documents in the field of chemistry
were test-searched.. The indexes are a keyword from title index without added
keywords and a single access point per document alphabetic subject index.. The
indexes were searched by 13 graduate chemistry students using 55 questions..
Search results are characterized in terms of recall, precision, and search
time.. There is no statistically significant difference in recall and precision
search result between the multiple access points per document keyword from
title index and the single access point per document alphabetic subject index..
Search time was significantly better for the alphabetic subject index for all
but those questions having only one relevant document..
.X
71 1 86
72 1 86
73 1 86
74 1 86
75 1 86
77 1 86
78 1 86
79 1 86
81 1 86
82 1 86
83 1 86
86 5 86
153 1 86
156 2 86
175 1 86
194 1 86
211 1 86
212 1 86
245 1 86
277 1 86
279 1 86
280 1 86
382 1 86
389 1 86
390 1 86
480 1 86
486 1 86
514 1 86
520 1 86
570 1 86
576 1 86
586 1 86
608 1 86
636 1 86
643 1 86
659 1 86
720 1 86
748 1 86
781 1 86
785 1 86
786 1 86
787 1 86
788 1 86
789 1 86
791 1 86
817 2 86
820 1 86
825 1 86
894 1 86
925 1 86
984 1 86
1024 1 86
1054 1 86
1195 1 86
1215 1 86
1313 1 86
1327 1 86
1364 1 86
1419 1 86
1419 1 86
.I 87
.T
A Core Nursing Library for Practitioners
.A
Stearns, N.S.
Ratcliff, W.W.
Getchell, M.E.
Zeller, K.
.W
The following books and journals
for the Core Nursing Library,
suggested reference materials,
and supplementary books and journals
were selected by experts in nursing
from all parts of the United States.
The purpose is to let practitioners
and community hospitals
know which books and journals,
from a wealth of printed material
would, in the opinion of experts, be
most useful, especially where funds
and space are limited.
.X
87 5 87
189 1 87
196 1 87
215 1 87
216 1 87
219 1 87
415 2 87
552 1 87
1071 2 87
1147 2 87
1302 1 87
1397 1 87
1397 1 87
.I 88
.T
Patterns of Name Ordering among Authors of Scientific Papers:
A study of Social Symbolism and Its Ambiguity
.A
Zuckerman, Harriet A.
.W
With increasing scientific collaboration, visibility of individual
role-performance has diminished.. Ordering of author' names as an adaptive
device which symbolizes their relative contributions to research.. Interviews
with Nobel laureates and comparisons of their name-order practices to those of
other scientists suggest that this symbol is ambiguous and makes evaluation of
individual role-performance difficult.. A probability model of expected
distribution of name orders is used in measuring preferences for particular
sequences, and these preferences vary with the authors' eminence.. On the
assumptions that authors' names are listed in order of the value of their
contributions, laureates should be first-authors more often than other
scientists; in fact, they are not.. Instead, they exercise their noblesse
oblige by giving credit to less eminent co-workers increasingly as their
eminence grows.. They do so more often after the prize, and eminent
laureates-to-be forego first-authorship more often than those as yet
unrecognized.. The noblesse oblige, however, has its limits; laureates'
contributions to prize-winning research are more visible than contributions to
their other research..
.X
19 1 88
37 1 88
39 1 88
40 1 88
47 1 88
88 7 88
89 1 88
97 1 88
101 1 88
102 1 88
103 3 88
111 2 88
112 1 88
113 1 88
233 1 88
253 1 88
313 1 88
359 1 88
377 1 88
379 1 88
384 1 88
395 1 88
505 1 88
560 2 88
573 1 88
589 1 88
618 1 88
632 1 88
635 1 88
667 1 88
722 1 88
748 1 88
749 1 88
751 1 88
764 1 88
765 1 88
777 1 88
778 1 88
782 1 88
793 1 88
804 1 88
805 1 88
893 1 88
952 1 88
1016 1 88
1061 1 88
1085 1 88
1086 1 88
1087 1 88
1182 1 88
1200 1 88
1256 1 88
1274 1 88
1277 1 88
1278 1 88
1280 1 88
1287 1 88
1301 1 88
1302 1 88
1304 1 88
1310 1 88
1313 1 88
1335 2 88
1338 1 88
1344 2 88
1347 2 88
1380 1 88
1428 1 88
1444 1 88
1444 1 88
.I 89
.T
Professional Standing and the Reception of Scientific Discoveries
.A
Cole, S.
.W
The Matthew Effect occurs when scientists receive differential recognition
for a particular scientific contribution depending on their
location in the stratification system. Merton originally introduced
the concept to explain the allocation of credit among authors of
multiple discoveries or collaborators. In this paper the concept is
generalized to apply to all scientific work. If the Matthew Effect
were to operate, the reception of papers of equal quality should be
influenced by the location of their authors in the stratification system.
To test this hypothesis, data are drawn from several studies of
similar design. In each study we control for the number of citations
papers received at time 2. This enables us to look at groups of
papers that were judged to be roughly equal in quality at time 2.
We then see whether there were any differences in the reception of
these papers at time 1 depending upon various aspects of the author's
location in the stratification system. All the data indicate
that assessed quality of papers at time 2 is a more important
determinant of a paper's initial reception than any of the stratification
variables. However, the speed of diffusion of papers of equal quality
is influenced by the reputation of the author based on past work
that is being heavily utilized at the time of a new discovery. The
Matthew Effect also operates for those scientists located at prestigious
points of the social system of science. All other stratification
variables, including eminence as measured by receipt of awards
did not influence the speed of diffusion. Data are presented that
indicate that top papers written by high-ranking scientists are no
more likely to be widely diffused early than are top papers by low-
ranking scientists. The Matthew Effect also serves to focus
attention on the work of little-known men who collaborate with
scientists of high repute and to increase retroactively the visibility
of the early work of scientists who go on to greater fame. A discussion
is included of the relevance of these data for the study of
resistance to scientific discoveries.
.X
33 1 89
36 1 89
39 1 89
41 1 89
76 1 89
88 1 89
89 12 89
97 1 89
98 1 89
100 1 89
102 4 89
105 3 89
107 1 89
109 1 89
110 1 89
111 2 89
112 1 89
113 3 89
155 1 89
157 1 89
163 1 89
183 2 89
184 2 89
193 2 89
198 1 89
199 1 89
201 1 89
203 1 89
204 1 89
210 1 89
225 1 89
269 1 89
308 1 89
312 1 89
314 1 89
356 2 89
359 1 89
373 1 89
384 1 89
391 1 89
544 2 89
545 1 89
552 2 89
560 3 89
582 1 89
587 1 89
589 1 89
602 1 89
605 1 89
613 1 89
614 1 89
632 1 89
638 1 89
656 1 89
685 1 89
722 1 89
735 3 89
747 1 89
750 1 89
753 1 89
766 2 89
767 1 89
775 1 89
782 1 89
784 4 89
788 1 89
789 1 89
793 1 89
800 1 89
808 1 89
828 1 89
905 1 89
953 1 89
977 1 89
983 1 89
1016 1 89
1023 1 89
1030 2 89
1050 2 89
1055 2 89
1062 2 89
1083 1 89
1085 1 89
1087 1 89
1090 1 89
1135 1 89
1256 2 89
1260 1 89
1273 1 89
1275 2 89
1276 1 89
1278 1 89
1280 2 89
1283 1 89
1284 1 89
1285 4 89
1286 1 89
1287 2 89
1290 1 89
1291 3 89
1293 1 89
1294 1 89
1295 1 89
1296 3 89
1297 1 89
1300 1 89
1301 1 89
1302 4 89
1319 1 89
1335 1 89
1339 1 89
1341 1 89
1346 4 89
1347 1 89
1386 3 89
1387 1 89
1390 1 89
1397 2 89
1417 1 89
1428 1 89
1432 2 89
1444 1 89
1444 1 89
.I 90
.T
Involving, Computerizing, Personalizing
.A
Kilgour, F.
.W
In most libraries most users face a complex, monolithic arrangement
of entries in catalogs and books on shelves. In classical librarianship no
effort can be made to personalize the listing of titles or arrangement of
volumes for an individual user. A user is unidentified, and, except for
that small fraction of a percent who consult reference librarians, users
remain nameless.
The computer, however, with its superb ability to treat users as
individual persons and events as individual events, possesses the potential
for enabling big libraries to recapture the human qualities of
which classical librarianship has deprived them since their days as
one-librarian libraries. However, rehumanization is not the only
contribution computerization will make to libraries.
Developments in modern society are forcing libraries to establish new
objectives. Contemporary living is information based, a phenomenon
that is outmoding the venerable concept of library function. As small special
libraries already do, all libraries must participate in the cultural
activities of the individuals in their communities rather than
merely make available a torpid "service." Libraries must look forward to
supplying information to a user when and where he needs it - an
objective impossible to attain with classical library techniques.
.X
5 1 90
33 1 90
36 1 90
90 7 90
91 1 90
158 1 90
161 1 90
183 1 90
184 1 90
193 1 90
199 1 90
201 1 90
202 1 90
203 1 90
204 1 90
205 1 90
209 1 90
212 1 90
217 1 90
220 1 90
222 2 90
223 1 90
231 1 90
261 1 90
284 1 90
286 1 90
289 1 90
294 2 90
295 1 90
299 1 90
334 1 90
348 1 90
354 1 90
368 1 90
435 1 90
543 1 90
553 1 90
588 1 90
608 1 90
610 1 90
612 1 90
613 1 90
615 1 90
617 2 90
620 2 90
624 1 90
799 1 90
800 1 90
808 1 90
815 2 90
868 2 90
869 1 90
872 1 90
897 1 90
938 1 90
939 1 90
957 1 90
959 1 90
963 1 90
990 1 90
991 1 90
992 1 90
1023 1 90
1151 1 90
1196 2 90
1197 1 90
1219 1 90
1221 2 90
1227 1 90
1229 1 90
1318 1 90
1365 2 90
1390 2 90
1390 2 90
.I 91
.T
Williams & Wilkins - The Great Leap Backward
.A
North, W.
.W
This article contains a call for active participation by all segments of
the library and educational community in the Williams and Wilkins controversy
and in the effort to achieve appropriate copyright revision.
.X
5 1 91
90 1 91
91 5 91
158 1 91
222 1 91
223 1 91
232 1 91
368 1 91
375 1 91
406 1 91
421 1 91
429 1 91
435 1 91
439 1 91
440 1 91
513 1 91
580 1 91
582 1 91
588 1 91
589 1 91
603 1 91
607 1 91
609 1 91
613 1 91
614 1 91
615 1 91
618 1 91
657 1 91
685 1 91
686 1 91
691 1 91
696 1 91
721 1 91
722 1 91
724 1 91
725 2 91
727 1 91
809 1 91
813 1 91
815 1 91
870 1 91
957 1 91
958 1 91
987 1 91
988 1 91
992 1 91
1023 1 91
1057 2 91
1208 1 91
1219 1 91
1227 1 91
1269 1 91
1293 1 91
1298 1 91
1302 1 91
1364 2 91
1365 1 91
1390 1 91
1396 1 91
1396 1 91
.I 92
.T
OCLC for You - and ME?!
.A
Plotnick, A.
.W
Sometimes it seems as if the library world has divided into two camps; those
who seem to know all about this thing called "OCLC" and who keep popping that
rounded acronym into their conversation with a certain bromidic effervescence,
and the other camp - plain folk who are happy to take library life one
acronym at a time, as they need it, and who, if pressed, might guess that OCLC
has something to do with, oh, Optical Codes at the Library of Congress?
Only in Ohio - where the Ohio College Library Center began and where
this national, computerized, bibliographic data exchange continues to grow -
is OCLC universally a library household term, even among computer-phobes. In
Ohio, most librarians already realize the kind of thing going on at OCLC is
not simply the building up of someone else's data base in little bits and bytes,
but perhaps the biggest revolution in access to library collections since books
were unchained from the shelves.
.X
1 1 92
92 5 92
235 1 92
246 2 92
247 1 92
326 1 92
333 1 92
375 1 92
556 1 92
825 1 92
883 1 92
930 1 92
941 1 92
950 2 92
978 1 92
988 1 92
991 1 92
997 2 92
1000 1 92
1004 1 92
1024 1 92
1079 1 92
1153 1 92
1216 2 92
1247 1 92
1258 1 92
1266 1 92
1395 1 92
1441 1 92
1441 1 92
.I 93
.T
The American Occupational Structure
.A
Blau, P.M.
.W
This book is the result of a collaborative effort extending over seven
years. We have tried hard to make the book a genuine joint product
to which each of us made the contributions he is best qualified to
make. There is no senior author; the sequence of name is simply
alphabetical, and we have reversed it in signing the preface and elsewhere
to emphasize this fact. Our collaboration was motivated by our shared
interest in social stratification, our common concern with advancing
scientific social theory on the basis of systematic research, and the
conviction that the inquiry would benefit from the different qualifications
and viewpoints the two of us represent. There can be no doubt
that our interests in and approaches to sociological problems differ to
a considerable degree. Although we agree that refining research methods
and advancing social theory are both important, for example, it is
only fair to state that Duncan lays more stress on deriving theoretical
generalizations.
.X
93 10 93
438 1 93
1217 2 93
1331 2 93
1331 2 93
.I 94
.T
American Overseas Library Technical Assistance, 1940-1970
.A
Brewster, B.J.
.W
The United States has been engaged in activities known
variously as technical assistance, technical cooperation, or
development assistance for the past twenty-five years. This
form of foreign aid, either government sponsored or privately
supported, is a twentieth century phenomenon. The broader
concept, foreign aid or foreign assistance, means providing
another country with any kind of goods, whether financial,
commodity, or manpower, to almost any purpose, and
extends to antiquity. Technical assistance, which may be
defined, on the other hand, as the supplying of techniques,
is an outgrowth of the industrial revolution and parallels
America's rise in the nineteenth century to world recognition
as an important industrial and trade power. Government use
of such aid as an instrument of foreign policy, as well as
the integration of these private and public efforts in the foreign
assistance field, began to develop under President Roosevelt's
Good Neighbor Policy. This integration soon expanded under
the new cultural relations program which the United
States implemented during World War II to offset the Nazi
propaganda and cultural offensive in Latin America.
.X
94 5 94
1441 1 94
1441 1 94
.I 95
.T
Scientific Communication: Five Themes from Social Science Research
.A
Menzel, H.
.W
The recent upsurge of interest in the behavioral aspects of scientific and
technical communication and information flow has two distinct sources, a
theoretical one in the development of communication research, and a practical
one in the concerns of policy makers in scientific organizations and
information services.
For some time past, the attention of sociologists and social psychologists
studying communication processes, once focused on so-called mass phenomena
and mass publics, has turned to the interplay of communication processes with
more and more definitely delineated and mapped aspects of social structure.
One aspect of this shift in interest has been the increasing attention paid by
behavioral scientists to the systems supplying information of a specialized
sort, and to the publics which are consumers of this specialized information.
The scientific and applied professions have been most prominent among the
publics so studied.
.X
29 1 95
35 1 95
42 1 95
43 1 95
52 1 95
70 1 95
73 1 95
76 1 95
81 1 95
95 8 95
98 1 95
100 1 95
104 1 95
105 1 95
107 1 95
109 1 95
110 1 95
161 1 95
312 1 95
386 2 95
398 1 95
420 1 95
456 1 95
475 1 95
544 2 95
578 1 95
582 2 95
584 1 95
589 2 95
594 1 95
595 1 95
624 1 95
655 2 95
656 1 95
657 1 95
967 1 95
1030 1 95
1038 1 95
1045 1 95
1054 1 95
1063 1 95
1154 1 95
1232 1 95
1281 2 95
1284 1 95
1287 1 95
1295 1 95
1296 1 95
1297 1 95
1298 1 95
1300 3 95
1312 1 95
1313 1 95
1345 1 95
1358 1 95
1386 1 95
1408 1 95
1408 1 95
.I 96
.T
Communication Patterns in Applied Technology
.A
Marquis, D.G.
Allen, T.J.
.W
The preceding papers have addressed themselves
to the study of information flow in a particular
stream of human activity which has been variously called
science, pure science, basic research, or
fundamental research, and which
is only secondarily, if at all, concerned
with the practical utilization of its products.
At this point it is appropriate to note that there is
a parallel activity which includes applied research,
exploratory development, and engineering development.
This second stream of research we will call technology.
Far more is known about the flow of information
among scientists than among technologists. From
the knowledge that is available, however, we are
led to conclude that the communication patterns
in the two areas of activity are not only largely
independent of one another, but qualitatively
different in their nature. This difference is
reflected most clearly in the mechanisms by
which information is diffused within the two
sets of practitioners. The present paper is
addressed to these differences and to a discussion
of the nature of the communication process between
science and technology.
.X
4 1 96
9 1 96
32 1 96
96 6 96
123 1 96
131 1 96
137 1 96
152 1 96
163 1 96
207 1 96
297 1 96
298 1 96
439 1 96
440 1 96
456 1 96
658 2 96
768 1 96
771 1 96
774 1 96
783 1 96
799 1 96
811 1 96
816 1 96
913 1 96
951 1 96
952 1 96
961 1 96
962 1 96
964 1 96
968 1 96
1030 1 96
1068 1 96
1154 1 96
1203 1 96
1285 1 96
1321 3 96
1339 1 96
1365 1 96
1386 1 96
1407 1 96
1408 1 96
1445 1 96
1445 1 96
.I 97
.T
Bibliographical Citation Characteristics of the Psychological
Journal Network in 1950 and in 1960
.A
Xhignesse, L.V.
Osgood, C.E.
.W
The aforementioned studies are related to the
problem of information exchange in psychology.
Journals are a part of the formal channel of scientific
communication as well as storage elements for
the summary accounts of research undertakings.
Analysis of bibliographical citations thus can
reveal certain characteristics of the pattern of
information flow created by scientists in their
work. The potential usefulness of this type of
investigation is increased when it becomes
possible to examine the trends through time of the
communication network under consideration, and also
when different communication networks can be compared.
The present paper deals with some of the
characteristics of bibliographical citations in the
same 21 psychological journals published both in
1950 and in 1960. The list of journals used, along
with the abbreviations to be used here, is given in
Table 1; it includes 8 journals published by the
American Psychological Association and 13 journals
published by other organizations.
.X
19 1 97
33 1 97
36 1 97
37 1 97
39 2 97
40 1 97
41 1 97
47 1 97
88 1 97
89 1 97
97 7 97
102 2 97
103 1 97
111 1 97
112 1 97
163 1 97
170 1 97
183 1 97
184 1 97
193 1 97
199 1 97
203 1 97
210 1 97
225 1 97
233 1 97
253 1 97
269 1 97
313 1 97
359 1 97
373 1 97
377 1 97
379 2 97
395 1 97
505 1 97
545 1 97
552 1 97
560 1 97
573 1 97
587 1 97
605 1 97
613 1 97
614 1 97
618 4 97
632 3 97
635 4 97
638 1 97
667 1 97
735 1 97
747 1 97
748 1 97
749 1 97
750 1 97
751 1 97
753 1 97
764 1 97
765 1 97
766 1 97
767 1 97
775 1 97
777 1 97
778 1 97
782 2 97
784 1 97
788 1 97
789 1 97
793 1 97
800 1 97
804 1 97
805 1 97
808 1 97
893 1 97
905 1 97
952 1 97
953 1 97
977 1 97
983 1 97
1016 2 97
1023 1 97
1030 2 97
1055 1 97
1061 1 97
1085 1 97
1086 1 97
1087 4 97
1090 1 97
1135 1 97
1182 1 97
1200 1 97
1260 1 97
1274 1 97
1275 4 97
1276 1 97
1277 1 97
1278 2 97
1280 2 97
1283 1 97
1285 1 97
1286 1 97
1287 3 97
1301 1 97
1302 6 97
1304 1 97
1313 1 97
1335 1 97
1338 1 97
1344 1 97
1347 1 97
1380 2 97
1390 1 97
1397 1 97
1417 1 97
1428 2 97
1432 1 97
1444 1 97
1444 1 97
.I 98
.T
Scientific Communication:
Its Role in the Conduct of Research and Creation of Knowledge
.A
Garvey, W.D
Griffith, B.C.
.W
There is considerable apprehension today
within the scientific community over the
communication crisis in science. The present
article, which attempts to clarify certain aspects
of the problem, overviews the data collected by the
APA Project on Scientific Information Exchange in
Psychology, together with data which we have
more recently obtained relative to other disciplines.
Such a reexamination of the data should help to
clarify APA's relationship to the many information
media involved in the communication process
which begins with research and ends with the
incorporation of research findings into psychological
knowledge.
.X
48 2 98
89 1 98
95 1 98
98 6 98
100 1 98
105 1 98
107 1 98
109 1 98
111 1 98
359 1 98
386 1 98
398 1 98
439 2 98
440 1 98
456 2 98
533 2 98
544 1 98
602 1 98
1062 1 98
1063 1 98
1083 1 98
1085 1 98
1284 1 98
1285 1 98
1289 1 98
1291 1 98
1296 3 98
1300 1 98
1301 1 98
1302 1 98
1338 1 98
1408 1 98
1408 1 98
.I 99
.T
Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals
.A
Robinson, W.S.
.W
An individual correlation is a correlation
in which the statistical object or thing
described is indivisible. The correlation
between color and illiteracy for
persons in the United States, shown later in
Table 1, is an individual correlation, because
the kind of thing described is an indivisible
unit, a person. In an individual correlation
the variables are descriptive properties of
individuals, such as height, income, eye
color, or race, and not descriptive statistical
constants such as rates or means.
In an ecological correlation the statistical
object is a group of persons. The correlation
between the percentage of the population
which is Negro and the percentage of the
population which is illiterate for the 48
states, shown later as Figure 2, is an
ecological correlation. The thing described
is the population of a state, and not a single
individual. The variables are percentages,
descriptive properties of groups, and not
descriptive properties of individuals.
.X
99 5 99
102 1 99
170 1 99
1320 1 99
1337 1 99
1342 1 99
1343 1 99
1347 1 99
1386 1 99
1386 1 99
.I 100
.T
Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science
.A
Merton, R.K.
.W
We can only guess what historians of the
future will say about the condition of
present-day sociology. But it seems
safe to anticipate one of their observations.
When the Trevelyans of 2050 come to write that
history - as they well might, for this clan
of historians promises to go on forever -
they will doubtless find it strange that so
few sociologists (and historians) of the
twentieth century could bring themselves,
in their work, to treat science as one of the
great social institutions of the time. They
will observe that long after the sociology of
science became an identifiable field of
inquiry, it remained little cultivated in a
world where science loomed large enough to
present mankind with the choice of destruction
or survival. They may even suggest
that somewhere in the process by which social
scientists take note of the world as it is
and as it once was, a sense of values appears
to have become badly scrambled.
.X
48 1 100
89 1 100
95 1 100
98 1 100
100 7 100
102 1 100
106 1 100
107 2 100
108 1 100
111 1 100
113 1 100
314 1 100
343 1 100
359 1 100
386 1 100
475 1 100
544 1 100
545 1 100
602 1 100
1062 1 100
1083 1 100
1085 1 100
1187 1 100
1285 1 100
1288 1 100
1291 1 100
1296 1 100
1300 1 100
1301 1 100
1302 1 100
1312 1 100
1313 1 100
1337 1 100
1338 1 100
1345 1 100
1386 3 100
1386 3 100
.I 101
.T
Social Factors in the Origins of a New Science: The Case of Psychology
.A
Ben-David, Joseph
.A
Collins, Randall
.W
The uninterrupted growth of a scientific field depends upon the existence of
a scientific community permanently devoting itself to the field.. Therefore, the
new idea is not sufficient to start the take-off into sustained growth in a new
field; a new role must be created as well.. In scientific psychology, this
occurred in the late nineteenth century in Germany.. Using Germany as a
positive case, and France, Britain and the United States as negative cases, it
is shown that the new role resulted from academic career opportunities favoring
the mobility of practitioners and students of psychology into other fields, and
from the relatively low academic standing of speculative philosophy and its
consequent receptivity to persons and ideas which promised to turn the study of
the human mind into an experimental science..
.X
33 1 101
88 1 101
101 6 101
102 2 101
105 1 101
343 2 101
391 1 101
544 1 101
560 1 101
605 1 101
667 1 101
750 1 101
775 1 101
800 1 101
1063 2 101
1081 1 101
1082 1 101
1088 1 101
1271 1 101
1285 1 101
1286 1 101
1287 1 101
1308 1 101
1310 1 101
1312 1 101
1320 1 101
1334 2 101
1386 1 101
1387 1 101
1387 1 101
.I 102
.T
Scientific Output and Recognition:
A Study in the Operation of the Reward System in Science
.A
Cole, Stephen
.A
Cole, Jonathan R.
.W
The relationship between the quantity and quality of scientific output of
120 university physicists was studied.. Although these two variables are highly
correlated, some physicists produce many papers of little significance and
other produce a few papers of great significance.. The responses of the
community of physicists to these distinct patterns of research publication were
investigated.. Quality of output is more significant than quantity in eliciting
recognition through the receipt of awards, appointment to prestigious academic
departments, and being widely known to one's colleagues.. The reward system
operates to encourage creative scientists to be highly productive, to divert
the energies of less creative physicists into other channels, and to produce a
higher correlation between quantity and quality of output in the top departments
than in the weaker departments..
.X
15 1 102
19 1 102
33 1 102
36 1 102
37 1 102
39 1 102
40 1 102
41 1 102
47 2 102
48 3 102
88 1 102
89 4 102
97 2 102
99 1 102
100 1 102
101 2 102
102 16 102
103 2 102
104 2 102
105 2 102
106 3 102
108 2 102
109 1 102
110 1 102
111 2 102
112 2 102
113 7 102
163 1 102
170 2 102
183 1 102
184 1 102
193 1 102
199 1 102
203 1 102
210 1 102
225 1 102
233 1 102
253 1 102
269 1 102
312 1 102
313 1 102
314 2 102
343 1 102
356 1 102
359 1 102
373 1 102
377 1 102
379 1 102
391 2 102
395 1 102
456 1 102
503 1 102
505 1 102
513 1 102
544 1 102
545 3 102
552 1 102
560 3 102
573 1 102
587 1 102
605 2 102
613 1 102
614 1 102
618 1 102
632 1 102
635 1 102
638 1 102
667 1 102
735 1 102
747 1 102
748 2 102
749 1 102
750 1 102
751 1 102
753 1 102
764 1 102
765 1 102
766 1 102
767 1 102
775 1 102
777 1 102
778 1 102
782 2 102
784 1 102
788 1 102
789 1 102
791 1 102
793 2 102
800 1 102
804 1 102
805 1 102
808 1 102
893 2 102
905 1 102
952 1 102
953 1 102
977 1 102
983 1 102
1016 2 102
1023 1 102
1030 1 102
1050 1 102
1055 1 102
1061 1 102
1062 1 102
1063 1 102
1085 2 102
1086 1 102
1087 2 102
1090 1 102
1135 1 102
1182 1 102
1200 1 102
1210 1 102
1235 1 102
1260 1 102
1273 1 102
1274 3 102
1275 1 102
1276 1 102
1277 1 102
1278 2 102
1280 3 102
1285 5 102
1286 1 102
1287 4 102
1291 3 102
1296 1 102
1300 2 102
1301 1 102
1302 3 102
1304 2 102
1308 1 102
1312 1 102
1313 4 102
1320 2 102
1329 1 102
1335 1 102
1337 2 102
1338 3 102
1339 1 102
1340 1 102
1341 2 102
1344 3 102
1346 3 102
1347 3 102
1380 1 102
1386 3 102
1387 1 102
1390 1 102
1397 1 102
1417 1 102
1428 2 102
1432 1 102
1444 1 102
1444 1 102
.I 103
.T
Nobel Laureates in Science:
Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration, and Authorship
.A
Zuckerman, Harriet
.W
Nobel laureates in science publish more and are more apt to collaborate than
a matched sample of scientists.. Interviews with 41 of 55 laureates and
comparison of their research output with the output of the matched sample
indicate that these patterns hold at every stage of the life-work-cycle.. As
laureates report and as their publications collaborate, they exercise noblesse
oblige in arranging co-authorship in collaborative publications.. Receipt of
the Nobel prize is followed by declining productivity and changed work
practices, as a result of changed role obligations and activities.. Reductions
in productivity are more severe for laureates who experience comparatively
large increments in prestige through the prize than for those who were already
eminent.. The prize generates strain in collaborative associations so that most
of these terminate soon after the award..
.X
15 1 103
19 1 103
32 2 103
37 1 103
39 1 103
40 1 103
47 1 103
88 3 103
97 1 103
102 2 103
103 8 103
104 1 103
108 1 103
111 1 103
112 1 103
113 1 103
170 1 103
233 1 103
253 1 103
313 1 103
359 1 103
377 1 103
379 1 103
395 1 103
475 1 103
505 1 103
560 1 103
573 1 103
592 1 103
618 1 103
632 1 103
635 1 103
667 1 103
748 2 103
749 1 103
751 1 103
764 1 103
765 1 103
777 1 103
778 1 103
782 1 103
791 1 103
793 1 103
804 1 103
805 1 103
893 3 103
952 1 103
1016 1 103
1061 1 103
1085 2 103
1086 1 103
1087 1 103
1182 1 103
1200 1 103
1274 1 103
1277 1 103
1278 1 103
1280 1 103
1287 1 103
1291 1 103
1301 1 103
1302 1 103
1304 1 103
1313 1 103
1334 1 103
1335 1 103
1338 1 103
1339 1 103
1341 1 103
1342 1 103
1343 1 103
1344 2 103
1347 2 103
1380 1 103
1428 1 103
1444 1 103
1444 1 103
.I 104
.T
Visibility and the Structural Bases of Awareness of Scientific Research
.A
Cole, Stephen
.A
Cole, Jonathan R.
.W
The paper contains an analysis of several aspects of the communication
process in science.. Using data obtained from printed sources and questionnaires
mailed to university physicists, the conditions making for high visibility of a
scientists' work are studied.. Four strong determinates of visibility were
found: the quality of work, as measured by citations; the honorific awards
received for work in physics; the prestige of the physics department to which
the scientist belong; and speciality.. Quantity of output, age, and
name-ordering patterns on collaborative papers have no independent effect on
visibility.. Just as some physicists may be easily seen (i.e., have high
visibility), other are in positions where they may easily see.. This latter
characteristic is called "awareness"..The data indicate that awareness is high
in all sectors of the population studied.. Variables such as age, rank of
department, and quality of work made for only minor differences in awareness..
We conclude that the communication system in physics operates efficiently..
.X
33 1 104
48 2 104
76 1 104
95 1 104
102 2 104
103 1 104
104 5 104
106 2 104
108 2 104
110 2 104
111 1 104
112 1 104
113 2 104
161 1 104
170 2 104
456 1 104
545 1 104
560 1 104
582 1 104
584 1 104
589 1 104
655 1 104
793 1 104
893 1 104
1062 1 104
1274 1 104
1285 2 104
1286 1 104
1287 3 104
1291 2 104
1297 1 104
1300 1 104
1304 1 104
1313 1 104
1334 1 104
1338 1 104
1340 1 104
1341 1 104
1342 1 104
1343 1 104
1344 2 104
1346 2 104
1347 1 104
1347 1 104
.I 105
.T
Social Structure in a Group of Scientists:
A Test of the "Invisible College" Hypothesis
.A
Crane, Diana
.W
The existence of social organization within a research area may be inferred
(a) if scientists who have published in the area have more social ties with one
another than with scientists who have not published, and (b) scientists who
have published in the area can be differentiated by degree od social
participation within the area.. Using the mail questionnaire, sociometric data
on different types of scientific relationships were obtained from scientists,
all of whom had published in a particular problem area.. Respondents chose
scientists who had not published in the area as often as they chose scientists
within the area.. Analysis of direct and indirect ties, using Cleman's method
for analysis of sociometric connectedness, revealed that a tie with one or more
of the highly productive scientists brought other scientists of less
productivity into a large network of influence and communication.. Similarities
between this type of social organization and that of the "social circle" are
discussed..
.X
15 2 105
33 1 105
41 1 105
50 1 105
89 3 105
95 1 105
98 1 105
101 1 105
102 2 105
105 14 105
109 1 105
110 1 105
111 1 105
113 2 105
155 1 105
157 1 105
161 1 105
163 1 105
233 1 105
243 1 105
308 1 105
312 1 105
314 1 105
356 3 105
386 1 105
398 1 105
473 1 105
544 4 105
545 1 105
560 6 105
582 1 105
592 1 105
602 1 105
605 1 105
607 1 105
656 1 105
667 1 105
685 1 105
750 1 105
775 1 105
800 1 105
893 1 105
1030 4 105
1048 1 105
1050 1 105
1062 1 105
1063 4 105
1081 1 105
1082 1 105
1088 1 105
1111 1 105
1186 1 105
1188 1 105
1235 1 105
1256 1 105
1284 2 105
1285 3 105
1286 1 105
1287 2 105
1290 1 105
1291 2 105
1293 3 105
1294 1 105
1295 1 105
1296 3 105
1297 1 105
1298 1 105
1300 2 105
1308 1 105
1312 1 105
1315 1 105
1319 1 105
1329 2 105
1334 1 105
1339 1 105
1341 1 105
1346 3 105
1347 1 105
1386 3 105
1387 3 105
1389 1 105
1408 2 105
1408 2 105
.I 106
.T
Growth and Decay Curves in Scientific Citations
.A
MacRae, Duncan Jr.
.W
In a rapidly advancing scientific discipline, new contributions will
supersede older ones.. This selection in favor of recent literature should be
observable in the distribution of footnote citations in a given discipline, by
age of article cited.. However, the age distribution of citations also depends
on the rate of growth of the disciplinary literature.. The effect of growth of
the literature and of selection favoring recent articles can be separated, if
certain assumptions hold, by use of an exponential model that expands and
clarifies earlier findings by Price.. This model provides a reasonably good fit
to age-distributions of footnotes in several disciplines, and its application
suggest that citations in sociology tend to refer to older articles than those
in the natural sciences..A parameter in the model, measuring the degree of
selectivity in favor of recent articles, can be estimated and may be useful in
comparative studies of the communication systems of various disciplines..
.X
33 2 106
39 1 106
41 1 106
47 1 106
48 3 106
100 1 106
102 3 106
104 2 106
106 9 106
108 1 106
110 1 106
111 1 106
112 1 106
113 3 106
170 1 106
314 3 106
377 1 106
456 1 106
545 2 106
560 1 106
587 1 106
605 1 106
632 2 106
667 1 106
750 1 106
764 1 106
767 2 106
793 3 106
794 1 106
800 2 106
1062 1 106
1273 1 106
1274 2 106
1278 1 106
1280 1 106
1285 6 106
1286 1 106
1287 3 106
1291 1 106
1301 1 106
1302 1 106
1312 1 106
1313 2 106
1337 1 106
1338 1 106
1340 1 106
1344 1 106
1346 2 106
1347 1 106
1352 1 106
1386 1 106
1444 1 106
1444 1 106
.I 107
.T
The Structure of Scientific Fields and
the Functioning of University Graduate Departments
.A
Lodahl, Janice Beyer
.A
Gordon, Gerald
.W
Kuhn's concept of paradigm suggests that academic disciplines could be viewed
as technologies involving degree of task predictability.. A series of hypotheses
were developed in which relatively high paradigm development in a discipline was
predicted to facilitate research and teaching through improved processes of
communication and access to stored information.. Using questionnaire data
collected from 80 university graduate departments, physicists and chemists were
found to exhibit more agreement over field content, and to be more willing and
satisfied to spend time with graduate students than sociologists and political
scientists.. In addition, chemists were found to collaborate with larger
numbers of graduate students in research than scientists in the other fields..
Two other aspects of scientific structure are discussed: the level of innovation
being pursued within a field of a given time, and the degree of
institutionalized differentiation of the field into subdisciplines..
.X
33 1 107
89 1 107
95 1 107
98 1 107
100 2 107
107 6 107
110 1 107
111 3 107
112 1 107
113 1 107
155 1 107
308 1 107
359 1 107
386 1 107
544 1 107
602 1 107
1062 2 107
1083 1 107
1085 1 107
1273 1 107
1291 1 107
1296 1 107
1300 2 107
1301 1 107
1302 2 107
1312 1 107
1313 1 107
1315 1 107
1338 1 107
1345 2 107
1347 1 107
1386 1 107
1386 1 107
.I 108
.T
Productivity Differences among Scientists:
Evidence for Accumulative Advantage
.A
Allison, Paul D.
.A
Stewart, John A
.W
The highly skewed distributions of productivity among scientists can be
partly explained by a process of accumulative advantage.. Because of feedback
through recognition and resources, highly productive scientists maintain or
increase their productivity, while scientists who produce very little produce
even less later on.. A major implication of accumulative advantage is that the
distribution of productivity becomes increasingly unequal as a cohort of
scientists ages.. Cross-sectional survey data support this hypothesis for
chemists, physicists, and mathematicians, who show strong linear increases in
inequality with increasing career age.. This increase is highly associated with
a changing distribution of time spent on research.. Another implication of
accumulative advantage is also corroborated: the association among productivity,
resources and esteem increases as career age increases..
.X
48 1 108
100 1 108
102 2 108
103 1 108
104 2 108
106 1 108
108 5 108
113 2 108
170 1 108
314 1 108
545 1 108
893 1 108
1274 1 108
1285 1 108
1291 2 108
1301 1 108
1304 1 108
1313 1 108
1334 2 108
1337 2 108
1338 2 108
1341 1 108
1342 2 108
1343 2 108
1344 1 108
1345 1 108
1386 1 108
1386 1 108
.I 109
.T
The Distribution of Social and Cultural Properties in Informal Communication
Networks Among Biological Scientists
.A
Mullins, Nicholas C.
.W
Informal communication among biological scientists forms a discernible
social structure.. This research analyzes the relation of that structure to (1)
scientists' descriptions of their research and the orientations that underlie
those descriptions, (2) social status in science, and (3) the formal social
categories of science (i.e. discipline, department, and research organization)..
Each of the observed structures is contrasted with a random model.. Neither
social status nor the formal social categories show greater association on the
social structure than to the random model.. The culture of science, on the other
hand, as represented by description of research and the orientations underlying
those descriptions, shows very strong associations with the discerned network
structures..
.X
89 1 109
95 1 109
98 1 109
102 1 109
105 1 109
109 5 109
386 1 109
391 1 109
398 1 109
426 1 109
438 1 109
544 1 109
656 1 109
1050 1 109
1063 1 109
1284 1 109
1296 1 109
1300 2 109
1321 1 109
1339 1 109
1385 1 109
1386 1 109
1408 1 109
1408 1 109
.I 110
.T
The Gatekeepers of Science: Some Factors Affecting
the Selection of Articles of Scientific Journals
.A
Crane, D.
.W
The norms of scientific behavior as
described by Merton include the
prescription that scientific achievements
are to be judged without reference to
scientists' social characteristics. This
article will attempt to assess the extent
to which this norm is followed with
respect to the evaluation of articles by
scientific journals.
.X
48 1 110
76 1 110
89 1 110
95 1 110
102 1 110
104 2 110
105 1 110
106 1 110
107 1 110
110 7 110
111 2 110
112 2 110
113 2 110
155 1 110
157 1 110
161 1 110
170 1 110
314 1 110
356 1 110
456 1 110
544 1 110
545 2 110
560 2 110
582 2 110
584 1 110
589 1 110
592 1 110
655 1 110
656 1 110
685 1 110
788 1 110
789 1 110
793 1 110
1030 2 110
1050 1 110
1062 3 110
1063 1 110
1209 1 110
1256 1 110
1284 1 110
1285 2 110
1287 2 110
1290 1 110
1291 2 110
1293 2 110
1294 1 110
1295 1 110
1296 1 110
1297 2 110
1300 2 110
1302 1 110
1315 1 110
1319 1 110
1340 1 110
1344 1 110
1345 1 110
1346 2 110
1347 2 110
1386 2 110
1386 2 110
.I 111
.T
Bibliographical Reference Patterns in Core
Sociological Journals, 1965-1966
.A
Lin, N.
Nelson, C.E.
.W
The present study attempted to extend previous work on
bibliographical reference patterns in sociological journals
in the following ways: (1) by selecting for study those
journals to which American sociologists prefer to submit
their work, (2) by including, over a two-year period, all
bibliographical references (journals, books, technical
reports, etc.), and (3) by including, for initial comparison,
a journal from the physical sciences. Such a study, it was
hoped, would yield data concerning similarities and
differences among the sociological journals and between
the sociological journals and the physical science journal.
.X
33 2 111
36 1 111
41 1 111
48 1 111
88 2 111
89 2 111
97 1 111
98 1 111
100 1 111
102 2 111
103 1 111
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105 1 111
106 1 111
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110 2 111
111 13 111
112 5 111
113 6 111
155 1 111
161 1 111
163 2 111
170 1 111
183 1 111
184 1 111
193 1 111
199 2 111
203 1 111
210 1 111
225 1 111
243 1 111
269 1 111
356 1 111
359 1 111
360 1 111
373 1 111
456 2 111
487 1 111
545 4 111
552 1 111
560 2 111
587 1 111
592 1 111
602 2 111
605 1 111
607 1 111
613 1 111
614 1 111
638 1 111
735 1 111
747 1 111
750 1 111
753 1 111
764 1 111
766 1 111
767 1 111
775 1 111
782 1 111
784 1 111
788 2 111
789 2 111
793 4 111
800 1 111
808 1 111
905 1 111
911 1 111
953 1 111
977 1 111
983 1 111
1016 1 111
1023 1 111
1030 2 111
1055 1 111
1062 3 111
1083 1 111
1085 1 111
1087 1 111
1090 1 111
1135 1 111
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1273 1 111
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1291 2 111
1293 1 111
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1298 1 111
1300 1 111
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1315 1 111
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1338 1 111
1340 1 111
1344 1 111
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1346 2 111
1347 3 111
1390 1 111
1397 1 111
1417 1 111
1428 1 111
1432 1 111
1451 1 111
1451 1 111
.I 112
.T
Sociology Today: Lacunae, Emphases, and Surfeits
.A
Brown, J.S.
Gilmartin, B.G.
.W
In sociology today, as in other sciences, the professional
journals serve as major channels for the dissemination of
ideas and information. The papers presented in the
principal periodicals reach a wide audience among sociologists,
are acknowledged as the best work, and stand as
models for all who aspire to success. The viewpoints, conceptual
schemes, interests, and methodologies reflected in
these articles are therefore significant influences on both
the current character and the future development of our
discipline.
.X
33 1 112
36 1 112
41 1 112
48 1 112
88 1 112
89 1 112
97 1 112
102 2 112
103 1 112
104 1 112
106 1 112
107 1 112
110 2 112
111 5 112
112 8 112
113 4 112
163 1 112
170 1 112
183 1 112
184 1 112
193 1 112
199 2 112
203 1 112
210 1 112
225 1 112
269 1 112
360 1 112
373 1 112
456 1 112
487 1 112
545 2 112
552 1 112
560 1 112
587 1 112
605 1 112
613 1 112
614 1 112
638 1 112
735 1 112
747 1 112
750 1 112
753 1 112
766 1 112
767 1 112
775 1 112
782 1 112
784 1 112
788 1 112
789 1 112
793 3 112
800 1 112
808 1 112
905 1 112
911 1 112
953 1 112
977 1 112
983 1 112
1016 1 112
1023 1 112
1030 1 112
1055 1 112
1062 1 112
1087 1 112
1090 1 112
1135 1 112
1260 1 112
1275 1 112
1276 1 112
1278 1 112
1280 1 112
1285 2 112
1286 1 112
1287 2 112
1291 1 112
1300 1 112
1302 2 112
1315 1 112
1335 2 112
1340 2 112
1344 1 112
1345 1 112
1346 1 112
1347 2 112
1390 1 112
1397 1 112
1417 1 112
1428 1 112
1432 1 112
1432 1 112
.I 113
.T
Measuring the Quality of Sociological Research:
Problems in the Use of the Science Citation Index
.A
Cole, S.
.W
The Problem of assessing the "quality" of scientific
publications has long been a major impediment to
progress in the sociology of science. Most researchers
have typically paid homage to the belief that quantity of
output is not the equivalent of quality and have then gone
ahead and used publication counts anyway (Coler, 1963;
Crane, 1965; Price, 1963; Wilson, 1964). There seemed
to be no practicable way to measure the quality of large
numbers of papers or the life's work of large numbers of
scientists. The invention of the Science Citation Index
(SCI) a few years ago provides a new and reliable tool
to measure the significance of individual scientists'
contributions. Starting in 1961, the SCI has listed all
bibliographic references appearing in an increasingly large
number of journals. The number of citations an
individual receives may be tabulated and used as an indicator
of the relative scientific significance or "quality" of that
individual's publications.
.X
39 1 113
47 1 113
48 4 113
88 1 113
89 3 113
100 1 113
102 7 113
103 1 113
104 2 113
105 2 113
106 3 113
107 1 113
108 2 113
110 2 113
111 6 113
112 4 113
113 14 113
161 1 113
163 1 113
170 1 113
199 1 113
243 1 113
312 1 113
314 2 113
356 2 113
360 1 113
456 1 113
487 1 113
503 1 113
513 1 113
544 1 113
545 4 113
560 3 113
592 1 113
602 1 113
605 1 113
607 1 113
632 1 113
764 1 113
784 1 113
793 2 113
911 1 113
1030 1 113
1062 1 113
1087 1 113
1210 1 113
1270 1 113
1273 3 113
1274 2 113
1280 1 113
1285 4 113
1287 3 113
1291 3 113
1293 1 113
1296 1 113
1298 1 113
1300 3 113
1301 1 113
1302 3 113
1304 2 113
1308 1 113
1312 1 113
1313 3 113
1315 1 113
1335 2 113
1337 2 113
1338 3 113
1340 1 113
1341 2 113
1344 3 113
1345 1 113
1346 5 113
1347 4 113
1386 2 113
1444 1 113
1444 1 113
.I 114
.T
The Analysis of Information Systems
.A
Meadow, C.T.
.W
This book is intended to supply the background needed for
participation in the analysis and design of information-handling
systems and for understanding the literature in the field.
I have tried to present a unified approach to the subject
and to the relation of information retrieval to other
disciplines and an appreciation of the importance of this
interdisciplinary relationship. I hope that the scientist
or computer programmer, newly interested in information-retrieval
problems, as well as the librarian, will find the book of value.
.X
39 1 114
51 1 114
61 1 114
114 9 114
131 1 114
144 2 114
149 2 114
154 1 114
169 1 114
174 1 114
175 3 114
176 1 114
194 1 114
212 1 114
289 1 114
345 1 114
400 1 114
406 1 114
408 1 114
419 1 114
420 1 114
458 3 114
459 1 114
493 1 114
503 1 114
548 1 114
577 1 114
627 2 114
644 1 114
660 1 114
662 2 114
664 1 114
666 1 114
770 1 114
785 1 114
796 1 114
802 1 114
990 1 114
1007 1 114
1073 1 114
1327 1 114
1368 1 114
1392 2 114
1414 1 114
1431 1 114
1448 2 114
1448 2 114
.I 115
.T
Analysis of Library User Circulation Requirements
.A
Trueswell, Richard W.
.W
This research study is concerned with the use of the last circulation date
as a statistic to help describe library user circulation requirements.. Some
decision rules were developed to use this parameter as an aid in determining the
number of copies of books to be held in the library and as an aid in the
weeding of books from the library's holdings.. The effect of these decision
rules on the circulation requirements of users as well as on library operations
are described.. The method of data collection is described in detail and is
applicable at libraries having comparable charging systems.. Cumulative
distribution functions of last circulation date at two large college libraries
and a public library were prepared and have been plotted for both circulation
data and stack holding data.. This same data has also been plotted by subdivided
subject category.. Circulation operating characteristics were prepared for all
three libraries..
.X
5 1 115
46 1 115
115 8 115
183 1 115
192 1 115
196 1 115
215 1 115
219 1 115
221 1 115
234 2 115
236 1 115
245 1 115
303 1 115
364 1 115
365 1 115
393 1 115
415 1 115
433 1 115
647 1 115
651 1 115
764 1 115
811 1 115
816 1 115
818 1 115
823 1 115
842 1 115
885 1 115
925 1 115
943 1 115
944 3 115
947 1 115
948 1 115
983 1 115
1023 1 115
1059 1 115
1060 1 115
1071 1 115
1203 1 115
1257 1 115
1302 1 115
1417 1 115
1450 1 115
1450 1 115
.I 116
.T
The Documentation of Chemical Research
.A
Fugmann, R.
.A
Braun, W.
.A
Vaupel, M. W.
.W
Due to the fact that scientific-technical research is constantly increasing,
it is becoming more and more difficult to retrieve the published results of
research.. A new field of science, documentation, has been developed as a
contribution to the removal of this difficulty.. Depending on the type and
extent of the subject different methods for its documentation will be followed..
Methods and possibilities for the comprehensive documentation of chemistry and
its related fields are explained..
.X
116 5 116
117 1 116
254 1 116
327 1 116
641 1 116
668 1 116
670 1 116
671 2 116
673 1 116
677 1 116
678 1 116
679 1 116
682 1 116
689 1 116
690 2 116
693 1 116
694 1 116
695 1 116
698 1 116
699 1 116
700 1 116
704 1 116
706 1 116
707 1 116
710 1 116
730 1 116
738 1 116
833 1 116
1026 1 116
1072 3 116
1292 1 116
1452 1 116
1452 1 116
.I 117
.T
TOSAR - A Topological method for the Representation of Synthetic and
Analytical Relations of Concepts
.A
Fugmann, Robert
Nickelsen, Herbert
Nickelsen, Ingeborg
Winter, Jacob H.
.W
In mechanized systems used for searching in literature stores there is a
steadily growing necessity not only to be able to formulate concepts as a
search condition but also the characteristic connections under which these
concepts appear in the inquiry.. In this way the precision of the mechanized
literature search is considerably increased.. TOSAR has been developed in
order to improve computerized literature searching in this respect..
.X
58 1 117
68 1 117
116 1 117
117 7 117
165 1 117
254 1 117
320 1 117
327 1 117
445 1 117
476 1 117
525 1 117
569 1 117
572 1 117
590 3 117
621 1 117
641 2 117
664 1 117
668 2 117
670 2 117
671 3 117
673 1 117
674 1 117
677 1 117
678 1 117
679 1 117
682 1 117
683 2 117
688 1 117
689 3 117
690 1 117
693 1 117
694 1 117
695 1 117
698 1 117
700 1 117
704 1 117
706 1 117
707 2 117
715 1 117
730 1 117
738 1 117
797 1 117
819 1 117
833 1 117
1026 1 117
1046 1 117
1072 1 117
1077 1 117
1231 1 117
1292 1 117
1443 1 117
1452 1 117
1452 1 117
.I 118
.T
Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior
.A
Wynneedwards, V.C.
.W
The theory presented in this book links together the subjects of population
and brhavior. It applies to animals in general, which gives it an exceedingly
wide scope.
.X
21 2 118
118 7 118
168 1 118
412 3 118
549 1 118
1034 2 118
1047 1 118
1332 2 118
1399 1 118
1399 1 118
.I 119
.T
Information Networks
.A
Becker, J.
Olsen, W.C.
.W
In the literature, active network plans and developments appear to cluster
in three main areas: (1) Education, (2) Libraries, and (3) Government, Industry,
and Professional Societies. These network groupings are described in this
chapter following a discussion of network definitions, concepts, and current
impetus. References to information systems are included when there is an
indication that a particular system will probably be transformed into a network.
.X
24 1 119
74 1 119
75 1 119
119 10 119
122 5 119
206 1 119
214 1 119
241 1 119
336 1 119
365 1 119
394 1 119
408 1 119
452 1 119
453 1 119
458 1 119
526 1 119
528 1 119
612 1 119
684 1 119
761 1 119
851 1 119
855 1 119
872 2 119
916 1 119
940 1 119
955 2 119
986 1 119
1011 4 119
1012 1 119
1080 1 119
1084 1 119
1143 1 119
1175 1 119
1247 1 119
1264 1 119
1367 1 119
1435 1 119
1436 1 119
1451 1 119
1451 1 119
.I 120
.T
Design and Evaluation of Information Systems
.A
Katter, R.V.
.W
In corresponding chapters of earlier volumes of this review
may be discerned a trend toward progressive broadening of
content coverage. The initial emphasis was on design and
evaluation concepts and on techniques that were rather closely -
and narrowly - connected with information storage and retrieval
systems. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that
there are many activities and ideas outside of this context
that have, or can have, a very important bearing on the work
of systems analysts, designers, and evaluators working on
library and documentation systems. This chapter attempts
to continue enlarging our perception of the range of reported
activities that can help to improve the kinds of systems in which
our readers are chiefly interested.
.X
39 1 120
67 1 120
83 1 120
120 6 120
128 1 120
135 2 120
139 1 120
172 1 120
197 1 120
244 1 120
245 1 120
291 1 120
292 1 120
382 1 120
459 1 120
506 1 120
575 1 120
584 1 120
599 1 120
621 1 120
630 1 120
634 1 120
692 1 120
696 1 120
705 1 120
736 1 120
795 1 120
826 1 120
907 1 120
925 1 120
1038 1 120
1101 1 120
1178 1 120
1187 1 120
1402 1 120
1426 1 120
1426 1 120
.I 121
.T
Document Dissemination
.A
Landau, H.B.
.W
This chapter is directed to those whose vocation (or avocation)
is information. While we may call ourselves librarians, information
scientists or technologists, abstractors and indexers, documentalists,
IS&R specialists, literature searchers, and so forth, we all have one
thing in common: We are either directly or indirectly involved in the
dissemination of information. As disseminators, we are interested
in far more than the techniques for transmission of information from
one point to another. Despite McLuhan's (93) statement that "the
medium is the message," we must concern ourselves with not only the
means of document dissemination, but also the content and value of
the documents we disseminate. This idea is prevalent throughout
most of the papers reviewed in this chapter. A disseminator should
think of himself as a selective switching center, inputting data,
evaluating them, selecting worthy items, and directing and controlling
their transmission to a target: the reader.
.X
13 1 121
18 1 121
76 1 121
121 5 121
125 1 121
127 1 121
129 1 121
145 1 121
201 1 121
213 1 121
465 1 121
466 1 121
541 1 121
720 1 121
873 1 121
881 1 121
914 1 121
919 1 121
920 1 121
921 1 121
1143 1 121
1362 1 121
1363 2 121
1441 1 121
1441 1 121
.I 122
.T
Information Networks
.A
Overhage, C.F.J.
.W
The rapidly growing rate at which information is produced and
used in our complex society has presented us with major problems
in information transfer. We encounter these problems not only
in libraries, information centers, and schools, but also in many
of the operations of government and business. The handling of large
amounts of information is becoming a dominant theme in the management
of our way of life. We are a technologically oriented society, and
we have naturally turned to our communications technology to help
us perform our enormous information transfer task. Beginning with
the telegraph and continuing through the telephone, through radio
and television to the communications satellite, the methods of
electrical signal transmission have served to distribute information
to its ultimate users.
.X
24 1 122
74 1 122
75 1 122
119 5 122
122 6 122
336 1 122
365 1 122
394 1 122
452 1 122
453 1 122
526 1 122
528 1 122
612 1 122
684 1 122
855 2 122
872 1 122
903 1 122
907 1 122
908 1 122
940 1 122
955 2 122
1011 3 122
1143 1 122
1247 1 122
1264 1 122
1367 1 122
1435 1 122
1436 1 122
1451 1 122
1451 1 122
.I 123
.T
Annual Reviews of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1972
.W
In spite of concerns expressed in the literature about
the health and vigor of the field of information science and
of its service-oriented institutions - libraries and information
centers - the progress reviews in this volume provide grounds for
optimism. Some of the trends that were commented on in Volume 6
have proved to be solid and important. For example, the movement
toward rapid interactive access to major public and commercial data bases
is not very strong, and it will probably not be many years before
satisfying experience with this new mode of information access will
help it become not merely an experimental innovation but the
standard means of searching and using centrally (or regionally)
held data. Three chapters in this volume touch on related aspects
of the movement: Bennett's review of the user interface in interactive
systems, Gechman's report on machine-readable bibliographic data bases, and
Brandhorst and Eckert's review of document retrieval and dissemination
systems.
This volume also introduces a new Annual Review topic of potentially
great importance for future libraries: video cartridges and cassettes.
It is widely accepted that libraries and information centers will, in
the coming years, shift the balance of their holdings in the direction of
some of the newer media, and the chapter by Kletter and Hudson helps to define
the potential and problems of some of the promising new media. Other new
areas of interest are information system applications in the criminal
justice system and information system applications in the humanities.
In addition to these topics, this volume covers three of the core areas
of information science, which we attempt to review on as close to an
annual basis as possible: information needs and uses, document description
and representation, and organization of information. This
coverage is consistent with a newly developed Annual Review master
plan for cyclic but flexible coverage of some 40 major areas of interest
in library and information science.
.X
96 1 123
123 6 123
131 1 123
376 1 123
439 1 123
440 1 123
459 1 123
634 1 123
791 1 123
804 1 123
885 1 123
1019 1 123
1030 1 123
1037 1 123
1080 1 123
1198 1 123
1386 1 123
1386 1 123
.I 124
.T
The User Interface in Interactive Systems
.A
Bennett, J.L.
.W
The digital computer has been used as a problem-solving tool for only
two decades. During most of this time, computer scientists have
concentrated on learning how to build the tool: applying electronic
technology, arranging for data flow between components, and manufacturing
the hardware. Now we are entering a new stage in which computing
power is made available through interactive terminals to people who
are not computer scientists. This is possible on a large scale only
because design and marketing innovators now have confidence in their
ability to provide reliable, cost-effective service to less sophisticated
users. In this new stage, the natural behavior patterns of users become
an important element in the design of the interface to the tool.
.X
124 5 124
125 1 124
127 1 124
129 1 124
165 1 124
190 1 124
191 1 124
197 1 124
211 1 124
214 1 124
218 1 124
243 1 124
307 1 124
330 1 124
378 1 124
381 1 124
448 1 124
450 1 124
451 1 124
452 2 124
459 2 124
468 1 124
484 2 124
492 1 124
508 1 124
511 2 124
512 1 124
514 2 124
516 1 124
518 2 124
520 1 124
521 1 124
522 1 124
523 2 124
524 1 124
525 1 124
526 2 124
527 1 124
528 1 124
529 2 124
530 1 124
532 1 124
533 1 124
534 1 124
546 1 124
553 1 124
575 1 124
579 1 124
594 2 124
603 1 124
604 2 124
606 1 124
609 1 124
610 3 124
611 2 124
612 1 124
615 1 124
625 2 124
626 2 124
630 1 124
636 2 124
637 1 124
642 2 124
643 1 124
648 2 124
650 1 124
692 1 124
696 1 124
699 1 124
700 1 124
703 1 124
705 2 124
707 1 124
708 1 124
726 1 124
727 2 124
728 2 124
731 1 124
732 1 124
733 2 124
734 2 124
736 2 124
738 1 124
739 1 124
740 1 124
741 1 124
742 2 124
743 2 124
744 1 124
754 1 124
755 1 124
812 1 124
817 1 124
820 1 124
824 1 124
826 1 124
827 1 124
875 1 124
879 1 124
883 2 124
1004 1 124
1035 1 124
1078 1 124
1089 1 124
1091 1 124
1146 1 124
1207 1 124
1264 1 124
1297 1 124
1303 3 124
1327 1 124
1356 1 124
1364 2 124
1366 1 124
1367 1 124
1368 2 124
1370 1 124
1372 1 124
1373 1 124
1374 2 124
1375 2 124
1376 1 124
1377 1 124
1377 1 124
.I 125
.T
Machine-Readable Bibliographic Data Bases
.A
Gechman, Marvin C.
.W
The advent of machine-readable data bases is one of the most significant
forward steps in information retrieval.. Currently, the creation and
application of these data bases are in a period of very rapid growth.. This
reviewer sees a great need for a review of "what is going on" because there is
so much going on.. It is the goal of this chapter to fulfill that need even
though it is difficult to hold this dynamic field static for a good meaningful
look..
.X
18 2 125
121 1 125
124 1 125
125 7 125
127 2 125
129 2 125
145 2 125
165 1 125
211 1 125
307 1 125
363 1 125
378 1 125
381 1 125
432 1 125
440 1 125
448 1 125
452 2 125
453 1 125
460 1 125
461 1 125
467 1 125
468 1 125
484 1 125
495 1 125
506 1 125
508 1 125
511 2 125
512 1 125
514 1 125
516 1 125
517 1 125
518 1 125
520 1 125
521 2 125
522 1 125
523 2 125
524 1 125
526 2 125
527 1 125
528 2 125
529 1 125
575 1 125
576 1 125
580 2 125
604 1 125
609 1 125
610 1 125
611 1 125
612 2 125
615 1 125
619 1 125
622 2 125
623 1 125
625 1 125
626 1 125
629 1 125
631 1 125
632 1 125
633 1 125
636 1 125
642 1 125
643 1 125
644 1 125
645 1 125
646 1 125
649 1 125
650 1 125
699 1 125
700 2 125
705 2 125
707 2 125
708 1 125
723 1 125
726 1 125
727 2 125
728 1 125
729 1 125
730 1 125
731 1 125
736 1 125
737 1 125
738 1 125
739 1 125
740 1 125
741 1 125
743 1 125
754 2 125
812 2 125
813 1 125
814 1 125
817 1 125
820 1 125
822 1 125
824 1 125
866 1 125
870 1 125
873 1 125
875 1 125
1078 1 125
1089 1 125
1091 1 125
1143 3 125
1264 1 125
1302 1 125
1303 2 125
1327 1 125
1364 1 125
1366 3 125
1367 4 125
1368 3 125
1374 2 125
1376 2 125
1396 1 125
1396 1 125
.I 126
.T
Annual Reviews of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1974
.W
The major trends of the 1970's in information system planning and
services are becoming clear, as indicated in this year's Annual Review
chapters. The movement toward inter-institutional operations, or networking,
began gaining force in the 1965-1970 period, through the establishment
of many new library consortia, and there were some tentative efforts
to use computers for nationwide bibliographic information "utilities."
These movements are now more vigorous and are showing signs of being
cost-effective, productive ventures. Inter-institutional cooperation not only
promises service improvements and cost reductions, but also poses new
problems and demands. Formalized cooperation among different institutions
requires agreement about needs and priorities and gives special importance
to a clear understanding of the information needs of specific user
subgroups. It also requires more careful and productive system planning
and design, including intelligent consideration of the "make versus buy"
issue. Several chapters in this volume touch on these problems and
considerations.
One of the most significant developments in 1973 was the rapid growth
in the use of on-line information retrieval services - both those operated
by the federal government and those operated by the private sector. The
apparent cost-effectiveness of these services is raising some of the same
problems for data base producers that inter-institutional cooperation among
library and information facilities is raising for the publishers of printed
materials: namely, how to cover rising costs in the face of declining (or less
rapidly growing) sales of individual units of the product - monographs,
serials, secondary information publications, or magnetic tapes. The
inclusion of a chapter on copyright - the first in the Annual Review series -
reflects the importance of this topic in the growing controversy over the
ownership and distribution of information. Another aspect of that
controversy - the role of government and non-profit information services
in relation to those of private industry - is explored in this year's
chapter on document retrieval systems and techniques.
.X
126 7 126
131 1 126
449 1 126
525 1 126
526 1 126
533 1 126
574 1 126
616 1 126
640 1 126
823 1 126
1035 1 126
1305 1 126
1306 1 126
1313 1 126
1313 1 126
.I 127
.T
Use of Machine-Readable Data Bases
.A
Williams, M.E.
.W
This is the first Annual Review chapter entitled "Use of Machine-
Readable Data Bases." Therefore, the coverage provided is for more than
a one-year period. A chapter by Gechman (79) on machine-readable
bibliographic data bases included literature from 1969 through 1971. A
chapter by Housman (100) covered the use of data bases for selective
dissemination of information (SDI) and a chapter by Parkins & Kennedy
(153) has previously reviewed secondary information services. This
chapter will cover the 1973 literature on data bases as well as earlier
data base papers not treated in prior chapters.
For purposes of this chapter, a data base is considered to be an
organized set of machine-readable records containing bibliographic
or document-related data.
.X
18 4 127
121 1 127
124 1 127
125 2 127
127 9 127
129 4 127
145 4 127
190 1 127
191 1 127
197 1 127
211 1 127
214 1 127
218 1 127
243 1 127
307 1 127
330 1 127
357 1 127
363 1 127
376 2 127
378 1 127
432 1 127
450 1 127
451 1 127
452 1 127
459 4 127
460 1 127
461 1 127
468 1 127
471 1 127
484 1 127
492 1 127
508 1 127
511 1 127
512 1 127
514 1 127
518 1 127
520 1 127
523 1 127
524 2 127
525 2 127
526 1 127
527 1 127
529 2 127
530 2 127
534 2 127
546 1 127
553 1 127
579 1 127
580 1 127
594 1 127
603 1 127
604 1 127
606 1 127
609 1 127
610 1 127
611 1 127
612 1 127
622 1 127
625 1 127
626 1 127
630 1 127
633 1 127
635 1 127
636 2 127
637 2 127
642 3 127
643 1 127
644 1 127
645 1 127
646 1 127
648 1 127
649 1 127
650 2 127
692 1 127
696 1 127
699 1 127
702 1 127
703 2 127
705 1 127
708 2 127
726 1 127
727 1 127
728 1 127
730 2 127
731 1 127
732 2 127
733 2 127
734 2 127
736 3 127
737 2 127
738 2 127
739 2 127
740 1 127
741 2 127
742 1 127
743 1 127
744 1 127
755 1 127
820 1 127
826 2 127
827 2 127
877 1 127
879 2 127
883 1 127
1004 1 127
1035 1 127
1078 1 127
1089 1 127
1091 1 127
1143 2 127
1207 1 127
1227 1 127
1264 1 127
1297 1 127
1303 1 127
1306 1 127
1356 1 127
1364 1 127
1368 1 127
1370 2 127
1372 2 127
1373 1 127
1374 2 127
1375 1 127
1376 2 127
1377 1 127
1383 1 127
1396 3 127
1396 3 127
.I 128
.T
Design and Evaluation of Information Systems
.A
Swanson, R.W.
.W
The co-joining of "design" with "evaluation" that is called for by this
chapter posed organizational and inclusion-exclusion problems for the
author. In part, "design" and "evaluation" prescribe two separate sets
of activities, the former pertaining to the planning, development, and
testing of new information system structures and modification of existing
structures, the latter to appraisals and assessments of operational
systems and system components. However, "design" includes not only the
formulation of goals and objectives for systems but also provisions for
evaluation in accordance with expectations. "Evaluation" applies to
testing design concepts and to trying out preliminary implementations
for the purpose of improving initial designs, as well as to the
appraisal of operating systems. Appraisals at any stage of system
operability may yield data that indicate the need for system modifications
that require redesign and assessment. Thus, portions of "design" and
"evaluation" are closely interrelated, as Katter demonstrated in
his 1969 review.
"Design" and "evaluation" may be examined methodologically or with
respect to outcomes of the application of methodologies. Increasingly,
designers and evaluators have been acknowledging the dependence of
outcomes on sound procedural conceptualizations. The current literature
discloses research on the processes of design and evaluation as well as on
their products.
.X
120 1 128
128 6 128
129 1 128
130 2 128
135 1 128
167 1 128
191 1 128
223 1 128
225 1 128
234 1 128
244 1 128
245 1 128
280 1 128
291 1 128
330 1 128
339 1 128
370 1 128
376 1 128
387 1 128
393 1 128
453 1 128
459 1 128
468 1 128
494 1 128
560 1 128
575 1 128
599 1 128
621 1 128
623 1 128
629 1 128
630 1 128
639 1 128
646 3 128
647 2 128
648 1 128
651 1 128
652 2 128
692 1 128
729 1 128
744 1 128
748 1 128
757 1 128
765 1 128
818 1 128
822 1 128
823 2 128
827 2 128
831 1 128
888 1 128
893 1 128
919 1 128
925 2 128
943 1 128
944 1 128
1003 1 128
1070 1 128
1085 1 128
1291 1 128
1315 1 128
1340 1 128
1374 1 128
1375 1 128
1376 2 128
1390 1 128
1401 1 128
1402 1 128
1403 1 128
1437 1 128
1445 1 128
1457 1 128
1457 1 128
.I 129
.T
Generation and Uses of Machine-Readable Data Bases
.A
Schipma, P.B.
.W
This chapter continues the coverage of the generation and use of
machine-readable data bases inaugurated in Volume 9 by Williams (178). It
is therefore an update consisting primarily of 1974 material and is prepared
in general accordance with Williams's initial compilation.
The same definition of data bases and the boundaries of their applications
used in Volume 9 are continued this year. A data base is considered
to be an organized collection of machine-readable records containing
bibliographic and/or document-related data (e.g., index information).
The data bases that we will consider are used for information storage
and retrieval and/or research in information storage and retrieval or
data base generation.
The choice of these constraints precludes coverage of several areas. First,
data bases primarily concerned with numerical or other nonbibliographic
information, such as chemical structures, (Milen et al., 112) are excluded.
Thus, even though the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number
is a data element common to many bibliographic data bases, papers such as
that by CAS regarding progress in building the Registry System itself (39)
are excluded. Similarly, though some textual and bibliographic material
is included in the Systems Consultants, Inc report (156) to the Navy, most
of the information retrieval is concerned with miniaturized hardware in a
shipboard environment and thus is not considered within the scope of this
chapter. Finally, though many of the data bases are used for generation
of publications via phototypesetting, we are not considering that production
operation.
.X
18 2 129
20 1 129
42 1 129
60 1 129
85 1 129
121 1 129
124 1 129
125 2 129
127 4 129
128 1 129
129 6 129
130 1 129
145 2 129
167 1 129
172 1 129
190 1 129
191 1 129
197 1 129
211 1 129
214 1 129
218 1 129
223 1 129
225 1 129
234 1 129
243 1 129
280 1 129
307 1 129
330 1 129
363 1 129
376 1 129
378 1 129
393 1 129
432 1 129
450 1 129
451 1 129
452 1 129
459 2 129
460 1 129
461 1 129
468 2 129
469 1 129
484 1 129
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508 1 129
511 1 129
512 1 129
514 1 129
518 1 129
520 1 129
523 1 129
524 1 129
525 1 129
526 1 129
529 1 129
530 1 129
534 1 129
546 1 129
553 1 129
579 1 129
580 1 129
585 1 129
594 1 129
599 1 129
603 1 129
604 1 129
606 1 129
609 1 129
610 1 129
611 1 129
612 1 129
622 1 129
625 1 129
626 1 129
630 1 129
636 1 129
637 1 129
639 1 129
640 1 129
642 2 129
643 1 129
644 1 129
645 1 129
646 2 129
647 1 129
648 1 129
649 1 129
650 2 129
651 1 129
652 1 129
665 1 129
692 1 129
696 1 129
699 1 129
703 1 129
705 1 129
708 2 129
726 1 129
727 1 129
728 1 129
730 1 129
731 1 129
732 1 129
733 1 129
734 1 129
736 2 129
737 1 129
738 2 129
739 2 129
740 1 129
741 2 129
742 1 129
743 1 129
744 1 129
755 1 129
762 1 129
765 1 129
803 1 129
818 1 129
820 1 129
822 1 129
823 1 129
826 1 129
827 2 129
879 1 129
883 1 129
925 1 129
943 1 129
944 1 129
1004 1 129
1022 1 129
1035 1 129
1045 1 129
1070 1 129
1078 1 129
1085 1 129
1089 1 129
1091 1 129
1143 2 129
1207 1 129
1264 1 129
1268 1 129
1297 1 129
1303 1 129
1356 1 129
1364 1 129
1368 1 129
1370 1 129
1372 1 129
1373 1 129
1374 3 129
1375 1 129
1376 2 129
1377 1 129
1390 1 129
1396 1 129
1401 1 129
1437 1 129
1437 1 129
.I 130
.T
Cooperation in Information Activities Through International Organizations
.A
Adams, S.
Werdel,J.A.
.W
International cooperation in the processing, sharing, and transfer of
scientific and technical information takes many forms and can be
accomplished through many agencies. This chapter proposes to review
the role played by international organizations in stimulating and
providing channels and mechanisms for such cooperation. The international
organizations to be discussed are of two types: intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs), in which member nations participate through their governments under
formal treaties or agreements; and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
where, with some exceptions, participation is through national professional
societies or nongovernmental institutions. The specialized agencies of the
United Nations, including UNESCO, fall in the first category; organizations
such as the International Federation for Documentation (FID) are in the
second.
.X
128 2 130
129 1 130
130 5 130
167 1 130
191 1 130
223 1 130
225 1 130
234 1 130
280 1 130
339 1 130
357 1 130
370 1 130
376 1 130
387 1 130
393 1 130
453 1 130
468 1 130
494 1 130
629 1 130
639 1 130
646 1 130
647 1 130
648 1 130
651 1 130
652 1 130
710 1 130
765 1 130
818 1 130
822 1 130
823 1 130
827 1 130
925 1 130
943 1 130
944 1 130
993 1 130
1070 1 130
1085 1 130
1374 1 130
1376 1 130
1390 1 130
1401 1 130
1403 1 130
1437 1 130
1457 1 130
1457 1 130
.I 131
.T
Introduction to the ADI Annual Review
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1966
.W
Over the past 15 or 20 years, a new and growing field of inquiry
has begun to take shape. This field, which will be referred to as "Information
Science and Technology," draws on fragments and fringes of a number
of sciences, technologies, disciplines, arts, and practices. The element
that provides whatever degree of cohesiveness now exists in the field is a
shared deep concern with "information" - its generation, transformation,
communication, storage, retrieval, and use.
Because of the universality of information processes, and also because
of the variety of backgrounds of those concerned with them, there is very
little agreement about the boundaries of Information Science and Technology,
or about its parentage, its essential nature, or its future. To put it
simply, at the present time there is no clearly defined and well-understood
field of Information Science and Technology. There is not, truth to tell,
even clear agreement on what the word "information" itself means and
particularly on whether it implies a creative act of the intellect or a
commodity that can be embodied in documents, transported, and exchanged.
Distressing as this ambiguity and lack of agreement may be, they need
not and do no preclude a constructive review of topics of current interest
to users, designers, and students of information systems and services.
The purpose of the ADI Annual Review series, initiated in this volume,
is to provide such a review.
.X
40 1 131
50 2 131
96 1 131
114 1 131
123 1 131
126 1 131
131 15 131
133 6 131
136 5 131
138 3 131
140 3 131
144 1 131
175 3 131
206 1 131
207 1 131
311 1 131
359 2 131
382 1 131
395 1 131
456 1 131
634 1 131
769 1 131
780 1 131
785 1 131
791 1 131
804 1 131
907 1 131
965 1 131
966 1 131
1019 1 131
1035 1 131
1037 1 131
1083 1 131
1255 1 131
1321 1 131
1327 1 131
1327 1 131
.I 132
.T
Information Needs and Uses in Science and Technology
.A
Menzel, H.
.W
The way in which scientists and engineers make use of the information
systems at their disposal, the demands that they put to them, the
satisfaction achieved by their efforts, and the resultant impact on their
further work are among the items of knowledge which are necessary for the wise
planning of science information systems and policy. Besides, these
matters can be of great significance to the behavioral scientist interested
in human organization and communication. While "user studies" have
not yet gone very far in serving either of these functions, the end of 1963
seems to have been something of a take-off point for empirical research
on the information needs and uses of scientists and technologists. For
this first volume of the Annual Review, we shall therefore cover studies that
made their appearance as far back as the last month of 1963, to give the
reader a rounded picture of a period during which this area of research
has witnessed progress along the following lines:
Substantial advances in the more systematic and fruitful application
of a technique (critical incidents) that had made its appearance in
this field earlier in less rigorous forms;
The introduction of at least two very promising approaches (solution
development records; comparison of research teams working on identical
tasks) quite different from any that had been applied to this field before;
and
An increase in the number of efforts at comprehensive study of the
information-flow situation in given disciplines, one of which [American
Psychological Association (3)] has become the model and envy of research
in this area.
.X
2 1 132
14 1 132
41 1 132
76 1 132
132 9 132
137 5 132
139 2 132
147 1 132
152 1 132
155 1 132
161 1 132
183 1 132
195 1 132
202 1 132
203 1 132
204 1 132
210 1 132
237 1 132
272 1 132
274 1 132
276 1 132
475 1 132
552 1 132
655 1 132
760 1 132
767 1 132
771 1 132
772 2 132
774 1 132
775 1 132
783 1 132
788 1 132
789 1 132
952 1 132
965 1 132
977 1 132
1030 1 132
1055 1 132
1056 1 132
1095 1 132
1102 1 132
1111 1 132
1275 1 132
1280 1 132
1321 1 132
1445 1 132
1446 1 132
1447 1 132
1451 1 132
1451 1 132
.I 133
.T
The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1967
.W
This volume is the second in a series of Annual Reviews of progress in the
field of Information Science and Technology. Like its predecessor, it
attempts to describe, compare, and evaluate the most significant work that
has been reported in the field during the past year. The effort has been
undertaken in the belief that such taking stock of accomplishments provides
a valuable service to the specialists in the information science field.
The chapters on New Techniques for Publication and Distribution of
Information, on New Developments in Chemical Documentation, and on Applications
in Medicine.
.X
28 1 133
40 1 133
131 6 133
133 8 133
134 1 133
136 5 133
138 3 133
140 3 133
175 2 133
206 1 133
207 1 133
359 1 133
390 1 133
471 1 133
565 1 133
1083 1 133
1327 1 133
1327 1 133
.I 134
.T
Evaluation of Information Systems and Services
.A
Rees, A.M.
.W
This chapter summarizes and discusses the present state of the art in
testing and evaluation. Three tasks will be undertaken: to outline in
some detail the few substantive research projects involving testing and
evaluation, to describe a number of research projects in areas cognate to
testing and evaluation, and finally, to provide some general conclusions
with respect to past and future activity. Although a distinction is made
in this review between laboratory-based experimentation and tests of
operational systems, the methodology used in each instance is substantially
the same. As yet, no full-scale and elaborate field approach has been
attempted.
.X
28 1 134
73 2 134
133 1 134
134 6 134
146 1 134
382 1 134
390 3 134
458 1 134
474 1 134
565 2 134
566 1 134
752 1 134
780 2 134
785 3 134
1255 1 134
1282 1 134
1307 1 134
1422 1 134
1422 1 134
.I 135
.T
Design of Information Systems and Services
.A
Borko, H.
.W
This review has selected for emphasis reports on concepts of systems
analysis and on the procedures for applying these concepts to the design
of information systems. Literature dealing with the automation of libraries
and information centers has been explicitly excluded, while material on
user studies, file organization, evaluation, etc., is only mentioned briefly
since it is covered more thoroughly in other chapters.
The selected, relevant, and available literature that has been published
in the last year or so is organized into four groups as follows:
1. Articles that help define the process of systems analysis and
the relationship to information science.
2. Articles that describe the concepts of systems analysis as
applied to the analysis and design of information systems.
3. Articles primarily concerned with the design of document
storage and retrieval systems.
.X
61 1 135
67 1 135
70 1 135
71 1 135
72 1 135
73 1 135
120 2 135
128 1 135
135 5 135
137 1 135
175 1 135
206 1 135
207 1 135
208 1 135
244 1 135
245 1 135
291 1 135
382 1 135
458 1 135
459 1 135
481 1 135
483 1 135
485 1 135
537 1 135
575 1 135
599 1 135
621 1 135
630 1 135
692 1 135
779 1 135
780 1 135
925 1 135
981 1 135
982 1 135
1038 2 135
1358 2 135
1359 1 135
1402 2 135
1410 1 135
1417 1 135
1417 1 135
.I 136
.T
The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1968
.W
The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology is now in its
third year. Like its two predecessors, this volume attempts to describe and
evaluate the most significant work that has been reported in the field
during the past year, with the ultimate aim of improving both our standards
and our means of professional communication.
The field of information science and technology continues to evolve and
grow. As it does, new areas of interest emerge and established areas of
interest change in importance. Accordingly, our pattern of coverage
changes. The single chapter on Automation in Libraries and Information
Centers, in Volume 2, has been expanded into two chapters, one covering
automation of technical processes and the other covering document
networks, and a new chapter has been added on information system
applications in education. Such applications are important not just because
they involve, in part, libraries and other information facilities but
because they highlight innovative ideas and techniques that should be of
value to anyone interested in the total communication process.
At the same time, "core" chapters of the review are continued: information
needs and uses; content analysis, specification, and control; file organization
and search; publication and distribution techniques; automated language
processing; man-machine communication; information system design and evaluation;
and professional aspects of information science.
These topics are of continuing and vital interest to our readers, and their
annual literature is significant, large, and growing.
.X
40 1 136
131 5 136
133 5 136
136 7 136
138 3 136
140 3 136
175 1 136
206 1 136
207 1 136
359 1 136
907 1 136
1083 1 136
1327 1 136
1327 1 136
.I 137
.T
Information Needs and Uses
.A
Paisley, W.J.
.W
Information science meets behavioral science in the study of information
needs and uses. At first, the meeting of these fields was inconclusive. Until
the mid-1960's, there were only a few substantial studies of information
needs and uses. Since about 1963, however, a significant literature has
grown rapidly.
There is evidence now of a productive entente between the fields.
When information scientists see reliable, valid, and nontrivial data on
users' behavior, they begin to use behavioral criteria in evaluating
information system performance. When behavioral scientists glimpse the
full complexity of dissemination, documentation, storage, and retrieval
processes, they offer fewer naive solutions to "the information problem."
This mutual education and accommodation will undoubtedly continue.
Information science and behavioral science need each other. Big Science
needs them both.
.X
2 1 137
4 1 137
9 1 137
14 1 137
24 1 137
32 1 137
62 1 137
65 1 137
66 1 137
75 1 137
76 2 137
96 1 137
132 5 137
135 1 137
137 13 137
139 3 137
152 1 137
155 1 137
163 1 137
183 1 137
195 1 137
203 1 137
204 1 137
207 1 137
210 2 137
237 1 137
272 1 137
278 1 137
279 1 137
280 1 137
355 1 137
382 1 137
386 1 137
395 1 137
398 1 137
456 2 137
475 1 137
537 1 137
552 1 137
658 1 137
716 2 137
748 1 137
760 2 137
767 1 137
768 1 137
772 2 137
774 2 137
775 1 137
782 1 137
783 1 137
788 2 137
789 2 137
799 1 137
811 1 137
816 1 137
837 1 137
900 1 137
913 1 137
925 1 137
952 1 137
961 1 137
962 1 137
964 1 137
968 1 137
977 1 137
1030 1 137
1037 1 137
1038 1 137
1045 1 137
1050 1 137
1055 1 137
1056 1 137
1068 1 137
1083 1 137
1203 1 137
1254 1 137
1275 1 137
1280 1 137
1321 2 137
1361 1 137
1400 1 137
1404 1 137
1407 1 137
1445 1 137
1451 1 137
1451 1 137
.I 138
.T
The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1969
.W
This, the fourth volume of the Annual Review of Information Science and
Technology, is both like and unlike its predecessors. The basic objective -
to provide the most comprehensive and technically sound progress review
ever prepared in the information science field - remains the same, as do the
basic areas of interest and coverage. Too, the primary emphasis continues
to be on published literature and reports, to permit the reader to identify,
locate, and examine interesting and important sources of information
about various aspects of our technical progress.
Some new areas of growing importance are introduced this year. For the
first time, a chapter on reprography and microfilm technology and one on
the international aspects of information transfer have been included. Also,
the topics of document dissemination and the secondary services, usually
covered in parts of other chapters, have full and separate chapters this
year. Another change, made in response to suggestions from readers for better
signposts within each volume, is the division of the book into several
major segments, each introduced by a short description of the contents of
the section, the relationships among the chapters within it, and, in some
instances, one or two highlights of the year's technical progress.
.X
131 3 138
133 3 138
136 3 138
138 6 138
140 4 138
175 1 138
355 1 138
359 1 138
1083 1 138
1327 1 138
1327 1 138
.I 139
.T
Information Needs and Uses
.A
Allen, T.J.
.W
Previous authors in this series, writing on this subject, have usually felt
it necessary to begin with a statement concerning the state of the
methodology of "user" studies. They have, for the most part, found it
improved over the past, and this year is no exception in that regard.
There remains, however, the tendency on the part of many who are untrained
in social science methodology to assume that the art of questionnaire design
and administration is a very simple one that anyone with intelligence can
master in a single attempt. One never realizes how truly wrong this view is
until he finds himself the author of a review chapter and is then confronted
with the sort of trivia that many authors submit as research papers.
.X
2 1 139
15 1 139
76 1 139
120 1 139
132 2 139
137 3 139
139 5 139
152 1 139
155 1 139
183 1 139
195 1 139
203 1 139
204 1 139
210 1 139
356 1 139
475 1 139
552 1 139
760 1 139
774 1 139
775 1 139
788 1 139
789 1 139
977 1 139
1050 1 139
1055 1 139
1056 1 139
1101 1 139
1178 1 139
1186 1 139
1187 1 139
1333 1 139
1451 1 139
1451 1 139
.I 140
.T
Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1970
.W
The field of information science and technology continues to grow
and, as it grows, to show new emphases and explore new areas of interest.
Volume 5 reflects these changes. The increasing interest in
and movement toward library networks and other cooperative,
technology-supported information activities have helped to focus
special attention not only on data processing and microfilm technology,
the two traditional mainstays of library and document-handling systems,
but also on the rapidly developing capabilities in modern tele-communications.
Thus, a chapter on communication technology has appeared, for the first
time, to bring readers up to date on changes in the communications industry
that have had or will have a great impact on how we design and use
information-handling systems.
Two other first-time chapters cover management information systems
and information systems in state and local government. While
the intent behind the development of such systems, and the kinds of
services they provide, is peripheral to the purposes and services of
library and document-handling systems, one often sees in these peripheral
areas some information parallels. Indeed, one of the reasons for the
Annual Review's covering one or more of these areas each year is to
help its readers exploit more fully the thinking and the problem-solving
techniques they are fostering.
.X
131 3 140
133 3 140
136 3 140
138 4 140
140 7 140
175 1 140
359 1 140
1053 1 140
1083 1 140
1327 1 140
1426 1 140
1426 1 140
.I 141
.T
Application of Computer Technology to Library Process: a syllabus
.A
Becker, J.
.W
The application of computer technology to library and
network processes and services is not an end in itself, but
rather a means of narrowing the gap between the demand
for library services and the ability of libraries to provide
those services. Libraries have assumed the active role of
serving the informational, educational and recreational needs
of the population. The size of that population grows constantly,
its educational level keeps climbing, and its percentage of
leisure time is increasing.
The application of computer technology to libraries,
especially to the manipulation of bibliographic records in
the performance of library functions, is a complex process
and demands the highest level of talent of both the library
and computer professions for its accomplishment. It cannot be
accomplished by either profession alone; rather, the design
of a library system is a team effort between librarians,
computer system analysts, and programmers. Even a
limited effort demands careful long-term planning if it is to
fit with later efforts into a cohesive whole. The smallest
project will affect nearly all operations of the library. For
these reasons it is necessary that all library staff have at
least a general overview of what library automation is all
about.
.X
141 7 141
244 1 141
299 2 141
333 1 141
363 1 141
365 1 141
409 1 141
522 1 141
529 1 141
530 1 141
627 1 141
628 1 141
630 1 141
645 1 141
647 1 141
651 1 141
739 1 141
822 1 141
854 1 141
871 1 141
872 1 141
873 2 141
874 2 141
875 2 141
876 2 141
877 1 141
878 1 141
879 1 141
880 1 141
881 1 141
882 1 141
883 1 141
884 1 141
885 1 141
886 1 141
887 1 141
892 2 141
917 1 141
940 1 141
941 2 141
990 1 141
994 2 141
995 1 141
996 1 141
997 2 141
998 2 141
999 1 141
1000 1 141
1001 1 141
1002 1 141
1003 1 141
1004 1 141
1079 2 141
1143 1 141
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.I 142
.T
Archives and Library Relations
.A
Clark, R.C.
.W
A distinct characteristic of man is the need to communicate and
record knowledge. The tools of communication have ranged from clay to
satellites. Civilized societies have taken great pains to place recorded
knowledge in safe places and create archives and libraries for this
purpose.
The importance of recorded knowledge for survival and progress is
constantly being elevated as more and more information is presented.
Without information and its necessary control, a society is not only
stagnant, but regressive. With social memory, preserved and controlled
by archives and libraries, a society is able to evolve to whatever future it
is destined to experience in an ever-changing environment.
Archives were the forerunners of libraries. The ancient archives
contained the best of society's accumulated knowledge; and as nations
grew in wealth and security, archives and libraries become symbols of a
country's aspiration to create a better society. Today, archives and
libraries are necessities. These cultural institutions pass information to
succeeding generations in a variety of forms of distributable media. In this
way, archives and libraries preserve the memory of civilization and pass
this memory on to living individuals. The materials in these institutions
contain the written and graphic record of social memory and human
heritage and provide society with information on which to base actions,
develop policies, ascertain rights, educate, and entertain.
.X
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.I 143
.T
The Area Specialist Bibliographer: an inquiry into his role
.A
Stuart, R.D.
.W
It is the intent of this volume to develop a model designed
to eliminate present difficulties and ambiguities and
to improve administrative procedures for future development
of area programs. This will be accomplished by giving
some indication of the climate of opinion toward area specialist
bibliographers and by isolating factors which influence
these opinions. These attitudes will be presented by the
perceptions of area bibliographers toward their role and the
expectations of faculty and library administrators toward that
role. The bibliographer's academic, professional, and
educational experience will be examined in this framework.
.X
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.I 144
.T
The Art of Computer Programming
.A
Knuth, D.E.
.W
The process of preparing programs for a digital computer is especially
attractive because it not only can be economically and scientifically
rewarding, it can also be an aesthetic experience much like composing
poetry or music. This book is the first volume of a seven-volume set
of books that has been designed to train the reader in the various skills
which go into a programmer's craft.
.X
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.I 145
.T
ASIDIC Survey of Information Center Services
.A
Williams, M.E.
.W
The data in that survey covered the year 1971. Many recipients
of the 1972 document have requested updated information. Accordingly,
the ASIDIC Cooperative Data Management Committee initiated a new survey.
The questionnaires were mailed out in January of 1975 and responses
came in throughout the year. Questionnaires were sent to all member
organizations of ASIDIC and EUSIDIC. Questionnaires were also sent
to individual members of ASIS SIG/SDI and SIG/UOI.
Responses received throughout 1975 were checked and tabulated in
1976. Because of the time delay in producing the final compilation
the reader is warned against using this survey as an up-to-date source
for information as to which centers are processing which data bases.
Of the 116 responding organizations 75 process data bases and
41 use data base services either as end users or as brokers. Of the 75
that process data bases (i.e., spin tapes) 51 (68%) are members of ASIDIC
and/or EUSIDIC. This survey provides representative data for data base
processing organizations. The use of online search services was
relatively new in 1974 hence data regarding online users would not be
representative of the 1976 online situation.
.X
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.I 146
.T
The Testing of Index Language Devices
.A
Cleverdon, C.W.
Mills, J.
.W
In this paper we set out the fundamental operations involved
in compiling and using an index, show how the various factors can
influence the operating efficiency, and consider the methods to
be used in the present Aslib Cranfield investigation.
.X
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.I 147
.T
Research on Users' Needs: Where is it Getting Us?
.A
Hanson, C.W.
.W
Since Bernal made his pilot survey of the use of scientific literature
for the 1948 Royal Society Scientific Information Conference, at least
three dozen other investigations have been reported of the needs of
scientists and engineers for information, of their information gathering
habits, and the use to which they put information.
Some of these have been concerned with the people in individual
organizations, but have implications elsewhere. Others, including
Aslib's own investigations, have had wider aims. Some have been
based upon observations and records of what the scientists and
engineers themselves did or said, and some upon records of the demands
they made upon libraries. There have been both surveys of opinions,
and collections of facts.
.X
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.T
Fair (Fast Access Information Retrieval) Project;
Aims and Methods
.A
Pickford, A.G.A.
.W
I am going to describe in general terms a research project
which has been established to explore some of the problems of
the use of the literature, particularly in the field of
Biomedical Engineering of the National Institute for Medical
Research (Hampstead Laboratories). The project is scheduled
to last for three years, and like most research, consists of
a number of overlapping stages. We have reached the stage now
of having acquired sufficient equipment and data to start trying
out some of our ideas.
.X
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.I 149
.T
The Cranfield Tests on Index Language Devices
.A
Cleverdon, Cyril
.W
The investigation dealt with the effect which different devices have on the
performance of index languages.. It appeared that the most important
consideration was the specificity of the index terms; within the context of the
conditions existing in this test, single-word terms were more effective than
concept terms or a controlled vocabulary..
.X
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.I 150
.T
Current Awareness Searches on CT, CBAS and ASCA
.A
Abbot, M.T.J.
Hunter, P.S.
Simkins, M.A.
.W
During the past year we have been one of the organizations
participating in the Chemical Society's experiment on the use
of routine computer searches of Chemical Titles (CT) and Chemical-
Biological Activities (CBAC) for current awareness. For some
time we have also been subscribing to the Automatic Subject Citation
Alert (ASCA), which is produced by the Institute for Scientific
Information as a by-product of the Science Citation Index. These
three sources differ in their scope and methods, but share the
same ultimate objective of providing a computer-based current
awareness service.
CT covers journals in all branches of chemistry, but provides only
authors and titles, the latter translated into American and edited by
breaking down complex words so that word fragments can be retrieved.
CBAC covers only papers on the interaction of chemical compounds with
biological systems, but provides abstracts which are available for
computer search. The computer can also search for molecular
formulae and for Chemical Abstracts registry numbers of all
compounds included in the abstracts. ASCA in its original form
was based on citations: the search profile can consist of a list of
references to older work, and the output is then a list of new papers
citing this work. Last spring ASCA introduced a 'term search', which
is a search for words in the titles of current papers and is therefore
analogous to a CT search.
This paper discusses and compares the results we have obtained so
far with these three services, and the potential use of systems of
this type.
.X
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.T
Thesaurus Compilation Methods: A Literature Review
.A
Blagden, J.F.
.W
This review has been sponsored by the Office for Scientific
and Technical Information and the end product of the complete
research will be a thesaurus of management terms. Parallel research
in the business management area and also supported by OSTI is being
conducted by David Dews, Librarian of the Manchester Business School,
and K.D.C. Vernon, Librarian of the London Graduate School of
Business Studies. As Mr. Vernon is at present engaged in the
construction of a faceted classification scheme for management,
this investigation has concentrated on the possibility of utilizing
faceted techniques to construct such a thesaurus.
A study of existing information retrieval systems in the
management field has already been made, so a decision to adopt
some form of post-co-ordinate indexing was assumed. Thus a comparative
study of other systems will not be attempted. A decision has also
already been made that a controlled vocabulary, i.e. a thesaurus,
was eventually going to be developed despite the latest Cranfield
results that appear to provide evidence of the superiority of
natural language over controlled vocabularies. This was primarily
because these results were restricted to tests on an aeronautical
collection, and it may well be that the natural language of this
discipline is in itself a fairly controlled one, which is
certainly not the case with the rather 'soft' language of
management. This is borne out to some extent by Halkin, who
quotes relevance figures for coordinate indexing applied to organic
chemistry (55 percent), engineering (35 percent), and social
science (20 per cent).
Machine methods of term generation as described by Ovchinnikov,
Mastermann and Luhn will not be considered, as there is no equipment
available to prepare thesauri on the lines these authors suggest.
.X
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.I 152
.T
Organizational Aspects of Information Flow in Technology
.A
Allen, T.J.
.W
For about five years now a small group of us at MIT
have been conducting a series of investigations into the
information needs of technologists, the manner in which
these needs are presently met, the relation between
various ways of fulfilling information needs and technological
performance, and the nature of factors which determine the ways
in which information needs will be fulfilled.
.X
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.I 153
.T
Criteria for Evaluating Technical Library Effectiveness
.A
Wessel, C.J.
.W
In July 1966 John I. Thompson & Company accepted a contract with the
Picatinny Arsenal, US Department of the Army, to perform a study aimed
at developing 'Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of library
operations and services' under the ATLIS Program (Army Technical
Library Improvement Studies). The study was divided into three
phases aimed at:
I A Literature search to reflect the current 'state-of-the
art' covering library standards and the methods of evaluating
libraries developed up to the present.
II A phase in which to gather and evaluate any data required from
Army Technical Libraries, from available surveys already
published, or from any other sources, by which to develop
criteria.
III A phase in which to establish and validate the criteria.
Phases I and II of the study are now complete. Phase III is in progress
and is expected to be completed by the late fall of 1968. The reports of
Phases I and II are already available for detailed study and that of
Phase III will be available soon. The purpose of this paper is to present
some of the findings of the study.
.X
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.I 154
.T
The UDC in its International Aspects
.A
Lloyd, G.A.
.W
Universal Decimal Classification - dying duck or live bird? - or some
such title - was suggested to me, but this is highly debatable, and there will
hardly be time for the duck-shooters to develop a concerted onslaught in the
half-hour or so allowed us for discussion. Besides, I hope to be able to
convince you - if the BSI's fine efforts have not already done so - that the
UDC is by no means the dying duck - certainly not the dead duck - that some of
its severest critics seem to imagine. Perhaps the bird has ceased to soar as
it once did in the times of Otlet, La Fontaine, Bradford and Donker Duyvis, but
that it is still viable in the turbulent air of current documentation may be
gauged from a recent FID inquiry aimed at obtaining figures for the
distribution of UDC editions and an approximate estimate of the number of
users throughout the world.
.X
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.T
Subject Relations in Science/Technology Literature
.A
Earle, P.
Vickery, B.
.W
The analysis of citations has often been employed to indicate the use
of the literature of science and technology. Citation is only an indicator
of use, not an accurate measure, and like all such indicators has defects.
Differences between indicators have been discussed elsewhere.
Despite these defects, an examination of citations does enable one to
sample acts of literature use within a large community. The study reported
here was directed, in fact, to all United Kingdom authors of science/
technology publications in a given year, and because of its width, and the type
of analysis performed, is considered to be worth reporting. The study was
primarily undertaken to obtain comparable information about social science
literature, and this has been reported elsewhere.
.X
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.I 156
.T
Letter to the Editor: Assessment of Information Services
.A
Davison, P.s.
.W
May we please raise four questions which are important at the present time
when government policy on information retrieval is being considered? These
arise from results recently produced by SDC which are germane to Dr.
Somerfield's paper on 'Computer-based Information Services' (Aslib
Proceedings, 20, 12, 542-50 (1968)), and to OSTI's work in this field.
The SDC is making comparisons of the efficiency of various published
indexes and other sources of scientific information and the first results
of rigorously checked comparisons are becoming available for a case study
on the subject of 'Computers Related to Mass Spectrometry'. This results
from an extensive literature search prepared by combining and collating
results of searches in twelve of the world's major indexes to chemistry and
spectroscopy, including searches of SDC's own data bank files. Nearly
two hundred unique references on 'Computers Related to Mass Spectrometry'
were found and are being checked individually for relevance going back
to the original paper or asking expert opinion where necessary.
.X
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.I 157
.T
On the Design of Information Systems for Human Beings
.A
Line, M.B.
.W
Planning of any kind can be motivated by a pressing practical problem which
has to be solved - for example, an increasing number of people may have to be
housed in the same area; or by a long-term idealistic vision; or by both
(the idealist seeing the long-term implications of an immediate problem). In
short-term planning, the danger exists that the more technical problems may be
solved, without attention to their implications for human beings; to take
my housing example, higher and higher flats may be built, without considering
the possible effects (e.g. the effect on social groupings). In long-term
planning, Utopian or ideological blueprints may be produced.
.X
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560 1 157
582 1 157
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658 1 157
685 1 157
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.I 158
.T
Standard Costing for Information Systems:
Background to a Current Study
.A
Robertson, S.E.
Reynolds, R.
Wilkin, A.P.
.W
For some time past, interest has been developing within the Aslib Research
Department in the problems of establishing standard costs for information
systems. A literature search recently conducted by the Department (R.
Reynolds) has revealed a scarcity of usable information on this subject:
such data as is available is difficult to evaluate comparatively because
of the differing definitions of the operations costed and of the terms used to
describe them. It would seem, therefore, that a first step towards developing
a costing method of widespread application would be the establishment of
standard conventions for the analysis of information systems.
One might postulate two possible ways of arriving at comparative costs for
these systems, namely:
(a) General survey method: The overall costs of a large number of information
systems are broken down into a small number of categories, and analysed
for correlation (see, for example, C.J. Wessel et al).
(b) In-depth study: A small number of systems are studied in detail in an
attempt to establish the true sources of the costs and factors affecting
them.
In a current project, we are attempting to apply method (b) to the production
of current-awareness bulletins. An outline of some of the preliminary work in
this project follows.
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.I 159
.T
An Information Retrieval Language for MARC
.A
Austin, D.
.W
I see from the programme that I am supposed to talk on an information
language for MARC, and it is true that the work I have been doing for the past
year or so has been under the auspices of the MARC Project. But the subject
indexing system we have developed is concerned as much with BNB's plans for
computer production from 1971 as with the MARC tapes as such, and I hope to
show that we have also gone some way towards developing a compatible
general system with even wider application. Before coming to this, however, it
is necessary to describe briefly some of the day to day pressures of work which
caused BNB to look to the computer for help. From this we can see how the
computer forced us to reconsider our whole approach to subject indexing.
.X
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.I 160
.T
Analysis and Organization of Knowledge for Retrieval
.A
Farradane, J.E.L.
.W
In a university, the mode of research is usually what is called 'pure' or
'basic' research; since I am keeping in mind primarily the applications of
information science, I will prefer the word 'basic', although there is not so
much difference. In such research, and really in any good research, one should
not be collecting data haphazardly. One must isolate and define a problem and,
as far as possible, control other conditions so that interfering factors are
eliminated. Preferably one will narrow down the problem to manageable
proportions. It is then essential to approach the problem with some sort of
hypothesis or theory of the situation, and to concentrate on obtaining
evidence for or against that hypothesis. The important task is to devise just
that crucial experiment which will give the answer as efficiently as possible.
If the answer disproves the hypothesis, one has at least further evidence upon
which to construct a different hypothesis; if it confirms the hypothesis, one
is ready for a further step forward, and so on. Research is easier in a
fully controlled and reproducible situation; in a biological or human
situation one must often have recourse to statistical methods, but this does
not alter the general methodology. On the whole, I find a clear methodology
lacking in much that is being done in the field of information science today.
.X
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.I 161
.T
User Studies: A Review of the Literature from 1966 to 1970
.A
Wood, D.N.
.W
My terms of reference when asked to prepare this review of user studies were
to bring Fishenden's work up to date. This was published in the Journal of
Documentation in September 1965 and in his paper he looks at a limited number
of British use studies and draws some broad general conclusions relating to the
development of a national information service. The present paper which covers
the literature back to the beginning of 1966 is somewhat more detailed. It
considers a wide range of investigations into the information gathering habits
of scientists, engineers, social scientists and others, and reports results
which it is hoped will provide managers with information on which to develop
policies regarding library and information services at all levels. Although
an increasing number of studies is being carried out in Eastern Europe and
in the USSR there has been no major work reported and consequently the review
considers mainly British and American investigations.
.X
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.I 162
.T
Library and Information Science Abstracts: The First Two Years
.A
Gilcrist, A.
Presanis, A.
.W
With the thirteenth issue affected by the recent postal strike, now seems
an opportune moment to take a look at the performance of LISA in its first two
years. This bi-monthly abstracts service succeeded the former Library Science
Abstracts in 1969 as a joint venture between the Library Association and Aslib.
A recount of its birth and a brief report on early progress both appeared in
1969.
.X
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.I 163
.T
The Information Uses and Needs of Social Scientists:
An Overview of INFROSS
.A
Line, M.B.
.W
When INFROSS began in the autumn of 1967, although a large number of
studies had been conducted into the requirements of scientists for information,
very little had been done in the field of social science information. There are
a number of possible reasons for this. Social scientists, faced with a much
smaller total volume of information, were much less information-conscious and
less inclined to seek for solutions. There are very few specialist libraries
in the social sciences, and few librarians were therefore confronted with
social scientists' information needs in the same way as librarians in
scientific libraries were confronted with users and their problems. Finally,
until OSTI came along there was little in the way of funds to support this
kind of research. This almost total absence of previous research had its
disadvantages and advantages. There were very few clues to guide us, and we
were therefore working to a certain extent in the dark. On the other hand,
we had a clean and open field uncorrupted by confusing and non-comparable
studies. There is something to be said for being one of the first in a field.
.X
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.I 164
.T
SDI: Some Economic and Organizational Aspects
.A
Dammers, H.F.
.W
In the context of the present symposium it would seem appropriate that
I should deal specifically with the economic aspects of Selective Dissemination
of Information (SDI) operation and use. In my opinion the technical
feasibility and merits of SDI have been adequately demonstrated; the main
barriers hindering general use, however, tend to be of an economic nature.
At Shell Research in Sittingbourne we have been operating, since 1967, an
SDI service for the research staff and it has grown rapidly, particularly
since we started to use the CA Condensates tapes early in 1969. In addition
to these tapes we are currently using the BA Previews tapes, AGDOC tapes
(prepared by ourselves using punched card input received from Derwent) and,
on an experimental basis, Toxitapes, produced by BIOSIS, Philadelphia.
All these tapes are searched locally, involving the running of around five
hundred profiles weekly.
.X
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.I 165
.T
The Theoretical Foundation of the IDC-system:
Six Postulates for Information Retrieval
.A
Fugmann, Robert
.W
Successful delegated searching for publications relevant to the topic of
an inquirer obeys rules whose relations to thermodynamics are unmistakable.
By the continuous growth of a documentation system in the physical and
conceptual respect, steadily increasing demands are made on the degree of order
which prevails in the system or can be established at the specific request of
an inquirer. If the order in a system cannot keep pace with the increasing
requirements, its working capability will continuously decrease, because
the searcher is becoming more and more overburdened in relation to his
available search time, search patience, and search memory. The degree of
order attainable in a growing literature collection can be estimated on the
basis of six postulates. The better the requirements imposed by these
postulates are approximated in a practical documentation system, the higher
are its working capability and life expectancy, but the expenditure to be
made on the literature analyses must also inevitably be higher.
The establishment of these postulates originated from practical experience
with the IDC-system and its precursors. These postulates form the basis
of this system and of its further development.
.X
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.I 166
.T
The Future of Scientific and Technological Publications
.A
Smailes, A.A.
.W
I am sure you do not need reminding of the flood of scientific information
that is available today and the estimates of its growth in the next two
decades. In 1967, Olaf Helmer, then Senior Mathematician at the Rand
corporation, forecast that scientists and engineers would increase from
five million, in 1967, to twenty-five million by the year 2000 and their
total productivity would go up by a factor of ten. He declined to assess
the associated growth of, and need for, scientific information but merely
stated that there would be substantial changes in the way in which science
would actually be transacted. It is these 'substantial changes' that concern
the publisher, editor, information scientist and librarian, because if we
do not anticipate - or at least keep pace with these changes - then we will
not be able to meet the information needs of our readers and we will become
redundant. Scientific information is a growing industry and it would be
ironic if we could not survive amid an abundance of information. I regard
the chance to do something about the flow of information as a response to
opportunity, not as an act of desperation. The big problem is to sort out
what is pertinent among this information and, in this world of rapid change,
select and develop the technological devices that will match the needs of
the scientist to this mass of information.
.X
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.I 167
.T
Rationalization of Serial Holdings in Special Libraries
.A
Houghton, B.
.A
Prosser, C.
.W
This paper describes progress which has been made toward the development of
a procedural model intended as a code of good practice to enable special
librarians to effect economies in their journal holdings by systematically
planned use of the BLL..
A theoretical model suggested by B. C. Brookes was tested on various sets of
usage data from seven special libraries but the results proved to be unrealistic
in terms of immediate provision to the user.. A new experimental approach has
now been developed based on the total use versus total cost of a journal
collection..
.X
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.I 168
.T
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
.A
Chomsky, N.
.W
The idea that a language is based on a system of rules determining
the interpretation of its infinitely many sentences is by
no means novel. Well over a century ago, it was expressed with
reasonable clarity by Wilhelm von Humboldt in his famous but
rarely studied introduction to general linguistics (Humboldt,
1836). His view that a language "makes infinite use of finite
means" and that its grammar must describe the processes that
make this possible is, furthermore, a outgrowth of a persistent
concern, within rationalistic philosophy of language and mind,
with this "creative" aspect of language use (for discussion, see
Chomsky, 1964, forthcoming). What is more, it seems that even
Panini's grammar can be interpreted as a fragment of such a
"generative grammar," in essentially the contemporary sense of
this term.
This monograph is an exploratory study of various problems
that have arisen in the course of work on transformational grammar,
which is presupposed throughout as a general framework for the
discussion. What is at issue here is precisely how this
theory should be formulated. This study deals, then, with
questions that are at the border of research in transformational
grammar. For some, definite answers will be proposed; but more
often the discussion will merely raise issues and consider possible
approaches to them without reaching any definite conclusions.
.X
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.I 169
.T
The Assault on Privacy
.A
Miller, A.R.
.W
The genesis of this book can be traced to a telephone call I
received during the fall of 1966 from Dr. James G. Miller, then
Director of the University of Michigan's Mental Health Institute
and currently Vice President for Academic Affairs of Cleveland
State University. He asked what I am sure he thought was a
relatively straightforward and easily answered question: What
are the legal consequences of computerizing copyrighted materials?
On closer inquiry I discovered that Dr. Miller was exploring
the possibility of using computer technology to develop a national,
multi-media information network, that would electronically integrate
our colleges and universities, eventually providing each of them
a comprehensive and easily accessible pool of scholarly works and
educational services. He subsequently sought to breathe life into
this idea of promoting the formation of an organization called the
Interuniversity Communications Council (EDUCOM).
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.I 170
.T
An Assessment of Quality in Graduate Education
.A
Cartter, A.M.
.W
Before this study was begun in the spring of 1964, serious deliberation
was given to the question of American Council of Education sponsorship of
an evaluation of selected graduate programs of major universities that
comprise an important segment of the Council's membership. There was
never any question about the need for doing in a systematic and objective
way what necessarily goes on continually in any event, though usually
in a piecemeal and more impressionistic way. Our Commission on Plans
and Objectives for Higher Education, and other leading educators consulted,
concluded that a thoroughgoing study should be made and that the Council's
aegis was a suitable one.
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.I 171
.T
The Association of American Library Schools, 1915-1968:
An Analytical History
.A
Davis, D.G
.W
The growth of professions has been one of the sociological
phenomena of the past century. As the strength of
national professional associations of practitioners has increased,
concern with education for the professions has
prompted schools to develop standards and curricula to
support the preparation of practitioners. During the half
century spanning 1900 the schools in many professions formed
national associations. The Association of American Medical
Colleges, for example, was established in 1876. Other professional
school associations followed: engineering (1893), law (1900),
librarianship (1915), theology (1918), and social work (1919).
These associations, to cite a few, have developed in different ways
while conforming to general patterns and have reached various lvels
of influence in affecting professional education.
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.I 172
.T
As We May Think
.A
Bush, V.
.W
As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development,
Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six
thousand leading American scientists in the application of
science to warfare. In this significant article he holds up
an incentive for scientists when the fighting has ceased. He
urges that men of science should then turn to the massive task
of making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge.
For years inventions have extended man's physical powers rather than
the powers of his mind. Trip hammers that multiply the fists,
microscopes that sharpen the eye, and engines of destruction and
detection are new results, but not the end results, of modern
science. Now, says Dr.Bush, instruments are at hand which, if properly
developed, will give man access to and command over the inherited
knowledge of the ages. The perfection of these pacific instruments
should be the first objective of our scientists as they emerge from
their war work. Like Emerson's famous address of 1837 on "The
American Scholar," this paper by Dr. Bush calls for a new relationship
between thinking man and the sum of our knowledge. - The Editor
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.I 173
.T
Authoritarian Personality
.A
Adorno, T.W.
.W
This is a book about social discrimination. But its purpose is not
simply to add a few more empirical findings to an already extensive body
of information. The central theme of the work is a relatively new
concept - the rise of an "anthropological" species we call the
authoritarian type of man. In contrast to the bigot of the older style
he seems to combine the ideas and skills which are typical of a highly
industrialized society with irrational or anti-rational
beliefs. He is at the same time enlightened and superstitious, proud
to be an individualist and in constant fear of not being like all the others,
jealous of his independence and inclined to submit blindly to power
and authority. The character structure which comprises these conflicting
trends has already attracted the attention of modern philosophers and
political thinkers. This book approaches the problem with the means of
socio-psychological research.
.X
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.I 174
.T
Automated Language Processing
.A
Borko, H.
.W
The idea for Automated Language Processing was suggested in 1964 at a
time when the research efforts in information storage and retrieval were
expanding at System Development Corporation. Many people in the company
were directly interested in this area, and an even larger group had interests
that were tangentially related. A quick and effective means of acquainting
them with the state-of-the-art was needed, but no convenient compilation
of relevant material was available. It was agreed that a book on the
theory and techniques of information storage and retrieval procedures would
be a worthwhile project for the language processing staff to undertake.
Although no one member could reasonably be expected to cover the entire
range of technical developments in this field, the staff as a whole is
concerned with most phases of the work. This is attested by the fact that
all but one of the chapter authors were connected with SDC either as
employees or consultants. The single exception is Pendergraft, for SDC
has had no sustained project in machine translation. SDC Management was
enthusiastic in its support of the new project.
.X
26 1 174
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114 1 174
149 1 174
168 1 174
174 6 174
310 1 174
315 1 174
324 1 174
332 1 174
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420 1 174
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446 1 174
454 1 174
479 2 174
483 1 174
485 2 174
489 1 174
493 1 174
499 1 174
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517 1 174
527 1 174
562 1 174
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662 2 174
663 2 174
664 1 174
769 2 174
785 1 174
1144 2 174
1327 2 174
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1419 1 174
.I 175
.T
Automatic Information, Organization and Retrieval
.A
Salton, G.
.W
Information retrieval is a field concerned with the structure, analysis,
organization, storage, searching, and retrieval of information.
This book deals with the computer processing of large information
files, with special emphasis on automatic text handling methods.
Described in particular are procedures for dictionary construction and
dictionary look-up, statistical and syntactic language analysis methods,
information search and matching procedures, automatic information
dissemination systems, and methods for user interaction with the
mechanized system. As such, the text includes elements of linguistics,
mathematics, and computer programming.
.X
26 2 175
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38 1 175
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175 82 175
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633 1 175
636 1 175
643 1 175
644 1 175
649 1 175
652 1 175
653 1 175
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659 3 175
660 3 175
662 3 175
664 2 175
666 2 175
680 1 175
704 1 175
715 1 175
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719 1 175
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751 1 175
752 2 175
754 2 175
769 1 175
779 2 175
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781 2 175
783 1 175
785 2 175
790 1 175
792 1 175
799 1 175
804 1 175
805 3 175
807 2 175
809 1 175
810 3 175
812 1 175
813 1 175
814 1 175
817 1 175
820 1 175
822 1 175
824 1 175
825 1 175
829 2 175
830 1 175
834 1 175
835 1 175
848 1 175
849 1 175
850 1 175
851 1 175
852 1 175
863 1 175
864 1 175
894 3 175
895 1 175
907 1 175
922 1 175
925 2 175
956 1 175
960 1 175
963 1 175
966 1 175
980 1 175
981 2 175
982 2 175
987 1 175
988 1 175
989 1 175
1025 1 175
1042 2 175
1044 7 175
1045 2 175
1046 1 175
1051 3 175
1080 1 175
1085 1 175
1086 1 175
1118 3 175
1144 4 175
1152 1 175
1154 1 175
1175 1 175
1218 3 175
1219 1 175
1255 1 175
1265 1 175
1277 1 175
1280 1 175
1282 1 175
1285 2 175
1287 1 175
1294 5 175
1298 1 175
1307 1 175
1309 1 175
1313 1 175
1323 1 175
1327 16 175
1358 1 175
1381 1 175
1382 1 175
1399 1 175
1402 1 175
1405 1 175
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1448 1 175
.I 176
.T
Automated Keyword Classification for Information Retrieval
.A
Sparck-Jones, K.
.W
This book is primarily a research monograph, in which the discussion
of the main topics has been broadened so that they are related to their
surrounding context in information retrieval as a whole; it is not a
textbook, and no attempt has therefore been made to justify the choice
of topic, or account for the use of certain concepts, or to provide an
elementary description of either. For instance in Chapter 1, it is assumed
that the reader is familiar with the idea of using keywords in information
retrieval: I have not considered the relation between this kind of
retrieval device and a controlled thesaurus or descriptor set, or that
between the use of simple class lists as document descriptions and the
use of descriptions with a syntactic structure, for example. Equally,
in Chapter 2, I have made use of recall/precision ratios as a means of
characterising retrieval performance, without justification or argument;
but this does not mean that I am unaware of the difficulties of doing this,
or of the attention which has been devoted to, and controversy which has
raged round, this subject; it is simply that from the point of view of
my main purpose it is reasonable to use these ratios.
.X
26 1 176
30 1 176
51 3 176
57 2 176
61 1 176
69 1 176
71 2 176
73 1 176
75 1 176
77 2 176
79 1 176
114 1 176
144 1 176
168 1 176
175 6 176
176 16 176
315 1 176
327 1 176
329 1 176
363 1 176
382 1 176
419 3 176
434 1 176
446 1 176
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458 2 176
480 1 176
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484 1 176
486 1 176
488 3 176
491 1 176
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510 1 176
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520 1 176
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528 1 176
531 1 176
565 5 176
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570 1 176
572 1 176
576 1 176
577 2 176
581 1 176
595 1 176
596 4 176
603 1 176
608 2 176
619 1 176
633 1 176
644 1 176
659 2 176
660 2 176
661 1 176
662 2 176
664 1 176
715 1 176
754 1 176
785 1 176
790 1 176
805 1 176
809 1 176
810 2 176
812 3 176
813 2 176
814 2 176
817 1 176
824 2 176
825 1 176
830 1 176
870 1 176
894 2 176
928 1 176
963 1 176
990 1 176
991 1 176
1044 1 176
1051 1 176
1218 1 176
1255 1 176
1294 1 176
1307 1 176
1327 2 176
1413 1 176
1414 1 176
1419 1 176
1427 1 176
1445 1 176
1448 1 176
1448 1 176
.I 177
.T
Automation in Libraries
.A
Kimber, R.T.
.W
My purpose in writing this book has been to try to give an understanding
of what automated systems can do in libraries today. I have limited
myself strictly to those areas which are commonly termed "library
housekeeping" - the processes of book ordering and cataloguing,
periodicals accessioning and circulation control, whose purpose is to
make a library into an efficient machine for acquiring, storing, and
disseminating knowledge and information. These are the processes
which can be automated here and now to improve the quality of
service which a library can give to its readers. I hope that the
descriptions and explanations given here will be of assistance to librarians
in developing appropriate automated systems in their own libraries.
.X
24 1 177
75 1 177
78 1 177
80 1 177
177 7 177
281 1 177
287 1 177
336 1 177
348 1 177
374 1 177
406 1 177
408 2 177
458 1 177
471 1 177
849 1 177
852 1 177
853 1 177
854 1 177
855 1 177
897 1 177
916 1 177
979 1 177
984 1 177
1007 1 177
1011 1 177
1248 1 177
1327 1 177
1433 1 177
1433 1 177
.I 178
.T
The Automation Survey: Background and Conclusions
.A
King, G.W.
.W
During the past decade the Library of Congress, in
common with many other research libraries, has become
increasingly aware of pressures and strains in
many of its operations. These areas of concern (well
known to librarians) include mounting arrearages in
cataloguing and other processing activities; increasing
complexity of manual inventory control files;
increasing difficulty in keeping card catalogues
reasonably current and accurate; and
increasing demands for a wide variety of services
for a clientele whose needs for information
have grown tremendously since World War II,
and many of whom have only recently turned to
large research libraries for help. Five years ago an
internal committee of the Library of Congress was
charged to study potential applications of electronic
data processing equipment to Library procedures;
subsequently representatives of three computer firms
made brief studies of Library operations which
intimated that certain areas could benefit substantially
by automation.
.X
159 1 178
164 1 178
172 1 178
178 11 178
206 1 178
245 2 178
249 1 178
287 1 178
291 1 178
374 1 178
406 1 178
408 3 178
419 1 178
481 1 178
491 1 178
507 1 178
520 1 178
523 1 178
591 1 178
623 1 178
822 1 178
852 1 178
854 1 178
857 1 178
858 1 178
859 1 178
861 1 178
907 2 178
916 1 178
925 1 178
959 1 178
960 1 178
962 2 178
970 1 178
976 1 178
997 1 178
1007 2 178
1011 1 178
1033 1 178
1043 1 178
1071 1 178
1252 2 178
1317 1 178
1358 1 178
1371 1 178
1400 3 178
1400 3 178
.I 179
.T
Automatic information, organization and retrieval
.A
Salton, G.
.W
This book deals with the computer processing of large
information files, with special emphasis on automatic text handling methods.
Described in particular are procedures for dictionary construction and
dictionary look-up, statistical and syntactic language analysis methods,
information search and matching procedures, automatic information
dissemination systems, and methods for user interaction with the mechanized
system. As such, the text includes elements of linguistics, mathematics,
and computer programming.
.X
30 1 179
179 14 179
180 1 179
317 1 179
363 1 179
464 1 179
509 1 179
539 1 179
562 1 179
564 1 179
566 2 179
572 1 179
659 1 179
664 1 179
683 1 179
853 1 179
1117 1 179
1118 1 179
1130 1 179
1136 1 179
1137 1 179
1138 1 179
1139 1 179
1140 2 179
1327 1 179
1327 1 179
.I 180
.T
Automated Information-Retrieval Systems (IRS)
.A
Belonogov, G.G.
.B
1973
.W
It is easiest of all to apply mechanization and automation to the
transmission, accumulation and search of information. Automation
can also be extended to cover some more complicated functions. In
all of these cases, the results supplied by automatic devices are
analysed and decisions are taken usually by man. Thus, the role of
machine is to considerably extend man's capabilities rather than to
completely replace man.
The automated systems intended to accumulate and search for information
have come to be called information-retrieval systems (IRS). These
systems can also perform the simpler forms of data processing.
The physical facilities of these systems are communications equipment,
punched-card computers, microfilming equipment, and electronic computers,
the latter playing the most prominent part.
.X
78 1 180
179 1 180
180 6 180
363 1 180
572 1 180
683 1 180
1139 1 180
1168 1 180
1171 1 180
1409 1 180
1409 1 180
.I 181
.T
Medical School Library Statistics
.A
Keenan, E.L.
.W
At the June 1962 Convention of the Medical Library Association in
Chicago, Illinois, Mr. Stanley Truelson, now Librarian of the University of
Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, circulated a petition
requesting the collection and publication of medical school library
statistics. Forty-eight medical school head librarians signed the
petition indicating their approval, and a committee for this purpose was formed
by Dr. Vilma Proctor, Chairman of the Medical School Libraries Group of
the Medical Library Association.
This committee, composed of Mr. Truelson, Dr.Proctor, and myself,
studied the questionnaires already in use, such as that of the U.S. Office
of Education. These were rejected as not meeting the needs of our
specialized group of libraries. As a guide for selecting the terminology
in the questionnaire, we used the American Library Association's Definitions
for Library Statistics; a Preliminary Draft (Chicago, 1961).
After several drafts, a sample questionnaire was approved by the
committee and distributed to all the medical school libraries in the United
States and Canada. The Canadian medical school libraries were included
as a result of communications with Miss Doreen Fraser, Librarian of the
Bio-Medical Library of the University of British Columbia and Dr. J.
Wendell McLeod of the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges.
.X
31 1 181
36 1 181
41 1 181
46 1 181
181 5 181
182 2 181
183 2 181
184 2 181
193 1 181
195 1 181
198 1 181
201 2 181
203 1 181
204 1 181
205 1 181
206 1 181
207 2 181
208 2 181
217 1 181
269 1 181
395 1 181
415 1 181
748 1 181
760 1 181
767 1 181
774 1 181
778 1 181
891 3 181
905 1 181
952 1 181
953 1 181
964 1 181
968 1 181
1009 1 181
1018 1 181
1019 1 181
1240 1 181
1359 1 181
1397 1 181
1417 1 181
1417 1 181
.I 182
.T
The Contemporary Medical Society Library
.A
Crawford, Susan
Michel, Carol
Waligorski, Conrad
.W
Four hundred sixty-eight medical societies in the United States were
surveyed to determine those which sponsor libraries.. Seventy-eight libraries
were identified, of which eighteen are "marginal" and nine are jointly
supported by a medical school and a society, leaving fifty-one relatively
"substantial" libraries whose major support is through society membership..
Characteristics measured include size of collection, types of media, staff,
budget, services, and sources of support.. Questions are raised concerning
the role of the medical library as one institution which participates in the
continuing education of the physician..
.X
31 1 182
36 1 182
41 1 182
46 1 182
181 2 182
182 5 182
183 2 182
184 2 182
185 2 182
186 1 182
193 1 182
195 1 182
198 1 182
201 2 182
203 1 182
204 1 182
205 1 182
220 1 182
269 1 182
395 1 182
415 1 182
760 1 182
767 1 182
774 1 182
778 1 182
891 3 182
905 1 182
952 1 182
953 1 182
964 1 182
968 1 182
1009 1 182
1018 1 182
1019 1 182
1240 1 182
1359 1 182
1397 1 182
1417 1 182
1417 1 182
.I 183
.T
Analysis of One Year's Circulation at the Downstate Medical Center Library
.A
Kovacs, Helen
.W
A survey of the circulation of books and journals at the Downstate Medical
Center Library was conducted, based on cancelled circulation cards accumulated
during a one-year period.. Analysis of the results shows the frequency of use
of various materials by several groups of borrowers and brings out important
differences between circulation of books and that of journals.. One of the
result was the compilation of a list of most frequently used journals.. The
findings are graphically represented by several tables and charts..
.X
2 1 183
31 2 183
33 2 183
36 4 183
41 2 183
46 1 183
76 2 183
89 2 183
90 1 183
97 1 183
102 1 183
111 1 183
112 1 183
115 1 183
132 1 183
137 1 183
139 1 183
152 1 183
155 1 183
161 1 183
163 1 183
181 2 183
182 2 183
183 12 183
184 7 183
192 1 183
193 5 183
195 2 183
196 1 183
198 2 183
199 2 183
201 5 183
202 1 183
203 7 183
204 4 183
205 2 183
209 1 183
210 3 183
212 1 183
215 1 183
217 1 183
219 1 183
220 1 183
221 1 183
222 1 183
225 2 183
269 3 183
284 1 183
286 1 183
294 1 183
373 1 183
395 1 183
415 2 183
475 1 183
543 1 183
545 1 183
552 3 183
587 1 183
588 1 183
605 1 183
613 2 183
614 1 183
624 1 183
638 1 183
735 2 183
747 1 183
750 1 183
753 1 183
760 2 183
766 2 183
767 3 183
774 2 183
775 2 183
778 1 183
782 1 183
784 2 183
788 2 183
789 2 183
793 1 183
799 1 183
800 2 183
808 2 183
828 1 183
891 1 183
905 2 183
943 1 183
944 1 183
952 1 183
953 2 183
959 1 183
964 1 183
968 1 183
977 3 183
983 1 183
1009 1 183
1016 1 183
1018 1 183
1019 1 183
1023 1 183
1030 1 183
1055 3 183
1056 1 183
1071 1 183
1087 1 183
1090 1 183
1135 1 183
1151 1 183
1203 1 183
1240 1 183
1260 1 183
1275 1 183
1276 1 183
1278 1 183
1280 1 183
1285 1 183
1286 1 183
1287 1 183
1302 2 183
1335 1 183
1352 1 183
1359 1 183
1390 1 183
1397 3 183
1417 2 183
1428 1 183
1432 2 183
1451 2 183
1451 2 183
.I 184
.T
How Biomedical Investigators Use Library Books
.A
Raisig, L. Miles
Smith, Meredith
Cuff, Renata
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
Relatively few studies have been concerned with the use of biomedical
books.. This paper reports an investigation into use made of library books
by biomedical investigators.. Based on cancelled charge slips collected at the
Yale Medical Library circulation desk, telephone appointments were made to
interview those research investigators whose books has been returned the
previous day.. The interviewer obtained answers from the investigator to a
questionnaire to discover how the investigator had learned of a book, if the
book had been useful, and, if useful, how it had been used.. During the
six-month study period, 30.4 percent of researchers' volumes returned were
monographs.. Almost four-fifths of books borrowed supplied information wanted,
and about four-fifths of books used had been printed in the previous decade..
Nine-tenths of the use of books was research-related, the other tenth being
for lecture preparation..
.X
31 1 184
33 2 184
36 5 184
41 2 184
42 1 184
46 1 184
57 1 184
76 1 184
89 2 184
90 1 184
97 1 184
102 1 184
111 1 184
112 1 184
161 1 184
163 1 184
181 2 184
182 2 184
183 7 184
184 11 184
193 6 184
195 2 184
198 2 184
199 2 184
201 5 184
202 2 184
203 6 184
204 5 184
205 3 184
209 1 184
210 1 184
212 1 184
217 1 184
220 1 184
222 1 184
225 1 184
233 1 184
267 1 184
269 2 184
284 1 184
286 1 184
294 1 184
359 1 184
373 1 184
395 2 184
415 1 184
543 1 184
545 1 184
552 3 184
587 2 184
588 1 184
605 1 184
613 2 184
614 1 184
624 1 184
638 1 184
667 1 184
735 2 184
747 1 184
748 1 184
750 2 184
751 1 184
753 1 184
759 1 184
760 1 184
765 1 184
766 2 184
767 3 184
774 1 184
775 1 184
778 2 184
782 1 184
783 1 184
784 2 184
787 1 184
788 1 184
789 1 184
791 1 184
792 1 184
793 2 184
799 1 184
800 3 184
808 2 184
828 1 184
891 1 184
905 2 184
952 1 184
953 2 184
959 1 184
964 1 184
968 1 184
977 1 184
983 1 184
1009 1 184
1016 1 184
1018 1 184
1019 1 184
1023 1 184
1030 1 184
1055 2 184
1081 1 184
1082 1 184
1083 1 184
1085 1 184
1086 1 184
1087 1 184
1090 1 184
1135 1 184
1151 1 184
1201 1 184
1240 1 184
1260 1 184
1275 1 184
1276 1 184
1278 2 184
1280 1 184
1285 1 184
1286 1 184
1287 1 184
1302 1 184
1335 1 184
1359 1 184
1390 1 184
1397 4 184
1401 1 184
1417 3 184
1418 1 184
1428 1 184
1432 2 184
1432 2 184
.I 185
.T
An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library
Manpower:
I. Definition of the Manpower Problem and Research Desing
.A
Kronick, David A.
Rees, Alan M.
Rothenberg, Lesliebeth
.W
In order to plan adequately for education in health science librarianship
and to be able to project future demands and needs we need to know a great deal
more about existing manpower in health science libraries.. This paper, the
first in a series of reports on an investigation to gather this data, discusses
the research methodology and the development of an inventory of the institution
program population upon which the survey is based.. An analysis in terms of
geographic location, type (educational, research, etc.), administrative
control, and primary cognate area of these institutions is presented, and their
distribution through the various Regional Medical Library areas is noted..
Preliminary estimates are made, based on questionnaire to the libraries, on the
size of the library population, their relationship to reporting programs or
institutions, exclusive of the hospital population which is being covered in an
independent survey.. A questionnaire to library personnel is underway which
will establish, along with the other questionnaires, a basis for exploring the
relationships which exist between institutions or programs, libraries and
manpower..
.X
36 1 185
182 2 185
185 10 185
186 5 185
187 5 185
188 3 185
198 1 185
201 1 185
211 1 185
217 1 185
220 2 185
891 2 185
1275 1 185
1397 1 185
1397 1 185
.I 186
.T
An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Science Library
Manpower:
II. Health-Related Institutions and Their Library Resources
.A
Rothenberg, Lesliebeth
Rees, Alan M.
Kronick, David A.
.W
As part of an investigation of health sciences library manpower, the
universe of health-related institutions and programs (excluding hospitals) was
surveyed by postcard questionnaire to produce an inventory and description of
libraries providing services to these institutions reported access to library
resources, indicating usage of some 2,207 non-hospital libraries.. Eighty
percent (2,431) of the institutions reported that the library used was "within"
their own institution; 20 percent (608) noted that the library was "outside"
of their institution..
The distribution of health-related institutions and libraries is shown by
RML districts, together with relevant census data.. A classification of
libraries, based on the degree of involvement of the libraries' facilities,
resources and personnel in supplying services to health-related institutions,
was developed..
It is concluded that projections of manpower needs should take into account
institutions and programs not at present possessing health sciences libraries
as well as documented demand in existing health sciences libraries..
.X
182 1 186
185 5 186
186 7 186
187 4 186
188 3 186
220 1 186
891 1 186
891 1 186
.I 187
.T
An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library
Manpower:
III. Manpower Supply and Demand in Health Sciences Libraries
.A
Rothenberg, Lesliebeth
.A
Kronick, David A.
.A
Rees, Alan M.
.W
An investigation of the manpower requirements of health sciences libraries
and of educational programs appropriate to these manpower needs was begun in
March 1968.. To data, 4,727 libraries have been identified as being used by
14,000 health sciences institutions and programs.. Of this total, 2,628 are
hospital libraries; 1,328 are health sciences libraries; and 771 are academic
or public libraries..
Within these libraries some 14,938 persons are directly involved, either
full- or part-time, in the delivery of health sciences library services.. Of
the total work force, 5,861 persons are employed in hospital libraries and
9,077 are employed in health sciences libraries and collections.. The ratio
between professional and nonprofessional employees is 1:2; professional and
nonprofessional status was assigned by the chief librarian.. Survey data
indicate a 7 percent manpower shortage in positions classified as professional,
and a 3 percent shortage in positions classified as nonprofessional..
.X
185 5 187
186 4 187
187 5 187
188 3 187
188 3 187
.I 188
.T
An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library
Manpower:
IV. Characteristics of Manpower in Health Sciences Libraries
.A
Rothenberg, Lesliebeth
.A
Rees, Alan M.
.A
Kronick, David A.
.W
A statistical description based on a mail survey of personnel in 2,099
health sciences libraries located outside of the hospital setting is reported..
Respondents to the survey were divided into three groups: professionals (those
possessing a graduate library degree); nonprofessionals (those not possessing
graduate library degree); and chief librarians (those responsible for a
library's operations).. Survey items dealt with education, sex, age, salary,
job mobility and preference for continuing education programs..
Some 60 percent of the respondents were professionals; 40 percent were
nonprofessionals.. Seven hundred and twenty-eight chief librarians were
identified in the population: 57 percent were professional librarians while
the remainder were without a graduate library degree.. Approximately 1/5
of all survey respondents were men.. The age distribution for the work force
tended to be bimodal, reflecting the career patterns of women and the later
entry of men into librarianship.. The annual salary for male professionals was
calculated at $12,732; for female professionals at $10,044; for male
nonprofessionals at $7,878; and for female nonprofessionals at $6,313.. Male
professionals were found to have the highest rates of job and geographic
mobility.. Conversely, female nonprofessionals were lowest in mobility.. In
expressing a preference for continuing education programs in library science,
professionals tended to request courses dealing with the organization of
libraries, health sciences institutions and their relationships, while
nonprofessionals inclined towards courses in technical processing..
.X
185 3 188
186 3 188
187 3 188
188 5 188
188 5 188
.I 189
.T
Selected list of Books and Journals for the Small Medical Library
.A
Brandon, Alfred N.
.W
This updated list of 410 books and 136 journals is intended as a selection
aid for the small library of a hospital, medical society, clinic, or similar
organization.. Books and journals are arranged by subject, with the books
followed by an author index, and the journals by an alphabetical title
listing.. Items suggested for first purchase by smaller libraries are noted by
an asterisk..
To purchase the entire collection of books and to pay for the annual
subscription costs of all the journals would require an expenditure of about
12,000.. To acquire only those items suggested for first purchase,
approximately $3,250 would be needed..
.X
87 1 189
189 7 189
196 2 189
201 1 189
215 1 189
219 1 189
221 1 189
359 1 189
415 3 189
748 1 189
767 1 189
775 1 189
821 1 189
905 1 189
952 1 189
1071 4 189
1147 1 189
1275 1 189
1302 2 189
1352 1 189
1352 1 189
.I 190
.T
MEDLINE Evaluation Study
.A
Moll, Wilhelm
.W
MEDLINE (MEDLARS-ON-LINE) is the new on-line, interactive bibliographic
searching system which was recently developed by the National Library of
Medicine.. The system provides users with lists of bibliographical citations
and other information from a three-year file of over 1,250 biomedical
journals.. A survey testing user reactions was conducted at the University of
Virginia Medical Library.. The results of the survey are based on replies by
246 users who requested one or more MEDLINE searches between September 1972 and
March 1973.. The findings indicate that over 93% believe that MEDLINE is a
substantial improvement over the traditional methods of searching through the
printed indexes.. These respondents also stated that the results of MEDLINE
searches had assisted them in their clinical or research work, or both.. Asked
whether they would continue to use MEDLINE after the imposition of user charges
on July 1, 1973, about 75% said that they would.. The remaining 25% expressed
some reservation and doubts.. The survey gives reason to believe that with the
imposition of user charges the use of MEDLINE will decline..
.X
10 1 190
124 1 190
127 1 190
129 1 190
190 5 190
191 2 190
197 1 190
211 1 190
214 1 190
218 1 190
225 1 190
243 1 190
244 1 190
304 1 190
305 1 190
306 1 190
307 1 190
330 1 190
358 1 190
378 1 190
385 1 190
394 1 190
433 1 190
450 1 190
451 1 190
452 1 190
459 3 190
468 1 190
484 1 190
492 1 190
508 1 190
511 1 190
512 1 190
514 2 190
518 1 190
520 1 190
523 1 190
524 1 190
525 1 190
526 1 190
529 1 190
530 1 190
534 2 190
546 1 190
547 1 190
553 1 190
579 1 190
594 1 190
603 1 190
604 1 190
606 1 190
609 1 190
610 1 190
611 1 190
612 2 190
625 2 190
626 1 190
630 1 190
636 1 190
637 1 190
642 1 190
646 1 190
648 2 190
650 1 190
692 1 190
696 1 190
699 1 190
702 1 190
703 1 190
705 1 190
708 1 190
726 1 190
727 1 190
728 1 190
731 2 190
732 2 190
733 1 190
734 1 190
736 1 190
738 1 190
739 1 190
740 1 190
741 1 190
742 1 190
743 2 190
744 1 190
755 1 190
817 1 190
820 2 190
823 1 190
825 1 190
826 3 190
827 3 190
828 1 190
879 1 190
883 1 190
947 1 190
948 1 190
1004 1 190
1017 1 190
1035 1 190
1058 1 190
1078 1 190
1089 1 190
1091 1 190
1146 1 190
1207 1 190
1230 1 190
1257 1 190
1264 1 190
1297 1 190
1303 2 190
1356 1 190
1364 1 190
1368 1 190
1370 1 190
1372 1 190
1373 1 190
1374 1 190
1375 1 190
1376 1 190
1377 1 190
1390 1 190
1390 1 190
.I 191
.T
MEDLEARN: An Orientation to MEDLINE
.A
Soben, Phyllis
.A
Tidball, Charles s.
.W
***MEDLEARN***, an orientation to MEDLINE, was developed to educate members
of the biomedical community to become competent on-line searchers.. It appears
in two complementary forms: an interactive terminal presentation available on
the TYMSHARE Network and a supporting hard-copy manual which contains the
didactic portions of the computer program as well as additional items which are
not suitable for on-line presentation.. ***MEDLEARN***, a flexible instruction
tool, is divided into forty sections which may be selected in various sequences
depending on the user's previous experience.. Two MEDLINE simulations and
feedback sections after practice on MEDLINE provide motivation for continued
learning.. The orientation program was evaluated at several medical centers
with uniformly favorable results..
.X
124 1 191
127 1 191
128 1 191
129 1 191
130 1 191
172 1 191
190 2 191
191 5 191
194 1 191
197 1 191
211 1 191
212 1 191
214 1 191
218 1 191
243 1 191
274 1 191
307 1 191
312 1 191
330 1 191
339 1 191
370 1 191
376 1 191
378 1 191
387 1 191
417 1 191
446 1 191
450 1 191
451 1 191
452 1 191
453 1 191
458 1 191
459 2 191
468 1 191
475 1 191
484 1 191
485 1 191
492 1 191
508 1 191
511 1 191
512 1 191
514 2 191
518 1 191
520 1 191
523 1 191
524 1 191
525 1 191
526 1 191
529 1 191
530 1 191
534 1 191
546 1 191
547 1 191
553 1 191
572 1 191
577 1 191
579 2 191
594 2 191
602 1 191
603 1 191
604 1 191
606 1 191
609 1 191
610 1 191
611 1 191
612 1 191
615 1 191
625 1 191
626 1 191
629 1 191
630 1 191
636 1 191
637 1 191
640 1 191
642 1 191
648 3 191
650 1 191
652 1 191
692 1 191
696 1 191
699 1 191
703 1 191
705 1 191
708 1 191
726 1 191
727 1 191
728 2 191
731 1 191
732 1 191
733 1 191
734 1 191
736 1 191
738 1 191
739 1 191
740 1 191
741 1 191
742 1 191
743 2 191
744 1 191
755 1 191
820 1 191
826 1 191
827 1 191
879 1 191
883 1 191
902 1 191
1004 1 191
1033 1 191
1035 1 191
1078 1 191
1084 1 191
1089 1 191
1091 1 191
1207 1 191
1264 1 191
1279 1 191
1284 1 191
1297 1 191
1303 3 191
1356 1 191
1364 1 191
1368 1 191
1370 1 191
1372 1 191
1373 1 191
1374 1 191
1375 1 191
1376 2 191
1377 1 191
1387 1 191
1403 1 191
1457 1 191
1457 1 191
.I 192
.T
A Cooperative Serial Acquisition Program: Thoughts on a Response to
Mounting Fiscal Pressures
.A
Jones, C. Lee
.W
A regionally cooperative method of distributing responsibility for every
serial title in a region is outlined.. The system assures the equitable
distribution of the number of titles for which each library is committed..
Later refinements suggest an equalization of cost commitments on the basis of
fiscal resources available for serial purchases.. It is pointed out that fiscal
realities will force some sort of serial acquisition cooperation for all viable
medical libraries..
.X
115 1 192
183 1 192
192 5 192
196 1 192
215 3 192
216 1 192
219 1 192
221 2 192
410 1 192
415 1 192
943 1 192
944 1 192
949 2 192
1071 3 192
1302 1 192
1302 1 192
.I 193
.T
Use of Medical and Biological Journals in the Yale Medical Library
.A
Kilgour, F.G.
.W
This paper presents data for the end of 1960 on recorded use of some
two hundred of the most often used scientific and medical journals in the
Yale Medical Library. The investigation was designed to identify the most
abundantly used titles of recent date of publication to guide the
acquisition of multiple subscriptions. At the same time data was collected
to distinguish heavily used back sets.
.X
31 2 193
33 2 193
36 4 193
41 2 193
42 1 193
46 1 193
57 1 193
76 1 193
89 2 193
90 1 193
97 1 193
102 1 193
111 1 193
112 1 193
161 1 193
163 1 193
181 1 193
182 1 193
183 5 193
184 6 193
193 9 193
195 3 193
196 2 193
198 2 193
199 2 193
201 7 193
202 2 193
203 4 193
204 4 193
205 3 193
209 1 193
210 2 193
212 1 193
217 1 193
219 1 193
220 1 193
222 1 193
225 1 193
233 1 193
267 1 193
269 3 193
284 1 193
286 1 193
294 1 193
359 1 193
373 1 193
395 2 193
415 1 193
543 1 193
545 1 193
552 2 193
587 2 193
588 1 193
605 1 193
613 2 193
614 2 193
624 1 193
638 2 193
667 1 193
735 2 193
747 1 193
748 1 193
750 2 193
751 1 193
753 1 193
759 1 193
760 1 193
765 1 193
766 2 193
767 4 193
774 1 193
775 1 193
778 2 193
782 1 193
784 2 193
787 1 193
788 1 193
789 1 193
791 1 193
792 1 193
793 2 193
799 1 193
800 3 193
808 2 193
821 1 193
828 1 193
891 1 193
905 3 193
952 1 193
953 2 193
959 1 193
964 1 193
968 1 193
977 2 193
983 1 193
1009 1 193
1016 1 193
1018 1 193
1019 1 193
1023 1 193
1030 1 193
1055 2 193
1081 1 193
1082 1 193
1083 1 193
1085 1 193
1086 1 193
1087 1 193
1090 1 193
1135 1 193
1151 1 193
1201 1 193
1203 1 193
1240 1 193
1260 1 193
1275 2 193
1276 1 193
1278 2 193
1280 1 193
1285 1 193
1286 1 193
1287 1 193
1302 2 193
1335 1 193
1352 1 193
1355 1 193
1359 1 193
1369 2 193
1390 1 193
1397 4 193
1401 1 193
1417 3 193
1418 1 193
1428 1 193
1432 2 193
1451 1 193
1451 1 193
.I 194
.T
The Evaluation of Published Indexes and Abstract Journals:
Criteria and Possible Procedures
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
This paper describes possible criteria by which the effectiveness of a
published index may be evaluated and suggest procedures that might be used to
conduct an evaluation of a published index.. The procedures were developed for
the National Library of Medicine and relate specifically to the recurring
bibliographies produced by MEDLARS in various specialized areas of
biomedicine.. The methods described should, however, be applicable to other
printed indexes and abstract journals..
Factors affecting the performance of a published index are also discussed
and some research projects relevant to the evaluation of published indexes are
reviewed..
.X
86 1 194
114 1 194
154 1 194
172 1 194
191 1 194
194 8 194
212 2 194
274 1 194
401 1 194
417 1 194
446 1 194
458 2 194
480 1 194
485 1 194
572 1 194
577 1 194
579 1 194
615 1 194
627 1 194
640 1 194
752 1 194
770 1 194
781 1 194
785 1 194
796 1 194
802 1 194
817 1 194
825 1 194
902 1 194
959 1 194
1024 1 194
1033 1 194
1054 1 194
1084 1 194
1215 1 194
1279 1 194
1387 1 194
1392 1 194
1431 1 194
1448 1 194
1448 1 194
.I 195
.T
World Biomedical Journals, 1951-60:
A Study of the Relative Significance of 1,388 Titles Indexed in
Current List of Medical Literature
.A
Raisig, L. Miles
.W
This study is an application of the relationship of serial articles
published to serial articles cited, developed in theory in the author's
"Statistical Bibliography in the Health Sciences" (BULLETIN 50: 450-461,
July 1962).. A ranked list of the indexes of significance of most of the
serials indexed in Current List of Medical Literature was derived and erected
from 21,000 citations secured in a random sampling of 1962 and 1961 biomedical
journals regularly received in the Yale Medical Library.. The author measures
the gross indexing effectiveness of Current List against his indexes of
significance , offers his method and results as means to reach objective
standards for indexing and abstracting, and projects his results as measures
of general value of the serials analyzed..
.X
2 1 195
31 1 195
36 2 195
41 2 195
46 1 195
57 1 195
76 1 195
132 1 195
137 1 195
139 1 195
152 1 195
155 1 195
181 1 195
182 1 195
183 2 195
184 2 195
193 3 195
195 5 195
196 2 195
198 2 195
199 1 195
201 3 195
203 3 195
204 2 195
205 1 195
210 1 195
219 1 195
233 1 195
267 1 195
269 1 195
359 1 195
395 2 195
415 1 195
475 1 195
552 1 195
587 1 195
614 1 195
638 1 195
667 1 195
748 1 195
750 1 195
751 1 195
759 1 195
760 2 195
765 1 195
767 2 195
774 2 195
775 1 195
778 2 195
787 1 195
788 1 195
789 1 195
791 1 195
792 1 195
793 1 195
800 1 195
821 1 195
891 1 195
905 3 195
952 1 195
953 1 195
964 1 195
968 1 195
977 1 195
1009 1 195
1018 1 195
1019 1 195
1055 1 195
1056 1 195
1071 1 195
1081 1 195
1082 1 195
1083 1 195
1085 1 195
1086 1 195
1147 1 195
1201 1 195
1240 1 195
1275 2 195
1278 1 195
1302 2 195
1355 1 195
1359 1 195
1369 1 195
1397 2 195
1401 1 195
1417 2 195
1418 1 195
1451 1 195
1451 1 195
.I 196
.T
Basic Journal List for Small Hospital Libraries
.A
Moll, Wilhelm
.W
This Basic Journal List of forty-eight journal titles is intended as a
selection guide for the librarian of the small hospitals.. It is based on a
survey of physicians in Virginia who were asked to review journal titles
contained in the 1967 edition of a list compiled by Mr. Alfred N. Brandon..
The List is designed for the library in a hospital of from 100 to 300 beds and
for the active clinician..
.X
41 2 196
87 1 196
115 1 196
183 1 196
189 2 196
192 1 196
193 2 196
195 2 196
196 11 196
198 1 196
199 1 196
201 2 196
203 2 196
204 1 196
205 1 196
210 1 196
215 3 196
219 3 196
221 2 196
359 1 196
415 5 196
552 1 196
614 1 196
638 1 196
821 1 196
905 2 196
943 1 196
944 1 196
1071 4 196
1085 1 196
1086 1 196
1090 1 196
1147 6 196
1275 2 196
1302 4 196
1352 1 196
1355 1 196
1369 2 196
1397 2 196
1397 2 196
.I 197
.T
AIM-TWX service at the University of Virginia:
A Review and Evaluation
.A
Moll, Wilhelm
.W
The paper reviews the highlights of a four-week trial period (November 19 -
December 18, 1970) during which the Medical Library of the University of
Virginia experimented with a new remote-access bibliographical control and
retrieval system via its TWX machine.. The system, called AIM-TWX, was
sponsored by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications
and utilized a time-shared IBM 360/67 computer in Santa Monica, California..
Citations from 109 clinically-oriented journals from 1966 to date, including
those currently included in the Abridged Index Medicus, may be retrieved
either on- or off-line..
Various aspects of this service are described, including problems of
staffing, training, and record keeping, as well as the role of the MeSH
vocabulary which is the principle "language" of the man-computer dialog..
The statistical results indicated that the system was used for approximately
200 minuted on nineteen days and that an average of sixteen searches were run
on any given day, or about 4.6 searches per hour of use.. In spite of an
inexperienced staff who had little knowledge of the MeSH vocabulary and whose
training schedule was limited to one four-hour session, the experiment was
highly successful in terms of searches and citations..
At the end of the period, 298 searches had been run for 114 requestors,
and 5,343 citations had been produced.. Only fifty-five searches yielded no
citations.. The experiment generated a great deal of excitement and interest
among the staff of the Library and of the Medical Center.. Moreover, a large
number of medical practitioners in large and small communities of Virginia
participated in this experiment, indicating that there exists a great demand
for this type of literature searching which AIM-TWX is able to provide with
great rapidity..
.X
66 1 197
120 1 197
124 1 197
127 1 197
129 1 197
161 1 197
190 1 197
191 1 197
197 5 197
211 1 197
214 1 197
218 2 197
243 1 197
307 1 197
330 1 197
332 1 197
375 1 197
378 1 197
382 1 197
445 1 197
450 1 197
451 1 197
452 1 197
454 1 197
459 1 197
468 1 197
472 1 197
484 1 197
492 1 197
503 1 197
506 2 197
507 1 197
508 1 197
511 1 197
512 1 197
514 1 197
518 1 197
520 1 197
523 1 197
524 1 197
525 1 197
526 1 197
529 1 197
530 1 197
534 1 197
546 2 197
553 1 197
554 1 197
579 2 197
591 1 197
593 2 197
594 3 197
595 1 197
596 1 197
597 1 197
599 1 197
600 1 197
603 2 197
604 2 197
606 3 197
609 1 197
610 1 197
611 1 197
612 1 197
625 1 197
626 1 197
630 1 197
634 1 197
636 1 197
637 1 197
642 1 197
648 1 197
650 1 197
692 1 197
696 2 197
699 1 197
703 1 197
705 2 197
708 1 197
723 1 197
724 1 197
726 1 197
727 1 197
728 1 197
731 1 197
732 1 197
733 1 197
734 1 197
736 2 197
738 1 197
739 1 197
740 1 197
741 1 197
742 1 197
743 1 197
744 1 197
755 1 197
795 1 197
801 1 197
805 1 197
806 1 197
820 1 197
826 2 197
827 1 197
836 1 197
866 1 197
867 1 197
879 1 197
883 1 197
956 1 197
989 1 197
1004 1 197
1035 2 197
1078 1 197
1089 1 197
1091 1 197
1207 1 197
1264 1 197
1297 1 197
1298 1 197
1299 1 197
1303 1 197
1327 1 197
1356 1 197
1364 1 197
1368 1 197
1370 1 197
1372 1 197
1373 1 197
1374 1 197
1375 1 197
1376 1 197
1377 1 197
1405 1 197
1405 1 197
.I 198
.T
Choosing Physiology Journals
.A
Brodman, E.
.W
For many years administrators of library collections have sought
objective criteria for assembling well-rounded periodical collections
in the subject fields represented by their collections. The nearest
approach to any criterion which does away with the a priori knowledge
of the specialist was first suggested by Gross and Gross in 1927. This
method consists, essentially, of counting the bibliographic citations at
the conclusions of the articles in a basic periodical of the field under
consideration, and of arranging the journals cited in order of the
frequency of their citation. Thus, in the field of chemistry, the
references in the Journal of the American Chemical Society are counted and
a list is made of the most frequently cited journals. According to Gross
and Gross, the journals which are cited most frequently in the Journal of the
American Chemical Society are the most valuable journals for a library
to purchase in order to possess a well-rounded collection in chemistry.
Although the Gross and Gross method has been in use for almost twenty
years, the fundamental assumptions upon which the method is based have
never been examined. These assumptions are:
1. The value of a periodical to a professional worker is in direct
proportion to the number of times it is cited in the professional
literature.
2. The journal or journals used as the base for the tabulation are
representative of the entire field.
3. If more than one journal is used as a base, all of them can be weighted
equally.
.X
31 1 198
33 1 198
36 2 198
37 1 198
41 2 198
46 1 198
76 1 198
89 1 198
181 1 198
182 1 198
183 2 198
184 2 198
185 1 198
193 2 198
195 2 198
196 1 198
198 8 198
199 1 198
201 3 198
203 1 198
204 1 198
211 1 198
217 1 198
220 1 198
269 1 198
361 1 198
379 1 198
395 1 198
415 1 198
543 1 198
545 1 198
552 1 198
588 1 198
614 1 198
616 2 198
632 1 198
635 1 198
638 1 198
685 1 198
735 3 198
760 1 198
766 1 198
767 1 198
774 1 198
775 1 198
778 1 198
784 1 198
789 1 198
821 1 198
828 1 198
831 1 198
891 2 198
905 2 198
952 2 198
953 1 198
964 1 198
968 1 198
1009 1 198
1018 1 198
1019 1 198
1055 1 198
1071 1 198
1147 1 198
1210 1 198
1240 1 198
1260 1 198
1275 5 198
1276 1 198
1290 1 198
1302 4 198
1355 1 198
1359 1 198
1397 3 198
1417 1 198
1432 1 198
1432 1 198
.I 199
.T
Statistical Bibliography in the Health Sciences
.A
Raisig, L.M.
.W
The sustained interest in documentation, as a key to the retrieval of
information in the literature of the sciences, has obscured largely the
potential utility of statistical bibliography as a method of analyzing
information needs. In the belief that a discussion of the latter may be
of value to interested biomedical librarians and scientists, a review of
investigative methods and results in the health sciences is offered here.
Statistical bibliography may be defined as the assembling and interpretation
of statistics relating to books and periodicals; it may be used in a
variety of situations for an almost unlimited number of measurements.
Within the last forty years bibliographical statistics have been collected
and explained in several fields of science for these main purposes: to
demonstrate historical movements, to determine the national or universal
research use of books and journals, and to ascertain in many local
situations the general use of books and journals.
.X
33 2 199
36 2 199
41 2 199
89 1 199
90 1 199
97 1 199
102 1 199
111 2 199
112 2 199
113 1 199
161 1 199
163 1 199
183 2 199
184 2 199
193 2 199
195 1 199
196 1 199
198 1 199
199 5 199
201 1 199
202 1 199
203 3 199
204 1 199
205 1 199
209 1 199
210 1 199
212 1 199
217 1 199
220 1 199
222 1 199
225 1 199
269 1 199
284 1 199
286 1 199
294 1 199
360 1 199
373 1 199
487 1 199
543 1 199
545 1 199
552 1 199
587 1 199
588 1 199
605 1 199
613 2 199
614 1 199
624 1 199
638 1 199
735 1 199
747 1 199
750 1 199
753 1 199
766 1 199
767 1 199
775 1 199
782 1 199
784 1 199
788 1 199
789 1 199
793 1 199
799 1 199
800 2 199
808 2 199
905 2 199
911 1 199
953 1 199
959 1 199
977 1 199
983 1 199
1016 1 199
1023 1 199
1030 1 199
1055 1 199
1071 1 199
1087 1 199
1090 1 199
1135 1 199
1147 1 199
1151 1 199
1260 1 199
1275 2 199
1276 1 199
1278 1 199
1280 1 199
1285 1 199
1286 1 199
1287 1 199
1302 2 199
1335 1 199
1380 1 199
1390 1 199
1397 1 199
1417 1 199
1428 1 199
1432 1 199
1432 1 199
.I 200
.T
Mechanization of Library Procedures in the Medium-sized Medical Library
.A
Pizer, I.H.
Franz, D.R.
Brodman, E.
.W
Mechanical means for expediting library work have been considered
for many years, as an examination of the early pages of Library
Journals bears out. The very first volume of the forerunner of the Bulletin,
the Medical Library and Historical Journal, moreover, contained an
article on the use of the "typewriting machine" in cataloging. Telephones
have long been accepted as library machines, and, except for unusual
items, hand bookbinding has given way to machine-bound books.
Nevertheless, when the term "machine methods" is used for libraries
today, the prevailing idea is that expensive and complicated electronic
equipment must be employed, and, since few libraries are able to afford
such equipment for themselves, it is generally assumed that none but the
largest libraries (the Library of Congress or the National Library of
Medicine, for example) will be able to employ already existing mechanical
methods or devise systems specifically applicable to their own situations.
.X
64 2 200
200 6 200
211 1 200
281 1 200
617 1 200
620 1 200
849 1 200
850 1 200
978 1 200
979 2 200
1051 1 200
1252 1 200
1252 1 200
.I 201
.T
Moderately and Heavily Used Biomedical Journals
.A
Fleming, Thomas P.
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
The purpose of this investigation was to produce a title list of current
journals suppling upwards of 75 percent of demand at the Columbia and Yale
Medical Libraries.. Columbia received nearly 2,000 journals and Yale over
1,500; findings are based upon an analysis of canceled charge slips for issues
published from 1959 through June 1962.. This combined study of recorded usage
for six months in the Columbia Medical Library (12.9 percent of circulation
during January through June 1962) and for one year in the Yale Medical Library
(12.5 percent of 1961/62 circulation) revealed that a core of 262 journals
supplied 80 percent of use of titles published in the 1959 to mid-1962
period.. However, it is probable that current issues of all titles received
were used at least once within the libraries.. Titles of sixty-seven journals
which supplied slightly more than 50 percent of use are listed..
.X
31 3 201
33 1 201
36 4 201
41 1 201
46 1 201
57 1 201
76 1 201
89 1 201
90 1 201
121 1 201
161 1 201
181 2 201
182 2 201
183 5 201
184 5 201
185 1 201
189 1 201
193 7 201
195 3 201
196 2 201
198 3 201
199 1 201
201 16 201
202 1 201
203 6 201
204 5 201
205 4 201
209 1 201
210 1 201
211 1 201
212 1 201
217 2 201
219 1 201
220 2 201
222 1 201
233 1 201
267 1 201
269 2 201
284 1 201
286 1 201
294 1 201
359 2 201
373 3 201
379 1 201
395 2 201
415 1 201
475 1 201
543 1 201
552 1 201
554 1 201
587 1 201
588 1 201
613 1 201
614 1 201
624 1 201
638 1 201
667 1 201
735 1 201
748 2 201
750 1 201
751 1 201
759 1 201
760 1 201
765 1 201
766 1 201
767 3 201
774 1 201
778 2 201
784 1 201
787 1 201
791 1 201
792 1 201
793 1 201
799 1 201
800 2 201
808 1 201
821 2 201
828 1 201
889 1 201
891 2 201
905 2 201
952 1 201
953 1 201
959 1 201
964 1 201
968 1 201
977 3 201
1009 1 201
1018 1 201
1019 2 201
1055 1 201
1081 1 201
1082 1 201
1083 1 201
1085 1 201
1086 2 201
1151 1 201
1173 1 201
1201 1 201
1203 3 201
1240 1 201
1256 1 201
1275 2 201
1278 1 201
1302 1 201
1352 3 201
1355 1 201
1359 1 201
1369 2 201
1397 5 201
1401 1 201
1417 2 201
1418 1 201
1432 1 201
1451 1 201
1451 1 201
.I 202
.T
Medical Libraries and the Assessment of User Needs
.A
Rees, Alan M.
.W
Users of information in science and technology have been studied in great
detail with respect to material read, amount of time spent in reading and
searching the literature, categories of questions asked, an so on.. Probing
for this information has been undertaken by means of structured and
unstructured interviews, diaries, surveys, and questionnaires..
Although a large amount of data has emerged on information usage and flow,
the subjective response of scientists furnishes comment only on the satisfaction
produced by present information services and does not yield insight into the
extent to which needs remain unsatisfied.. Relevance figures based upon the
response of systems to questions cannot be equated with satisfaction of needs,
since questions constitute, in most cases, inadequate representations of
underlying information needs..
Assessment of the needs of users of medical libraries and information system
must, in fact, be made in relation to the observed behavior and experience of
biomedical scientists.. There is room for well-designed experimentation which
can explore the interaction of both psychological and environmental factors..
Significant differences in information needs exist among and between individuals
such as researches and clinicians in the same environment.. With respect to
environment, it is hypothesized that the information needs for medical
practitioners in remote areas might differ significantly from those of their
colleagues working in large metropolitan centers in close proximity to medical
schools, research institutions, and other rich sources of information fallout..
It is anticipated that experimentation will eventually result in a
methodology which will permit the determination and prediction of the
information needs of any identified groups of users in a specific environment..
.X
18 1 202
33 1 202
34 1 202
36 1 202
42 1 202
49 1 202
53 1 202
59 1 202
90 1 202
132 1 202
161 1 202
164 1 202
183 1 202
184 2 202
193 2 202
199 1 202
201 1 202
202 6 202
203 2 202
204 1 202
205 1 202
209 1 202
210 1 202
212 1 202
213 1 202
217 1 202
220 1 202
222 1 202
224 1 202
243 1 202
284 1 202
286 1 202
294 1 202
421 1 202
465 1 202
466 1 202
490 1 202
491 1 202
506 1 202
507 1 202
510 1 202
512 1 202
543 1 202
588 1 202
591 1 202
595 1 202
603 1 202
604 1 202
613 1 202
622 1 202
623 1 202
624 1 202
629 1 202
633 1 202
639 1 202
659 1 202
676 1 202
711 1 202
722 1 202
723 1 202
726 1 202
728 1 202
730 1 202
731 1 202
732 1 202
799 1 202
800 1 202
808 1 202
809 1 202
810 1 202
813 1 202
814 1 202
820 1 202
822 1 202
828 1 202
870 1 202
879 1 202
891 1 202
928 1 202
959 1 202
965 1 202
973 1 202
1091 1 202
1151 1 202
1283 1 202
1298 1 202
1299 1 202
1363 1 202
1366 1 202
1367 1 202
1368 1 202
1396 1 202
1396 1 202
.I 203
.T
Analysis of Recorded Biomedical Book and Journal Use in the Yale Medical
Library
Part I. Date and Subject Relations
.A
Stangl, Peter
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
Analysis of book and journal circulation is based on cancelled charge slips
collected over a one-year period in the Yale Medical Library.. About two-fifths
of material circulated were monographs.. Books and journals in seven subject
fields provided over half of the circulation.. Approximately two-thirds of both
books and journals used had been published during the most recent nine years..
A subject-by-subject examination of the ratio of books to journals circulating
revealed that, in subject where proportionally more journals than books were
taken out of the Library, books were of more recent imprint dates than were
journals, contrary to the overall pattern.. Date distribution of books and
journals by subject was also studied.. Results are illustrated with graphs and
tables..
.X
2 1 203
33 2 203
36 4 203
41 2 203
57 1 203
76 1 203
89 1 203
90 1 203
97 1 203
102 1 203
111 1 203
112 1 203
132 1 203
137 1 203
139 1 203
152 1 203
155 1 203
161 1 203
163 1 203
181 1 203
182 1 203
183 7 203
184 6 203
193 4 203
195 3 203
196 2 203
198 1 203
199 3 203
201 6 203
202 2 203
203 15 203
204 6 203
205 4 203
209 1 203
210 5 203
212 1 203
217 1 203
220 1 203
222 1 203
225 2 203
233 1 203
267 1 203
269 1 203
284 1 203
286 1 203
294 1 203
359 1 203
373 3 203
395 1 203
475 1 203
543 1 203
545 1 203
552 3 203
587 2 203
588 1 203
605 1 203
613 2 203
614 1 203
624 1 203
638 1 203
667 1 203
735 1 203
747 1 203
748 1 203
750 2 203
751 1 203
753 1 203
759 1 203
760 1 203
765 1 203
766 1 203
767 2 203
774 1 203
775 2 203
778 1 203
782 1 203
784 1 203
787 1 203
788 2 203
789 2 203
791 1 203
792 1 203
793 2 203
799 1 203
800 3 203
808 2 203
889 1 203
905 2 203
953 1 203
959 1 203
977 4 203
983 1 203
1016 1 203
1023 1 203
1030 1 203
1055 2 203
1056 1 203
1071 1 203
1081 1 203
1082 1 203
1083 1 203
1085 1 203
1086 1 203
1087 1 203
1090 1 203
1135 1 203
1147 1 203
1151 1 203
1201 1 203
1203 1 203
1256 1 203
1260 1 203
1275 2 203
1276 1 203
1278 2 203
1280 1 203
1285 1 203
1286 1 203
1287 1 203
1302 2 203
1335 1 203
1352 1 203
1369 1 203
1390 1 203
1397 4 203
1401 1 203
1417 2 203
1418 1 203
1428 1 203
1432 1 203
1451 1 203
1451 1 203
.I 204
.T
Analysis of Recorded Biomedical Book and Journal Use in the Yale Medical
Library
Part II. Subject and User Relations
.A
Stangl, Peter
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
Cancelled charge slips collected over a one-year period supply the data for
this analysis of circulation in the Yale Medical Library.. Full-time teacher
faculty are the heaviest users of journal literature, and students, of
monograph literature.. Faculties of Medical School departments are compared in
terms of their use of material in individual subjects.. Subject literatures are
analyzed in terms of groups of users borrowing from them.. The extent to which
journal titles used by medical students are also used by Medical School
faculty is examined.. One of the products of the study is a rank list of
journal titles used in the Library.. Results are presented in several tables..
.X
2 1 204
33 1 204
36 2 204
57 1 204
76 2 204
89 1 204
90 1 204
132 1 204
137 1 204
139 1 204
152 1 204
155 1 204
161 1 204
181 1 204
182 1 204
183 4 204
184 5 204
193 4 204
195 2 204
196 1 204
198 1 204
199 1 204
201 5 204
202 1 204
203 6 204
204 7 204
205 4 204
209 1 204
210 2 204
212 1 204
217 1 204
220 1 204
222 1 204
233 1 204
267 1 204
284 1 204
286 1 204
294 1 204
359 1 204
395 1 204
475 1 204
543 1 204
552 3 204
587 1 204
588 1 204
613 1 204
624 1 204
667 1 204
735 1 204
748 1 204
750 1 204
751 1 204
759 1 204
760 1 204
765 1 204
766 1 204
767 1 204
774 1 204
775 1 204
778 1 204
784 1 204
787 1 204
788 1 204
789 1 204
791 1 204
792 1 204
793 1 204
799 1 204
800 2 204
808 1 204
828 1 204
959 1 204
977 1 204
1055 2 204
1056 1 204
1081 1 204
1082 1 204
1083 1 204
1085 1 204
1086 1 204
1151 1 204
1201 1 204
1278 1 204
1369 1 204
1397 2 204
1401 1 204
1417 1 204
1418 1 204
1432 1 204
1451 1 204
1451 1 204
.I 205
.T
The Circulation Analysis of Serial Use: Numbers Game or Key to Service?
.A
Raisig, Miles L.
.W
The conventionally erected and reported circulation analysis of serial use
in the individual and the feeder library is found to be statistically invalid
and misleading, since it measures neither the intellectual use of the serial's
contents nor the physical handlings or serial units, and is nonrepresentative
of the in-depth library use of serials.. It fails utterly to report or even to
suggest the relation of intralibrary and interlibrary serial resources.. The
actual mechanics of the serial use analysis, and the active variables in the
library situation which affect serial use, are demonstrated in a simulated
analysis and are explained at length.. A positive design is offered for the
objective gathering and reporting of data on the local intellectual use and
physical handling of serials and the relating of resources.. Data gathering in
the feeder library, and implications for the extension of the feeder library's
resources, are discussed..
.X
33 1 205
36 2 205
57 1 205
90 1 205
161 1 205
181 1 205
182 1 205
183 2 205
184 3 205
193 3 205
195 1 205
196 1 205
199 1 205
201 4 205
202 1 205
203 4 205
204 4 205
205 5 205
209 1 205
210 1 205
212 1 205
217 1 205
220 1 205
222 1 205
233 1 205
267 1 205
284 1 205
286 1 205
294 1 205
359 1 205
395 1 205
543 1 205
587 1 205
588 1 205
613 1 205
614 1 205
624 1 205
638 1 205
667 1 205
748 1 205
750 1 205
751 1 205
759 1 205
765 1 205
767 1 205
778 1 205
787 1 205
791 1 205
792 1 205
793 1 205
799 1 205
800 2 205
808 1 205
959 1 205
977 1 205
1081 1 205
1082 1 205
1083 1 205
1085 1 205
1086 1 205
1151 1 205
1201 1 205
1278 1 205
1352 1 205
1369 2 205
1401 1 205
1417 1 205
1418 1 205
1418 1 205
.I 206
.T
Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and
Managing Library Services:
I. Project Goals and Approach
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Pings, Vern M.
.A
Pizer, Irwin H.
.A
Olson, Edwin E.
.W
In July 1966, the Institute for Advancement of Medical Communication began
work on a project aimed at developing methods for collecting objective data
suitable for planning and guiding local, regional, and national programs to
improve biomedical libraries and the biomedical information complex.. This
article constitutes an introduction to a series of reports on the methodologic
tools that have been developed.. It describes the overall purpose and initial
goals of the project, gives the general plan of the work, and presents five
basic concepts that underlie the project's approach and structure the entire
effort..
.X
31 1 206
46 1 206
61 1 206
67 1 206
70 1 206
71 1 206
72 1 206
73 1 206
119 1 206
131 1 206
133 1 206
135 1 206
136 1 206
153 1 206
175 1 206
178 1 206
181 1 206
206 13 206
207 7 206
208 8 206
217 1 206
245 2 206
266 2 206
270 1 206
272 1 206
277 1 206
282 1 206
382 1 206
408 3 206
458 2 206
481 1 206
483 1 206
485 1 206
591 1 206
748 1 206
779 1 206
780 1 206
891 1 206
925 2 206
962 1 206
964 2 206
970 1 206
976 3 206
981 1 206
982 1 206
1005 1 206
1007 1 206
1011 1 206
1080 1 206
1205 1 206
1214 1 206
1317 3 206
1358 1 206
1400 2 206
1402 1 206
1407 1 206
1410 1 206
1417 1 206
1417 1 206
.I 207
.T
Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and
Managing Library Services:
II. Measuring a Library's Capability for Providing Documents
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Pings, Vern M.
.A
Pizer, Irwin H.
.A
Olson, Edwin E.
.A
Spencer, Carol C.
.W
A method of measuring a library's capability for providing the documents its
users need has been developed.. The library is tested with representative
sample of such documents to determine how long would be required for users to
obtain these documents.. Test results are expressed in terms of a Capability
Index, which has a maximal value of 100 only if all the sample documents are
found "on shelf".. Specific tests employing samples of 300 documents have been
developed that are appropriate for academic an for "reservoir" biomedical
libraries.. Realistic field trials have demonstrated that these two tests are
practical to administer and that test results are adequately reproducible..
When strict comparability is not important, a library can test itself.. In
assessing a reservoir library, test results are supplemented by data on its
typical processing time for interlibrary loan requests.. Currently these tests
are being used in a national survey.. The general method is applicable to other
types of libraries, provided appropriate test samples are established.. If
their limitations are clearly understood, these "Document Delivery Tests"
can be valuable tools for planning and managing library services..
.X
4 2 207
5 1 207
9 2 207
31 1 207
32 1 207
46 1 207
61 1 207
67 1 207
70 1 207
71 1 207
72 1 207
73 1 207
96 1 207
131 1 207
133 1 207
135 1 207
136 1 207
137 1 207
153 1 207
163 1 207
175 1 207
181 2 207
206 7 207
207 17 207
208 6 207
217 2 207
222 1 207
223 1 207
234 2 207
245 2 207
266 2 207
270 1 207
272 1 207
277 1 207
282 1 207
296 1 207
297 1 207
298 1 207
300 1 207
301 1 207
302 1 207
358 1 207
364 2 207
382 1 207
408 1 207
456 1 207
458 2 207
481 1 207
483 1 207
485 1 207
502 2 207
515 1 207
535 1 207
549 1 207
625 1 207
629 1 207
631 1 207
634 1 207
638 2 207
748 1 207
764 1 207
766 1 207
768 1 207
774 1 207
779 1 207
780 1 207
783 1 207
791 1 207
799 1 207
811 7 207
816 4 207
818 1 207
823 1 207
843 1 207
844 1 207
846 1 207
891 1 207
913 1 207
915 1 207
925 4 207
939 1 207
948 1 207
959 1 207
960 1 207
961 3 207
962 3 207
963 1 207
964 5 207
968 1 207
976 1 207
981 1 207
982 1 207
994 1 207
1005 1 207
1015 1 207
1068 1 207
1203 1 207
1205 1 207
1242 1 207
1247 1 207
1268 1 207
1317 2 207
1321 1 207
1354 1 207
1358 1 207
1400 2 207
1402 1 207
1407 2 207
1410 1 207
1417 1 207
1445 1 207
1445 1 207
.I 208
.T
Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and
Managing Library Services:
III. Standardized Inventories of Library Services
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Pings, Vern M.
.A
Olson, Edwin E.
.A
Pizer, Irwin H.
.W
A standardized procedure was developed for eliciting those details for a
library's service policies that are important to its users and for recording
the data by checking appropriate categories on a form.. This inventory
procedure covers the entire spectrum of user services and accommodates a wide
range of policies.. The inventory was originally designed for use by trained
interviewers in large-scale surveys of academic medical libraries.. However,
it is also suitable for other kinds of libraries, and the Interview Guide and
Checklist can be used for a self-survey by library stuff.. In addition to
survey use, the inventory has a variety of educational, administrative,
managerial, and research applications.. A methods for weighting the categorical
inventory data to reflect the relative desirability of different policies makes
it possible to calculate scores indicating how a library's policies compare
with those of an "optimal" library.. An analogous inventory of the services a
library provides to other libraries was developed for surveying major backup
resources in the medical library system..
.X
31 1 208
46 1 208
61 1 208
67 1 208
70 1 208
71 1 208
72 1 208
73 1 208
135 1 208
175 1 208
181 2 208
206 8 208
207 6 208
208 12 208
217 2 208
222 1 208
223 1 208
245 1 208
266 2 208
270 1 208
272 1 208
277 1 208
282 1 208
358 1 208
382 1 208
385 1 208
408 2 208
415 1 208
458 1 208
481 1 208
483 1 208
485 1 208
591 1 208
748 1 208
779 1 208
780 1 208
816 1 208
891 1 208
925 2 208
962 1 208
964 3 208
970 1 208
976 2 208
981 1 208
982 1 208
1005 2 208
1007 1 208
1018 1 208
1056 1 208
1205 1 208
1317 2 208
1358 1 208
1384 1 208
1400 1 208
1402 1 208
1407 1 208
1410 1 208
1417 1 208
1417 1 208
.I 209
.T
Survey of the Card Catalog in Medical Libraries
.A
Pachefsky, Reva
.W
A survey of present uses and arrangement of medical library card catalogs
was made in order to determine current practices and trends.. Attention was
focused on the influences of MeSH on the card catalog.. The results indicate
that the prevalent type of card catalog found in medical libraries is the
divided catalog.. In addition, it appears that this catalog arrangement is
gaining acceptance, and the trend is toward division.. MeSH has an effect on
the organization of the card catalog; libraries indicate that it is an
influential factor in the decision to divide the catalog..
.X
33 1 209
36 1 209
90 1 209
161 1 209
183 1 209
184 1 209
193 1 209
199 1 209
201 1 209
202 1 209
203 1 209
204 1 209
205 1 209
209 6 209
212 1 209
217 1 209
220 1 209
222 1 209
276 2 209
284 1 209
286 1 209
294 1 209
326 1 209
543 1 209
588 1 209
613 1 209
624 1 209
799 1 209
800 1 209
808 1 209
928 2 209
959 1 209
963 1 209
973 2 209
1151 1 209
1151 1 209
.I 210
.T
Survey of Medical Literature Borrowed from the National Lending Library
for Science and Technology
.A
Wood, David N.
.A
Bower, Cathryn A.
.W
This paper reports the results of a four-week questionnaire survey carried
out at the National Lending Library (N.L.L.), Great Britian, to discover which
types of organizations were the principal users of medical literature, what
types of literature were used, and which were the main sources of references
to medical publications..Industrial organizations and universities accounted
for the majority (62 percent) of the loans, most of which were English-language
periodicals published since 1960.. For the whole sample, citation list in
periodical articles were the principal sources of references, although for
literature published in the last fifteen months, abstracting and indexing
journals were the main sources.. Of the latter, Index Medicus proved to be the
most fruitful source of references.. By asking whether the item requested was
really useful to their work, a measure of the reliability of the different
sources of references was obtained..
Appendixes include the questionnaire, a list of the most frequently borrowed
journals, and a list of abstracting and indexing journals used as sources of
references..
.X
2 1 210
24 1 210
33 1 210
36 1 210
41 1 210
55 1 210
62 1 210
65 1 210
66 1 210
75 1 210
76 2 210
89 1 210
97 1 210
102 1 210
111 1 210
112 1 210
132 1 210
137 2 210
139 1 210
147 1 210
152 1 210
155 1 210
163 1 210
183 3 210
184 1 210
193 2 210
195 1 210
196 1 210
199 1 210
201 1 210
202 1 210
203 5 210
204 2 210
205 1 210
210 11 210
219 1 210
225 3 210
269 1 210
278 1 210
279 1 210
280 1 210
355 1 210
359 1 210
373 1 210
386 1 210
395 1 210
398 1 210
475 1 210
545 1 210
552 2 210
587 1 210
605 1 210
613 1 210
614 2 210
638 1 210
658 1 210
716 1 210
735 1 210
747 1 210
748 2 210
750 1 210
753 1 210
760 1 210
763 1 210
766 1 210
767 1 210
774 1 210
775 2 210
782 2 210
784 1 210
788 5 210
789 3 210
793 1 210
800 1 210
808 1 210
837 1 210
905 1 210
925 1 210
953 1 210
977 2 210
983 1 210
986 1 210
1016 1 210
1023 1 210
1030 1 210
1050 1 210
1055 3 210
1056 1 210
1083 1 210
1086 1 210
1087 1 210
1090 1 210
1135 1 210
1254 1 210
1260 1 210
1275 1 210
1276 1 210
1278 1 210
1280 1 210
1285 1 210
1286 1 210
1287 1 210
1291 1 210
1302 1 210
1335 1 210
1361 1 210
1369 1 210
1390 1 210
1397 1 210
1400 1 210
1404 2 210
1417 1 210
1428 1 210
1432 1 210
1451 1 210
1451 1 210
.I 211
.T
A Regional Medical Library Network
.A
Pizer, Irwin H.
.W
The raison d'etre for cooperative networks is discussed, and the development
of the SUNY Biomedical Communication Network is traces briefly; a description
of the system and its products is given.. The cooperative cataloging program
engaged in with the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine and the National
Library of Medicine is described, as are the efforts of the Network in the
production of regional and state-wide union lists of serials..
.X
18 1 211
27 1 211
36 1 211
66 1 211
67 1 211
71 1 211
72 1 211
73 1 211
74 1 211
75 2 211
77 1 211
78 1 211
79 1 211
81 1 211
82 1 211
83 1 211
86 1 211
124 1 211
125 1 211
127 1 211
129 1 211
145 2 211
153 1 211
156 1 211
172 1 211
185 1 211
190 1 211
191 1 211
197 1 211
198 1 211
200 1 211
201 1 211
211 13 211
212 1 211
214 2 211
216 1 211
217 2 211
218 2 211
220 2 211
243 1 211
245 1 211
277 1 211
279 1 211
280 1 211
281 1 211
307 1 211
330 1 211
378 2 211
382 1 211
440 1 211
450 1 211
451 1 211
452 3 211
453 1 211
459 1 211
467 1 211
468 2 211
484 1 211
486 1 211
492 1 211
495 1 211
506 1 211
508 2 211
511 2 211
512 2 211
514 2 211
517 1 211
518 1 211
520 2 211
521 1 211
523 2 211
524 2 211
525 1 211
526 2 211
528 1 211
529 1 211
530 1 211
534 1 211
546 2 211
553 1 211
576 1 211
579 1 211
580 1 211
586 1 211
594 2 211
603 1 211
604 2 211
606 1 211
609 2 211
610 1 211
611 1 211
612 2 211
619 1 211
622 1 211
623 1 211
625 1 211
626 1 211
629 1 211
630 1 211
631 1 211
632 1 211
633 1 211
636 1 211
637 1 211
642 1 211
648 1 211
650 1 211
692 1 211
696 1 211
699 2 211
700 1 211
703 1 211
705 2 211
707 1 211
708 1 211
720 1 211
723 1 211
726 2 211
727 2 211
728 2 211
729 1 211
730 1 211
731 2 211
732 1 211
733 1 211
734 1 211
736 1 211
738 1 211
739 1 211
740 1 211
741 1 211
742 1 211
743 1 211
744 1 211
748 1 211
754 1 211
755 1 211
785 1 211
786 1 211
787 1 211
788 1 211
789 1 211
791 1 211
812 1 211
813 1 211
814 1 211
820 2 211
822 1 211
826 1 211
827 1 211
850 1 211
866 1 211
870 1 211
873 1 211
879 1 211
883 1 211
891 2 211
925 1 211
979 1 211
984 1 211
1004 1 211
1030 1 211
1035 2 211
1051 2 211
1078 2 211
1089 2 211
1091 2 211
1143 1 211
1147 1 211
1207 1 211
1213 1 211
1264 2 211
1275 1 211
1297 1 211
1302 1 211
1303 3 211
1356 1 211
1364 1 211
1366 1 211
1367 1 211
1368 3 211
1370 1 211
1372 1 211
1373 1 211
1374 1 211
1375 1 211
1376 1 211
1377 1 211
1396 1 211
1397 1 211
1397 1 211
.I 212
.T
Thesaural Problems in an On-Line System
.A
Cain, Alexander M.
.W
This paper describes the construction of a synonym thesaurus or entry
vocabulary for the SUNY Biomedical Communication Network, which will permit
the user greater ease of access to MeSH-indexed material without previously
consulting a printed list of indexed terms.. In order to discover the actual
terminalogy used by a researcher, words were extracted from titles of articles
appearing in Index Medicus, and compared with the subject heading under which
they appeared.. As well as strict synonyms, grammatical variants were also
included.. Work is continuing on relating other indexing vocabularies, such as
Excerpta Medica and Current Medical Terminalogy, used in the biomedical world
to MeSH terms..
.X
30 1 212
33 1 212
36 1 212
71 2 212
72 1 212
73 1 212
74 1 212
75 2 212
77 2 212
78 2 212
79 2 212
80 1 212
81 2 212
82 2 212
83 2 212
86 1 212
90 1 212
114 1 212
153 1 212
154 2 212
156 1 212
161 1 212
172 1 212
183 1 212
184 1 212
191 1 212
193 1 212
194 2 212
199 1 212
201 1 212
202 1 212
203 1 212
204 1 212
205 1 212
209 1 212
211 1 212
212 5 212
217 1 212
220 1 212
222 1 212
245 1 212
247 1 212
274 1 212
277 1 212
279 1 212
280 1 212
284 1 212
286 1 212
294 1 212
417 1 212
446 1 212
458 2 212
485 1 212
486 1 212
543 1 212
572 1 212
577 1 212
579 1 212
581 1 212
588 1 212
613 1 212
615 1 212
624 1 212
627 1 212
640 1 212
666 1 212
720 1 212
748 1 212
770 1 212
785 1 212
786 1 212
787 1 212
788 1 212
789 1 212
791 1 212
796 1 212
799 1 212
800 1 212
802 1 212
808 1 212
838 1 212
853 1 212
902 1 212
925 1 212
959 1 212
984 1 212
1033 1 212
1084 1 212
1151 1 212
1279 1 212
1387 1 212
1392 1 212
1393 1 212
1431 2 212
1448 1 212
1448 1 212
.I 213
.T
The Role of the Medical Librarian in SDI Systems
.A
Garfield, Eugene
.W
Many ongoing selective dissemination systems designers assume that the
librarian can be omitted from active participation in execution of the master
plan.. ISI's four years of experience with ASCA service have shown that
librarians must be an integral part of the system and engage in a active
dialogue between users and the machine.. Specific examples of how
librarians can best serve the information needs of scientists using SDI systems
are examined.. It is the basic contention of this paper that the librarian
should serve as an intermediary between users and the numerous new information
media.. In this manner the librarian can filter and translate the requirements
of individual scientists to conform with the inherent limitations of all
machine systems while exploiting their capabilities to the fullest..
.X
13 1 213
18 1 213
34 1 213
49 1 213
53 1 213
59 1 213
65 1 213
75 1 213
76 2 213
121 1 213
156 1 213
164 1 213
202 1 213
213 5 213
214 1 213
224 2 213
243 1 213
381 1 213
382 3 213
421 1 213
465 2 213
466 2 213
490 1 213
491 2 213
495 1 213
506 2 213
507 1 213
510 1 213
512 1 213
591 1 213
595 1 213
603 1 213
604 1 213
622 1 213
623 1 213
629 1 213
633 1 213
639 1 213
659 1 213
676 2 213
696 1 213
711 1 213
720 1 213
722 1 213
723 1 213
726 1 213
728 1 213
730 1 213
731 1 213
732 1 213
779 1 213
790 1 213
809 1 213
810 1 213
813 1 213
814 1 213
820 1 213
822 1 213
828 1 213
870 2 213
879 1 213
914 1 213
986 1 213
1055 1 213
1083 1 213
1086 1 213
1091 1 213
1283 1 213
1295 1 213
1297 1 213
1298 1 213
1299 1 213
1362 1 213
1363 2 213
1366 1 213
1367 1 213
1368 1 213
1396 1 213
1396 1 213
.I 214
.T
Library Participation in a Biomedical Communication and Information Network
.A
Bridegam, Willis E., Jr.
.A
Meyerhoff, Erich
.W
The experience of two libraries participating in the SUNY Biomedical
Communication Network is described.. The history of the Network if briefly
given together with its original aims and their current status.. Use of the
terminals and formulation of queries are explained.. Figures are given for
total costs, number of searches performed, and cost per search.. There is a
account of the internal structure of the administration of the Network..
.X
65 1 214
75 1 214
76 1 214
119 1 214
124 1 214
127 1 214
129 1 214
156 1 214
172 1 214
190 1 214
191 1 214
197 1 214
211 2 214
213 1 214
214 5 214
216 1 214
217 1 214
218 3 214
220 1 214
241 1 214
243 1 214
250 1 214
307 1 214
330 1 214
340 1 214
348 1 214
375 1 214
378 1 214
382 1 214
408 1 214
450 1 214
451 1 214
452 1 214
459 1 214
468 1 214
484 1 214
492 1 214
495 1 214
508 1 214
511 1 214
512 1 214
514 1 214
518 1 214
520 1 214
523 1 214
524 1 214
525 1 214
526 1 214
529 1 214
530 1 214
534 1 214
546 1 214
553 1 214
579 1 214
594 1 214
603 1 214
604 1 214
606 1 214
609 1 214
610 1 214
611 1 214
612 1 214
625 1 214
626 1 214
630 1 214
636 1 214
637 1 214
642 1 214
648 1 214
650 1 214
692 1 214
696 1 214
699 1 214
703 1 214
705 1 214
708 1 214
726 1 214
727 1 214
728 1 214
731 1 214
732 1 214
733 1 214
734 1 214
736 1 214
738 1 214
739 1 214
740 1 214
741 1 214
742 1 214
743 1 214
744 1 214
755 1 214
779 1 214
790 1 214
820 1 214
826 1 214
827 1 214
855 1 214
879 1 214
883 1 214
891 1 214
916 1 214
986 2 214
1004 1 214
1012 2 214
1030 1 214
1035 1 214
1055 1 214
1078 1 214
1083 1 214
1084 1 214
1086 1 214
1089 1 214
1091 1 214
1147 1 214
1188 1 214
1207 1 214
1264 1 214
1295 1 214
1297 2 214
1303 1 214
1356 1 214
1364 1 214
1368 1 214
1370 1 214
1372 1 214
1373 1 214
1374 1 214
1375 1 214
1376 1 214
1377 1 214
1379 1 214
1379 1 214
.I 215
.T
Selected Reference Aids for Small Medical Libraries
.A
Duncan, Howertine Farrell
.W
This annotated list of 178 items is compiled as a guide to the development
of the reference collection in a small medical library..
Arrangement, following the pattern of the previous revision, is by broad
subject groups.. Titles are chiefly in English.. Textbooks in subject fields
have been omitted since these are covered adequately in several comprehensive
guides to the literature..
.X
41 1 215
87 1 215
115 1 215
183 1 215
189 1 215
192 3 215
196 3 215
215 7 215
219 3 215
221 4 215
359 1 215
410 1 215
415 2 215
943 1 215
944 1 215
949 2 215
1071 7 215
1085 1 215
1086 1 215
1090 1 215
1147 2 215
1302 2 215
1352 1 215
1352 1 215
.I 216
.T
Coordination of Regional Libraries with Regional Medical Program Projects
.A
Kefauver, David F.
.W
The Medical Library Assistance Act authorized the Regional Medical Library
Program to improve information services in health fields, as well as other
programs designed to help the health worker.. Both the RMLP and the Regional
Medical Program are based on regional cooperation to enhance the value of
available resources, and to enable health workers away from main centers to
use them.. Services with Regional Medical Libraries must supply are described..
As this program develops, more than conventional library services will be
provided..
Regional Medical Programs stress the continuing education of health-related
personnel, and their need for health information; libraries are necessarily
involved in such programs.. The regions of the RMP are smaller than those of
the RMLP, and the smaller regional focus may be an advantage..
Specific examples of the coordination of library services and library-
oriented programs are given..
.X
87 1 216
172 1 216
192 1 216
211 1 216
214 1 216
216 5 216
217 1 216
218 1 216
220 1 216
297 1 216
891 2 216
1030 1 216
1147 1 216
1390 1 216
1390 1 216
.I 217
.T
User Services Offered By Medical School Libraries in 1968:
Results of a National Survey Employing New Methodology
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Bloomquist, Harold
.A
Cruzat, Gwendolyn S.
.A
Schless, Arthur P.
.W
The breadth and depth of services that ninety-two medical school libraries
offer to individual user were ascertained by interviewing the heads of these
libraries, employing a standardized inventory procedure developed earlier
(Bulletin 56:380-403, Oct.1968).. Selected aspects of the descriptive data
obtained on services to faculty and to medical students are presented and
commented upon.. Comparisons with the findings of earlies surveys suggest
that increases in the stuffs and budgets of medical school libraries over the
past two decades have gone largely to supporting a rapidly increasing volume of
service, rather than to any striking increase in the breadth and depth of
services.. To facilitate summarization and comparisons among libraries the
descriptive data were weighted and converted to quantitative measures; the
weighting scheme was established by a group of five academic medical librarians
to reflect the relative values the group assigned to different services..
One these quantitative measures, the percentage score for overall services
relative to the optimal library, summarizes a library,s services in a single
figure.. On this measure, medical school libraries ranged from 38 percent to
87 percent; the median overall score was 63 percent.. Results of some
exploratory analysis are described; these analyses attempted ti find
explanations for the observed differences among libraries and among geographical
regions on the quantitative measures.. Present and potential uses of the survey
data for managerial and research purposes are discussed.. One of the most
important of these uses is in establishing and implementing standards -
activities which should be carried out by the library profession itself - and
recommendations are made for a program of such activities that is appropriate
for the Medical Library Association..
.X
33 1 217
36 2 217
90 1 217
161 1 217
172 1 217
181 1 217
183 1 217
184 1 217
185 1 217
193 1 217
198 1 217
199 1 217
201 2 217
202 1 217
203 1 217
204 1 217
205 1 217
206 1 217
207 2 217
208 2 217
209 1 217
211 2 217
212 1 217
214 1 217
216 1 217
217 8 217
218 1 217
220 3 217
222 2 217
223 1 217
243 1 217
249 1 217
284 1 217
286 1 217
294 1 217
364 1 217
385 1 217
502 1 217
543 1 217
588 1 217
591 1 217
598 1 217
613 1 217
624 1 217
748 1 217
779 1 217
799 1 217
800 1 217
808 1 217
811 1 217
816 1 217
891 3 217
959 1 217
962 1 217
964 1 217
1030 1 217
1147 1 217
1151 1 217
1275 1 217
1397 1 217
1403 1 217
1403 1 217
.I 218
.T
The National Biomedical Communications Network as a Developing Structure
.A
Davis, Ruth M.
.W
The National Biomedical Communications Network has evolved both from a set
of conceptual recommendations over the last twelve years and an accumulation
of needs manifesting themselves in the requests of members of the medical
community.. With a short history of three years this network and its developing
structure have exhibited most of the stresses of technology interfacing with
customer groups, and of a structure attempting to build itself upon many
existing fragmentary unconnected segments of a potentially viable resource-
sharing capability..
In addition to addressing these topics, the paper treats a design appropriate
to any network devoted to information transfer in a special interest user
community.. It discusses fundamentals of network design, highlighting that
network structure most appropriate to a national information network.. Examples
are given of cost analyses of information services and certain conjectures are
offered concerning the roles of national networks..
.X
66 1 218
124 1 218
127 1 218
129 1 218
172 1 218
190 1 218
191 1 218
197 2 218
211 2 218
214 3 218
216 1 218
217 1 218
218 10 218
220 1 218
243 2 218
250 1 218
253 1 218
307 1 218
330 1 218
332 1 218
340 1 218
348 1 218
375 2 218
378 1 218
408 1 218
450 1 218
451 1 218
452 1 218
459 1 218
468 1 218
484 1 218
492 2 218
497 1 218
506 1 218
507 1 218
508 2 218
510 1 218
511 1 218
512 1 218
514 1 218
518 1 218
520 1 218
523 1 218
524 1 218
525 1 218
526 1 218
529 1 218
530 1 218
534 1 218
546 2 218
548 1 218
553 1 218
579 1 218
593 1 218
594 3 218
601 1 218
603 1 218
604 2 218
606 2 218
607 1 218
609 1 218
610 1 218
611 1 218
612 1 218
625 1 218
626 1 218
630 1 218
636 1 218
637 1 218
642 1 218
648 1 218
650 1 218
692 1 218
696 1 218
699 1 218
703 1 218
705 1 218
708 1 218
726 1 218
727 1 218
728 1 218
731 1 218
732 1 218
733 1 218
734 1 218
736 1 218
738 1 218
739 1 218
740 1 218
741 1 218
742 1 218
743 1 218
744 1 218
755 1 218
820 1 218
826 1 218
827 1 218
855 1 218
866 1 218
867 1 218
879 1 218
883 1 218
891 1 218
986 1 218
1004 1 218
1012 1 218
1030 1 218
1035 2 218
1042 1 218
1078 1 218
1087 1 218
1089 1 218
1091 1 218
1147 1 218
1188 1 218
1207 1 218
1264 1 218
1297 1 218
1303 1 218
1327 1 218
1356 1 218
1364 1 218
1368 1 218
1370 1 218
1372 1 218
1373 1 218
1374 1 218
1375 1 218
1376 1 218
1377 1 218
1379 1 218
1379 1 218
.I 219
.T
Selected Lists of Journals for the Small Medical Library:
A Comparative Analysis
.A
Timour, John A.
.W
The results of a survey and weighted summary of all major suggested journal
subscription lists for hospital libraries are described.. A total of ninety-one
titles taken from 225 titles examined is listed under thirty-three subject
headings.. Contrasts are made for the titles and subject headings employed by
others, and the potential of Stearns' "core collection" concept for small
medical libraries is dealt with in detail..
.X
41 1 219
55 1 219
87 1 219
115 1 219
183 1 219
189 1 219
192 1 219
193 1 219
195 1 219
196 3 219
201 1 219
210 1 219
215 3 219
219 6 219
221 2 219
225 1 219
359 1 219
415 1 219
614 2 219
638 1 219
748 1 219
821 1 219
905 1 219
943 1 219
944 1 219
1071 4 219
1085 1 219
1086 2 219
1090 1 219
1147 1 219
1275 1 219
1302 3 219
1352 1 219
1355 1 219
1369 1 219
1397 1 219
1397 1 219
.I 220
.T
The Medical Library Assistance Act:
An Analysis of the NLM Extramural Programs, 1965-1970
.A
Cummings, Martin M.
.A
Corning, Mary E.
.W
The imbalance between medical library resources and information needs of the
health professional led to a reexamination of the mandate for the National
Library of Medicine.. Legislation known as the Medical Library Assistance Act
(MLAA) was passed in 1965 which enabled the NLM to (1) initiate programs to
assist the nation's medical libraries and (2) develop a medical library network
with the establishment of regional medical libraries to link the NLM with local
institutions..
The National Library of Medicine, through the MLAA, has made available $40.8
million to the medical library community under a competitive grant and contract
mechanism for the period July 1965 - June 1970.. A total of 604 projects has
been executed in resources, research and development, training, construction,
regional medical libraries, publications, and special scientific projects.. An
assessment is given of each of these programs and their impact on both the
National Library of Medicine and individual medical libraries.. In the
aggregate, these programs have significantly improved library and information
services to the professional health user.. The principal limitation has been
inadequate funding to accomplish the level of originally stated objectives..
.X
33 1 220
36 2 220
90 1 220
161 1 220
172 1 220
182 1 220
183 1 220
184 1 220
185 2 220
186 1 220
193 1 220
198 1 220
199 1 220
201 2 220
202 1 220
203 1 220
204 1 220
205 1 220
209 1 220
211 2 220
212 1 220
214 1 220
216 1 220
217 3 220
218 1 220
220 8 220
222 1 220
284 1 220
286 1 220
294 1 220
543 1 220
588 1 220
613 1 220
624 1 220
799 1 220
800 1 220
808 1 220
891 4 220
959 1 220
1030 1 220
1147 1 220
1151 1 220
1275 1 220
1397 1 220
1397 1 220
.I 221
.T
A Bookshelf in Public Health, Medical Care, and Allied Fields
.A
La Rocco, August
.A
Jones, Barbara
.W
This bibliography of nonserial publications consists of 610 annotations..
It is intended as a guide to the development of a collection for librarians
and for health professionals in research and education.. References are mostly
to publications from 1960.. Titles are in English.. Both primary and secondary
sources are cited..
.X
41 1 221
115 1 221
183 1 221
189 1 221
192 2 221
196 2 221
215 4 221
219 2 221
221 5 221
359 2 221
415 2 221
748 1 221
767 1 221
775 1 221
905 1 221
943 1 221
944 1 221
949 1 221
952 1 221
1071 5 221
1085 1 221
1086 1 221
1090 1 221
1147 1 221
1275 1 221
1302 3 221
1352 1 221
1352 1 221
.I 222
.T
Review of Criteria Used to Measure Library Effectiveness
.A
Evans, Edward
.A
Borko, Harold
.A
Ferguson, Patricia
.W
This article reports the results of survey of literature on measures of
library effectiveness.. This survey led to the formulation of six criterion
concepts (accessibility, cost, user satisfaction, response time, cost/benefit
ratio and use).. The advantages and disadvantages of each method of
measurement are discussed.. Several points which became clear during the
analysis are discussed.. First, there is a relative lack of concern with the
rationale behind the evaluation process, although the results invariably lead
to a confused interpretation when there is no clear understanding of the
purpose of an evaluation.. Second, the total library system is rarely
considered; instead, each evaluation criterion is taken in isolation rather
than as part of the whole.. Third, the library's preservation function has not
been considered at all..
.X
5 1 222
9 1 222
33 1 222
36 1 222
90 2 222
91 1 222
158 1 222
161 1 222
183 1 222
184 1 222
193 1 222
199 1 222
201 1 222
202 1 222
203 1 222
204 1 222
205 1 222
207 1 222
208 1 222
209 1 222
212 1 222
217 2 222
220 1 222
222 7 222
223 4 222
267 1 222
284 1 222
286 1 222
294 1 222
296 1 222
297 1 222
298 1 222
300 1 222
301 1 222
302 1 222
358 1 222
364 1 222
368 1 222
435 1 222
494 1 222
515 2 222
535 1 222
543 1 222
587 1 222
588 1 222
591 1 222
613 1 222
615 1 222
624 1 222
625 1 222
629 1 222
631 1 222
634 1 222
791 1 222
792 2 222
799 1 222
800 1 222
808 1 222
811 1 222
815 2 222
816 2 222
818 1 222
823 2 222
840 1 222
843 1 222
844 1 222
846 1 222
915 1 222
925 1 222
945 1 222
948 1 222
957 1 222
959 1 222
961 1 222
962 2 222
964 2 222
994 1 222
1015 1 222
1023 1 222
1151 1 222
1219 2 222
1227 1 222
1242 1 222
1247 1 222
1268 1 222
1324 1 222
1354 1 222
1365 1 222
1390 1 222
1416 1 222
1417 1 222
1417 1 222
.I 223
.T
Document Delivery Capabilities of Major Biomedical Libraries in 1968:
Results of a National Survey Employing Standardized Tests
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Schless, Arthur P.
.W
The standardized Document Delivery Tests (DDT's) developed earlier (Bulletin
56: 241-267, July 1968) were employed to assess the capability of ninety-two
medical school libraries for meeting the document needs of biomedical
researchers, and the capability of fifteen major resource libraries for filling
I-L requests from biomedical libraries.. The primary test data are summarized
as statistics on the observed availability status of the 300 plus documents in
the test samples, and as measures expressing capability as a function of the
mean time that would be required for users to obtain test sample documents..
A mathematical model is developed in which the virtual capability of a library,
as seen by its users, equals the algebraic sum of the basic capability afforded
by its holdings; the combined losses attributable to use of its collection,
processing, relative inaccessibility, and housekeeping problems; and the gain
realized by coupling with other resources (I-L borrowing).. For a particular
library, or group of libraries, empirical values for each of these variables
can be calculated easily from the capability measures and the status
statistics.. Regression equations are derived that provide useful predictions
of basic capability from collection size.. The most important result of this
work is that cost-effectiveness analyses can now be used as practical decision
aids in managing a basic library service.. A program of periodic surveys and
further development of DDT's is recommended as appropriate for the Medical
Library Association..
.X
5 1 223
9 1 223
14 1 223
90 1 223
91 1 223
128 1 223
129 1 223
130 1 223
153 1 223
158 1 223
167 1 223
170 1 223
207 1 223
208 1 223
217 1 223
222 4 223
223 6 223
225 1 223
234 1 223
266 1 223
271 1 223
280 1 223
296 1 223
297 1 223
298 1 223
300 1 223
301 1 223
302 1 223
358 1 223
364 1 223
368 1 223
393 1 223
435 1 223
468 1 223
494 1 223
515 1 223
535 1 223
550 1 223
591 1 223
615 1 223
625 1 223
629 1 223
631 1 223
634 1 223
639 1 223
646 1 223
647 1 223
651 1 223
765 1 223
791 1 223
792 1 223
811 1 223
815 2 223
816 2 223
818 2 223
822 1 223
823 2 223
827 1 223
843 1 223
844 1 223
846 1 223
915 1 223
925 1 223
943 1 223
944 1 223
945 1 223
957 1 223
961 1 223
962 2 223
964 2 223
994 1 223
1015 1 223
1019 1 223
1023 1 223
1028 1 223
1070 1 223
1085 1 223
1086 1 223
1090 1 223
1219 1 223
1227 1 223
1242 1 223
1247 1 223
1268 1 223
1354 1 223
1365 1 223
1374 1 223
1390 2 223
1401 1 223
1424 1 223
1437 1 223
1437 1 223
.I 224
.T
The Implementation, Evaluation, and Refinement of a Manual SDI Service
.A
Yunis, Susan S.
.W
The Missouri Institute of Psychiatry Library has implemented an inexpensive,
manual SDI (Selective Dissemination of Information) service based upon the
monthly issues of Index Medicus.. The implementation and refinement of the
system are documented, and the very favorable response to the system is
examined.. The SDI service is compared to Current Contents, with the finding
that 60 percent of the SDI participants prefer it to Current Contents.. For
this select portion of researchers the Index Medicus SDI is the more suitable
mode of current awareness.. For a significant portion of the MIP staff,
however, the score of Index Medicus is too restricted to suitable replace
Current Contents.. All SDI users find it highly acceptable curent awareness
service for use in addition to Current Contents and have indicated the desire
to continue participation in the service..
.X
18 1 224
34 1 224
49 1 224
53 1 224
59 1 224
164 2 224
175 1 224
202 1 224
213 2 224
224 7 224
243 1 224
298 1 224
381 1 224
382 1 224
421 1 224
456 1 224
458 1 224
465 1 224
466 1 224
467 1 224
490 1 224
491 1 224
506 1 224
507 1 224
510 1 224
512 1 224
514 1 224
554 1 224
575 1 224
579 1 224
591 2 224
595 2 224
599 1 224
603 2 224
604 1 224
609 1 224
615 1 224
619 1 224
620 1 224
621 1 224
622 1 224
623 1 224
625 1 224
629 1 224
630 1 224
633 1 224
639 1 224
659 1 224
676 1 224
711 1 224
722 1 224
723 1 224
726 1 224
728 1 224
730 1 224
731 1 224
732 1 224
752 1 224
780 1 224
809 1 224
810 1 224
813 1 224
814 1 224
820 1 224
822 2 224
828 2 224
845 2 224
870 2 224
879 1 224
907 1 224
1091 1 224
1283 1 224
1298 2 224
1299 1 224
1363 1 224
1366 1 224
1367 1 224
1368 1 224
1372 1 224
1374 1 224
1396 2 224
1396 2 224
.I 225
.T
A Method of Estimating the In-House Use of the Periodical Collection in the
University of Minnesota Bio-Medical Library
.A
Tibbetts, Pamela
.W
During two one-week periods in April 1972, information on periodical title
and date was gathered from periodicals collected from study and reshelving
tables of the University of Minnesota Bio-Medical Library.
It was determined that: (1) a few titles accounted for most of the total
use; (2) the relationship between age and amount of use of a journal may be
described by the equation y = ke**(-bx); and (3) the last five years of
publication accounted for 58% of the total use.
.X
10 1 225
33 1 225
36 1 225
41 1 225
55 1 225
89 1 225
97 1 225
102 1 225
111 1 225
112 1 225
128 1 225
129 1 225
130 1 225
163 1 225
167 1 225
183 2 225
184 1 225
190 1 225
193 1 225
199 1 225
203 2 225
210 3 225
219 1 225
223 1 225
225 7 225
234 1 225
244 1 225
269 1 225
280 1 225
304 1 225
305 1 225
306 1 225
358 1 225
373 1 225
385 1 225
393 1 225
394 1 225
433 1 225
459 1 225
468 1 225
494 1 225
534 1 225
545 1 225
552 1 225
587 2 225
605 1 225
613 1 225
614 2 225
638 2 225
639 1 225
646 1 225
647 1 225
651 1 225
702 1 225
731 1 225
732 1 225
735 1 225
747 1 225
748 1 225
750 1 225
753 1 225
764 1 225
765 1 225
766 1 225
767 1 225
775 1 225
782 1 225
784 1 225
788 1 225
789 1 225
793 1 225
800 1 225
808 1 225
817 1 225
818 1 225
820 1 225
822 1 225
823 2 225
825 1 225
826 1 225
827 2 225
828 1 225
905 1 225
925 1 225
943 1 225
944 1 225
947 1 225
948 1 225
953 1 225
977 1 225
983 1 225
1016 1 225
1017 1 225
1023 1 225
1030 1 225
1055 1 225
1058 1 225
1070 1 225
1085 1 225
1086 1 225
1087 1 225
1090 1 225
1135 1 225
1146 1 225
1230 1 225
1257 1 225
1260 1 225
1275 1 225
1276 1 225
1278 1 225
1280 1 225
1285 1 225
1286 1 225
1287 1 225
1302 1 225
1335 1 225
1374 1 225
1390 3 225
1397 1 225
1401 1 225
1417 1 225
1428 1 225
1432 1 225
1437 1 225
1437 1 225
.I 226
.T
A Behavioral Approach to Historical Analysis
.A
Berkhofer, R.F.
.W
To issue a clarion call for historians to adopt a behavioral
approach to their subject may seem as up-to-date and exciting as
last month's newspaper, for it is the academic fashion today to
argue the utility of social science theory in the writing of
history. Books and articles issue forth from the presses in
seeming profusion advocating and even occasionally demonstrating
such an approach. Yet these many pages fail in three significant
ways to accomplish the end they nominally espouse and which I urge.
.X
79 1 226
226 5 226
324 1 226
441 1 226
441 1 226
.I 227
.T
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm
.A
Cyert, R.M.
.W
This book is about the business firm and the way it makes
economic decisions. We propose to make detailed observations
of the procedures by which firms make decisions and
to use these observations as a basis for a theory of decision
making within business organizations. Our articles of faith
are simple. We believe that, in order to understand contemporary
economic decision making, we need to supplement
the study of market factors with an examination of
the internal operation of the firm - to study the effects of
organizational structure and conventional practice on the
development of goals, the formation of expectations, and
the execution of choices.
.X
173 1 227
227 5 227
418 1 227
436 1 227
1025 1 227
1036 1 227
1070 1 227
1150 1 227
1186 1 227
1187 1 227
1188 1 227
1188 1 227
.I 228
.T
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
.A
Shannon, C.E.
.W
The recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM
and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has
intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A basis for
such a theory is contained in the important papers of Nyquist and Hartley
on this subject. In the present paper we will extend the theory to include a
number of new factors, in particular the effect of noise in the channel, and
the savings possible due to the statistical structure of the original message
and due to the nature of the final destination of the information.
The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another
point. Frequently the messages have meaning; that is they refer to or are
correlated according to some system with certain physical or conceptual
entities. These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the
engineering problem. The significant aspect is that the actual message is
one selected from a set of possible messages. The system must be designed
to operate for each possible selection, not just the one which will actually
be chosen since this is unknown at the time of design.
.X
19 2 228
73 1 228
149 1 228
175 1 228
228 18 228
229 10 228
318 1 228
321 3 228
324 1 228
329 3 228
359 1 228
389 1 228
390 1 228
416 3 228
442 3 228
450 2 228
469 1 228
494 1 228
495 2 228
505 1 228
511 3 228
521 1 228
524 3 228
536 1 228
540 1 228
563 1 228
565 1 228
567 1 228
574 1 228
587 1 228
599 1 228
700 1 228
750 1 228
751 1 228
792 1 228
803 1 228
804 1 228
835 2 228
851 2 228
862 2 228
867 2 228
875 1 228
1082 2 228
1085 1 228
1086 1 228
1194 3 228
1199 3 228
1224 1 228
1232 1 228
1274 1 228
1282 1 228
1313 1 228
1396 1 228
1398 1 228
1398 1 228
.I 229
.T
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
.A
Shannon, C.E.
.W
In this final installment of the paper we consider the case where the
signals or the messages or both are continuously variable, in contrast with
the discrete nature assumed until now. To a considerable extent the
continuous case can be obtained through a limiting process from the discrete
case by dividing the continuum of messages and signals into a large but finite
number of small regions and calculating the various parameters involved on
a discrete basis. As the size of the regions is decreased these parameters in
general approach as limits the proper values for the continuous case. There
are, however, a few new effects that appear and also a general change of
emphasis in the direction of specialization of the general results to
particular cases.
We will not attempt, in the continuous case, to obtain our results with
the greatest generality, or with the extreme rigor of pure mathematics, since
this would involve a great deal of abstract measure theory and would
obscure the main thread of the analysis. A preliminary study, however,
indicates that the theory can be formulated in a completely axiomatic and
rigorous manner which includes both the continuous and discrete cases and
many others. The occasional liberties taken with limiting processes in the
present analysis can be justified in all cases of practical interest.
.X
19 1 229
73 1 229
149 1 229
175 1 229
228 10 229
229 10 229
321 1 229
329 1 229
359 1 229
469 1 229
494 1 229
521 1 229
540 1 229
574 1 229
587 1 229
700 1 229
750 1 229
751 1 229
792 1 229
804 1 229
867 1 229
1082 1 229
1085 1 229
1086 1 229
1199 1 229
1224 1 229
1232 1 229
1274 1 229
1282 1 229
1313 1 229
1313 1 229
.I 230
.T
Between MLS and PhD; a Study of Sixth-Year Specialist Programs
in Accredited Library Schools
.A
Danton, J.P.
.W
The intent of this survey is to describe educational practice
(to spring 1969) in the emerging sixth-year specialist
programs in library schools accredited by the American Library
Association.
.X
22 1 230
171 1 230
230 5 230
339 1 230
387 1 230
896 1 230
934 1 230
954 1 230
1403 1 230
1423 2 230
1423 2 230
.I 231
.T
Bibliographic Control of Nonprint Media
.A
Grove, P.S.
.W
Educational systems specialists lament the
deplorable lack of organization of nonprint
media for utilization in the learning process.
Audiovisual personnel have, out of despair,
made a painful entry into the world of
bibliography while librarians, long experienced
in the bibliographic control of printed matter,
still appear preoccupied with more conventional
forms of information and reluctant to turn
their expertise to the organization of nonprint
media.
.X
90 1 231
231 6 231
261 1 231
295 1 231
299 1 231
334 1 231
352 2 231
354 1 231
383 1 231
608 1 231
610 1 231
617 1 231
620 1 231
815 1 231
911 1 231
938 1 231
939 1 231
991 1 231
992 2 231
1152 1 231
1153 1 231
1189 1 231
1221 1 231
1318 1 231
1365 1 231
1390 1 231
1390 1 231
.I 232
.T
Bibliographic Control of Microforms
.A
Reichmann, F.
.W
Bibliographic control of microforms is a foremost need in today's library
world. Despite the rapidly increasing quantity of materials and their
bibliographic complexity, the methods for controlling microforms on all
levels - local, national, and international - are inadequate.
.X
10 1 232
91 1 232
232 11 232
241 1 232
331 1 232
358 1 232
406 1 232
551 1 232
886 1 232
887 1 232
896 1 232
943 1 232
946 1 232
948 1 232
992 1 232
1033 1 232
1057 1 232
1058 1 232
1059 1 232
1060 1 232
1079 1 232
1269 1 232
1364 1 232
1379 1 232
1403 1 232
1403 1 232
.I 233
.T
On a Class of Skew Distribution Functions
.A
Simon, H.A.
.W
It is the purpose of this paper to analyse a class of distribution
functions that appears in a wide range of empirical data - particularly
data describing sociological, biological and economic phenomena. Its
appearance is so frequent, and the phenomena in which it appears so diverse,
that one is led to the conjecture that if these phenomena have any property
in common it can only be a similarity in the structure of the underlying
probability mechanisms. The empirical distributions to which we shall refer
specifically are: (A) distributions of words in prose samples by their
frequency of occurrence, (B) distributions of scientists by number of papers
published, (C) distributions of cities by population, (D) distributions of
incomes by size, and (E) distributions of biological generally by number of
species.
.X
19 1 233
33 1 233
36 1 233
37 1 233
39 1 233
40 1 233
41 1 233
47 1 233
48 1 233
50 1 233
57 1 233
88 1 233
97 1 233
102 1 233
103 1 233
105 1 233
184 1 233
193 1 233
195 1 233
201 1 233
203 1 233
204 1 233
205 1 233
233 9 233
253 1 233
267 1 233
313 1 233
359 2 233
377 1 233
379 2 233
395 2 233
473 1 233
505 1 233
560 1 233
573 1 233
587 1 233
618 1 233
632 1 233
635 1 233
667 2 233
748 4 233
749 1 233
750 1 233
751 2 233
759 1 233
764 1 233
765 3 233
767 1 233
777 1 233
778 3 233
782 1 233
784 1 233
786 1 233
787 1 233
791 2 233
792 1 233
793 1 233
800 1 233
804 1 233
805 1 233
893 5 233
952 1 233
1016 1 233
1030 1 233
1061 1 233
1081 1 233
1082 2 233
1083 1 233
1085 2 233
1086 2 233
1087 1 233
1182 2 233
1200 1 233
1201 1 233
1274 1 233
1275 1 233
1277 1 233
1278 2 233
1280 1 233
1285 1 233
1286 1 233
1287 3 233
1301 1 233
1302 1 233
1304 1 233
1313 1 233
1335 1 233
1338 2 233
1341 2 233
1344 1 233
1347 1 233
1380 1 233
1401 1 233
1417 1 233
1418 1 233
1422 1 233
1428 1 233
1444 1 233
1444 1 233
.I 234
.T
Book Availability and the Library User
.A
Buckland, M.K.
.W
The essentially logistical problem of making library books physically
available when wanted by library users is central to librarianship. This
book is a tentative attempt to provide a treatise on this problem. As such
it has to deal with both theoretical analysis and the practicality of
solutions. No apology is made for the attention devoted to theoretical
analysis, because the author believes that a clear conceptual understanding
of the factors involved is important for improved librarianship. The
fact that analytical models are not always usable does not mean that the
insight that can sometimes be derived from such analyses will not lead to
a better understanding of the problems and, thereby, to improved library
services.
.X
5 1 234
115 2 234
128 1 234
129 1 234
130 1 234
167 1 234
207 2 234
223 1 234
225 1 234
234 14 234
236 1 234
245 1 234
280 1 234
303 1 234
304 1 234
306 1 234
338 1 234
361 1 234
364 1 234
365 1 234
393 1 234
433 1 234
468 1 234
494 1 234
502 1 234
638 1 234
639 1 234
646 2 234
647 2 234
651 2 234
764 2 234
765 1 234
811 3 234
816 2 234
818 2 234
822 1 234
823 2 234
827 1 234
842 1 234
925 3 234
942 1 234
943 2 234
944 3 234
948 3 234
963 1 234
1017 1 234
1023 1 234
1049 1 234
1070 1 234
1085 1 234
1206 1 234
1237 1 234
1257 1 234
1374 1 234
1378 1 234
1390 1 234
1401 1 234
1437 1 234
1440 1 234
1450 1 234
1453 1 234
1453 1 234
.I 235
.T
Book Catalogs
.A
Tauber, M.F.
.W
In the intervening years since the appearance of the
first collection of papers concerning book catalogs (Kingery,
Robert E., and Tauber, Maurice F., Book Catalogs, N.Y.,
The Scarecrow Press, 1963), attention has been concentrated
on the book catalog as a substitute for, or an auxiliary
to the card catalog.
This selection of papers has identified some of the
efforts to solve particular problems concerned with book
catalogs. The published papers, as well as those which
have been written specifically for this volume, bring additional
observations concerning the place of the book catalog in
library services.
.X
16 1 235
92 1 235
235 11 235
246 1 235
247 1 235
250 1 235
289 2 235
291 1 235
326 1 235
333 1 235
404 1 235
548 1 235
594 1 235
597 1 235
598 1 235
601 2 235
836 1 235
848 1 235
863 2 235
864 2 235
865 1 235
866 1 235
868 1 235
897 2 235
916 1 235
936 1 235
950 1 235
991 1 235
997 1 235
1000 1 235
1052 1 235
1152 2 235
1153 1 235
1216 1 235
1248 1 235
1266 1 235
1392 1 235
1395 1 235
1441 1 235
1441 1 235
.I 236
.T
Book Publishing: What it Is, What it Does
.A
Dessauer, J.P.
.W
We speak of book publishing as an industry and as a profession.
Both designations are certainly appropriate. Book publishing is
a business conducted, for the most part, for profit. But its
practitioners - at least those who do it honor - have
motivations that transcend their profit interest. They know
that books are no mere commodity, no mere items for consumption that
leave their readers much as they find them. Books, like other vehicles of
information and sources of entertainment can change, influence, elevate,
demean, exalt, or depress those who expose themselves to them. What
books are and can be depends heavily on the judgement, integrity, taste,
and acumen of those who select and produce them - their publishers.
.X
115 1 236
234 1 236
236 5 236
303 1 236
433 1 236
637 1 236
637 1 236
.I 237
.T
Book Selection of Censorship
.A
Fiske, M.
.W
The key question was whether restrictions are being imposed on
librarians, or whether they are imposing restrictions on themselves, that
threaten the citizen's right to easy access to as adequate a collection of
books and periodicals as his community, his country or his state can
afford. Readers of this report may come to different conclusions about
the "right" answer to this question, but whether they conclude that
librarians are or are not being as forceful as they might be in developing
and upholding freedom-to-read principles, it should not be forgotten
that it is librarians themselves who have had the courage to provide the
evidence.
.X
14 1 237
20 1 237
132 1 237
137 1 237
173 2 237
237 14 237
238 1 237
272 1 237
767 1 237
772 1 237
952 1 237
954 1 237
1030 1 237
1056 1 237
1240 1 237
1275 1 237
1280 1 237
1453 1 237
1453 1 237
.I 238
.T
Book Selection and Censorship
.A
Moon, E.
.W
When is a librarian's decision not to include a book in his library
collection an act of book selection, and when is it censorship? Is there,
in fact, any discernible difference in the two terms: book selection and
censorship? This topic was discussed so lucidly and ably, long ago, by
Lester Asheim in what has become a classic essay in the literature of
librarianship, "Not Censorship, but Selection," that raising it again
may appear to be an exercise in redundancy.
.X
237 1 238
238 6 238
238 6 238
.I 239
.T
Buyers and Borrowers
.A
Mann, P.H.
.W
This is the second book based on studies into social aspects
of book reading.
The present book is largely a report on work which was
carried out in 1967-68 but either not analysed or written
up in time for the first book, or work actually carried out
and analysed during the second year's research. The reader
of this book will find it useful to have read the first book,
but the present book is self-contained and does not require
reference to the first one.
.X
239 5 239
358 2 239
946 2 239
1005 2 239
1018 1 239
1032 2 239
1056 2 239
1145 2 239
1227 1 239
1240 1 239
1240 1 239
.I 240
.T
Books for Junior College Libraries
.A
Ririe, J.W.
.W
The primary purpose of this publication is to serve as a
book selection guide for junior and community college
libraries, whether long established, newly established, or
in the planning and preinstruction stage. The need for a
new and authoritative book list has long been expressed
by administrators, faculty members, and librarians. It is
hoped that the present list will meet this need, and that
it will also be useful in four-year colleges, with special
reference to their lower-division work; in secondary
schools, especially where accelerated and honors programs
or courses for advanced college placement are offered;
and in public libraries seeking to satisfy the demands of
high school and college students.
.X
7 1 240
240 5 240
262 1 240
322 1 240
1028 1 240
1211 1 240
1212 1 240
1266 1 240
1424 1 240
1424 1 240
.I 241
.T
A Brief guide to Sources of Scientific and Technical Information
.A
Hermer, S.
.W
This guide is a recapitulation and refinement of the substantive
content of a one-and-a-half day course which was given before
three groups of Federal scientists and engineers during the Fall of
1967. Its purpose was to train and inform
working scientists and engineers as to the most direct and efficient
means of seeking and acquiring work-related information.
The impetus for the course was the recognition of the growing
need for working scientists and engineers to share and participate
in the existing and emerging information tools and mechanisms,
and to avail themselves of the opportunities afforded by the newer
approaches to information collection, organization, and dissemination.
A further, related purpose of the course was to facilitate the
fullest possible participation of the working scientist and engineer
in the evolution of information services and mechanisms which are
likely to have a greater and greater effect on his professional
activities.
.X
119 1 241
214 1 241
232 1 241
241 6 241
331 1 241
355 1 241
358 1 241
382 1 241
406 1 241
408 1 241
458 1 241
896 1 241
916 1 241
946 1 241
948 1 241
986 1 241
1012 1 241
1033 1 241
1079 1 241
1084 1 241
1249 1 241
1254 1 241
1379 1 241
1403 1 241
1403 1 241
.I 242
.T
Building Library Collections
.A
Carter, M.D.
.W
Each year thousands of books are published by the
general, the technical, the governmental and the university
presses in this and other countries. From this overwhelming
mass of new publications every library must, within the limit
of its funds, select that small part which will be most
beneficial to the community it serves. This is properly an
awesome responsibility to the young inexperienced librarian. To
the competent veteran it is a task which though carried on
week after week never can approach the ease of a well
mastered routine. Each book examined requires the exercise
of careful judgement, integrity, emotional control at times,
and scrupulous honesty, guided always by a sense of purpose.
.X
11 1 242
242 5 242
1322 1 242
1322 1 242
.I 243
.T
CAN/DI system: User reaction to a computer and information
retrieval system for Canadian scientists and technologists
.A
Wolters, P.H.
Brown, J.E.
.W
In April 1970, the CAN/SDI project, developed
by the Canadian National Science Library,
completed its first year of operation. At that
time the project, designed as a national service
to alert scientists and technologists to current
information in specific fields of research, was
serving over six hundred and fifty subscribers
requiring a total of more than three thousand
five hundred individual computer queries. Over
one thousand personalized bibliographies are
prepared each week from commercially available
data bases purchased from Chemical
Abstracts Service, the Institute for Scientific
Information (ISI) and the British Institution of
Electrical Engineers. A detailed description of
the service was given in a paper by J.E.
Brown published in October 1969.
.X
2 1 243
18 1 243
34 1 243
49 1 243
53 1 243
59 1 243
105 1 243
111 1 243
113 1 243
124 1 243
127 1 243
129 1 243
161 1 243
163 1 243
164 1 243
190 1 243
191 1 243
197 1 243
202 1 243
211 1 243
213 1 243
214 1 243
217 1 243
218 2 243
224 1 243
243 9 243
249 1 243
253 1 243
307 1 243
330 1 243
356 1 243
364 1 243
371 1 243
375 1 243
378 1 243
385 1 243
408 1 243
421 1 243
450 1 243
451 1 243
452 1 243
459 1 243
465 1 243
466 1 243
468 1 243
484 1 243
490 1 243
491 1 243
492 2 243
497 1 243
506 2 243
507 2 243
508 2 243
510 2 243
511 1 243
512 2 243
514 1 243
518 1 243
520 1 243
523 1 243
524 1 243
525 1 243
526 1 243
529 1 243
530 1 243
534 1 243
545 1 243
546 1 243
548 1 243
553 1 243
560 1 243
579 1 243
580 1 243
591 1 243
592 1 243
594 2 243
595 1 243
598 1 243
601 1 243
602 1 243
603 2 243
604 3 243
606 1 243
607 2 243
609 1 243
610 1 243
611 1 243
612 1 243
622 1 243
623 1 243
625 1 243
626 1 243
629 1 243
630 1 243
633 1 243
636 1 243
637 1 243
639 1 243
642 1 243
648 1 243
650 1 243
659 1 243
676 1 243
692 1 243
696 1 243
699 1 243
703 1 243
705 1 243
708 1 243
711 1 243
722 1 243
723 1 243
726 2 243
727 1 243
728 2 243
730 1 243
731 2 243
732 2 243
733 1 243
734 1 243
736 1 243
738 1 243
739 1 243
740 1 243
741 1 243
742 1 243
743 1 243
744 1 243
755 1 243
779 1 243
809 1 243
810 1 243
813 1 243
814 1 243
820 2 243
822 1 243
826 1 243
827 1 243
828 1 243
839 1 243
857 1 243
866 2 243
867 1 243
870 1 243
879 2 243
883 1 243
1004 1 243
1030 1 243
1035 1 243
1042 1 243
1078 1 243
1087 1 243
1089 1 243
1091 2 243
1207 1 243
1264 1 243
1283 1 243
1293 1 243
1296 1 243
1297 1 243
1298 2 243
1299 1 243
1303 1 243
1327 1 243
1346 1 243
1347 1 243
1356 1 243
1362 1 243
1363 1 243
1364 1 243
1366 1 243
1367 1 243
1368 2 243
1370 1 243
1372 1 243
1373 1 243
1374 1 243
1375 1 243
1376 1 243
1377 1 243
1396 1 243
1403 1 243
1415 1 243
1415 1 243
.I 244
.T
Case Studies in Library Computer Systems
.A
Palmer, R.P.
.W
Case Studies in Library Computer Systems does not follow the mode of
the other volumes in this series because none of the persons, libraries or
systems is disguised. Neither has information been withheld to force readers
tp explore alternative choices, as in the usual case method. Rather, all
systems are identified and described as accurately as possible. Descriptive
case studies are problem-oriented, however, because they analyze a situation
in which a librarian had to decide if a computer could be successfully
utilized to solve the problem at hand. The descriptive case method rather
than the problem case method was chosen because it seemed important to
describe each system in detail and to evaluate its performance in the context
of a real library environment and against the background of particular
institutional service objectives.
.X
10 1 244
120 1 244
128 1 244
135 1 244
141 1 244
190 1 244
225 1 244
244 8 244
245 1 244
291 1 244
299 1 244
304 1 244
305 1 244
306 1 244
358 1 244
365 1 244
385 1 244
394 1 244
433 1 244
459 2 244
529 1 244
534 1 244
575 1 244
599 1 244
621 1 244
630 2 244
692 1 244
702 1 244
731 1 244
732 1 244
817 1 244
820 1 244
822 1 244
823 1 244
825 1 244
826 1 244
827 1 244
828 1 244
854 1 244
871 1 244
872 1 244
873 1 244
874 1 244
875 1 244
876 1 244
877 1 244
878 1 244
879 1 244
880 1 244
892 1 244
925 1 244
940 1 244
941 1 244
947 1 244
948 1 244
990 1 244
994 1 244
997 1 244
998 1 244
1017 1 244
1058 1 244
1079 1 244
1143 1 244
1146 1 244
1230 2 244
1257 2 244
1303 1 244
1390 1 244
1396 1 244
1402 1 244
1435 1 244
1436 1 244
1436 1 244
.I 245
.T
Case Studies in Systems Analysis in a University Library
.A
Burkhalter, B.R.
Muller, R.
.W
The marriage between the University of Michigan Library and
Community Systems Foundation seemed like a sensible step at the
time. Too often, Library administration found it necessary to choose
between alternate courses of action without having adequate information.
In addition, overburdened department heads rarely found time
to alter their systems substantially to accommodate demands on the
library and their departments, let alone time to make these changes
in a systematic manner which considered the impact on other
departments and carefully weighed alternative solutions. As a
consequence of this situation, the library administrators were
considering ways of providing staff assistance to themselves and
the department heads, so that alternate courses of action could
be designed and properly evaluated.
.X
4 1 245
5 2 245
13 1 245
24 1 245
64 1 245
71 1 245
72 1 245
73 1 245
74 2 245
75 1 245
77 1 245
78 1 245
79 1 245
81 1 245
82 1 245
83 3 245
86 1 245
115 1 245
120 1 245
128 1 245
135 1 245
147 1 245
153 2 245
156 1 245
175 1 245
178 2 245
206 2 245
207 2 245
208 1 245
211 1 245
212 1 245
234 1 245
244 1 245
245 16 245
249 2 245
266 1 245
267 1 245
273 1 245
277 2 245
278 1 245
279 2 245
280 1 245
282 1 245
288 1 245
291 2 245
331 2 245
350 1 245
364 2 245
365 1 245
374 1 245
381 1 245
408 4 245
459 1 245
486 1 245
490 1 245
496 1 245
575 1 245
591 2 245
592 1 245
599 1 245
621 1 245
630 1 245
692 1 245
717 1 245
720 1 245
723 1 245
724 1 245
748 1 245
764 1 245
766 1 245
781 1 245
783 1 245
785 1 245
786 1 245
787 1 245
788 1 245
789 1 245
791 1 245
792 1 245
811 2 245
816 2 245
818 1 245
823 1 245
834 2 245
835 1 245
841 1 245
842 2 245
848 1 245
849 1 245
850 1 245
851 1 245
852 1 245
860 1 245
922 1 245
925 10 245
944 1 245
948 1 245
957 1 245
959 1 245
960 1 245
961 1 245
962 2 245
963 1 245
964 2 245
976 3 245
981 1 245
982 2 245
984 1 245
1005 1 245
1007 1 245
1023 1 245
1042 1 245
1051 1 245
1148 1 245
1184 1 245
1227 1 245
1238 1 245
1257 1 245
1317 6 245
1353 1 245
1358 2 245
1359 2 245
1360 2 245
1400 7 245
1402 2 245
1410 1 245
1415 1 245
1424 1 245
1424 1 245
.I 246
.T
Cataloging Rules ad Principles
.A
Lubetzky, S.
.W
The present study was undertaken pursuant to an assignment
by the Library of Congress. The author was directed to prepare,
for the Board on Cataloging Policy and Research of the A.L.A.
Division of Cataloging and Classification, a general analysis of the
ALA cataloging rules for author and title entry, with special
consideration of the rules for corporate authors, and a discussion
of the objectives and principles which should underlie a revision of the
rules. The first three parts of the report are directed, respectively,
to the three aspects of this assignment. The fourth part of the report
was added to deal with general questions raised by readers of a
preliminary draft of this report.
.X
92 2 246
235 1 246
246 8 246
247 2 246
265 2 246
326 1 246
331 1 246
333 2 246
799 1 246
825 1 246
848 1 246
883 1 246
919 1 246
920 1 246
922 1 246
930 1 246
941 1 246
950 2 246
978 1 246
988 1 246
991 2 246
997 2 246
1000 1 246
1013 1 246
1079 1 246
1153 1 246
1216 2 246
1265 1 246
1266 1 246
1395 1 246
1433 2 246
1441 1 246
1445 1 246
1445 1 246
.I 247
.T
Cataloging U.S.A.
.A
Dunkin, P.S.
.W
The book deals almost entirely with theory and principles. Only
now and then, if it seems necessary to a complete understanding of
the implications of theory, is some detail of practice briefly
described.
It follows that the work is not a substitute for rules of entry and
description, subject headings rules and lists, classification schemes, or
other similar reference books. Instead, it is only a commentary on such
works, and it does not profess to comment on more than a few of
what seem to be the most important aspects of each.
Comments are made only on cataloging in the United States.
Many interesting practices have always been part of cataloging
abroad. But to write of these practices also would have taken several
books. This work looks at the foreign scene only when it seems
necessary to understand fully some procedure in this country. If a
reader in some other country finds anything in this book helpful,
that will be, I hope, good for him and for his country's cataloging.
I am not at all sure, however, that what we do and think in this
country will be of value in other countries with other conditions. In
no sense is this a book of American intellectual imperialism.
.X
30 1 247
71 1 247
75 1 247
77 1 247
78 1 247
79 1 247
80 1 247
81 1 247
82 1 247
83 1 247
92 1 247
154 1 247
212 1 247
235 1 247
246 2 247
247 8 247
326 1 247
333 1 247
581 1 247
666 1 247
838 1 247
853 1 247
950 1 247
991 2 247
997 1 247
1000 1 247
1004 1 247
1153 1 247
1216 1 247
1265 2 247
1266 1 247
1393 1 247
1395 1 247
1431 1 247
1441 1 247
1441 1 247
.I 248
.T
CATV and its Implication
.A
Thomassen, C.E.
.W
The papers in this publication represent the edited oral presentations of
the speakers at the conference.
The conference theme centered on the implications of cable television for
libraries. The general purpose of the Institute was to foster greater
understanding about the subject of cable television in the conference
participants. More specifically, the planning committee for the conference
enumerated the following objectives:
1. to provide an atmosphere of inquiry focused on the implications of cable
television for libraries;
2. to provide consultants and resource people who have knowledge and
experience related to the potential of cable television and its implications
for libraries;
3. to expand the participants' understandings and perceptions of the
technology of cable television and its related equipment as they affect the
libraries' communications responsibilities;
4. to suggest some techniques for utilizing cable television in originating
local programs, and to explore the possibilities for the varieties of
services cable television can offer the profession;
5. to aid librarians in all types of libraries to become aware of the unique
possibilities for the utilization of cable television in their specific
types of libraries, and also to suggest the importance of cable television
in a systematic approach to library and information networks; and,
6. to create a growing and continuing consciousness of the problems and
opportunities for the utilization of cable television in libraries.
.X
248 5 248
910 1 248
1017 1 248
1145 1 248
1145 1 248
.I 249
.T
Centralized Book Processing
.A
Leonard, L.E.
.W
This report summarizes the results of the fourteen-month feasibility
study -- the Colorado Academic Libraries Book Processing Center
project (CALBPC). The report is organized under nine major sections:
I. Background; II. Participating Libraries -- Operational Characteristics;
III. Cost Analysis; IV. Business Office Procedures; V. The Book Processing
Center; VI. Approval Plan Utilization; VII. Mathematical Model/Simulation;
VIII. Attitude Survey; IX. Conclusions and Recommendations.
.X
158 1 249
178 1 249
217 1 249
243 1 249
245 2 249
249 21 249
250 2 249
271 1 249
282 1 249
291 1 249
292 1 249
295 1 249
331 1 249
350 1 249
364 1 249
365 1 249
385 1 249
394 1 249
408 2 249
431 1 249
598 1 249
779 1 249
823 1 249
841 1 249
842 1 249
872 1 249
925 2 249
926 1 249
930 1 249
938 1 249
948 1 249
963 1 249
974 1 249
981 2 249
984 1 249
1007 1 249
1043 2 249
1242 1 249
1247 1 249
1252 1 249
1257 1 249
1317 3 249
1358 1 249
1390 1 249
1393 1 249
1400 2 249
1401 1 249
1403 1 249
1410 1 249
1439 1 249
1439 1 249
.I 250
.T
Centralized Processing for Academic Libraries; final report of the
Colorado Academic Libraries Book Processing Center; the first six
months of operation
.A
Doughtery, R.M.
.W
This is the final report of the Colorado Academic
Libraries Book Processing Center (CALBPC)
project. The CALBPC project was begun in 1965
by nine academic libraries in Colorado in an effort
to establish a centralized acquisition and processing
center. The report of Phase I-II, completed
in June 1968, dealt primarily with a general feasibility
study, the design of the central system, costs
of acquiring and processing in nine libraries and a
number of related concerns such as accounting, the
congruence of approval plans and user attitudes toward
library services.
This report focuses on the experimental operations
which were concluded officially on September 30,
1969. Whereas the Phase I-II study dealt with the
theory and principles upon which a system might
be based, we are presently concerned with the
pragmatics of book processing, the obstacles
encountered, and the solutions achieved.
Although this report deals primarily with
cooperative acquisitions and processing, we believe
it also contributes to a better understanding of
cooperative programs. The experiment was designed
to monitor operations throughout the acquisition/
cataloging cycle. Performance and cost measurements
were made on most internal and external aspects
of the system. Monitoring also extended into
the participating libraries where a product
acceptance study was conducted. A secondary
objective of the project was to observe the
relationships which formed between the participants
and the central agency, such as the interface of
systems and the human interaction of participants
and the Center.
.X
16 1 250
214 1 250
218 1 250
235 1 250
249 2 250
250 8 250
289 1 250
295 1 250
340 1 250
348 1 250
365 1 250
375 1 250
394 1 250
404 1 250
408 1 250
855 1 250
863 1 250
864 1 250
872 1 250
897 1 250
938 1 250
974 1 250
981 1 250
984 1 250
986 1 250
1012 1 250
1152 1 250
1188 1 250
1247 1 250
1257 1 250
1317 1 250
1379 1 250
1390 1 250
1392 1 250
1410 1 250
1410 1 250
.I 251
.T
Carl H. Milam and the American Library Association
.A
Sullivan, P.
.W
Carl Hastings Milam spent the most productive years of his life in
the positions with which his name is most closely associated, those
of secretary and, later, executive secretary of the American
Library Association (ALA) from 1920 to 1948. When he became
secretary, the association had already been in existence for forty-
four years. What kind of association was it that claimed Milam's
allegiance? What experience had he had with ALA before becoming
its secretary? The answers to these questions lead to better
understanding of Milam, the association, and their close relationship.
.X
251 5 251
1439 1 251
1439 1 251
.I 252
.T
Chemical and Engineering News
.A
Tate, F.A.
.W
Chemical Abstracts Service, along with the entire ACS publications
program, is converting to a computer base. This change in our basic method
of handling information will provide powerful new tools for chemists and
chemical engineers to meet their information needs.
Our goal is a unified system that will produce both a full, printed record
of chemical and chemical engineering knowledge and a variety of timely,
special-subject alerting services, simultaneously providing a mechanized
match and retrieval system that is sufficiently flexible to meet the varied
needs of information users. The output will be supplied in whatever form
best suits the user's needs - printed pages, microfilm, or computer-searchable
tapes. Tapes and search programs will be usable on the customer's computer,
or CAS will provide custom matches of its own computer files.
.X
34 1 252
53 1 252
165 1 252
252 6 252
254 1 252
347 2 252
480 1 252
565 1 252
641 1 252
671 1 252
673 1 252
674 1 252
676 1 252
680 1 252
683 1 252
687 1 252
689 1 252
711 1 252
714 1 252
715 1 252
746 1 252
1452 1 252
1452 1 252
.I 253
.T
World's Chemical Literature Continues to Expand
.A
Baker, D.B.
.W
Abstracts of scientific papers from
journals and other serial publications,
which now make up about 85% of
the abstracts in CA, increased at an
average annual rate of 8.4% between
1961 and 1970, compared with 8.2% in
the previous decade. The number of
such abstracts published annually
now is doubling every 9 years. The
number of patent abstracts increased
at an average rate of 5% per year in
the 1960's compared with 11.7% in the
1950's. However, the total number of
patents covered by CA, either by
actual abstracts or through the CA
patent concordance, grew at an
average rate of 10.9% from 1961
through 1970.
.X
19 1 253
37 2 253
39 1 253
40 2 253
47 1 253
88 1 253
97 1 253
102 1 253
103 1 253
218 1 253
233 1 253
243 1 253
253 8 253
313 1 253
359 1 253
375 1 253
377 1 253
379 1 253
395 1 253
408 1 253
492 1 253
497 1 253
505 1 253
506 1 253
507 1 253
508 1 253
510 1 253
548 1 253
560 1 253
573 1 253
580 1 253
594 1 253
601 1 253
604 1 253
607 1 253
618 2 253
622 1 253
632 1 253
635 1 253
667 1 253
677 1 253
687 2 253
706 1 253
748 1 253
749 1 253
751 1 253
764 1 253
765 1 253
777 2 253
778 1 253
782 1 253
804 1 253
805 1 253
866 1 253
867 1 253
893 1 253
952 1 253
1016 1 253
1042 1 253
1061 1 253
1085 1 253
1086 1 253
1087 2 253
1182 1 253
1200 1 253
1208 1 253
1274 1 253
1275 1 253
1277 1 253
1278 1 253
1280 1 253
1287 1 253
1301 3 253
1302 2 253
1304 1 253
1313 1 253
1327 1 253
1338 1 253
1344 1 253
1347 1 253
1380 2 253
1428 1 253
1444 2 253
1444 2 253
.I 254
.T
Chemical Information Systems
.A
Hyde, E.
Ash, J.E.
.W
The purpose of a chemical information system must not be restricted
to the storage and retrieval of facts. It is equally important that the system
shall provide methods which enable a scientist to assemble and to correlate
the facts. Chemical information systems are required primarily as a service
to research chemists to enable them to keep up to date with current
developments in their fields of interest, and the establishment of information
services has relieved the chemist of many of his problems of literature
searching and information storage and organization.
.X
116 1 254
117 1 254
165 1 254
252 1 254
254 7 254
327 3 254
347 1 254
568 2 254
641 2 254
668 2 254
670 1 254
671 2 254
673 2 254
677 1 254
678 1 254
679 1 254
682 1 254
683 1 254
687 1 254
689 2 254
690 2 254
693 1 254
694 1 254
695 1 254
698 1 254
700 1 254
704 1 254
706 1 254
707 1 254
714 1 254
730 2 254
738 1 254
833 1 254
890 2 254
1026 1 254
1072 1 254
1092 2 254
1292 1 254
1452 2 254
1452 2 254
.I 255
.T
What do Chemists Read?
.A
Panton, D.
Reuben, B.G.
.W
Most British universities are spending at least 3000 pounds per year
on chemical journals alone. And this does not include any administration
or binding costs which may be as much again. Are the universities getting
their money's worth out of these journals? This survey of one particular
chemistry department suggests that they are not.
.X
32 1 255
255 6 255
359 1 255
591 1 255
592 1 255
716 2 255
735 1 255
792 1 255
952 1 255
953 1 255
1087 1 255
1089 1 255
1090 1 255
1260 1 255
1275 1 255
1276 1 255
1298 1 255
1302 2 255
1302 2 255
.I 256
.T
The Civic Culture
.A
Almond, G.A.
.W
We are concerned in this book with a number of classic themes
of political science: with what the Greeks called civic virtue and its
consequences for the effectiveness and stability of the democratic
polity; and with the kind of community life, social organization, and
upbringing of children that fosters civic virtue. In using survey
research to study these classic themes, we are also following the
traditional practice of relying on the most precise methods available to
us for the investigation of these problems. Perhaps Tocqueville and
Bryce, were they living today, would have relied somewhat on
the cross-section survey in their comparative studies of democratic
attitudes.
.X
256 5 256
256 5 256
.I 257
.T
Classification for a General Index Language
.A
Foskett, D.J.
.W
The role of classification schemes in libraries and information services
has probably caused more argument than any other professional activity.
This would be surprising if classification were no more than a fairly
convenient way of arranging books on shelves. Some librarians think it is,
and support their view by heaping scorn on the heads of those who, like the
Classification Research Group, actually spend years of their time in
theoretical discussions that seem to result in more and more abstruse and
difficult complications to what ought to be a straightforward exercise.
Yet today we can see clearly two relatively new spectacles on the library
scene: on the one hand, some librarians are criticizing the Decimal
Classification (especially as used in the British National Bibliography)
for being too detailed and unwieldy; on the other hand, some librarians,
and still more information officers, are busy revising the Universal
Decimal Classification in order to make it more detailed. In the next
field, as it were, computerized indexing and retrieval systems are pounding
away at the ever-growing masses of literature, producing results that
impress computer specialists but not information users, who are so
deafened by the noise that they cannot hear what is new.
.X
154 1 257
159 1 257
160 1 257
257 10 257
260 1 257
429 1 257
476 1 257
478 1 257
489 1 257
493 1 257
498 1 257
501 1 257
516 1 257
582 1 257
583 1 257
653 1 257
655 1 257
688 1 257
715 1 257
796 1 257
797 2 257
798 2 257
801 1 257
802 1 257
838 2 257
1066 1 257
1230 1 257
1231 1 257
1255 1 257
1265 1 257
1393 1 257
1394 2 257
1405 1 257
1429 1 257
1430 1 257
1448 1 257
1448 1 257
.I 258
.T
Classification and Indexing in Science
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.B
1959
.W
The first problem, that of learning of a publication's existence, is
tackled by a multiplicity of abstracting and indexing journals and
other bibliographies, and, at local levels, by library catalogues and
unnecessary overlapping among these services, while ensuring
adequately comprehensive coverage, are very great. But even if
these were overcome, problems of the internal arrangement of these
bibliographical aids would still remain. It is not enough for them
collectively to record every scientific publication. The user must be
able to find every such record, starting only with a subject on which
he wants information.
.X
149 1 258
160 1 258
168 1 258
258 5 258
263 1 258
388 2 258
477 1 258
480 1 258
516 1 258
558 1 258
746 1 258
758 1 258
761 1 258
817 1 258
825 1 258
1066 1 258
1215 1 258
1230 1 258
1231 1 258
1259 1 258
1309 1 258
1391 2 258
1405 1 258
1414 1 258
1414 1 258
.I 259
.T
Classification and Indexing in Science
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.B
1975
.W
The preface to the first edition of this book - which is reproduced
following this - shows that in 1958 the classification ideas in it
were felt to be controversial, needing to be championed. A few
years before, the Classification Research Group had issued a
memorandum proclaiming 'the need for a faceted classification
as the basis of all methods of information retrieval.' As part-author
of this memorandum, I must now judge the claim to have been
too bold, even brash. But it has been vindicated to an extent,
for both in theory and practice the value of facet analysis, in
the organization of subject vocabularies for indexing and search,
has been widely accepted - whether these vocabularies are classified
or alphabetical, and whether used in pre- or post-coordinate fashion.
.X
259 6 259
434 1 259
445 1 259
449 1 259
476 1 259
477 1 259
542 1 259
758 1 259
874 1 259
1215 1 259
1231 1 259
1255 1 259
1259 1 259
1265 1 259
1391 1 259
1448 1 259
1448 1 259
.I 260
.T
Classification Practice in Britain. Report on a survey of classification
opinion and practice in Great Britain, with particular reference to the Dewey
Decimal Classification
.A
Davison, K.
.W
The objectives of the Sub-Committee in starting their enquiries were
basically three-fold
1) To gather a reasonable collection of statistics relating to the general
practice of classification in this country.
2) To gather information on th actual use of the Dewey Decimal
Classification in this country.
3) To provide a basis for the recommendations which are provided
periodically for the Dewey Editorial Policy Committee from the
Library Association Library Research Committee's Sub-Committee on
Dewey Decimal Classification Revision.
To this end a questionnaire was sent out to over 1100 libraries of all types
throughout the country and after six months reminders sent to librarians
to ensure they had received them and that none had been overlooked. The
result of this was very pleasing; 716 were returned, the vast majority
completed correctly. The actual figures of type and size of library are
given in the body of the report but no type of library is completely omitted
and a significant proportion of the larger libraries returned the
questionnaire.
.X
154 1 260
159 1 260
257 1 260
260 6 260
476 1 260
797 1 260
801 1 260
989 1 260
1066 1 260
1231 1 260
1255 1 260
1268 1 260
1394 1 260
1429 1 260
1430 1 260
1430 1 260
.I 261
.T
Classification Scheme for Law Books
.A
Moys, E.M.
.W
An examination made over a period of years of the principles of
classifying law books for use in libraries, and of their treatment in
many general and specialized classification schemes convinced me that
no scheme existed which was generally suitable for libraries in English-
speaking countries outside the United States. Law collections in
academic libraries in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth were
in a particularly difficult position. They had the choice of adopting one
of the good American schemes, which generally make inadequate
provision for the needs of overseas Commonwealth libraries; or of
adopting one of the English schemes, each of which is virtually tailored
to a particular library, and several of which are even less well suited
to overseas libraries; or of devising new schemes for themselves. There
seemed to be an urgent need for a practical law classification scheme
capable of being used in a variety of libraries, large and small, general
and special, academic and professional, in these countries.
.X
29 1 261
68 1 261
69 1 261
90 1 261
175 1 261
231 1 261
261 5 261
295 1 261
299 1 261
334 1 261
346 1 261
354 2 261
382 1 261
458 1 261
476 1 261
477 1 261
478 1 261
479 1 261
480 1 261
484 1 261
485 1 261
566 1 261
608 1 261
610 1 261
617 1 261
620 1 261
680 1 261
704 1 261
781 1 261
815 1 261
938 1 261
939 1 261
991 1 261
992 1 261
1118 1 261
1175 1 261
1221 1 261
1318 1 261
1365 1 261
1390 1 261
1390 1 261
.I 262
.T
Classification and Subject Index for a Library
.A
Dewey, M.
.W
The plan of the following Classification and Index was developed early in
1873. It was the result of several months' study of library economy as found
in some hundreds of books and pamphlets, and in over fifty personal visits to
various American libraries. In this study, the author became convinced that
the usefulness of these libraries might be greatly increased without additional
expenditure. Three years practical use of the system here explained, leads him
to believe that it will accomplish this result; for with its aid, the
catalogues, shelf lists, indexes, and cross-references essential to this
increased usefulness, can be made more economically than by any other method
which he has been able to find. The system was devised for cataloguing and
indexing purposes, but it was found on trial to be equally valuable for
numbering and arranging books and pamphlets on the shelves.
.X
1 1 262
7 1 262
240 1 262
262 6 262
353 1 262
365 1 262
950 1 262
978 1 262
1028 1 262
1068 1 262
1203 1 262
1211 2 262
1212 2 262
1266 2 262
1424 1 262
1425 1 262
1425 1 262
.I 263
.T
Classification Catalogue Code
.A
Ranganathan, S.R.
.W
The Author, the Dictionary and the Classified catalogues
represent three successive stages in the order of evolution
of the internal form of the Library Catalogue. The classified
form being the latest to evolve, the literature relating
to it is comparatively scanty. It is strikingly so in the
form of a systematic code of rules for cataloguing. While
the number of codes for the Author Catalogue is fairly
large and the number for the Dictionary Catalogue is also
respectable, there appear to be few systematic and complete
codes published in book-form for the Classified Catalogue.
Hence this little venture, which is based on twenty-five
years of experimentation and on the valuable reciprocal
influence gained by its being taught to students of library
science during the last twenty years.
While the Call Numbers occurring in the examples given
are constructed by the Colon Classification, the rules of
this Code are not necessarily dependent on that scheme for
their applicability. They are all of general application,
irrespective of the scheme of classification in use.
.X
258 1 263
263 5 263
388 1 263
434 1 263
477 1 263
516 1 263
1066 1 263
1231 2 263
1259 1 263
1391 1 263
1413 1 263
1414 1 263
1448 1 263
1448 1 263
.I 264
.T
Cleaning and Processing Bindings and Related Materials
.A
Horton, C.
.W
The destructive effects of air pollution in the modern city upon
the health of its people, its trees, and its gardens, even its buildings
and statues, are well known and are being increasingly fought
against. But the public, generally, and even many librarians
and book-collectors, who should know better, are apparently unaware
of the rapid deterioration of the world's libraries under these
conditions. In libraries, museums, and private homes preventive care
is regularly given to pictures and sculpture, fine furniture, silver
and brass; but the gradually deteriorating volumes on the shelves are
given no more attention than an occasional dusting which abrades
the books more than it protects them. I would judge that more than
90 percent of the books and documents that come to my bindery
for repair or restoration are in a condition that could have been
avoided by regular and appropriate preventive care. Unfortunately,
even when the custodians of books become aware of the problem,
they my be handicapped by the relative unavailability of expert
advice on what procedures to follow in conserving their libraries.
The present essay is intended to meet this need.
.X
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351 2 264
.I 265
.T
Code of Cataloging Rules
.A
Lubetzky, S.
.W
The following rules represent a system designed to
produce an instrument essential to the operations and services
of a library -- its catalog. To understand the rules and to
apply them properly, it is necessary to comprehend the
objectives which the catalog is to serve, the method by which
these objectives are to be achieved, the basic aspects of the
problem of cataloging, and the general principles which underlie
the rules.
Objectives. The objectives which the catalog is to serve
are two:
First, to facilitate the location of a particular
publication, i.e. of a particular edition of a work, which
is in the library.
Second, to relate and display together the editions which
a library has of a given work and the works which it has of a
given author.
.X
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265 5 265
331 1 265
799 1 265
919 1 265
920 1 265
922 1 265
1042 1 265
1266 1 265
1445 1 265
1445 1 265
.I 266
.T
Quantitative Criteria for Adequacy of Academic Library Collection
.A
Clapp, Verner W.
.A
Jordan, Robert T.
.W
The authors challenge accepted doctrine which asserts that the adequacy of
an academic library cannot be measured by the number of books which it
contains.. Out of their feeling that the Standards for College Libraries and
the Standards for Junior College Libraries are inadequate for estimating the
size (in volumes) required for minimum adequacy by libraries of institutions of
higher education of widely differing characteristics, they developed new
formulas for this purpose.. These formulas attempt to identify the principal
factors affecting academic needs for books and to ascribe suitable to each
factor.. The authors then illustrate the application of the formulas to
specific institutions, and conclude that while the results are useful, further
research in needed.. They end by suggesting specific topics for such research..
.X
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31 1 266
46 1 266
153 1 266
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206 2 266
207 2 266
208 2 266
223 1 266
245 1 266
266 15 266
271 2 266
275 1 266
277 2 266
282 2 266
288 1 266
290 1 266
305 1 266
307 1 266
408 1 266
550 1 266
925 1 266
964 2 266
976 1 266
1005 1 266
1019 1 266
1028 1 266
1086 1 266
1090 1 266
1400 1 266
1424 1 266
1424 1 266
.I 267
.T
System Analysis in University Libraries
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
.W
A comprehensive enginnering approach to the analysis and functional design
of library systems is described in terms of fundamental space-time relationship
which characterize university libraries.. Long-run trends in aquisitions and
circulation are related to the relative obsolescence of stored materials, and
the uncertainty of short-run demand pattern is related to the need for excess
service capability.. The spatial dispertion of library resources among
specialized information centers and central depositories is considered with
respect to availability, retrieval, duplication, and efficient storage..
.X
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267 6 267
278 1 267
359 1 267
395 1 267
494 1 267
515 1 267
587 2 267
614 1 267
638 1 267
651 1 267
667 1 267
748 2 267
750 1 267
751 2 267
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767 1 267
778 2 267
786 1 267
787 1 267
791 2 267
792 2 267
793 2 267
800 2 267
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823 1 267
840 1 267
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948 2 267
983 1 267
1019 2 267
1081 1 267
1082 1 267
1083 1 267
1085 1 267
1086 1 267
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1201 1 267
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1278 1 267
1317 1 267
1324 1 267
1400 1 267
1401 1 267
1416 2 267
1417 3 267
1418 1 267
1418 1 267
.I 268
.T
Subject Specialists in a University Library
.A
Byrd, Cecyl K.
.W
In an attempt to supply in other disciplines the bibliographical expertise
traditionally furnished by university library systems to departments with
departmental libraries, Indiana University has over the past three years
established ten subject specialist positions in the social sciences,
humanities, and area studies programs.. These librarians select materials,
render reference service to faculty members and graduate students, give
instruction in library use, and serve generally as the main channel of
communication between the library and the academic departments to which they
are allied..
.X
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11 1 268
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268 6 268
284 1 268
303 2 268
305 1 268
843 1 268
985 4 268
1020 1 268
1021 4 268
1058 1 268
1058 1 268
.I 269
.T
Sampling and Short-Period Usage in the Purdue Library
.A
Jain, A. K.
.W
Several possible methods of sampling of social science monograph titles in
the general library of Purdue University were considered, and a "good" method
was used to obtain estimates of their usage in the library and at home during
the period July 1 - August 4, 1964.. The term relative usage was defined and
used to study the effect of: (1) language, (2) country of publication, (3)
year of publication, and (4) year of accession of a monograph title.. An
attempt was made to fit a regression model for titles in English by quantifying
the last three independent variables with relative usage as the dependent
variable.. Functions based on the above variables have been developed to
identify monograph titles for storage..
A questionnaire was employed to stady the usage of library facilities and to
gather opinions of library patrons.. Purpose of visiting the library, reason
for checkout of library material, reason for preferring library or home for the
use of library material, etc., were analyzed on the basis of the replies
received..
.X
31 2 269
33 1 269
36 3 269
41 2 269
46 3 269
89 1 269
97 1 269
102 1 269
111 1 269
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184 2 269
193 3 269
195 1 269
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201 2 269
203 1 269
210 1 269
225 1 269
269 5 269
280 1 269
373 1 269
395 1 269
415 1 269
545 1 269
552 1 269
587 1 269
605 1 269
613 1 269
614 1 269
638 1 269
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774 1 269
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782 1 269
784 1 269
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891 1 269
905 2 269
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1416 2 269
1417 3 269
1428 1 269
1432 1 269
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1451 1 269
.I 270
.T
Conflict in Libraries
.A
Bundy, Mary Lee
.W
Intergroup conflict in libraries is explored, including conflict between
departments, between professionals and bureaucracy, and between older and newer
staff members.. Other special interests such as informal power-holders and the
subprofessional are identified.. This analysis shows that existing
organizational relationships in libraries let "means" become "ends".. Strong
forces toward conformity hamper desirable growth and change.. A restructuring
of libraries is proposed along the lines of professional rather than
semiprofessional organizations.. Principal changes to be made are in existing
processing-service relationships and administrative-professional
relationships..
.X
206 1 270
207 1 270
208 1 270
270 6 270
272 1 270
285 2 270
301 1 270
418 1 270
925 1 270
1015 1 270
1065 1 270
1150 1 270
1205 2 270
1317 1 270
1357 1 270
1407 1 270
1454 1 270
1454 1 270
.I 271
.T
Determining and Allocating Book Funds for Current Domestic Buying
.A
McGrath, William E.
.W
A device is outlined to help formulate the annual book budget request..
Courses described in the college catalog are matched with the books listed in
the American Book Publishing Record, BPR, Cumulative 1965.. Courses, treated
as if monographes, are designed Dewey classification numbers and arranged in
decimal sequence by groups.. Books in BPR falling into the groups are tallied;
the DC groups are then rearranged by departments and the number and cost of
books in each are totaled.. Results are sound estimates of each department's
probable current domestic book needs for that year and may be applied to the
subsequent year as an estimate of what will probably be needed.. They may be
used as factors in an allocation formula..
.X
14 1 271
153 1 271
170 1 271
223 1 271
249 1 271
266 2 271
271 6 271
275 2 271
277 1 271
282 1 271
305 2 271
307 1 271
550 1 271
591 1 271
981 1 271
1019 1 271
1028 1 271
1086 1 271
1090 1 271
1424 1 271
1424 1 271
.I 272
.T
Professionalism Reconsidered
.A
Bundy, Mary Lee
.A
Wasserman, Paul
.W
The question of librarianship as a profession is considered here in terms of
the three key relationships of a professional-client, organizational and
professional.. Professional practice in this field is thus cast against
accepted norms and standards of professional behavior.. This critical
assessment suggests that librarianship falls far short of the professional
model.. Major shifts in the nature of the services performed by librarians
and in their bureaucratic relationships will be required if librarianship is to
advance.. The contributions of the professional associations and of library
schools to the advancement of the process of professionalization is also
analyzed.. Progress in the field is viewed to be inextricably tied to the
success or failure which librarianship achieves in its quest for true
professional attainment..
.X
14 1 272
22 2 272
60 1 272
132 1 272
137 1 272
206 1 272
207 1 272
208 1 272
237 1 272
270 1 272
272 14 272
298 1 272
371 1 272
767 1 272
772 1 272
925 1 272
952 1 272
1006 1 272
1030 1 272
1150 1 272
1186 1 272
1205 2 272
1275 1 272
1280 1 272
1317 1 272
1407 1 272
1407 1 272
.I 273
.T
The Bottomless Pit, or the Academic Library as Viewed from the
Administration Building
.A
Munn, Robert F.
.W
Library administrators could adjudge their likely fortunes in the academic
tug-of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of
institutional administrators toward libraries.. Some view the library as "a
bottomless pit"; all recognize that the library is unlikely to generate much
political pressure for its own aggrandizement.. Many young institutional
administrators are coming to apply more sophisticated measures to their funding
formulas than have been utilized in the past..Librarians therefore would be
well advised to become more proficient in modern management techniques and
program budgeting concepts..
.X
74 1 273
83 1 273
175 1 273
245 1 273
273 5 273
279 1 273
288 1 273
331 2 273
336 1 273
369 1 273
381 1 273
408 1 273
490 1 273
496 1 273
591 1 273
592 1 273
723 1 273
724 1 273
834 1 273
860 1 273
925 2 273
957 1 273
976 1 273
1080 1 273
1144 1 273
1148 1 273
1227 1 273
1240 1 273
1317 1 273
1353 1 273
1359 1 273
1360 1 273
1400 1 273
1410 1 273
1424 1 273
1424 1 273
.I 274
.T
Question-Negotiation and Information Seeking in Libraries
.A
Taylor, Robert S.
.W
Seekers of information in libraries either go through a librarian
intermediary or they help themselves.. When they go through librarians they
must develop their questions through four levels of need, referred to here as
the visceral, conscious, formalized, and compromised needs.. In this pre-search
interview with an information-seeker the reference librarian attempts to help
him arrive at an understanding od his "compromised" need by determining: (1)
the subject of his interest; (2) his motivation; (3) his personal
characteristics; (4) the relationship of the inquiry to file organization;
and (5) anticipated answers.. The author contends that research is needed into
the techniques of conducting this negotiation between the user and the
reference librarian..
.X
29 1 274
57 1 274
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59 1 274
61 1 274
66 1 274
73 1 274
132 1 274
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172 1 274
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191 1 274
194 1 274
212 1 274
274 18 274
276 1 274
320 1 274
370 1 274
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401 1 274
417 1 274
445 1 274
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449 1 274
451 1 274
457 1 274
458 2 274
459 1 274
467 1 274
485 1 274
526 1 274
546 1 274
572 1 274
577 2 274
579 2 274
604 1 274
606 1 274
615 1 274
625 2 274
626 1 274
634 1 274
640 1 274
643 1 274
644 1 274
649 1 274
652 1 274
655 1 274
660 1 274
752 1 274
754 2 274
780 1 274
783 1 274
785 1 274
812 1 274
814 1 274
826 1 274
829 1 274
830 1 274
895 1 274
902 1 274
927 1 274
967 1 274
1008 1 274
1017 2 274
1033 1 274
1035 1 274
1049 1 274
1084 2 274
1094 1 274
1263 2 274
1279 1 274
1282 1 274
1298 1 274
1333 1 274
1357 2 274
1387 1 274
1423 1 274
1445 1 274
1445 1 274
.I 275
.T
Measuring Classified Circulation According to Curriculum
.A
McGrath, Wiiliam E.
.W
Circulation statistics can be precise reflections of library use according
to the curriculum.. The statistics can help the librarian decide how to
allocate the budget to departments.. Traditional counts, by department
personnel or by broad Dewey or LC classes, are imprecise.. An analogy between
curriculum and circulation can be constructed by classifying courses in the
college catalog (by DC or LC), rearranging the numbers thus generated by
department, and then counting circulation within those groups.. The analogy is
thus a quantitative measure and a precise reflection of library use according
to curriculum..
.X
266 1 275
271 2 275
275 5 275
277 2 275
282 2 275
305 2 275
307 1 275
975 1 275
975 1 275
.I 276
.T
The Title Catalog: A Third Dimension
.A
Nitecki, Joseph Z.
.W
The accessibility of the card catalog seems to be inversely proportional to
the complexity of its arrangement.. A catalog divided into author-title and
subject sequence simplifies the filing order of cards and facilitates the use
of each catalog.. It is argued here that a three-way division into author,
title, and subject catalogs will further augment these advantages.. In this
paper a separation of the title catalog at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
library is described and evaluated..
.X
132 1 276
209 2 276
274 1 276
276 6 276
326 1 276
655 2 276
783 2 276
928 1 276
963 1 276
973 2 276
1445 1 276
1445 1 276
.I 277
.T
An Allocation Formula Derived from a Factor Analysis of Academic Department
.A
McGrath, William E.
.A
Huntsinger, Ralph C.
.A
Barber, Gary R.
.W
The authors derive a book fund distribution formula from a factor analysis
of twenty-two variables which measure and quantify academic departments.. The
analysis generates a 22 x 22 matrix of correlations.. A few of the significant
correlations are discussed; e.g. those between books published and books
circulated (high correlation) and circulation-by-subject and
circulation-by-person (low correlation).. The factor analysis sorts out the
complex relationships between the twenty-two variables and reduces them to
three main factors - two of which seem to describe materials used and users..
The third may describe needs.. The three factors are the chief elements in the
formula.. Each factor can be represented by any one or more of the variables
in that factor..
.X
71 1 277
72 1 277
73 1 277
74 1 277
75 1 277
77 1 277
78 1 277
79 1 277
81 1 277
82 1 277
83 1 277
86 1 277
153 1 277
156 1 277
206 1 277
207 1 277
208 1 277
211 1 277
212 1 277
245 2 277
266 2 277
271 1 277
275 2 277
277 7 277
279 1 277
280 1 277
282 4 277
290 1 277
305 2 277
408 1 277
486 1 277
591 1 277
720 1 277
748 1 277
785 1 277
786 1 277
787 1 277
788 1 277
789 1 277
791 1 277
925 2 277
943 1 277
964 1 277
975 1 277
976 1 277
984 1 277
1005 1 277
1400 1 277
1400 1 277
.I 278
.T
Random Sampling: a Tool for Library Research
.A
Drott, M. Carl
.W
Questions about the accuracy of library records, the behavior or attitudes
of patrons, or the conditions of the books in the collection can often be
answered by a random sampling study.. Use of this time and money saving
technique requires no special mathematical ability or statistical background..
The concept of accuracy is discussed and a table is provided to simplify the
determination of an appropriate sample size.. A method of selecting a sample
using random numbers is shown.. Three examples illustrate the application of
the technique to library problems..
.X
24 1 278
46 1 278
62 1 278
65 1 278
66 1 278
75 1 278
76 1 278
137 1 278
210 1 278
245 1 278
267 1 278
278 6 278
279 1 278
280 1 278
282 1 278
300 1 278
386 1 278
395 1 278
398 1 278
658 1 278
716 1 278
748 1 278
768 1 278
782 1 278
788 1 278
789 1 278
837 1 278
925 2 278
1083 1 278
1184 1 278
1263 1 278
1317 1 278
1361 1 278
1400 1 278
1404 1 278
1404 1 278
.I 279
.T
Program Budgeting and Cost Benefit Analysis in Library
.A
Keller, John E.
.W
Libraries in academic institutions have traditionally prepared annual
budgets based either upon subjective judgments or upon oversimplified
formulas.. Two budgeting techniques recently introduced into universities from
the defense establishment are program budgeting and benefit analysis.. Properly
applied they can be utilized to gain better decisions in problems facing
academic library managers and improved allocation of library resources..
.X
24 1 279
62 1 279
65 1 279
66 1 279
71 1 279
72 1 279
73 1 279
74 3 279
75 2 279
76 1 279
77 1 279
78 1 279
79 1 279
81 1 279
82 1 279
83 3 279
86 1 279
137 1 279
153 1 279
156 1 279
210 1 279
211 1 279
212 1 279
245 2 279
273 1 279
277 1 279
278 1 279
279 8 279
280 2 279
288 2 279
331 1 279
381 1 279
386 1 279
395 1 279
398 1 279
408 1 279
486 1 279
490 1 279
496 1 279
584 1 279
591 1 279
592 1 279
658 1 279
716 1 279
720 1 279
723 1 279
724 1 279
748 2 279
782 1 279
785 1 279
786 1 279
787 1 279
788 2 279
789 2 279
791 1 279
834 1 279
837 1 279
860 1 279
925 4 279
957 1 279
975 1 279
976 2 279
984 1 279
1083 1 279
1148 1 279
1183 1 279
1227 1 279
1317 2 279
1353 1 279
1359 2 279
1360 3 279
1361 1 279
1400 2 279
1404 1 279
1410 1 279
1424 1 279
1424 1 279
.I 280
.T
User Circulation Satisfaction vs. Size of Holdings at Three Academic
Libraries
.A
Trueswell, Richard W.
.W
In an effort to determine certain facts concerning the relation of
circulation satisfaction to collection size, the author sampled the "last
circulation date" of stack books and of circulated books in three considerably
different kinds of academic libraries.. The experience of these three libraries
proved to be surprisingly similar.. The author speculates concerning potential
uses to which such data might be profitably applied..
.X
24 1 280
46 2 280
62 1 280
65 1 280
66 1 280
71 1 280
72 1 280
73 1 280
74 1 280
75 2 280
76 1 280
77 1 280
78 1 280
79 1 280
81 1 280
82 1 280
83 1 280
86 1 280
128 1 280
129 1 280
130 1 280
137 1 280
153 1 280
156 1 280
167 1 280
210 1 280
211 1 280
212 1 280
223 1 280
225 1 280
234 1 280
245 1 280
269 1 280
277 1 280
278 1 280
279 2 280
280 6 280
290 1 280
386 1 280
393 1 280
395 1 280
398 1 280
468 1 280
486 1 280
494 1 280
639 1 280
646 1 280
647 1 280
651 1 280
658 1 280
716 1 280
720 1 280
748 2 280
765 1 280
782 1 280
785 1 280
786 1 280
787 1 280
788 2 280
789 2 280
791 1 280
818 1 280
822 1 280
823 1 280
827 1 280
837 1 280
925 4 280
943 1 280
944 1 280
984 1 280
1019 2 280
1030 1 280
1070 1 280
1083 1 280
1085 1 280
1203 1 280
1285 1 280
1361 1 280
1374 1 280
1390 1 280
1400 1 280
1401 1 280
1404 1 280
1416 1 280
1417 1 280
1437 1 280
1437 1 280
.I 281
.T
The Economic Goal of Library Automation
.A
Kilgour, Frederick, G.
.W
A steadily increasing rate of productivity should be the economic goal of
library automation.. Such productivity will be achieved only by development of
a new library technology.. Thereby, rise in library costs, which are going up
exponentially at a frightening rate, will be brought into line with cost rises
in the economy as a whole..
.X
24 2 281
75 1 281
78 1 281
80 1 281
177 1 281
200 1 281
211 1 281
281 5 281
336 1 281
835 2 281
849 1 281
850 2 281
851 2 281
852 1 281
853 1 281
854 1 281
855 1 281
907 1 281
979 1 281
984 1 281
1011 1 281
1051 1 281
1197 1 281
1197 1 281
.I 282
.T
Classifying Courses in the University Catalog
.A
McGrath, William E.
.A
Durand, Norma
.W
The authors contrast the university catalog and the card catalog and conclude
that the university catalog is the best guide to the university's current
scholarly interest.. They urge that librarians study and classify courses
therein, such as books, using the Library of Congress or Dewey Decimal schemes
so that specific class number are grouped by academic department and become
substantial spans.. The profile can be used as a selection tool, as a
correlating tool between curriculum, circulation and publishing, and as a
device to aid weeding and shelving.. General and specific quidelines for
classifying, including a method for resolving apparent duplication of courses
in different departments are presented.. Time and unit figures are tabulated..
Specific steps in classification and editing are described..
.X
46 1 282
206 1 282
207 1 282
208 1 282
245 1 282
249 1 282
266 2 282
271 1 282
275 2 282
277 4 282
278 1 282
282 8 282
284 1 282
290 2 282
305 1 282
408 1 282
925 1 282
964 1 282
975 1 282
976 1 282
981 1 282
1005 1 282
1400 1 282
1400 1 282
.I 283
.T
Academic Status for College and University Librarians - Problems and Prospects
.A
Smith, Eldred
.W
Academic librarians will archive and deserve full academic status only after
they cause changes in the bureaucratic structure of libraries and in library
education, and when they provide professional service on a scholarly level..
.X
172 1 283
283 6 283
293 1 283
296 1 283
1150 1 283
1268 1 283
1268 1 283
.I 284
.T
Automation Stops Here: A Case for Man-Made Book Collections
.A
Rouse, Roscoe
.W
The following paper was read at the Second International Seminar on Approval
and Gathering Plans for Large and Medium-Size Academic Libraries, Kalamazoo,
Michigan, October 31, 1969.. We print it here because its dissenting viewpoint
is a timely as it is provocative..
.X
33 1 284
36 1 284
90 1 284
161 1 284
183 1 284
184 1 284
193 1 284
199 1 284
201 1 284
202 1 284
203 1 284
204 1 284
205 1 284
209 1 284
212 1 284
217 1 284
220 1 284
222 1 284
268 1 284
282 1 284
284 6 284
286 1 284
290 1 284
294 1 284
303 1 284
543 1 284
588 1 284
613 1 284
624 1 284
799 1 284
800 1 284
808 1 284
959 1 284
985 1 284
1151 1 284
1151 1 284
.I 285
.T
Modernizing the University Library Structure
.A
Kaser, D.
.W
Among the several kinds of change that appear to be in order in personnel
management in university libraries, some have been described, others have
not. There has perhaps been a super-abundance of attention devoted, for
example, to the inadequate treatment of librarians within the university
community as a whole, but little discussion has thus far appeared in print
concerning their treatment within the library itself. This paper will attempt
to define certain progressive changes that it is possible and probably
desirable for the library to implement internally regardless of the university's
willingness to consider improving the librarian's lot in the larger community.
.X
270 2 285
285 8 285
289 1 285
296 1 285
301 3 285
302 1 285
418 1 285
925 1 285
1015 4 285
1065 1 285
1069 1 285
1070 1 285
1150 1 285
1214 1 285
1233 1 285
1454 2 285
1454 2 285
.I 286
.T
User's Reaction to Microfiche A Preliminary Study
.A
Lewis, Ralph W.
.W
Recent emphasis placed on the use of microfiche by large government agencies
has increased the pressure in libraries supporting government research to make
greater use of microfiche.. Negative and apathetic user attitudes, expressed by
researchers, indicate that expanded efforts to overcome resistance if the great
potential of microfiche is to be realized.. Efforts in microphotography,
expended on technical achievement in the past, should be directed toward
understanding the user and his needs to discover why he avoids microforms and
how to overcome his resistance to them..
.X
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.T
Major Decision Points in Labrary Automation
.A
Veaner, Allen B.
.W
This article is based on a longer, more detailed paper prepared for the 1970
Midwinter Meeting of the Association of Research Libraries.. Readers interested
in the complete test (with bibliography) are referred to the Minutes of the ARL
meeting.. The author discusses automation in the context of the management,
facilities, and system requirements for large research libraries..
.X
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178 1 287
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348 2 287
406 2 287
408 3 287
554 1 287
584 1 287
654 1 287
849 1 287
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858 1 287
859 1 287
860 1 287
861 1 287
862 1 287
897 1 287
916 2 287
925 1 287
936 1 287
959 1 287
960 1 287
962 1 287
979 1 287
1007 2 287
1012 1 287
1013 1 287
1033 1 287
1035 1 287
1400 1 287
1445 1 287
1445 1 287
.I 288
.T
An Approach to Performance Budgeting at the Florida Atlantic
University Library
.A
Axford, H. William
.W
The article summarizes the problems encountered at the FAU library in the
1967 and the library's subsequent reorganization.. A detailed cost study is
analyzed and the Clapp-Jordan and University of Washington formulae for
budgeting are described, as well as a modified formula.. The resulting program
performance budgeting system is now in use by the state university of Florida..
.X
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957 2 288
959 1 288
960 1 288
961 1 288
962 1 288
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1317 1 288
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1424 1 288
.I 289
.T
The Great Gas Bubble Prick't; or, Computers Revealed - by a Gentleman of Quality
.A
Mason, Ellsworth
.W
In which are Exposed the delicious Delusions of those will-o-the-wisps;
the Echoes is computerization of Phrenology, Haruspication, and other
discredited Ancient sciences; and the moral and Mental decline of our
Profession..
.X
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291 1 289
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493 1 289
548 2 289
553 1 289
591 1 289
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597 1 289
598 1 289
601 1 289
612 1 289
617 1 289
620 1 289
627 1 289
836 1 289
849 1 289
863 2 289
864 2 289
865 2 289
866 1 289
868 1 289
897 2 289
916 1 289
936 2 289
938 1 289
963 1 289
964 1 289
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1015 1 289
1052 1 289
1073 1 289
1152 1 289
1221 1 289
1229 1 289
1248 1 289
1324 1 289
1368 1 289
1392 2 289
1414 1 289
1448 1 289
1448 1 289
.I 290
.T
Correlation the Subjects of Books Taken Out Of and Books Used Within an
Open-Stack Library
.A
McGrath, William E.
.W
The traditional over-the-counter circulation count is not always considered
a reliable indicator of total library use.. To test this assumption the author
hypothesized that no correlation exists between the subjects of books taken out
of the library and those used within the library.. Counts were made of books
left on tables, chairs, desks, and other surfaces and correlated to books
charged out.. Two studies were made.. In the first, books were counted within
finely delineated LC and Dewey class spans relating to academic departments..
In the second, books were counted within the broad LC first and second letters
and the Dewey tens.. In the first case, the overall correlation was .86; in the
second, with less data, .84.. The author concludes that out-of-library
circulation totals can be reliable indicators of in-library use.. For predicting
in-library use (and thus total use) two methods are cited-simple ratio of out
to in, and the regression equation..
.X
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277 1 290
280 1 290
282 2 290
284 1 290
290 8 290
925 2 290
943 1 290
981 1 290
1019 1 290
1023 1 290
1203 2 290
1416 1 290
1416 1 290
.I 291
.T
A Generalized Methodology for Library Systems Analysis
.A
Burns, R.W.
.W
This article is directed toward the service in systems work. Its purpose is
to generalize at a very elementary level a methodology or approach which can be
used in conducting a systems study. Systems work is discussed here as a point
of view; a logical, coherent, from the top down, preface to decision-making
and resource allocation which utilizes a very powerful body of sophisticated
techniques. The approach and techniques reviewed in this paper, however,
will be those on the most elementary level. No attempt will be made to
discuss the techniques of queueing, inventory management, linear programming,
simulation, marginal analysis, game theory, statistical inference, or any of
the other highly sophisticated techniques available to the operations
research systems analysis (OR/SA) analyst. When the systems approach is clearly
understood and properly used, it becomes a potent weapon in the arsenal
of the administrator. Rather than a review of the tools themselves, a
delineation of this systems methodology and point of view will be considered in
this article. The methodology discussed here embraces a number of standard
techniques used by the systems engineer, time and motion analyst, operations
researcher, and occasionally, even the librarian.
.X
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289 1 291
291 6 291
292 1 291
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548 1 291
575 1 291
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599 1 291
601 1 291
621 1 291
630 1 291
692 1 291
836 1 291
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864 1 291
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866 1 291
868 1 291
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915 1 291
916 1 291
925 3 291
936 1 291
945 1 291
957 1 291
959 1 291
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961 2 291
962 1 291
972 1 291
982 1 291
984 1 291
1007 1 291
1052 1 291
1248 1 291
1317 1 291
1353 1 291
1358 1 291
1400 2 291
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1402 1 291
1402 1 291
.I 292
.T
Cost Accounting and Analysis for University Libraries
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
Cooper, Michael D.
.W
The approach to library planning studies in this paper is the use of
accounting models to measure library costs and implement program budgets.. A
cost-flow model for a university library is developed and tested with
historical data from the General Library at the University of California,
Berkeley.. Various comparisons of an exploratory nature are made of the unit
costs and total costs for different parts of the Berkeley system..
.X
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83 1 292
120 1 292
158 1 292
249 1 292
288 1 292
291 1 292
292 5 292
584 1 292
591 1 292
823 1 292
841 1 292
842 1 292
865 1 292
907 1 292
915 1 292
925 2 292
948 1 292
957 1 292
959 1 292
960 1 292
961 1 292
962 1 292
972 1 292
984 1 292
1187 1 292
1242 1 292
1317 2 292
1353 1 292
1400 1 292
1401 2 292
1402 1 292
1402 1 292
.I 293
.T
Change in Academic Libraries
.A
Haro, Robert P.
.W
Never noted for their willingness to accept innovative suggestions and
implement change from outside sources, academic libraries have remained
institutions in which changes in service policies and programs originated from
internal sources only.. In order to shift to an orientation that seeks to
develop new and expanding service programs, the establishment to research
groups could do much to improve both the services offered by a library and its
role in the academic community.. While certain constraints always limit
modification or the initiation of services, a properly constituted research
group could do much to generate a climate for change, provide feedback to the
library, and successfully continue to develop new and more effective library
and information services..
.X
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283 1 293
293 6 293
296 1 293
298 2 293
304 1 293
418 1 293
768 1 293
774 1 293
823 1 293
842 1 293
843 1 293
844 1 293
1007 1 293
1015 1 293
1041 1 293
1069 1 293
1070 1 293
1150 1 293
1214 1 293
1268 1 293
1268 1 293
.I 294
.T
Key Factors of Circulation System Analysis and Design
.A
McGee, Rob
.W
Librarians must frequently judge circulation systems on the basis of widely
disparate descriptions that make comparisons difficult.. A way is needed to
place various systems into a common perspective framework, so that their
similarities and differences can be readily understood.. This paper explains
basic (and largely familiar) concepts and components that are common to manual,
machine-aided, and computer-based systems, and documents their significance as
key factors in the analysis and design of academic library circulation systems..
Cost factors are not discussed..
.X
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183 1 294
184 1 294
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212 1 294
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220 1 294
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284 1 294
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289 2 294
294 5 294
543 1 294
553 1 294
588 1 294
612 1 294
613 1 294
617 1 294
620 1 294
624 1 294
799 1 294
800 1 294
808 1 294
849 1 294
850 1 294
897 1 294
959 1 294
963 1 294
990 1 294
1151 1 294
1221 1 294
1229 1 294
1229 1 294
.I 295
.T
An Approach to the Measurement of Use and Cost of a Large Academic Research
Library System: A Report of a Study Done at Columbia University Libraries
.A
Mount, Ellis
Fasana, Paul
.W
A description of the methodology used in collecting performance data in a
large academic research library is given.. Twelve types of surveys used to
measure and evaluate users, services, and materials were developed and
conducted during the period 1968/69 at Columbia University libraries and later
evaluated.. Sample results are included.. Costs of providing research services
were found to be 64 percent versus 36 percent for instructional services..
.X
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288 1 295
289 1 295
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299 1 295
300 1 295
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358 1 295
394 1 295
433 1 295
608 1 295
610 1 295
617 1 295
620 1 295
624 1 295
631 1 295
815 1 295
865 1 295
872 1 295
937 1 295
938 2 295
939 1 295
946 1 295
981 1 295
991 1 295
992 1 295
1221 1 295
1247 1 295
1257 1 295
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1365 1 295
1373 1 295
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1410 1 295
.I 296
.T
Participative Management in Relation to Library Effectiveness
.A
Lynch, Beverly
.W
This paper reviews a recent study on the influence of participative
management on library performance.. Because most of the recent theoretical and
empirical research being done in this area is ignored and an invalid measure of
participation in decision making is used, the study provides no basis for the
generalization that in increase in the library staff's participation in
decision making will increase the library's effectiveness..
.X
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304 1 296
358 1 296
364 1 296
418 1 296
515 1 296
535 1 296
625 1 296
629 1 296
631 1 296
634 1 296
791 1 296
811 1 296
816 1 296
818 1 296
823 1 296
843 1 296
844 1 296
846 1 296
915 1 296
925 1 296
961 1 296
962 1 296
964 1 296
994 1 296
1015 3 296
1069 1 296
1070 1 296
1150 1 296
1214 1 296
1233 1 296
1242 1 296
1247 1 296
1268 2 296
1354 1 296
1454 1 296
1454 1 296
.I 297
.T
The Evaluation of Campus Library Document Delivery Service
.A
Dougherty, Richard M.
.W
A campus delivery service is one way to increase accessibility of library
materials.. This report provides an overview of such a service, evaluates its
performance, notes the economic implications, and concludes that the service
can solve some of the problems of decentralized collections..
.X
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433 1 297
515 1 297
535 1 297
625 1 297
629 1 297
631 1 297
634 1 297
791 1 297
811 1 297
816 1 297
818 1 297
823 1 297
843 1 297
844 1 297
846 1 297
891 1 297
915 1 297
951 1 297
952 1 297
961 1 297
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994 1 297
1015 1 297
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1247 1 297
1268 1 297
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1365 1 297
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1390 1 297
.I 298
.T
The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries
.A
McAnally, Arthur M.
Downs, Robert B.
.W
The role of the university library director has changed markedly in the last
decade.. The position of library director has become a difficult role to serve..
Directors has been subjected to pressures from different quarters.. Five sources
are identified by the authors, including pressures from the president's office,
library stuff, faculty, and students.. These difficulties coupled with a
declining ability to meet user needs, the lack of cohesive library planning,
and an institutional inability to accommodate change have all contributed to the
declining status of the library director.. Recommendations as to ways to
ameliorate the problem are offered.. Among the suggestions included are better
planning, improved budgeting techniques, and the introduction of new
organizational patterns..
.X
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381 1 298
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620 1 298
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629 1 298
630 1 298
631 1 298
634 1 298
752 1 298
768 1 298
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791 1 298
811 1 298
816 1 298
818 1 298
822 1 298
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842 1 298
843 2 298
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915 1 298
951 1 298
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964 1 298
994 1 298
1008 1 298
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1041 1 298
1069 1 298
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1214 1 298
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1240 1 298
1242 1 298
1247 2 298
1268 2 298
1333 1 298
1339 1 298
1354 1 298
1365 1 298
1384 1 298
1384 1 298
.I 299
.T
An Approach to Developing Computer Catalogs
.A
MacDonald, Robin W.
Elrod, J. Mcree
.W
A method of developing computer catalogs is proposed which does not require
unit card conversion but rather the accumulation of data from operating
programs.. It is proposed that the bibliographic and finding functions of the
catalog be separated, with the latter being the first automated.. Such
automation is seen as being advantageous on a cost basis..
.X
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141 2 299
231 1 299
244 1 299
261 1 299
295 1 299
299 6 299
333 2 299
334 1 299
354 1 299
365 1 299
522 1 299
529 1 299
530 1 299
608 1 299
610 1 299
617 1 299
620 1 299
627 2 299
628 2 299
630 1 299
815 1 299
822 1 299
854 1 299
871 1 299
872 1 299
873 2 299
874 5 299
875 3 299
876 2 299
877 1 299
878 2 299
879 1 299
880 1 299
892 4 299
922 1 299
938 1 299
939 1 299
940 1 299
941 3 299
990 1 299
991 1 299
992 1 299
994 2 299
995 2 299
996 1 299
997 2 299
998 2 299
1079 3 299
1143 1 299
1153 1 299
1189 1 299
1221 1 299
1230 1 299
1251 1 299
1257 1 299
1303 1 299
1318 1 299
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1365 1 299
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1420 2 299
1434 2 299
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1436 1 299
1441 1 299
1442 2 299
1442 2 299
.I 300
.T
Faculty Awareness and Attitudes Toward Academic Library Reference Services:
A Measure of Communication
.A
Nelson, Jerold
.W
A survey of the faculties at six colleges was undertaken to measure the
degree to which the libraries of those institutions were communicating with the
faculty concerning the availability of various references services.. The results
demonstrated that the average faculty member was aware of barely half the
services actually available.. Variables of academic rank, length of teaching,
and amount of library and reference use were some of the factors shown to
affect faculty awareness of library service..
.X
9 1 300
161 1 300
207 1 300
222 1 300
223 1 300
278 1 300
295 1 300
296 1 300
297 1 300
298 1 300
300 5 300
301 1 300
302 1 300
358 2 300
364 1 300
433 1 300
439 1 300
515 1 300
528 1 300
535 1 300
614 1 300
624 2 300
625 1 300
629 1 300
631 2 300
634 1 300
768 1 300
791 1 300
811 1 300
816 1 300
818 2 300
823 1 300
843 1 300
844 1 300
845 1 300
846 1 300
915 1 300
937 1 300
946 1 300
961 1 300
962 1 300
964 1 300
994 1 300
1015 1 300
1242 1 300
1247 1 300
1263 1 300
1268 1 300
1354 1 300
1373 1 300
1373 1 300
.I 301
.T
Staff Participation in Management In Large University Libraries
.A
Flener, Jane G.
.W
A CLR Fellowship in 1971-72 enabled the author to examine staff participation
in the management of large academic libraries.. The report considers the climate
of participation, preparation given the staff, areas of decision making, the
role of the professional staff association, and the reaction of staff to such
participation..
.X
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207 1 301
222 1 301
223 1 301
270 1 301
285 3 301
296 2 301
297 1 301
298 1 301
300 1 301
301 7 301
302 2 301
358 1 301
364 1 301
418 1 301
515 1 301
535 1 301
625 1 301
629 1 301
631 1 301
634 1 301
791 1 301
811 1 301
816 1 301
818 1 301
823 1 301
843 1 301
844 1 301
846 1 301
915 1 301
925 1 301
954 1 301
961 1 301
962 1 301
964 1 301
994 1 301
1015 5 301
1065 1 301
1069 1 301
1070 1 301
1150 1 301
1214 1 301
1242 1 301
1247 1 301
1268 1 301
1354 1 301
1454 2 301
1454 2 301
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.T
Applying "Management by Objectives" To the University Library
.A
Johnson, Edward R.
.W
Many methods of library management are no longer sufficient to meet the more
sophisticated demands of today.. A promising management technique for
librarians is "managements by objectives", which helps to establish library
goals, measure performance objectively, and to identify factors affecting an
operation's final results..
.X
9 1 302
14 1 302
207 1 302
222 1 302
223 1 302
285 1 302
296 2 302
297 1 302
298 1 302
300 1 302
301 2 302
302 5 302
358 1 302
364 1 302
418 1 302
515 1 302
535 1 302
625 1 302
629 1 302
631 1 302
634 1 302
791 1 302
811 1 302
816 1 302
818 1 302
823 1 302
843 1 302
844 1 302
846 1 302
915 1 302
925 1 302
961 1 302
962 1 302
964 1 302
994 1 302
1015 2 302
1069 1 302
1070 1 302
1214 1 302
1242 1 302
1247 1 302
1268 1 302
1354 1 302
1424 1 302
1454 1 302
1454 1 302
.I 303
.T
Reference-Bibliographers in the College Library
.A
Gration, Selby U.
Young, Arthur P.
.W
One approach to making college library more relevant, dynamic, and
intelligible is to employ specialists with broad subject competence, throughly
familiar with the terminology, bibliographic tools, and major writings of
several related disciplines.. These subject specialists or reference-
bibliographers provide reference and institutional services, and serve as
coordinators between academic departments and the library.. A significant
increase in the quality of library service is attained with reference-
bibliographers both building and interpreting the collection.. The reference-
bibliographer concept is examined from several perspectives: historical
antecedents; relationship to the academic setting; and the authors' experience
with a staff of subject specialists at a predominantly undergraduate college
library during 1969-1972..
.X
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234 1 303
236 1 303
268 2 303
284 1 303
298 1 303
303 5 303
353 1 303
433 1 303
843 1 303
985 3 303
1008 1 303
1021 1 303
1247 1 303
1247 1 303
.I 304
.T
The Management Review and Analysis Program: An Assisted Self-Study to Secure
Constructive Change in the Management of Research Libraries
.A
Webster, D. E.
.W
The Management Review and Analysis Program (MRAP), designed, tested, and
operated by the Association of Research Libraries' Office of University Library
Management Studies (OMS), is an assisted self-study strategy intended for use
by large academic and research libraries.. The program assists libraries in
reviewing and analyzing their current management policies and practices, and
provides guidelines for the application of contemporary principles of
management for the improvement of library programs..
.X
10 1 304
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225 1 304
234 1 304
244 1 304
293 1 304
296 1 304
298 2 304
304 6 304
305 1 304
306 2 304
338 1 304
358 1 304
385 1 304
394 1 304
433 1 304
459 1 304
534 1 304
646 1 304
647 1 304
651 1 304
702 1 304
731 1 304
732 1 304
817 1 304
820 1 304
823 1 304
825 1 304
826 1 304
827 1 304
828 1 304
942 1 304
943 1 304
944 1 304
947 1 304
948 2 304
951 1 304
1015 1 304
1017 2 304
1041 1 304
1049 1 304
1058 1 304
1146 1 304
1183 1 304
1206 1 304
1230 1 304
1233 1 304
1237 1 304
1257 1 304
1378 1 304
1390 1 304
1440 1 304
1450 1 304
1453 1 304
1453 1 304
.I 305
.T
Allocating the Book Budget: A Model
.A
Kohut, Joseph J.
.W
Inflation is currently affected library book budgets, particularly with
respect to the acquisition of serials.. A model is proposed which would balance
the purchase of serials against the purchase of monographs by individual
funding units within the academic library.. Special consideration is given to
inflation as a cost factor affected by both the form of publication and the
subject matter.. Applying the model to a specific example demonstrates its use
in providing control over collection development and allowing for equitable
distribution of book funds among funding units..
.X
10 1 305
11 1 305
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190 1 305
225 1 305
244 1 305
266 1 305
268 1 305
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275 2 305
277 2 305
282 1 305
304 1 305
305 8 305
306 1 305
307 1 305
358 1 305
385 1 305
394 1 305
433 1 305
459 1 305
534 1 305
591 1 305
702 1 305
731 1 305
732 1 305
817 1 305
820 1 305
823 1 305
825 1 305
826 1 305
827 1 305
828 1 305
947 1 305
948 1 305
975 1 305
1017 1 305
1020 1 305
1021 1 305
1058 2 305
1146 1 305
1230 1 305
1257 1 305
1390 1 305
1390 1 305
.I 306
.T
From Economic to Political Analysis of Library Decision Making
.A
Raffel, Jeffrey A.
.W
In general, the more critical the decision, the less useful a cost-benefit
analysis is to library decision makers.. Political analysis is required, and
Easton's conceptual framework is presented to suggest the utility of political
analysis.. A list of normative issues is derived from raising descriptive
questions about the politics of university libraries..
.X
10 1 306
190 1 306
225 1 306
234 1 306
244 1 306
298 1 306
304 2 306
305 1 306
306 5 306
338 1 306
358 1 306
385 1 306
394 1 306
418 1 306
433 1 306
459 1 306
534 1 306
646 1 306
647 1 306
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.T
Providing Access to Externally Available Bibliographic Data Bases
in an Academic Library
.A
Hock, Randilph E.
.W
The ready availability of externally processed bibliographic data based has
made it possible for an academic library to provide computerized searches on a
large number of data bases with a very small initial investment and utilizing
its own personnel.. The experience of the University of Pennsylvania Libraries
has confirmed that such an approach is indeed feasible. This article discusses
the approach, questions and problems encountered, and the factors considered in
their resolution.. Also discussed are the role of the data services librarian,
the cost incurred, and some observations as to the philosophy of the approach,
with particular attention to the integration of the service into the reference
department..
.X
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.I 308
.T
The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology
.A
Gouldner, A.W.
.W
The criticism and transformation of society can be divorced only
at our peril from the criticism and transformation of theories about
society. Yet the gap between theory and practice, so common in the
history of American radical movements, is in some quarters growing
wider. Some of the most militant of American radicals, in the
New Left or in the movement for Black liberation, have at least
temporarily avoided any serious concern with social theory.
This neglect of theory doubtless has various origins. In some
part it is due to the fact that these social movements are still new
and their political activism consumes their necessarily limited
energies and resources; the new radicalisms will, in short, need time
to produce their new theories. Although the neglect of theory is
scarcely peculiar to Americans, it is in part also due to the fact
that American radicals are often more American than they know and
may prefer the tangible outcomes of pragmatic politics to the
intangible outputs of theory. Again, part of their neglect of theoretical
problems is probably due to the close links that some young radicals
have with the "hippie" contingent of their generation, whose more
expressive and aesthetic styles of rejecting American culture
dispose them to avoid what they take to be the sterile "hassles" of
intellectual confrontation. There is also a vocal minority who, as
has been said, feel personally excluded when they hear an appeal to
reason.
.X
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105 1 308
107 1 308
308 5 308
1217 1 308
1331 1 308
1340 2 308
1348 1 308
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1387 2 308
.I 309
.T
The SMART Automatic Document Retrieval System - An Illustration
.A
Salton, Gerard
Lesk, M.E.
.W
A fully automatic document retrieval system operating on the IBM 7094 is
described.. The system is characterized by the fact that several hundred
different methods are available to analyze documents and search requests..
This feature is used in the retrieval process by leaving the exact sequence of
operations initially unspecified, and adapting the search strategy to the needs
of individual users..
The system is used not only to simulate an actual operating environment, but
also to test the effectiveness of the various available processing methods..
Results obtained so far seem to indicate that some combination of analysis
procedures can in general be relied upon to retrieve the wanted information..
A typical search request is used as an example in the present report to
illustrate systems operations and evaluation procedures..
.X
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43 1 309
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328 1 309
389 1 309
390 1 309
416 1 309
477 1 309
565 2 309
660 1 309
661 1 309
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852 1 309
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970 1 309
.I 310
.T
A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Banks
.A
Cod, E.F.
.W
Future users of large data banks must be protected from having to know how
the data is organized in the machine (the internal representation). A prompting
service which supplies such information is not a satisfactory solution..
Activities of users at terminals and most application programs should remain
unaffected when the internal representation of data is changed
and even when some aspects of the external representation are changed.. Changes
in data representation will often be nedded as a result of changes in query,
update, and report traffic and natural growth in the types of stored
information..
Existing noninferential, formated data systems provide users with tree-
structured files or slightly more general network models of the data.. In
Section 1, inadequacies of these models are discussed.. A model based on n-ary
relations, a normal form for data base relations, and the concept of a universal
data sublanguage are introduced.. IN Section 2, certain operations (other than
logical inference) are discussed and applied to the problems of redundancy and
consistency in the user's model..
.X
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.I 311
.T
Communication among Scientists and Engineers
.A
Lin, N.
Garvey, W.D.
Nelson, C.E.
.W
Since 1966, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Research in Scientific
Communication has been conducting studies of the information flow process -
the production, dissemination, and assimilation of information - associated with
nine scientific and engineering disciplines. This process in most disciplines
appears, from the dissemination point of view, to consume about five years -
from the time a scientist begins his research until reports of his findings are
cited in a review. To date we have conducted over sixty studies of this process
and, since one of the main goals of our program is to make genuine comparisons
of the scientific communication associated with the disciplines being studied,
we have standardized the procedures, instruments, and analyses in those of the
major studies which were conducted for all disciplines.
We will present findings from the major studies conducted to date in order
(1) to indicate the types of data we have collected on approximately 30,000
scientists and engineers during the past three years; (2) to indicate some of
the goals of our program; and (3) to suggest a preliminary picture of the
communication structure of science, as our program has led us to perceive it.
.X
131 1 311
163 1 311
311 5 311
456 1 311
842 1 311
1232 1 311
1236 1 311
1400 1 311
1400 1 311
.I 312
.T
Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach
.A
Rogers, E.M.
Shoemaker, F.F.
.W
In the present edition we have, to a far greater extent, integrated diffusion
research with the scientific study of human communication. Diffusion
researchers have long been aware that they were investigating a special type
of communication behavior. In this book we stress communication concepts
and frameworks in our analysis of the diffusion process. We feel this provides
an advantage of conceptual clarity as well as ease of wide expression. Our
adoption of the communication viewpoint is reflected in the addition of
several chapters, the complete reorganization of all chapters, and the frequent
inclusion of new concepts.
.X
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105 1 312
113 1 312
191 1 312
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602 1 312
728 1 312
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1036 1 312
1041 1 312
1045 1 312
1050 1 312
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1291 1 312
1296 1 312
1300 1 312
1303 1 312
1333 1 312
1346 1 312
1386 1 312
1406 1 312
1406 1 312
.I 313
.T
Communication among Scientists and Engineers
.A
Nelson, C. E.
.W
In the course of collecting data on nine scientific and technological
disciplines, it has become obvious to us that in their communication
activities, some disciplines behave quite differently from others.. Recently,
we have reanalyzed our data for the physical, the engineering, and the social
sciences.. We do not have time to discuss differences among all three groups,
so we have decided to compare only the physical and social sciences.. We have
included data pertaining to the engineering sciences on the graphs, however,
so you can get some idea of how they differ from the other two groups..
Before discussing these differences, we should like to emphasize that there
are similarities, that there are of major importance, and that they, in fact,
make genuine comparisons among the groups feasible..
We will discuss differences between the physical and the social sciences in
terms of three major communication characteristics associated with science..
.X
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.I 314
.T
Citation Measures of Hard Science, Soft Science, Technology and Nonscience
.A
de Solla Price, D.
.W
Perhaps the fundamental problem of those that work in the scientific
information industry is that it is not just that special part of an information
industry that happens to deal with material having a scientific content.
Technical librarianship involves much more than librarianship applied to
books with an esoteric vocabulary and much mathematics.
My reason for choosing this problem as a contribution for such a strategic
conference is that I know well as an historian of science that the greatest and
most useful advances in our technologies have not come from the applied
research of trained people trying to make themselves useful to society, but
rather from basic research aimed at furthering understanding and curiousity,
and powered by the latest instrumentation that the useful people have devised.
I suspect that all the new indexing tools and computer handlings will be more
useful to basic research in understanding scientists than they will to
solving practical problems for which they are designed. It seems clear,
however, that it is only such new understanding that can bring success,
whatever solutions ultimately emerge.
.X
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1386 2 314
.I 315
.T
Automatic Abstracting and Indexing - Survey and Recommendations
.A
Edmundson, H.P.
.A
Wyllys, R.E.
.W
In preparation for the widespread use of automatic scanner which will read
documents and transmit their contents in automatic analysis: the relative-
frequency approach to measuring the significance of words, word groups, and
sentences.. The relative-frequency approach is discussed in detail, as is its
application to problems of automatic indexing and automatic abstracting..
Included in the report is a summary of automatic analysis studies published as
of the date of writing.. Conclusions are drawn that point toward more
sophisticated mathematical and linguistic techniques for the solution of
problems of automatic analysis..
.X
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.I 316
.T
Scatter Storage Techniques
.A
Morris, Robert
.W
Scatter storage techniques as a method for implementing the symbol tables of
assemblers and compilers are reviewed and a number of ways of using them more
effectively are presented.. Many of most useful variants of the techniques are
documented..
.X
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324 1 316
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511 1 316
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.I 317
.T
Natural Language Question - Answering System: 1969
.A
Simmons, Robert F.
.W
Recent experiments in programming natural language question-answering system
are reviewed to summarize the methods that have been developed for syntactic,
semantic, and logical analysis of English strings.. It is concluded that at
least minimally effective techniques have been devised for answering questions
from natural language subsets in small scale experimental systems and that a
useful paradigm has evolved to guide research efforts in the field.. Current
approaches to semantic analysis and logical inference are seen to be effective
beginnings but of questionable generality with respect either to subtle aspects
of meaning or to applications over large subset of English.. Generalizing from
current small-scale experiments to language processing systems based on
dictionaries with thousands of entries - with correspondingly large grammars
and semantic systems - may entail a new order of complexity and require the
invention and development of entirely different approaches to semantic analysis
and question answering..
.X
77 1 317
79 1 317
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417 1 317
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493 1 317
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499 1 317
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570 1 317
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659 1 317
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902 1 317
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1327 1 317
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1413 1 317
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1448 1 317
.I 318
.T
A Formal System for Information Retrieval from Files
.A
Hsiao, David
Harary, Frank
.W
A generalized file structure is provided by which the concepts of keyword,
index, record, file, directory decoding, and record retrieval are defined and
from which some of the frequently used file structures such is inverted files,
index-sequential files, and multilists files are derived..
Two algorithms which retrieve records from the generalized file structure
are presented..
.X
19 1 318
62 1 318
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318 8 318
321 1 318
324 1 318
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416 1 318
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450 2 318
455 1 318
458 1 318
462 1 318
495 1 318
511 2 318
523 1 318
524 1 318
563 1 318
565 2 318
567 2 318
604 1 318
620 1 318
737 1 318
745 1 318
835 1 318
851 1 318
853 1 318
862 1 318
867 1 318
869 1 318
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883 1 318
1078 1 318
1193 1 318
1194 1 318
1196 1 318
1199 1 318
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.I 319
.T
Inefficiency of the Use of Boolean Functions for Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Verhoeff, J.
Goffman, W.
Belzer, J.
.W
In this note we attempt to point out why boolean functions
are, in general, not applicable in information retrieval
systems.
First, we wish to stress that a system, which supposedly
is to serve a certain purpose, has to try to optimize some
overall performance rather than certain detailed parts of
it. This situation is, of course, well known.
Saying that a system should cater to an optimal performance
implies that the reward varies with different circumstances.
That is, there may always be some customers who will not agree
that the system's output is satisfactory. However, these
should be relatively few. In the case of an information
retrieval system, let us consider one whose function is to
furnish a reference list as a reaction to a question.
So, if we have a set of documents S and a set of questions
Q, the system has to assign to each question q, an answer A(q)
which is a subset of S. Naturally, this answer cannot be
chosen arbitrarily; it should reflect a relation between
the question and the resulting reference list. Usually
one says that the documents in the list are relevant to
the question. More precisely stated, we assume that the
enquirer expects a certain reference list, namely the one
he would have procured had he himself probed the documents
in the set.
.X
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319 5 319
390 1 319
444 1 319
474 1 319
487 1 319
509 1 319
519 1 319
565 1 319
625 1 319
660 2 319
714 1 319
780 2 319
785 2 319
810 2 319
1279 1 319
1282 1 319
1307 1 319
1427 1 319
1427 1 319
.I 320
.T
The Teachable Language Comprehender:
A Simulation Program and Theory of Language
.A
Quillian, M.R.
.W
The Teachable Language Comprehender (TLC) is a program
designed to be capable of being taught to "comprehend"
English text. When text which the program has not seen before
is input to it, it comprehends that text by correctly relating
each (explicit or implicit) assertion of the new text to a large
memory. This memory is a "semantic network" representing
factual assertions about the world.
The program also creates copies of the parts of its memory
which have been found to relate to the new text, adapting
and combining these copies to represent the meaning of the
new text. By this means, the meaning of all text the program
successfully comprehends is encoded into the same format as
that of the memory. In this form it can be added into the
memory.
Both factual assertions for the memory and the capabilities
for correctly relating text to the memory's prior content are to
be taught to the program as they are needed. TLC presently
contains a relatively small number of examples of such
assertions and capabilities, but within the system, notations for
expressing either of these are provided. Thus the program
now corresponds to a general process for comprehending
language, and it provides a methodology for adding the
additional information this process requires to actually
comprehend text of any particular kind.
The memory structure and comprehension process of TLC
allow new factual assertions and capabilities for relating
text to such stored assertions and capabilities for relating
text to such stored assertions to generalize automatically.
That is, once such an assertion or capability is put into the
system, it becomes available to help comprehend a great many
other sentences in the future.
.X
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79 1 320
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168 2 320
175 1 320
274 1 320
317 2 320
320 6 320
458 1 320
459 1 320
488 1 320
489 1 320
493 1 320
498 1 320
499 1 320
526 1 320
546 1 320
558 1 320
570 1 320
572 1 320
579 1 320
581 1 320
590 1 320
606 1 320
626 1 320
659 1 320
664 1 320
754 1 320
790 1 320
814 1 320
826 1 320
1035 1 320
1046 2 320
1118 1 320
1294 1 320
1399 1 320
1427 1 320
1443 3 320
1443 3 320
.I 321
.T
An Information-Theoretic Approach to Text Searching
in Direct Access Systems
.A
Barton, I.J.
Creasey, S.E.
Lynch, M.F.
Snell, M.J.
.W
Using direct access computer files of bibliographic
information, an attempt is made to overcome one of the
problems often associated with information retrieval,
namely, the maintenance and use of large dictionaries,
the greater part of which is used only infrequently.
A novel method is presented, which maps they hyperbolic
frequency distribution of text characteristics onto a
rectangular distribution. This is more suited to
implementation on storage devices.
This method treats text as a string of characters
rather than words bounded by spaces, and chooses subsets
of strings such that their frequencies of occurrence are
more even than those of word types. The members of this
subset are then used as index keys for retrieval. The
rectangular distribution of key frequencies results in a much
simplified file organization and promises considerable
cost advantages.
.K
text searching, information theory, filed organization,
direct access, information retrieval, character string, bit vector
.C
3.42 3.70 3.73 3.74 5.6
.X
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321 6 321
324 1 321
329 2 321
416 2 321
419 1 321
442 2 321
450 2 321
459 1 321
495 1 321
511 2 321
521 1 321
524 2 321
562 1 321
563 1 321
565 1 321
567 1 321
643 1 321
660 1 321
700 1 321
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862 2 321
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875 1 321
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1199 3 321
1218 1 321
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1427 1 321
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.I 322
.T
The Community College Library
.A
Veit, F.
.W
This study deals with the learning resources programs of the public
two-year colleges. In former years, these institutions were commonly
called junior colleges, and the college departments or divisions that
assembled, organized, and interpreted the learning resources (mainly
books) were commonly called libraries. In keeping with traditional
terminology I could have chosen "The Junior College Library" as the
title for the study; however, I decided to modify the title to make it
correspond more closely to prevailing current terminology.
.X
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322 5 322
322 5 322
.I 323
.T
Comparative and International Librarianship; essays on themes and problems
.A
Jackson, M.M.
.W
In this decade, professionals in the field of librarianship and the
information sciences will continue to be faced with most of the
problems that have haunted libraries for generations, problems that
can be best summed up as the attempt to reduce the anonymity of
information. There will also be many new problems. Some of these
are already becoming apparent, while others are still unknown. But
librarians need not despair; the past record is clear. Through the use
of sophisticated electronic machines, we have begun to master the
bibliographical control and retrieval of information, we have
improved the communication between librarians and the consumers
of information on a national and international basis, and we have
refined the many problems concerned with cataloging and classifying
information. In addition, library education has been on the front
line in trying to educate people to understand the complexities of
organizing and disseminating information of all types.
.X
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323 5 323
407 1 323
407 1 323
.I 324
.T
Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English
.A
Kucera, H.
.W
Readers can expect to find many parts of this volume tantalizing. The
definiteness of the answers to certain questions irresistibly provokes more
questions. The happy feature is that the book provides information required
to limit the effect to that of tantalizing rather than frustrating. For there
is given here a wholly adequate description of the nature of the Corpus of
Present-Day Edited American English on which this study is based, the details
of its constituents, and the modes of its transfer to tape. A replica of that
tape is available at a small cost in money, which is minuscule compared to the
cost in time needed to produce a like corpus. Accordingly, any reader who
seriously wants answers to further questions can set about getting those
answers.
.X
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316 1 324
318 1 324
321 1 324
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329 1 324
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420 1 324
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489 1 324
495 1 324
499 1 324
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524 1 324
558 1 324
563 1 324
565 1 324
566 1 324
567 1 324
571 1 324
657 1 324
666 1 324
755 1 324
835 1 324
851 1 324
856 1 324
862 1 324
875 1 324
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1199 1 324
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.I 325
.T
Computer-Based Library and Information Systems
.A
Henley, J.P.
.W
This book describes some of the various ways in which a computer
could be used as part of a library system. In doing so, it aims to bridge
the gap between librarian and computer specialist, by introducing
computers to those involved in library work, especially students of
librarianship, and at the same time helping to make those interested
in the computer applications field aware of the potential and problems
of the library environment.
.X
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482 1 325
837 1 325
837 1 325
.I 326
.T
Computer Filing of Index Bibliographic and Catalog Entries
.A
Hines, T.C.
.W
The need to establish a filing code for computer arrangement
has become increasingly apparent as more and more book
catalogs and indexes have been prepared mechanically. Many
of the difficulties in manual filing, as shown in the A.L.A. Rules
for Filing Catalog Cards, become even more intricate to cope
with when computers are used. Of course, if cost is not an
object, the theoretical potentialities for computer programming are
practically limitless. However, modifications in rules and procedures
can make the alphabetic arranging or merging of index, catalog,
or bibliographic entries by computer more readily possible, and
these modifications are made in this proposed code for computer
filing of complex alphabetic entries.
.X
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50 1 326
92 1 326
209 1 326
235 1 326
246 1 326
247 1 326
276 1 326
326 7 326
333 1 326
446 1 326
473 1 326
485 1 326
503 1 326
572 1 326
616 1 326
632 1 326
746 1 326
773 1 326
848 1 326
874 1 326
880 1 326
922 1 326
928 1 326
950 1 326
958 1 326
963 1 326
973 1 326
991 1 326
997 1 326
1000 1 326
1153 1 326
1207 1 326
1216 1 326
1266 1 326
1283 1 326
1395 1 326
1426 1 326
1441 1 326
1441 1 326
.I 327
.T
Computer Handling of Chemical Structure Information
.A
Lynch, M.F.
.W
Far-reaching changes in the patterns of communication in science
are at present in motion, which seem likely to have fundamental
effects on scientists's use of and access to existing knowledge.
These changes derive from the increasing involvement of computer
techniques in the publication, dissemination and retrieval of scientific
and technical information. Many of the implications of the changes
are not yet clear. Information-handling is rapidly changing from a
labour-intensive industry to a capital-intensive one, as soaring
man-power requirements reflect the increasing flow of information and
increasing demands for timeliness, accuracy, and improved access.
But the changes to be effected also have major social implications;
the reasons for publication and use of information are complex,
reflecting the factors of a sociological nature which are still
imperfectly understood. The rate at which innovations in information-
handling win acceptance from scientists is determined partly by their
appreciation of the greater flexibility which the novel methods offer,
but also by the sensitivity, on the part of the designers and operators
of information systems, to the needs and habits of users, and to their
perception of the usefulness of the newer methods.
.X
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117 1 327
175 1 327
176 1 327
254 3 327
327 11 327
389 1 327
509 1 327
568 3 327
569 2 327
619 1 327
641 1 327
668 1 327
670 1 327
671 3 327
673 1 327
677 1 327
678 1 327
679 1 327
682 1 327
689 1 327
690 1 327
692 1 327
693 1 327
694 1 327
695 2 327
698 2 327
700 1 327
704 1 327
706 3 327
707 1 327
730 1 327
738 1 327
817 1 327
833 1 327
890 3 327
1026 1 327
1044 1 327
1072 1 327
1092 3 327
1218 1 327
1292 2 327
1452 2 327
1452 2 327
.I 328
.T
Current approaches to classification and clump-finding at the Cambridge
Language Research Unit
.A
Sparck-Jones, K.
Jackson, David
.W
Computer programs for automatic classification are a desideratum in many
fields.. Work on suitable procedures for handling large bodies of object/
property descriptions has been in progress at the Cambridge Language Research
Unit for some years: this paper describes the current series of general-purpose
programs which have been developed there, in which classes or "clamps" of
objects are obtained, using a similarity matrix, by a simple iterative scan of
the universe of objects, distributing them in such a way that an appropriate
cohesion function is minimized.. This actual clump-finding process is embedded
in a overall package in which the information given by a classification is
manipulated in a variety of ways.. The current applications of the programs,
especially for information retrieval, are described..
.X
26 2 328
43 1 328
309 1 328
328 6 328
389 3 328
390 1 328
422 1 328
565 4 328
660 2 328
661 2 328
662 1 328
769 1 328
1327 1 328
1382 1 328
1382 1 328
.I 329
.T
The identification of variable-length, equifrequent character strings in a
natural language data base
.A
Clare, A.C.
Cook, Elizabeth M.
Lynch, M.F.
.W
The words of natural language texts exhibit a Poisson (or Zipfian) rank-
frequency relationship, i.e., a small number of common words accounts for a
large proportion of word occurrences, while a large number of the words occur
as singletons or only infrequently.. Inverted-file retrieval systems using free
text data bases commonly identify words as the keys or index terms about which
the file is inverted, and through which access is provided.. They therefore
involve large and growing dictionaries and many entail inefficient utilization
of storage because of the distribution characteristics..
An alternative approach may be based on the analysis of text in terms of
sets of variable-length character strings, the frequency distributions of
which are much less disparate than those of words.. This could lead to
substantial reductions in dictionary size, and increased efficiency both in
dictionary look-up times and storage utilization.
.X
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44 1 329
57 2 329
75 1 329
176 1 329
228 3 329
229 1 329
318 2 329
321 2 329
324 1 329
329 11 329
346 1 329
359 1 329
416 4 329
442 5 329
450 4 329
495 3 329
511 6 329
521 2 329
524 2 329
536 1 329
563 1 329
565 4 329
567 3 329
572 1 329
595 1 329
596 1 329
608 1 329
619 1 329
700 2 329
791 3 329
810 1 329
812 1 329
813 1 329
814 1 329
835 1 329
851 1 329
862 1 329
867 1 329
870 1 329
872 1 329
875 3 329
894 2 329
928 1 329
963 1 329
990 1 329
991 1 329
1194 2 329
1196 1 329
1199 3 329
1255 1 329
1362 1 329
1396 1 329
1398 1 329
1413 1 329
1445 1 329
1445 1 329
.I 330
.T
Computer Readable Bibliographic Data Bases -- A Directory and Data Sourcebook
.A
Williams, M.E.
.W
This document, Computer Readable Bibliographic Data Bases -- A Directory
and Data Sourcebook not only updates the 1973 publication, which included
information on 81 data bases, but expands the coverage to 300 data bases and
includes considerably more information about the data bases.
Methodology used to obtain data involved: (1) consulting published and
unpublished sources; (2) design of a 13 page questionnaire; (3) mail survey;
and (4) telephone follow up and verification. The sources consulted were
(1) the Survey of Commercially Available Computer-Readable Bibliographic
Data Bases; (2) M.E. Williams' personal data base files which include
information from the open literature, news releases, and personal contacts;
(3) NEWSIDIC, April 1975 issue number 16, the quarterly newsletter produced
by EUSIDIC which included a survey of computer readable bibliographic files;
(4) the "World Inventory of Abstracting and Indexing Services--Data Elements
Definition List;" and (5) the ASIDIC Survey of Information Center Services.
.X
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127 1 330
128 1 330
129 1 330
190 1 330
191 1 330
197 1 330
211 1 330
214 1 330
218 1 330
243 1 330
307 1 330
330 6 330
378 1 330
450 1 330
451 1 330
452 1 330
459 1 330
468 1 330
484 1 330
492 1 330
508 1 330
511 1 330
512 1 330
514 1 330
518 1 330
520 1 330
523 1 330
524 1 330
525 1 330
526 1 330
529 1 330
530 1 330
534 1 330
546 1 330
553 1 330
579 1 330
594 1 330
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609 1 330
610 1 330
611 1 330
612 1 330
623 1 330
625 1 330
626 1 330
630 1 330
636 1 330
637 1 330
642 1 330
648 1 330
650 1 330
692 1 330
696 1 330
699 1 330
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708 1 330
726 1 330
727 1 330
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729 1 330
731 1 330
732 1 330
733 1 330
734 1 330
736 1 330
738 1 330
739 1 330
740 1 330
741 1 330
742 1 330
743 1 330
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748 1 330
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820 1 330
826 1 330
827 1 330
831 1 330
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883 1 330
893 1 330
1004 1 330
1035 1 330
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1089 1 330
1091 1 330
1207 1 330
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1297 1 330
1303 1 330
1356 1 330
1364 1 330
1368 1 330
1370 1 330
1372 1 330
1373 1 330
1374 1 330
1375 2 330
1376 2 330
1377 1 330
1377 1 330
.I 331
.T
Computerized Library Catalogs: Their Growth, Cost and Utility
.A
Dolby, J.L.
.W
This book is a slightly modified form of a report on computerized
library catalogs prepared for the Office of Education of the United States
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (Contract OEC-1-7-
071182-5013). It consists of seven chapters. The first poses the problems
that have been studied, introduces background material to facilitate an
understanding of their significance, and presents our conclusions and
general recommendations. The remaining chapters belong to one of two
parts, depending on whether their principle concern is the utility or the
cost of computeerized library catalogs. Because the problem of utility is the
more speculative of the two, it has been placed in the second part.
.X
74 1 331
83 1 331
175 1 331
232 1 331
241 1 331
245 2 331
246 1 331
249 1 331
265 1 331
273 2 331
279 1 331
288 1 331
331 13 331
336 1 331
350 1 331
358 1 331
381 1 331
406 1 331
408 1 331
490 1 331
496 1 331
563 1 331
591 1 331
592 1 331
723 1 331
724 1 331
799 1 331
834 2 331
835 1 331
848 1 331
851 1 331
860 1 331
896 1 331
919 1 331
920 1 331
922 2 331
925 3 331
946 1 331
948 1 331
957 1 331
963 1 331
974 1 331
976 1 331
984 1 331
1033 1 331
1079 1 331
1080 1 331
1144 1 331
1148 1 331
1227 1 331
1317 1 331
1353 1 331
1359 2 331
1360 1 331
1379 1 331
1400 2 331
1403 1 331
1410 1 331
1424 1 331
1445 1 331
1445 1 331
.I 332
.T
On-line Text Editing: A Survey
.A
Van Dam, Andries
Rice, David E.
.W
This paper is a survey of current methods of the on-line creation and
editing of computer programs and of ordinary manuscript text.. The
characteristics of on-line editing systems are examined and examples of
various implementations are described in three categories: program editors,
text editors, and terminals with local editing facilities..
.X
66 1 332
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174 1 332
197 1 332
218 1 332
317 1 332
332 5 332
417 1 332
443 1 332
446 1 332
484 1 332
489 1 332
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499 1 332
500 1 332
508 1 332
517 1 332
523 1 332
526 1 332
527 1 332
528 1 332
534 1 332
546 3 332
572 1 332
579 1 332
593 1 332
594 2 332
606 2 332
608 1 332
626 1 332
637 1 332
826 1 332
830 1 332
902 1 332
1035 1 332
1046 1 332
1327 2 332
1374 1 332
1399 1 332
1427 1 332
1427 1 332
.I 333
.T
The Concept of Main Entry as Represented in the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules
.A
Hamdy, M.N.
.W
The work published here is rather like those conclusive statements
of renaissance science that located the soul not in the human frame but
in the human spirit. The author of this work may face the wrath of the
medievalists among our fellow professional catalogers. At the least, the
publication of this book should encourage a complete reappraisal of our
cataloging methods, because the difference between title unit entry and
author-equivalent unit entry, a confabulation of main and unit entry
arising from tradition rather than practicality, can be clearly seen not
only in the job classifications and job descriptions of cataloging
departments, but also in our philosophy of librarianship.
.X
92 1 333
141 1 333
235 1 333
246 2 333
247 1 333
299 2 333
326 1 333
333 11 333
342 1 333
449 1 333
522 1 333
530 2 333
541 2 333
553 1 333
627 2 333
628 3 333
802 1 333
819 1 333
873 1 333
874 3 333
875 2 333
876 1 333
877 1 333
878 1 333
892 2 333
904 1 333
940 2 333
941 3 333
950 2 333
991 1 333
992 1 333
993 1 333
994 1 333
995 3 333
996 1 333
997 2 333
998 1 333
999 1 333
1000 2 333
1001 1 333
1002 1 333
1003 1 333
1013 1 333
1079 3 333
1153 2 333
1189 1 333
1216 2 333
1251 1 333
1266 1 333
1351 2 333
1395 1 333
1396 1 333
1420 2 333
1421 1 333
1433 1 333
1434 3 333
1435 3 333
1436 1 333
1441 1 333
1442 2 333
1442 2 333
.I 334
.T
Concepts and Subject Headings
.A
Christ, J.M.
.W
Librarians are known for their organizational work
with recorded knowledge. Information storage and retrieval
are two well-known, basic functions associated with this
work. A search of the literature of library science reveals
that these functions have not been examined to any significant
degree from the users' point of view. This is true in regard
to library catalogs and library subject headings.
.X
90 1 334
231 1 334
261 1 334
295 1 334
299 1 334
334 5 334
354 1 334
608 1 334
610 1 334
617 1 334
620 1 334
815 1 334
938 1 334
939 1 334
991 1 334
992 1 334
1221 1 334
1318 1 334
1365 1 334
1390 1 334
1390 1 334
.I 335
.T
Conceptual Basis of the Classification of Knowledge
.A
Wojciechowski, J.A.
.W
As far as philosophers are concerned, the Conference seems to be justified
precisely because of the present state of the Classification of Knowledge. For
two thousand years, the Classification of Knowledge has been a major
philosophical problem. Lately, it has evolved from a philosophical
preoccupation into a specialized technique, a species of the general techniques
of classification, far removed from philosophical preoccupations and equally
ignored by philosophers. At the present time there exist powerful technical
models of classification and highly developed classifications of various
branches of knowledge. What is lacking is a satisfactory general
classification of knowledge and an adequate clarification of the philosophical
problems underlying such classification. The need for clarification is
important from the theoretical as well as practical point of view because
the general systems of classification of knowledge depend on theories of
knowledge. It is therefore highly desirable that philosophers and specialists
in classification get together and discuss problems of common interest.
.X
335 6 335
342 1 335
434 1 335
643 1 335
644 1 335
645 1 335
885 1 335
947 1 335
1437 1 335
1437 1 335
.I 336
.T
Conceptual Design of an Automated National Library System
.A
Meise, N.R.
.W
This work describes a conceptual design of an automated
national library system. The design is "conceptual" in that it is
intended to show the feasibility of a system concept rather than
provide a detailed engineering design. The design concerns an
automated national library system but does not attempt to automate
all parts of the system. It is primarily concerned with the functions of
bibliographic searching, acquisition, circulation, and cataloging. If
these functions can be economically automated, the major problems
associated with our information explosion will be solved.
.X
24 2 336
74 1 336
75 2 336
78 1 336
80 1 336
119 1 336
122 1 336
175 1 336
177 1 336
273 1 336
281 1 336
331 1 336
336 6 336
654 1 336
684 1 336
852 1 336
853 1 336
854 1 336
855 2 336
856 1 336
925 1 336
955 1 336
984 1 336
1011 3 336
1080 1 336
1144 1 336
1451 1 336
1451 1 336
.I 337
.T
Conservation Library
.A
Conha, G.D.M.
.W
This volume provides an introduction to the various facets of
conservation as well as bibliographical data of permanent value. In
addition to being a critical description of the literature on the
historic and technical aspects of the care, repair and restoration of
books, prints, maps, and manuscripts and other important records,
it is a manual of practical guidance for librarians, archivists,
curators, conservators, restorationists and bookbinders.
.X
264 1 337
337 8 337
351 1 337
471 1 337
969 2 337
971 1 337
1053 1 337
1231 1 337
1438 1 337
1438 1 337
.I 338
.T
Contemporary Problems In Technical Library and Information
Center Management: A State of the Art
.A
Rees, A.
.W
The Review Papers included in this volume represent one
of the valuable products of the American Society for Information
Science. The original draft papers were sponsored
by the TISA (Technical Information Support Activities)
Project of the Army Corps of Engineers, as indicated on
the reverse title page. The basic objective of this TISA
project was to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
Department of Defense (DoD) technical libraries, information
centers and information analysis centers. The establishment
of priorities for TISA-sponsored research was undertaken
by the Graduate Library School of the University of Indiana.
.X
234 1 338
304 1 338
306 1 338
338 5 338
646 1 338
647 1 338
651 1 338
942 1 338
943 1 338
944 1 338
948 1 338
1017 1 338
1049 1 338
1206 1 338
1237 1 338
1378 1 338
1440 1 338
1450 1 338
1453 1 338
1453 1 338
.I 339
.T
Continuing Library and Information Science Education
.A
Stone, E.W.
.W
This report and its recommendations are in response to the Commission's
request for "a nationwide program of continuing education for personnel in
the library and information science field." While it is offered as only the
start of an on-going process of developing a nationwide program, its
recommendations are the result of an intensive nine-month project, involving
hundreds of persons in the library and information science fields.
Many of these persons participated in mini-charettes, in a written survey,
or in personal interviews which addressed major issues such as: certification;
organizational and individual incentives for continuing education; educational
methods; and continuing education needs. The contribution of these library
personnel cannot be overstated. Their collective wisdom and perspective
have led the Project team to many of its major recommendations. However,
as would be expected when such a large number of people are involved,
there were differences of opinion, even as there are many differences of
opinion reflected in the literature of continuing education emanating from
the various professions. In the present study, most of these differences
related to the input into and control over the policies of the national
structure. Three alternative models which have been considered are outlined
in Appendix D; alternatives to several specific features of the recommended
model are presented at the end of Chapter 4. Throughout the text, when issues
are presented on which there is uncertainty because of the intensity of
opinions expressed, these areas are identified.
.X
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130 1 339
171 1 339
191 1 339
230 1 339
339 6 339
370 1 339
371 1 339
376 1 339
387 3 339
453 1 339
629 1 339
648 1 339
652 1 339
923 1 339
924 1 339
1376 1 339
1403 3 339
1423 1 339
1457 1 339
1457 1 339
.I 340
.T
Cooperation Between Types of Libraries
.A
Stenstrom, R.H.
.W
This bibliography uses the traditional typology of libraries as its
starting point - public, school, academic-research, and special libraries.
This classification is most commonly used and provides a sufficiently clear
distinction for the purposes of this work.
Public libraries are those which are free to all residents of the library's
district and supported primarily from general public funds or taxes levied
for library purposes. Local public libraries, systems of public libraries,
and state library agencies are included in this category.
School libraries are those maintained by the governing boards of
schools whether they be public, private, or parochial. School libraries
at the elementary, junior high school, and senior high school level are
included.
Academic-research libraries include the libraries of institutions of
higher education, both public and private, as well as libraries which,
while they might be defined as either public or special, are widely known
for their research resources. Junior college libraries, college libraries,
university libraries, and technical school libraries are included as
academic libraries. The Library of Congress, the Newberry Library, and
Linda Hall Library are examples of nonacademic research libraries.
Special libraries are those directed toward making information available
to people within a particular organization with fairly well-defined
information needs. Business and industrial libraries and the libraries of
nonprofit organizations are common examples.
While distinctions between research and special libraries are not
always easily made, it is felt that in the case of this bibliography, no
serious problems are created.
.X
214 1 340
218 1 340
250 1 340
340 8 340
348 1 340
375 1 340
431 3 340
855 1 340
910 1 340
937 1 340
939 2 340
955 1 340
986 1 340
1009 1 340
1012 1 340
1188 1 340
1236 1 340
1247 1 340
1354 1 340
1379 1 340
1390 1 340
1424 1 340
1424 1 340
.I 341
.T
Copying Methods Manual
.A
Hawken, N.R.
.W
The current need for a manual of copying methods dealing with the processes,
methods, techniques, and types of equipment which can be used for reproducing
documents of a great many different kinds arises from two factors:
(1) The great importance of document reproduction processes in the
acquisition, preservation, dissemination, and communication of information
vital to the conduct of research work in all fields of human endeavor and on an
international scale.
(2) The complexity of the field of document reproduction today which has
resulted from the enormous technical advances made in the past fifteen years.
The need for the coining of the new class word - reprography (an unfortunate
graft of a Latin fragment on a Greek root) - is in itself indicative of the
great changes that have come about. Processes and methods which formerly were
discrete and distinctive have now become intricately interrelated. New processes
and combinations of processes with different and astonishing capabilities
continue to appear. This revolution in the document copying field has been
powerfully augmented by intensive competition on the part of manufacturers for
a share of the vast and lucrative office-records copying field. The results,
however, have led to highly important applications in the reproduction of
research materials as well.
.X
56 1 341
341 5 341
1269 1 341
1371 1 341
1371 1 341
.I 342
.T
Corporate Headings: Their use in library cataloguing and
national bibliographics: A comparative and critical study
.A
Verona, E.
.W
This study is an attempt to submit to a critical analysis the
main problems related to corporate headings, the difficulties
raised by them and the solutions which now prevail in various
countries.
In order to make the differences existing between the various
solutions and the unsatisfactory character revealed by many of
them more evident, a great number of examples in a variety of
languages, extracted from cataloguing codes, national bibliographies,
printed lists of corporate headings have been added. These examples
are also intended to draw attention to differences existing with
regard to various technical details, such as punctuation,
capitalization, transliteration, etc.
In addition, many of these examples will clearly prove that
certain solutions which may be considered to be suitable for one
country or one language would not satisfy the requirements of
another country or another language.
In the study, examination and analysis of codes has been
complemented by references to professional literature on the subject
available to the author, and by an analysis of opinions expressed
there. Special attention has been paid to comparisons of cataloguing
practices and citation usages, and to investigations of the users'
approach to corporate headings. It is well understood and appreciated
that, for the catalogue user, the identification of and search for
corporate headings present more problems than any other type of
heading. Unfortunately, however, professional literature has as
yet paid insufficient attention to these problems.
.X
333 1 342
335 1 342
342 15 342
434 1 342
643 1 342
644 1 342
645 1 342
885 1 342
888 1 342
920 1 342
947 1 342
1001 1 342
1004 1 342
1324 1 342
1437 1 342
1437 1 342
.I 343
.T
A Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
.A
Kuhn, T.J.
.W
On almost all the occasions when we turn explicitly to the same problems,
Sir Karl's view of science and my own are very nearly identical. We
are both concerned with the dynamic process by which scientific knowledge
is acquired rather than with the logical structure of the products of
scientific research. Given that concern, both of us emphasize, as legitimate
data the facts and also the spirit of actual scientific life, and both of us
turn often to history to find them. From this pool of shared data, we draw
many of the same conclusions. Both of us reject the view that science
progresses by accretion; both emphasize instead the revolutionary process by
which an older theory is rejected and replaced by an incompatible new one;
and both deeply underscore the role played in this process by the older
theory's occasional failure to meet challenges posed by logic, experiment,
or observation. Finally, Sir Karl and I are united in opposition to a number
of classical positivism's most characteristic theses. We both emphasize, for
example, the intimate and inevitable entanglement of scientific observation
with scientific theory; we are correspondingly sceptical of efforts to
produce any neutral observation language; and we both insist that scientists
may properly aim to invent theories that explain observed phenomena and
that do so in terms of real objects, whatever the latter phrase may mean.
.X
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101 2 343
102 1 343
343 13 343
391 1 343
417 1 343
438 1 343
514 1 343
546 1 343
606 1 343
610 1 343
611 1 343
612 1 343
626 1 343
1063 1 343
1187 1 343
1271 3 343
1272 2 343
1289 1 343
1296 1 343
1310 2 343
1311 2 343
1314 1 343
1339 1 343
1340 1 343
1345 1 343
1386 4 343
1387 2 343
1387 2 343
.I 344
.T
Current Problems in Reference Service
.A
Galvin, T.J.
.W
Current Problems in Reference Service is a collection of thirty-five new
problem case studies intended for instructional use in both formal and
informal teaching-learning situations in the field of librarianship.
.X
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344 5 344
.I 345
.T
Data Bases; Computers, and the Social Sciences
.A
Bisco, R.L.
.W
This book was written with several diverse audiences in mind: (1)
social and behavioral scientists and their students, (2) librarians and
library-science students who are favorable about employing computers
and computer-usable information in their work and classes, and (3)
archivists and their employees who desire to have more than a current
overview of the problems and their tentative solutions. Because of the
diversity of material, it is not expected that all readers will use the book
in the same way. Rather, it is assumed that readers will supplement a
subset of the book with bibliographical materials from the reference
sections.
.X
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169 1 345
289 1 345
345 7 345
400 1 345
456 1 345
459 1 345
493 1 345
548 1 345
607 1 345
627 1 345
803 1 345
990 1 345
1031 1 345
1073 1 345
1328 2 345
1368 1 345
1392 1 345
1414 1 345
1448 1 345
1448 1 345
.I 346
.T
Data Study
.A
Jolley, J.L.
.W
Information, whose handling is the topic of this book, is
generated by change, and whatever is our unit of change is our unit of
information. In a situation in which only three possible moves can
be made, only three fundamental units of information can be found,
no matter how complex a structure we may build upon them. Our
topic is therefore a special sort of change, the change brought about
in acquiring or keeping or transmitting elements of knowledge.
.X
29 1 346
68 1 346
69 1 346
148 2 346
175 1 346
261 1 346
329 1 346
346 7 346
382 1 346
458 1 346
476 1 346
477 1 346
478 1 346
479 1 346
480 1 346
484 1 346
485 1 346
566 1 346
680 1 346
704 1 346
781 1 346
802 1 346
1053 1 346
1118 1 346
1175 1 346
1309 1 346
1309 1 346
.I 347
.T
CAS computer-Based Information Services
.A
Davenport, W.C.
.W
This paper describes the key points that characterize
CAS' approach to large scale scientific-technical information
systems that must handle over 100,000 documents per year.
The first of these points is the "single analysis/multiple
use" concept. Intellectual ability is a rare commodity
and essential to an information service. Therefore, it makes
sense to conserve that commodity and not use manpower to
perform repetitive jobs or to waste effort analyzing information.
.X
150 1 347
165 1 347
175 1 347
252 2 347
254 1 347
347 6 347
355 1 347
371 1 347
452 1 347
465 1 347
480 1 347
641 1 347
671 1 347
673 1 347
676 1 347
681 1 347
682 1 347
683 1 347
687 1 347
689 1 347
704 1 347
714 1 347
716 1 347
717 1 347
718 1 347
719 1 347
1010 1 347
1452 1 347
1460 1 347
1460 1 347
.I 348
.T
A Regional Network - Ohio college Library Center
.A
Kilgour, F.G.
.W
The Ohio College Library Center is developing
a computerized, user-oriented, library system
that will improve efficiency of library use and
operations; that will increase availability of
library resources within a region; and that will facilitate
evolution of new and easier accesses to information in
libraries. The center does not conceive of its task as being
merely the mechanization of library procedures of the past.
For the immediate future, the principal academic objective
of the center is to increase the availability of library
resources for use in educational and research programs in
colleges and universities throughout Ohio. A more distant
objective is to enable libraries to participate actively in the
programs of instruction and research in their institutions.
The passive service functions that libraries have developed
during the past century are proving inadequate to meet the
present demands made of libraries, and will be increasingly
inadequate in the future.
The per-student costs of libraries are rising somewhat
more than twice as rapidly as unit-cost rises in the general
economy. Therefore, the principal economic goal of the
Ohio College Library Center is to decelerate the rate of rise
of per-student costs, so that the rate of increase will
approximate that of the economy as a whole.
.X
63 1 348
90 1 348
159 1 348
175 1 348
177 1 348
214 1 348
218 1 348
250 1 348
287 2 348
340 1 348
348 11 348
375 1 348
389 1 348
390 1 348
406 1 348
408 2 348
487 1 348
502 1 348
546 1 348
554 1 348
579 1 348
582 1 348
583 1 348
584 1 348
585 1 348
596 1 348
600 1 348
601 1 348
654 1 348
655 1 348
797 1 348
798 1 348
799 2 348
805 1 348
807 1 348
834 1 348
849 1 348
851 1 348
855 1 348
856 1 348
857 1 348
858 2 348
859 3 348
860 1 348
861 2 348
862 1 348
863 1 348
864 1 348
868 1 348
872 1 348
897 1 348
916 1 348
954 1 348
956 1 348
963 1 348
979 1 348
986 1 348
987 1 348
988 1 348
989 1 348
1007 1 348
1012 2 348
1013 1 348
1035 1 348
1152 1 348
1188 1 348
1196 1 348
1197 1 348
1265 1 348
1294 1 348
1327 1 348
1333 1 348
1362 1 348
1363 1 348
1366 1 348
1379 1 348
1445 1 348
1445 1 348
.I 349
.T
Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty
.A
Raiffa, H.
.W
These lectures do not present a descriptive theory of actual behavior.
Neither do they present a positive theory of behavior for a superintelligent,
fictitious being; nowhere in our analysis shall we refer to the behavior of an
"idealized, rational, and economic man," a man who always acts in a perfectly
consistent manner as if somehow there were embedded in his nature a coherent
set of evaluation patterns that cover any and all eventualities. Rather, the
approach we take prescribes how an individual who is faced with a problem of
choice under uncertainty should go about choosing a course of action that is
consistent with his personal basic judgements and preferences. He must
consciously police the consistency of his subjective inputs and calculate
their implications for action. Such an approach is designed to help us reason
and act a bit more systematically - when we choose to do so!
.X
349 6 349
423 1 349
425 1 349
561 1 349
561 1 349
.I 350
.T
The Design of Inquiring Systems
.A
Churchman, C.W.
.W
"Design" is used throughout in its most generic sense,
to include planning, operations research, engineering design,
architectural design, programming, budgeting, and all the other
activities in which we consciously attempt to change ourselves and our
environment to improve the quality of our lives. So the book could be
read as a philosophy of organization theory, or of architectural or
engineering design, or of operations research, or of planning.
The word "inquiry" suggests that the audience includes persons
interested in the philosophy of science; this is true, so long as the
interest is a very broad one, concerned with the meaning of science with
respect to other social institutions, health, education, morality, and so
on. Inquiry is by no means restricted to the disciplines of science. I
could have called the book The Design of Systems, but this would not
adequately reflect my style, which is to proceed from the more specific
problem of inquiry to the "whole system."
.X
66 1 350
245 1 350
249 1 350
331 1 350
350 5 350
401 1 350
435 1 350
455 1 350
621 1 350
925 1 350
963 1 350
1270 1 350
1400 1 350
1402 1 350
1456 1 350
1456 1 350
.I 351
.T
Deterioration and Preservation of Library Materials
.A
Winger, H.W.
.W
The deterioration of library materials, constant since libraries began, has
accelerated to alarming proportions in 1969. Researchers have predicted that
all paper-based records of this century, as well as those of earlier years,face
imminent ruin. Without new and effective efforts for their preservation, most
will not be usable in their present form in the next century. The danger of
destruction threatens not only research library collections but also the world
of knowledge and scholarship that they support. For not only paper is involved.
Similar dangers of destruction confront other cellulosic products, such as
film, which may substitute for paper as the material base of records. And not
only research libraries are involved. The surprisingly rapid deterioration of
printed materials, even those that have been produced with some eye to
permanence, creates problems and expenses for other libraries as well.
.X
264 2 351
286 1 351
337 1 351
351 8 351
1029 2 351
1029 2 351
.I 352
.T
Developing Multi-Media Libraries
.A
Hicks, W.B.
.W
This book presents the concept of the modern library as a comprehensive
resource center. The philosophy and objectives of the center are clarified,
and desirable practices in the selection and acquisition of nonbook or
audiovisual materials - interchangeably defined as those materials that
communicate primarily through aural and visual stimuli - are recommended,
along with information pertinent to facilitating these tasks. Their
organization in general in discussed, with emphasis on the necessity for
basic decisions and policies. Cataloging and physical processing are treated
in particular, demonstrating that accepted library practices can be flexible
enough to allow adaptation for both the individual library and its specific
clientele. Realistic methods of handling the many different kinds of nonbook
materials are demonstrated by treating each type separately. Many easy-to-
follow cataloging examples are presented; and, consistent with established
library routine, practical information is provided on selection, acquisition,
physical processing, storage, and equipment. Work-flow charts are included
to present a graphic demonstration of efficient procedures.
.X
231 2 352
352 6 352
383 1 352
911 1 352
992 1 352
1152 1 352
1153 1 352
1189 1 352
1189 1 352
.I 353
.T
The Development of Reference Services through Academic Traditions,
Public Library Practice and Special Librarianship
.A
Rothstein, S.
.W
Modern American library history has received only sporadic attention as a
subject for investigation. Though we have now accumulated an adequate supply
of source materials to draw upon in the form of annual reports, service
studies, biographical accounts, and chronicles of individual libraries,
no one has yet fashioned out of these materials a critical history of American
librarianship. To paraphrase Leo LaMontagne, we have salvaged remnants from
the past, but we have yet to convert them into history.
The lack has cost the profession dearly. Even a casual survey of the
literature of librarianship reveals the shocking degree of duplication and
naivete that stem from an insufficient awareness of previous efforts.
There is clearly room and need for a series of evaluative studies of the
development of American library services which could eventually be put
together to form the desired definitive history of American librarianship.
The present dissertation is intended as a contribution toward that end. It
undertakes to furnish the historical background for one of the continuing
problems of American librarianship - the provision of reference services in
research libraries.
.X
7 1 353
262 1 353
298 1 353
303 1 353
353 5 353
365 1 353
927 1 353
1008 1 353
1068 1 353
1203 1 353
1211 2 353
1212 1 353
1231 1 353
1247 1 353
1266 1 353
1425 1 353
1425 1 353
.I 354
.T
Dewey Decimal Classification
.A
Dewey, M.
.W
The schedules of Edition 18, like those of 17, are based on the
principle of subject integrity. Both the subject matter and the notation are
hierarchical, so that what is true of a given whole is true of all its parts.
The schedules are developed according to logical principles, so that the
classifier is guided to make correct decisions. The terminology of the
classification scheme reflects the terminology used by the literature
being classified.
For ease of use, this edition includes many more example notes, more detailed
and precise instructions, and freer use of layman's terminology than did its
immediate predecessor.
Since this edition is intended for use as a shelf-arrangement system for
general libraries of all sizes, its fulness is based upon the number of titles
that large libraries may be expected to acquire in various fields. Since
it is also intended for use in classified catalogs and bibliographies (for
which the Dewey Decimal Classification is increasingly in demand in many
countries), it contains an increased number of provisions for number building.
.X
90 1 354
231 1 354
261 2 354
295 1 354
299 1 354
334 1 354
354 6 354
404 1 354
608 1 354
610 1 354
617 1 354
620 1 354
815 1 354
874 1 354
884 1 354
887 1 354
892 1 354
938 1 354
939 1 354
991 1 354
992 2 354
998 1 354
1221 1 354
1318 1 354
1351 1 354
1365 1 354
1390 1 354
1395 1 354
1395 1 354
.I 355
.T
Diffusion of Abstract and Indexing Services for Government - Sponsored Research
.A
Klempner, I.M.
.W
During the last several decades, science and technology have
undergone a drastic transformation. The enormity and depth of this
transformation can be measured in many ways. It can be measured
in terms of the number of students enrolled in graduate and
undergraduate schools offering degrees in the physical and applied
sciences, in terms of the number of new devices, products and
innovations introduced into the military establishment and into the
civilian sector of our economy, in terms of the number of scientists and
engineers employed by industry and public and private institutions,
in terms of the amounts of money expended annually on research
and development, in terms of the number of technical reports, books,
journals, papers, reprints, and conference proceedings stemming
from these expenditures, and in many other ways.
.X
59 1 355
63 1 355
137 1 355
138 1 355
147 1 355
175 1 355
210 1 355
241 1 355
347 1 355
355 7 355
382 3 355
458 1 355
481 1 355
482 1 355
716 1 355
717 1 355
718 2 355
719 2 355
763 1 355
788 1 355
980 1 355
986 1 355
1010 1 355
1037 1 355
1042 1 355
1045 1 355
1050 1 355
1051 1 355
1254 2 355
1291 1 355
1404 1 355
1410 1 355
1415 1 355
1426 1 355
1426 1 355
.I 356
.T
Diffusion of Innovations
.A
Rogers, E.
.W
This book is directed both to advanced college students
enrolled in sociology courses and to students of the other
social sciences (such as anthropology, economics, history,
and psychology) who are concerned with diffusion. (For this
reason, sociological concepts are defined when they are
introduced.)
More than five hundred publications on the diffusion of
innovations are reviewed here. The innovations studied range
from new drugs among physicians to hand tools among primitive
tribes, and from driver training among public high
schools to hybrid corn among farmers. Although a generally
consistent set of findings has emerged from these studies, a
search of the literature shows little attempt to summarize and
evaluate available results and theories on the spread of ideas.
This volume synthesizes these findings and theories.
.X
15 1 356
89 2 356
102 1 356
105 3 356
110 1 356
111 1 356
113 2 356
139 1 356
147 1 356
155 1 356
157 1 356
161 1 356
163 1 356
243 1 356
312 3 356
314 1 356
356 11 356
391 1 356
426 1 356
436 3 356
437 2 356
475 1 356
544 2 356
545 1 356
560 3 356
582 1 356
592 1 356
602 1 356
607 1 356
656 1 356
658 1 356
685 1 356
1030 2 356
1036 1 356
1041 1 356
1050 3 356
1062 1 356
1154 1 356
1186 1 356
1187 2 356
1256 1 356
1284 1 356
1285 1 356
1288 1 356
1290 1 356
1291 2 356
1293 2 356
1294 1 356
1295 1 356
1296 2 356
1297 1 356
1298 1 356
1300 1 356
1319 1 356
1321 1 356
1333 2 356
1346 3 356
1347 1 356
1386 2 356
1406 1 356
1407 1 356
1407 1 356
.I 357
.T
Directory of Data Base in the Social and Behavioral Sciences
.A
Sessions, V.S.
.W
As one of the early members of the computer community, I have
been keenly interested in the development of quantitative methodologies
in the social and behavioral sciences, and their encouragement
by the data processing environment. The economists, with an already
established mathematical orientation, were among the earliest beneficiaries
of the machine technology that enhances their ability to
construct the test models of economic behavior. Today, statistical
methods have so affected many disciplines that it is not unusual for
doctoral programs to accept statistical techniques as a substitute for
one foreign language. Similarly, the ability to program in an
appropriate language is also frequently as acceptable as French or
German in providing the research skills needed by doctoral students at
The City University of New York and at other universities.
The chief function of this directory, in terms of academic supplies
of data, is not to reinventory the social science data archives
that are well-known to the academic community, not to duplicate the
announcements of holdings that they themselves make available to their
members. The reason for mentioning them and indicating the nature of
their holdings is to make this kind of data resource known to those
researchers, either in or out of the university, who are not sufficiently
aware of these important resources.
.X
18 1 357
127 1 357
130 1 357
145 1 357
357 6 357
376 1 357
459 2 357
524 1 357
525 1 357
527 1 357
529 1 357
530 1 357
534 1 357
611 1 357
612 1 357
633 1 357
635 1 357
636 1 357
637 1 357
642 1 357
702 1 357
703 1 357
710 1 357
730 1 357
732 1 357
733 1 357
734 1 357
736 1 357
826 1 357
827 1 357
877 1 357
879 2 357
993 2 357
1370 1 357
1372 1 357
1383 1 357
1396 2 357
1396 2 357
.I 358
.T
The Disadvantaged and Library Effectiveness
.A
Lipsman, c.K.
.W
The report is concerned with the social utility of libraries and
with the factors that appear to be requirements for effective
programs. In the absence of established standards or criteria for
measuring program effectiveness, we have substituted a comparative analysis of
a number of programs based on detailed observation of the program process;
a survey of needs and interests of the
target groups, both users and nonusers; and an assessment of the
library's role in the target neighborhood as it is perceived by other
community institutions serving the same groups. Thus a basis for
comparisons and for judgements has been introduced which provides
a foundation for suggestions as to the direction in which programs
of service to the disadvantaged might move.
To achieve the study objectives, library programs and practices
in low-income neighborhoods were examined in a number of cities.
In each of fifteen cities data were collected through interview and
observation in four subject areas: (1) the needs and interests of
the community residents, (2) library services in relation to other
available community resources, (3) the nature and scope of the
neighborhood library program and its relation to the rest of the
library system, and (4) available measures of the impact or
effectiveness of the program.
.X
9 1 358
10 1 358
161 1 358
190 1 358
207 1 358
208 1 358
222 1 358
223 1 358
225 1 358
232 1 358
239 2 358
241 1 358
244 1 358
295 1 358
296 1 358
297 1 358
298 1 358
300 2 358
301 1 358
302 1 358
304 1 358
305 1 358
306 1 358
331 1 358
358 16 358
364 1 358
385 2 358
394 1 358
406 1 358
433 2 358
459 1 358
515 1 358
534 1 358
535 1 358
624 1 358
625 1 358
629 1 358
631 2 358
634 1 358
702 1 358
731 1 358
732 1 358
791 1 358
811 1 358
816 1 358
817 1 358
818 1 358
820 1 358
823 2 358
825 1 358
826 1 358
827 1 358
828 1 358
843 1 358
844 1 358
846 1 358
896 1 358
908 1 358
915 1 358
937 2 358
946 5 358
947 1 358
948 2 358
961 1 358
962 1 358
964 1 358
994 1 358
1005 4 358
1015 1 358
1017 1 358
1018 2 358
1032 1 358
1033 1 358
1056 4 358
1058 1 358
1079 1 358
1145 2 358
1146 1 358
1227 1 358
1230 1 358
1240 2 358
1242 1 358
1247 1 358
1257 1 358
1268 1 358
1354 1 358
1373 1 358
1379 1 358
1384 1 358
1390 1 358
1403 1 358
1403 1 358
.I 359
.T
Documentation
.A
Bradford, S.C.
.B
1948
.W
More than half a century ago La Fontaine and Otlet started
their lives' work, which at first was connected with the term
"bibliography," but to which gradually the work "Documentation"
was attributed. What they developed was of a far wider scope
than the establishment of a new technique dealing with printed
and non-printed documents.
The great deal which inspired them, and those who worked
side by side with them, was to render accessible the totality of
what is crystallized from human thought and to make of it a
common treasure of mankind, serving to bring mutual comprehension
and to build for peace by the co-operation of all men of goodwill
of all nations.
It was in this spirit that my friend Bradford joined those men,
whose noble faces have passed and to whom it never was given to
see the achievement of the work to which they devoted their lives.
And it was in this spirit that Bradford, thanks to his knowledge
and experience as scientist as well as librarian, not only
gave his strong and valuable support to the common work but
added to it fundamental and constructive new elements.
Just for this reason the present book we owe to him gives far
more than a mere compilation of facts and experiences. Such
a compilation would indeed be welcome because, curiously
enough, up to now, there is no good general treatise on
documentation available. But his book gives us before all things
an abundance of original ideas and creative thoughts.
.X
19 1 359
31 1 359
36 1 359
37 1 359
39 1 359
40 1 359
41 1 359
44 2 359
47 1 359
55 1 359
57 2 359
62 3 359
76 1 359
81 1 359
88 1 359
89 1 359
97 1 359
98 1 359
100 1 359
102 1 359
103 1 359
107 1 359
111 1 359
131 2 359
133 1 359
136 1 359
138 1 359
140 1 359
149 1 359
162 1 359
167 1 359
175 1 359
184 1 359
189 1 359
193 1 359
195 1 359
196 1 359
201 2 359
203 1 359
204 1 359
205 1 359
210 1 359
215 1 359
219 1 359
221 2 359
228 1 359
229 1 359
233 2 359
253 1 359
255 1 359
267 1 359
313 1 359
314 1 359
329 1 359
359 33 359
373 1 359
377 1 359
378 1 359
379 2 359
382 1 359
395 2 359
415 1 359
416 3 359
475 1 359
487 1 359
494 1 359
505 3 359
511 1 359
515 1 359
560 1 359
573 4 359
587 2 359
602 1 359
616 1 359
618 2 359
625 1 359
632 1 359
634 1 359
635 2 359
667 2 359
700 1 359
744 1 359
748 10 359
749 1 359
750 2 359
751 7 359
756 1 359
759 5 359
764 1 359
765 9 359
767 3 359
775 1 359
776 1 359
777 1 359
778 12 359
782 1 359
787 5 359
788 1 359
791 6 359
792 2 359
793 1 359
800 2 359
804 3 359
805 1 359
872 1 359
893 5 359
905 1 359
915 1 359
925 1 359
952 2 359
961 1 359
1016 5 359
1019 1 359
1030 1 359
1055 1 359
1061 1 359
1062 1 359
1071 2 359
1076 1 359
1081 2 359
1082 2 359
1083 8 359
1084 1 359
1085 13 359
1086 8 359
1087 2 359
1090 3 359
1097 1 359
1098 1 359
1114 1 359
1122 1 359
1147 1 359
1157 1 359
1173 3 359
1182 5 359
1196 1 359
1200 1 359
1201 3 359
1203 1 359
1226 1 359
1274 1 359
1275 1 359
1277 1 359
1278 2 359
1280 1 359
1282 1 359
1285 1 359
1287 1 359
1291 1 359
1296 1 359
1301 2 359
1302 7 359
1304 1 359
1313 1 359
1317 1 359
1338 1 359
1344 1 359
1347 1 359
1352 1 359
1380 1 359
1401 1 359
1417 1 359
1418 1 359
1428 1 359
1444 1 359
1444 1 359
.I 360
.T
Documentation
.A
Bradford, S.C.
.B
1950
.W
The current need for a manual of copying methods dealing with the processes,
methods, techniques, and types of equipment which can be used for reproducing
documents of a great many different kinds arises from two factors:
(1) The great importance of document reproduction processes in the
acquisition, preservation, dissemination, and communication of information vital
to the conduct of research work in all fields of human endeavor and on an
international scale.
(2) The complexity of the field of document reproduction today which has
resulted from the enormous technical advances made in the past fifteen years.
.X
3 1 360
40 1 360
62 1 360
111 1 360
112 1 360
113 1 360
172 2 360
199 1 360
360 9 360
487 1 360
543 3 360
753 1 360
767 1 360
907 2 360
911 1 360
967 1 360
1053 1 360
1219 2 360
1268 2 360
1402 1 360
1417 1 360
1418 1 360
1426 2 360
1428 1 360
1432 3 360
1432 3 360
.I 361
.T
Documentation
.A
Bradford, S.C.
.B
1953
.W
Since the first publication of this work Dr. Bradford has
died, and, a further edition now being called for, an attempt
has been made to recognize if not to deal with some criticisms
expressed on the first edition.
The principal one was that whereas the book was entitled
"Documentation" it dealt in the main with the Universal
Decimal Classification, which Bradford did much to develop,
but that it neglected other aspects and instruments of the
subject of which the UDC is only one, even if an important
one, of various techniques.
.X
3 1 361
33 1 361
48 1 361
55 1 361
79 1 361
198 1 361
234 1 361
361 12 361
382 1 361
457 1 361
545 1 361
608 1 361
616 1 361
632 1 361
635 1 361
665 1 361
751 1 361
759 3 361
765 1 361
775 1 361
776 1 361
789 1 361
792 1 361
803 1 361
825 1 361
872 1 361
911 1 361
939 1 361
940 1 361
941 1 361
966 1 361
996 1 361
997 1 361
1080 1 361
1085 1 361
1170 2 361
1173 1 361
1216 1 361
1266 1 361
1275 2 361
1302 1 361
1309 1 361
1381 1 361
1395 1 361
1421 1 361
1432 1 361
1435 1 361
1436 1 361
1441 1 361
1441 1 361
.I 362
.T
Document: Information Analysis
.A
Vorobev, G.G.
.W
This book considers nature and properties of document information, information
characteristics of documents, the types and functions of constituents of
traditional auxiliary apparatus; discusses formalization of document
information; considers continuous classificatory (rank of formalization)
document sequences from questionnaire distribution to matrix documents.
.X
362 5 362
539 1 362
1114 1 362
1116 1 362
1133 1 362
1138 1 362
1141 1 362
1169 1 362
1459 1 362
1459 1 362
.I 363
.T
Dynamic Information and Library Processing
.A
Salton, G.
.W
Among the various information processing tasks which may be carried
out with computing equipment, a special class exists for which the term
information takes on the literal and direct sense of recorded knowledge, or
intelligence. The elements being transformed are then no longer restricted
to mathematical symbols alone, but they may be words and phrases, books,
documents, pictures, and other information carriers. It is that more
restricted interpretation of an information process which gives rise to the
field of information science, concerned with the collection, analysis,
classification, storage, retrieval, transmission, and dissemination of
recorded data and intelligence.
.X
6 1 363
30 1 363
62 1 363
125 1 363
127 1 363
129 1 363
141 1 363
175 1 363
176 1 363
179 1 363
180 1 363
310 1 363
318 1 363
363 11 363
403 1 363
409 2 363
419 1 363
432 1 363
434 1 363
460 1 363
461 2 363
462 1 363
483 1 363
551 1 363
562 1 363
566 1 363
580 1 363
604 1 363
622 1 363
642 1 363
643 1 363
644 1 363
645 2 363
646 1 363
647 1 363
649 1 363
650 1 363
651 1 363
659 1 363
661 1 363
664 1 363
708 1 363
736 1 363
737 2 363
738 1 363
739 2 363
741 1 363
853 1 363
875 1 363
881 1 363
882 1 363
883 2 363
884 1 363
885 1 363
886 1 363
887 1 363
917 1 363
999 1 363
1000 1 363
1001 1 363
1002 1 363
1003 1 363
1004 1 363
1274 1 363
1327 1 363
1374 1 363
1375 1 363
1376 2 363
1409 1 363
1414 1 363
1419 1 363
1448 1 363
1448 1 363
.I 364
.T
Economic Analysis of the Public Libraries
.A
Newhouse, J.P.
.W
This study addresses itself to several questions important to all public
libraries. How should the library allocate its book budget? What kinds of
books should it tend to buy? What types of households use the library? Why
do some households not use the library? What is the cost of the various
services provided by the library? What specific steps can the library take
to improve its services? What are the library's options in choosing among the
different circulation systems? For how long should the library allow books to
be checked out? How frequently should overdue notices be sent out? Is an
investment in a security system worthwhile?
We have studied these questions in the context of one public library - the
Beverly Hills (California) Public Library - and have developed a methodology
for determining answers to them, as well as to other questions that arose
during our investigation. Although answers will vary from library to library,
our methodology is quite general and should prove useful at many public
libraries.
.X
4 1 364
5 2 364
9 1 364
115 1 364
207 2 364
217 1 364
222 1 364
223 1 364
234 1 364
243 1 364
245 2 364
249 1 364
296 1 364
297 1 364
298 1 364
300 1 364
301 1 364
302 1 364
358 1 364
364 6 364
365 1 364
385 1 364
470 1 364
515 1 364
535 1 364
598 1 364
625 1 364
629 1 364
631 1 364
634 1 364
764 1 364
766 1 364
779 1 364
791 1 364
811 3 364
816 3 364
818 2 364
823 2 364
842 1 364
843 1 364
844 1 364
846 1 364
915 1 364
925 2 364
944 1 364
948 1 364
959 1 364
960 1 364
961 2 364
962 2 364
964 2 364
994 1 364
1008 1 364
1015 1 364
1023 1 364
1242 1 364
1247 1 364
1257 1 364
1263 1 364
1268 1 364
1353 1 364
1354 1 364
1400 1 364
1403 1 364
1403 1 364
.I 365
.T
Economics of the Academic Libraries
.A
Baumol, W.J.
.W
This volume represents what we believe to be as complete
and thorough an analysis as possible of the available economic
data on college and university libraries. In the course
of our study, we have examined the data for comprehensiveness
and consistency; we have investigated their intertemporal
behavior, both as a basis for projection and as an
instrument for long-range planning; and we have constructed
a set of analytic interrelationships which permit us to derive
statistical estimates of the interrelations of some of the most
critical economic variables relating to library operations. In
particular, in the course of this last step, we have provided
relationships explaining statistically the determination of
such variables as the size of libraries' budgets and the
magnitude of their professional staffs.
.X
5 1 365
115 1 365
119 1 365
122 1 365
141 1 365
172 1 365
234 1 365
244 1 365
245 1 365
249 1 365
250 1 365
262 1 365
299 1 365
353 1 365
364 1 365
365 10 365
394 1 365
408 1 365
453 2 365
526 1 365
528 1 365
529 1 365
612 1 365
630 1 365
652 1 365
764 1 365
811 1 365
816 1 365
818 1 365
822 1 365
823 1 365
825 1 365
842 1 365
854 1 365
856 1 365
871 1 365
872 2 365
873 1 365
874 1 365
875 1 365
876 1 365
877 1 365
878 1 365
879 1 365
880 1 365
886 1 365
888 1 365
892 1 365
913 1 365
925 1 365
938 1 365
940 2 365
941 1 365
943 1 365
944 1 365
948 1 365
963 1 365
974 1 365
984 1 365
990 1 365
994 1 365
997 1 365
998 1 365
1004 1 365
1023 1 365
1068 1 365
1079 1 365
1143 2 365
1203 1 365
1211 1 365
1212 1 365
1230 1 365
1247 1 365
1257 3 365
1258 1 365
1264 1 365
1266 1 365
1303 1 365
1317 1 365
1367 1 365
1396 1 365
1425 1 365
1433 1 365
1435 2 365
1436 2 365
1441 1 365
1441 1 365
.I 366
.T
Economics of Approval Plans
.A
Spyersduran, P.
.W
Current budget strains on college and university libraries
require a stepped-up search for operating economies. The
timely topic of economics of approval plans of the Third
International Conference on Approval and Gathering Plans
for Large and Medium Size Academic Libraries, held at the
Ramada Inn, West Palm Beach, Florida, February 17-19,
1971, has thus generated considerable interest.
The papers published here constitute, by and large, original
research in this area. The importance of these contributions
can hardly be overestimated, since they will no doubt mold
and influence collection development practices in the current
imprint area.
.X
366 6 366
1057 1 366
1221 1 366
1269 1 366
1269 1 366
.I 367
.T
Economics of Book Storage
.A
Ellsworth, R.E.
.W
This report attempts to present and interpret current
(Winter 1968-69) information on the economics of book storage
in relation to the other factors a university administrator
must consider in developing a program for housing an
ever-growing book collection when there are present or
future limitations on space and money.
The study will attempt to answer two specific questions:
1) Is it economical for colleges and universities to select
so-called little-used books from the regular bookstacks and
store them elsewhere? 2) Is the cost factor the only one a
university need consider in adopting a storage program; and,
if not, how is cost related to the others?
The facts and conclusions in this report are based on
the library book storage situation as of 1969. Innovations
in computer applications and other technologies could
presumably change the nature of some of the cost factors, but
it is the author's opinion that these changes unlikely to
occur within the next 5 to 10 years.
.X
33 1 367
46 1 367
367 7 367
759 1 367
767 1 367
977 1 367
983 1 367
1030 1 367
1211 1 367
1211 1 367
.I 368
.T
Economies and Computers
.A
Sharpe, W.F.
.W
It is not a simple matter to describe this book. Briefly, it
attempts to provide and apply a set of concepts from economic theory
that may prove valuable to those who are now or may become decision-
makers in the selection, financing, and/or use of computers. Only
theory relevant for such decision-makers is presented here. This means
that the effects of computers on the economy as a whole lie outside
the scope of this book, as do a number of related issues. We deal,
thus, with microeconomic, not macroeconomic, theory: our focus is on the
small (industry, firm, computer) and not the large (gross national
product, consumer price index, unemployment).
.X
5 1 368
90 1 368
91 1 368
158 1 368
222 1 368
223 1 368
368 5 368
435 1 368
615 1 368
815 1 368
957 1 368
1023 1 368
1219 1 368
1227 1 368
1365 1 368
1390 1 368
1390 1 368
.I 369
.T
Economics of Defense in the Nuclear Age
.A
Hitch, C.J.
.W
The purpose of this book is to explain a way of looking at military
problems which we and others with whom we have been associated have
found fruitful in insights and productive of solutions. Essentially we
regard all military problems as, in one of their aspects, economic
problems in the efficient allocation and use of resources. We believe
that this way of looking at military problems goes far toward reconciling
the apparent conflict of views between the officers and officials who are
responsible for defense and the officials and Congressmen whose primary
interest is economy - except in determining the over-all size of the
military budget, where conflict between these points of view is inevitable.
.X
83 1 369
273 1 369
369 5 369
382 1 369
717 1 369
1151 1 369
1227 1 369
1406 1 369
1449 1 369
1449 1 369
.I 370
.T
Educating the Library User
.A
Lubans, J.
.W
Educating the Library User is a collection of original essays, case
studies, and research reports on the problems, hopes, and techniques of
instructing library users and nonusers, from the kindergartener to the
preschool adult, in the effective use of libraries and their resources.
Merging the library-use teachings of school, public, and academic
libraries, this book demonstrates the need for a consistent, sequential
plan of library-use instruction that crosses traditional library boundaries.
.X
128 1 370
130 1 370
191 1 370
274 1 370
339 1 370
370 11 370
376 1 370
387 1 370
453 1 370
629 1 370
648 2 370
652 1 370
768 1 370
774 1 370
818 2 370
839 1 370
847 3 370
1068 1 370
1246 2 370
1263 1 370
1376 1 370
1403 1 370
1457 1 370
1457 1 370
.I 371
.T
Education and Training for Scientific and Technological
Library and Information Work
.A
Schur, M.
.W
The exponential growth of the literature of science and technology is a
phenomenon which scientists have been living with for the past 300 years.
It is in the nature of such growth that its effect is recognized only slowly,
but when a critical point is reached its consequences can be overwhelming.
In science information this point has now been reached. To take but one
field, chemistry, it took well over two centuries for the first million papers
to be published, and over 30 years, from 1907 to 1938, for the first million
to be abstracted in Chemical Abstracts. We are now at the stage where one
million papers have been abstracted in a five-year period - 1962-1967 - and
before 1975 the point will have been reached where one million papers, equal
to the output of the whole pre-war generation of chemists, will be
published and abstracted in a single year. The first scientific serial began
publication in 1665. Some 290 years later, in 1956, the Science Museum
Library was receiving 9,000 current scientific serials. Within only a
further 11 years the National Lending Library for Science and Technology
(N.L.L.) was receiving over three times this number. The growth in the use
of scientific literature is no less spectacular. Thus, for example, in 1930
the number of loans by the Science Museum Library was 10,000. In 1967 the
N.L.L., which had taken over the national lending function of the Science
Museum Library, lent well over half-a-million items, a total exceeding that of
all the loans by the Science Museum Library between 1929 and 1947 (a period
which itself saw the discovery of nuclear fission and its application for
peaceful uses, enormous progress in antibiotics, developments in synthetic
materials and great advances in all branches of science and technology).
There are some signs that the rate of increase implied in these examples
may not be maintained, but any flattening-out that may develop will be at
a very high level indeed.
.X
2 1 371
22 1 371
60 1 371
150 1 371
243 1 371
272 1 371
339 1 371
347 1 371
371 13 371
382 1 371
387 1 371
465 1 371
466 1 371
475 1 371
480 2 371
658 1 371
681 1 371
682 1 371
704 1 371
716 1 371
717 1 371
760 1 371
770 1 371
776 1 371
839 1 371
844 1 371
923 1 371
924 1 371
967 1 371
1403 1 371
1404 1 371
1404 1 371
.I 372
.T
Efficiency of the Scientific Information
.A
Kozenko, A.V.
.W
This book considers basic tendency of the development of information science,
theoretically proves necessity and feasibility (possibility) of determining
the economical effectiveness of scientific-technical information.
.X
372 9 372
1096 1 372
1100 3 372
1156 1 372
1161 1 372
1191 2 372
1191 2 372
.I 373
.T
Some User Requirements Stated Quantitatively
in Terms of the 90 Percent Library
.A
Bourne, C.P.
.W
Librarians, publishers, and information system engineers have very
little verified information and few guidelines to describe the user's specific
requirements for information. Such information is needed to properly
design or evaluate the information systems. To date, most of the statements
of requirements have been rather subjective, and often reflect opinion
rather than actual fact. Relatively little objective data have been
obtained. This is probably due in large part to the fact that there are
extremely difficult methodological problems in trying to determine and
state user requirements in a meaningful manner. This paper suggests an
approach or point of view that might help this situation by providing a
method of phrasing the statements of user requirements in a more
convenient and meaningful manner. This paper also furnishes several
examples of such statements, and discusses the techniques and data that
support these statements.
In this paper, attention is initially focused on the information requirements
of workers in the field of science and technology, with no serious
attempt made to include workers in other fields. However, it seems quite
likely that the approach, and perhaps even the stated principles, could be
extended and generalized to cover other fields of knowledge.
.X
31 1 373
33 2 373
36 1 373
41 1 373
89 1 373
97 1 373
102 1 373
111 1 373
112 1 373
163 1 373
183 1 373
184 1 373
193 1 373
199 1 373
201 3 373
203 3 373
210 1 373
225 1 373
269 1 373
359 1 373
373 6 373
379 1 373
475 1 373
545 1 373
552 1 373
587 1 373
605 1 373
613 1 373
614 1 373
638 1 373
735 1 373
747 1 373
748 1 373
750 1 373
753 1 373
766 1 373
767 1 373
775 2 373
782 1 373
784 1 373
788 1 373
789 1 373
793 1 373
800 1 373
808 1 373
889 1 373
905 1 373
953 1 373
977 3 373
983 1 373
1016 1 373
1019 1 373
1023 1 373
1030 1 373
1055 1 373
1087 1 373
1090 1 373
1135 1 373
1173 1 373
1203 2 373
1256 1 373
1260 1 373
1275 1 373
1276 1 373
1278 1 373
1280 1 373
1285 1 373
1286 1 373
1287 1 373
1302 1 373
1335 1 373
1352 1 373
1390 1 373
1397 2 373
1417 1 373
1428 1 373
1432 1 373
1432 1 373
.I 374
.T
Electronic Data Processing in the University Library
.A
Pflug, G.
.W
Following five years of experience with the mechanization
of procedures using data processing equipment, the university
library in Bochum is attempting to summarize its findings.
A comparison with earlier publications about the use of
electronic data processing equipment shows in what measure
the original plans have actually been affected by the
experience that has been gained. This summary also serves
as a report for the wider public that may be interested in
technical questions of library processing.
.X
64 1 374
164 1 374
172 1 374
175 1 374
177 1 374
178 1 374
245 1 374
374 5 374
408 1 374
419 1 374
458 1 374
471 1 374
481 1 374
491 1 374
507 1 374
520 1 374
523 1 374
623 1 374
717 1 374
781 1 374
783 1 374
822 1 374
834 1 374
835 1 374
848 1 374
849 1 374
850 1 374
851 1 374
852 1 374
907 1 374
922 1 374
925 1 374
981 1 374
982 1 374
1042 1 374
1051 1 374
1248 1 374
1327 1 374
1415 1 374
1415 1 374
.I 375
.T
Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services
.A
Kruzas, A.T.
.W
The processing and transfer of information is an important activity of many
thousands of libraries, research institutes, educational institutions,
professional and trade associations, non-profit organizations, publishing
houses, government agencies, and others. All of these groups are already
listed in a variety of existing directories. This publication, on the other
hand, has selected from the above groups, those organizations and services
which are principally concerned with storage, retrieval, and dissemination
of information, and in addition, are innovative, experimental, or non-
conventional. A major emphasis is on computerization, micrographics, networks,
advanced reference services, information centers, and data banks.
The Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services includes descriptions
of the following types of services and facilities:
Information Centers
Computerized Systems and Services
Networks and Cooperative Programs
Data Banks
Documentation Centers
Information Storage and Retrieval Systems
Micrographic Systems and Services
Research Centers and Projects
Clearinghouses and Referral Centerss
Consulting and Planning Organizations and Services
Information Offices
Industrial Research Information Centers
Professional Associations
Specialized Library Reference Services
.X
91 1 375
92 1 375
161 1 375
197 1 375
214 1 375
218 2 375
243 1 375
250 1 375
253 1 375
340 1 375
348 1 375
375 12 375
406 1 375
408 1 375
445 1 375
454 1 375
472 1 375
492 1 375
497 1 375
503 1 375
506 2 375
507 2 375
508 1 375
510 1 375
548 1 375
554 1 375
579 1 375
591 1 375
593 1 375
594 2 375
595 1 375
596 1 375
597 1 375
599 1 375
600 1 375
601 1 375
603 1 375
604 2 375
606 1 375
607 3 375
723 1 375
724 1 375
725 1 375
801 1 375
805 1 375
806 1 375
836 1 375
855 1 375
866 2 375
867 2 375
956 1 375
986 1 375
989 1 375
1012 1 375
1042 1 375
1057 1 375
1087 1 375
1188 1 375
1247 1 375
1258 1 375
1298 1 375
1299 1 375
1327 2 375
1364 1 375
1379 1 375
1405 1 375
1405 1 375
.I 376
.T
Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services
.A
Kruzas, A.T.
.W
This publication describes and analyzes approximately 1750 organizations
concerned with new forms, new media, and new methods for providing information
services. Among these organizations are publishers, computer software and time-
sharing companies, micrographic firms, libraries, information centers, and
consultants. The common interest of these diverse organizations is in service
based on storage and representation of structured information with output on a
recurring or demand basis. The concept of information as used throughout this
book is defined as data organized into a collection of facts and most often
recorded in two basic forms: 1) textual data or literature, and 2) numeric
data.
Roles played by the organizations described on the following pages vary but
include one or more of the following functions: data base creation, data base
publishing, data transmission, data manipulation and analysis, and data storage
and retrieval. Emphasis in this publication is on organizations involved in
computerized services, micrographic applications, selective dissemination
of information (SDI), and networking.
Not included in the Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services are
printed commercial and legal services, traditional academic and special
libraries, public information offices, hardware manufacturers and distributors
within the computer and micrographic field, conventional indexing and
abstracting services, and most library automation programs which are limited
to such housekeeping functions as circulation, serials control, and
acquisitions.
.X
18 2 376
123 1 376
127 2 376
128 1 376
129 1 376
130 1 376
145 3 376
191 1 376
339 1 376
357 1 376
370 1 376
376 8 376
387 1 376
453 1 376
459 3 376
524 1 376
525 1 376
527 1 376
529 1 376
530 1 376
534 1 376
629 1 376
633 1 376
635 1 376
636 1 376
637 1 376
642 1 376
648 1 376
652 1 376
702 1 376
703 1 376
730 2 376
732 1 376
733 1 376
734 1 376
736 1 376
826 1 376
827 1 376
877 1 376
879 1 376
910 1 376
935 1 376
1006 1 376
1049 1 376
1080 1 376
1143 1 376
1145 1 376
1198 1 376
1227 1 376
1370 1 376
1372 1 376
1376 1 376
1383 1 376
1384 1 376
1396 4 376
1403 1 376
1457 1 376
1457 1 376
.I 377
.T
Citation Indexes
.A
Weinstock, M.
.W
Citation indexing is a relatively new method of organizing the contents of a
collection of documents in a way that overcomes many of the shortcomings of the
more traditional indexing methods. The primary advantage of citation indexing
is that it identifies relationships between documents that are often overlooked
in a subject index. An important secondary advantage is that the compilation
of citation indexes is especially well suited to the use of man-machine indexing
methods that do not require indexers who are subject specialists. Furthermore,
citations, which are bibliographic descriptions of documents, are not
vulnerable to scientific and technological obsolescence as are the terms used
in subject indexes.
.X
19 1 377
37 1 377
39 1 377
40 1 377
41 1 377
47 2 377
88 1 377
97 1 377
102 1 377
103 1 377
106 1 377
233 1 377
253 1 377
313 1 377
359 1 377
377 7 377
379 1 377
395 1 377
505 1 377
560 1 377
573 1 377
605 1 377
613 1 377
618 1 377
632 3 377
635 1 377
667 1 377
748 1 377
749 1 377
751 1 377
764 2 377
765 1 377
777 1 377
778 1 377
782 1 377
804 1 377
805 1 377
893 1 377
952 1 377
1016 1 377
1061 1 377
1085 1 377
1086 1 377
1087 2 377
1182 1 377
1200 1 377
1234 1 377
1274 3 377
1277 3 377
1278 2 377
1280 2 377
1285 2 377
1287 1 377
1301 2 377
1302 3 377
1304 1 377
1313 3 377
1338 1 377
1344 1 377
1347 1 377
1380 1 377
1428 1 377
1444 2 377
1444 2 377
.I 378
.T
Dialog Interactive Information Retrieval System
.A
Summet, R.K.
.W
DIALOG is the name given to an interactive, computer-based information
retrieval language developed at the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory.
The DIALOG systems consists of a series of computer programs which have been
designed to make full use of direct access memory devices (in which data
located anywhere on the device can be accessed in approximately the same amount
of time) and video display units to provide the user a rapid and powerful means
of identifying records within a file which satisfy the particular information
need. By providing the user full display access to the indexing vocabulary,
and the ability to modify search expressions, DIALOG becomes a data processing
extension of the human operator who directs and controls the process according
to his own personal needs.
.X
18 1 378
124 1 378
125 1 378
127 1 378
129 1 378
145 1 378
190 1 378
191 1 378
197 1 378
211 2 378
214 1 378
218 1 378
243 1 378
307 1 378
330 1 378
359 1 378
378 6 378
440 1 378
450 1 378
451 1 378
452 2 378
453 1 378
459 1 378
467 1 378
468 2 378
484 1 378
492 1 378
495 1 378
506 1 378
508 2 378
511 2 378
512 2 378
514 2 378
517 1 378
518 1 378
520 2 378
521 1 378
523 2 378
524 2 378
525 1 378
526 2 378
528 1 378
529 1 378
530 1 378
534 1 378
546 1 378
553 1 378
576 1 378
579 1 378
580 1 378
594 1 378
603 1 378
604 2 378
606 1 378
609 2 378
610 1 378
611 1 378
612 2 378
618 2 378
619 1 378
622 1 378
623 1 378
625 1 378
626 1 378
629 1 378
630 1 378
631 1 378
632 1 378
633 1 378
635 2 378
636 1 378
637 1 378
642 1 378
648 1 378
650 1 378
692 1 378
696 1 378
699 2 378
700 1 378
703 1 378
705 2 378
707 1 378
708 1 378
723 1 378
726 2 378
727 2 378
728 2 378
729 1 378
730 1 378
731 2 378
732 1 378
733 1 378
734 1 378
736 1 378
738 1 378
739 1 378
740 1 378
741 1 378
742 1 378
743 1 378
744 2 378
748 1 378
754 1 378
755 1 378
787 1 378
812 1 378
813 1 378
814 1 378
820 2 378
822 1 378
826 1 378
827 1 378
866 1 378
870 1 378
873 1 378
879 1 378
883 1 378
1004 1 378
1016 1 378
1035 1 378
1078 2 378
1085 1 378
1089 2 378
1091 2 378
1143 1 378
1207 1 378
1210 1 378
1264 2 378
1297 1 378
1302 3 378
1303 2 378
1356 1 378
1364 1 378
1366 1 378
1367 1 378
1368 2 378
1370 1 378
1372 1 378
1373 1 378
1374 1 378
1375 1 378
1376 1 378
1377 1 378
1396 1 378
1396 1 378
.I 379
.T
Sources of Information on Specific Subjects
.A
Bradford, S.C.
.W
An alternative hypothesis to
be investigated is that, to a considerable extent, the
references are scattered throughout all periodicals
with a frequency approximately related inversely
to the scope. On this hypothesis, the aggregate of
periodicals can be divided into classes according to
relevance of scope to the subject concerned, but the
more remote classes will, in the aggregate, produce
as many references as the more related classes. The
whole range of periodicals thus acts as a family of
successive generations of diminishing kinship, each
generation being greater in number than the
preceding, and each constituent of a generation
producing inversely according to its degree of
remoteness.
The investigation covered, in the first place, the
references quoted, in the course of four and two and
a-half years respectively, by the current bibliographies
of Applied Geophysics and Lubrication, which are
prepared in the library. The source of each
reference being given, it was possible to arrange the
sources in order of productivity, the results being
set down in columns A and B of the table, in the
previous column.
.X
19 1 379
31 1 379
37 1 379
39 2 379
40 1 379
47 1 379
55 1 379
88 1 379
97 2 379
102 1 379
103 1 379
198 1 379
201 1 379
233 2 379
253 1 379
313 1 379
359 2 379
373 1 379
377 1 379
379 11 379
395 2 379
475 1 379
505 1 379
560 1 379
573 1 379
588 1 379
616 1 379
618 2 379
632 1 379
635 1 379
667 1 379
685 1 379
735 1 379
748 5 379
749 2 379
751 1 379
764 1 379
765 2 379
775 1 379
777 1 379
778 4 379
782 1 379
791 1 379
804 1 379
805 1 379
821 1 379
889 2 379
893 2 379
952 1 379
1016 1 379
1019 1 379
1030 1 379
1061 1 379
1083 1 379
1085 3 379
1086 2 379
1087 2 379
1173 1 379
1182 2 379
1200 1 379
1201 1 379
1203 1 379
1274 1 379
1275 2 379
1277 1 379
1278 1 379
1280 1 379
1285 1 379
1287 1 379
1290 1 379
1301 1 379
1302 3 379
1304 1 379
1313 1 379
1338 1 379
1344 1 379
1347 1 379
1355 1 379
1380 4 379
1418 1 379
1428 1 379
1444 1 379
1444 1 379
.I 380
.T
Error-correcting Codes
.A
Peterson, W.W.
.W
Several major developments have contributed to the rapid emergence
of the field of error-correcting codes over the past two decades.
Externally, the cost of solid-state electronic devices has decreased almost as
dramatically as their size. This has stimulated the development of digital
computers and peripheral devices and this, in turn, has caused a dramatic
increase in the volume of data communicated between such
machines. The intolerance of computing systems to error, and in some
cases the inherently critical nature of the data demand the use of either
error-free facilities or some type of error-detecting or correcting code in
the terminal devices. In many cases the latter approach is the more
economical.
.X
380 5 380
380 5 380
.I 381
.T
The Evaluation of Information Services and Products
.A
King, D.W.
.W
The continuing need to put scientists in contact with the research of
others, coupled with the rapidly expanding volume of published
material during the past several decades, has placed new emphasis on
the old arts of assembling, coding, and disseminating recorded
knowledge. In some instances, the emphasis has manifested itself in
research on improvement of traditional library systems. In other
instances, it has resulted in the assembly of specialized collections and
their intensive indexing for access in a variety of ways. Still other
systems have progressed from the passive role of responding to
requests to the active role of supplying documents, or references to
them, to researchers as the documents become available. For lack of a
more descriptive terminology, all of these activities are referred to in
this book as "document transfer systems," implying that the product
being retrieved (or disseminated) is a document rather than the
information (if any) in it. That is, intelligence systems or fact retrieval
systems (if facts are indeed retrieved) are excluded from our concern.
The document, of course, may be a book, a journal article, a drawing,
an abstract, a piece of film, or a piece of magnetic tape.
.X
28 1 381
73 1 381
74 1 381
83 1 381
124 1 381
125 1 381
157 1 381
165 1 381
175 1 381
213 1 381
224 1 381
245 1 381
273 1 381
279 1 381
288 1 381
298 1 381
331 1 381
381 17 381
382 2 381
389 1 381
408 1 381
445 1 381
448 1 381
452 1 381
456 1 381
458 1 381
468 1 381
484 1 381
490 2 381
491 1 381
496 1 381
506 1 381
511 1 381
514 2 381
516 1 381
518 2 381
521 1 381
522 1 381
523 1 381
526 1 381
527 1 381
528 1 381
529 1 381
554 1 381
575 2 381
579 1 381
591 4 381
592 1 381
595 2 381
599 1 381
603 1 381
610 1 381
615 3 381
619 1 381
620 1 381
621 1 381
625 2 381
626 1 381
630 1 381
636 1 381
639 1 381
646 1 381
676 1 381
696 1 381
700 1 381
705 1 381
707 1 381
723 2 381
724 1 381
727 1 381
752 2 381
754 1 381
779 1 381
780 1 381
785 2 381
812 1 381
817 1 381
820 1 381
822 4 381
824 1 381
827 1 381
829 1 381
834 1 381
860 1 381
875 1 381
895 1 381
907 1 381
925 1 381
957 1 381
976 1 381
986 1 381
1065 1 381
1078 1 381
1091 1 381
1148 1 381
1227 1 381
1279 1 381
1282 2 381
1303 1 381
1317 1 381
1327 1 381
1353 1 381
1359 1 381
1360 1 381
1364 1 381
1366 1 381
1367 1 381
1368 1 381
1400 1 381
1410 1 381
1424 1 381
1448 1 381
1448 1 381
.I 382
.T
Evaluation of MEDLARS Documentation
.A
Lancaster, f.W.
.W
This report presents the results of a detailed analysis by
the National Library of Medicine of the performance of
MEDLARS (its Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval
System) in relation to 300 actual requests made to the
system in 1966 and 1967. Thanks to this study, we now know
considerably more about the requirements of MEDLARS users,
how well the system is meeting these requirements, and what
we must do to improve the overall performance level. The
investigation is timely: the Library is now planning a
second-generation MEDLARS, and the design of MEDLARS II
should benefit greatly from our knowledge of factors affecting
the performance of the present system.
.X
29 1 382
38 1 382
50 1 382
51 1 382
61 1 382
62 1 382
65 1 382
67 1 382
68 1 382
69 2 382
70 1 382
71 2 382
72 2 382
73 2 382
75 3 382
76 1 382
77 1 382
79 2 382
83 1 382
86 1 382
120 1 382
131 1 382
134 1 382
135 1 382
137 1 382
145 1 382
149 1 382
156 1 382
168 1 382
175 7 382
176 1 382
197 1 382
206 1 382
207 1 382
208 1 382
211 1 382
213 3 382
214 1 382
224 1 382
241 1 382
261 1 382
315 1 382
346 1 382
355 3 382
359 1 382
361 1 382
369 1 382
371 1 382
381 2 382
382 35 382
389 2 382
390 2 382
448 1 382
452 1 382
458 4 382
475 1 382
476 1 382
477 1 382
478 1 382
479 2 382
480 2 382
481 1 382
483 2 382
484 2 382
485 3 382
486 1 382
488 2 382
491 2 382
493 1 382
495 1 382
503 1 382
506 2 382
507 1 382
509 1 382
510 1 382
512 1 382
514 1 382
517 1 382
520 2 382
522 1 382
527 1 382
528 1 382
531 1 382
546 1 382
554 1 382
565 3 382
566 3 382
567 1 382
570 2 382
576 1 382
581 1 382
583 1 382
586 2 382
594 1 382
596 1 382
603 1 382
608 5 382
625 1 382
633 1 382
634 1 382
636 1 382
643 1 382
658 1 382
659 2 382
676 1 382
680 1 382
696 2 382
704 1 382
705 1 382
715 1 382
716 1 382
717 1 382
736 1 382
752 1 382
754 1 382
760 1 382
762 1 382
765 1 382
769 1 382
770 1 382
776 1 382
778 1 382
779 2 382
780 2 382
781 1 382
785 1 382
790 2 382
795 2 382
805 1 382
807 1 382
809 1 382
810 1 382
812 1 382
813 1 382
814 1 382
817 1 382
820 1 382
824 1 382
825 2 382
826 1 382
859 1 382
870 1 382
894 2 382
956 1 382
961 1 382
966 4 382
967 1 382
981 1 382
982 1 382
986 1 382
997 1 382
1037 1 382
1045 1 382
1051 4 382
1055 1 382
1083 1 382
1084 1 382
1086 1 382
1118 1 382
1144 1 382
1151 1 382
1175 1 382
1216 1 382
1254 1 382
1255 2 382
1266 1 382
1279 1 382
1294 4 382
1295 1 382
1297 1 382
1298 1 382
1303 1 382
1313 1 382
1327 4 382
1358 1 382
1361 1 382
1368 1 382
1395 1 382
1402 1 382
1404 1 382
1410 1 382
1415 1 382
1417 1 382
1419 2 382
1421 1 382
1427 1 382
1448 1 382
1448 1 382
.I 383
.T
Evaluation of Micropublishing
.A
Veaner, A.B
.W
Micropublishing, as it pertains to library materials, is essentially
a form of the republishing of materials no longer in print. The need
for such materials of many kinds - monographs, serials, newspapers,
reference works - has grown greatly during the past quarter century and
this need is reflected in the growth of the micropublishing industry. As
new colleges and junior colleges are founded, and established colleges
and universities continue to expand to meet growing educational needs,
both groups of institutions find that in more and more instances the
materials they need are available only in microform. As a result, the
ratio of microforms to books in college and research libraries has been
steadily rising.
.X
231 1 383
286 1 383
352 1 383
383 9 383
911 1 383
1014 2 383
1058 1 383
1059 1 383
1152 1 383
1268 1 383
1268 1 383
.I 384
.T
Evaluation of the World Food Literature
.A
Mann, E.J.
.W
This publication presents the culmination of a concerted International
effort to survey the relevant world's scientific and technological
literature for its food science and technology content as a preliminary
step towards the establishment of a comprehensive abstracting and
documentation service in this field.
.X
88 1 384
89 1 384
384 6 384
560 1 384
589 1 384
722 1 384
1256 1 384
1256 1 384
.I 385
.T
Evaluative Research Principles and Practice in Public Service and
Social Action Programs
.A
Suchman, E.A.
.W
In these days of large government programs intended to reduce poverty,
develop communities, prevent delinquency and crime, control disease, and
reconstruct cities, the predominant rhetoric is that of planning, pilot
projects, experimental and demonstration programs - and evaluation. Those
who seek to select for support the more promising plans and projects submitted
to funding agencies have become habituated to the ritualistic inclusion in
the proposal of a final section on Evaluation. In most cases this section
consists of sometimes grandiose but usually vague statements of intent and
procedure for assessing the impact of the proposed action. In some cases
there is an elegant, highly academic, and impractical scheme worked out in
meticulous detail by an obviously talented research consultant. In a few
treasured instances there is a well-considered, realistic, and workmanlike
plan for getting some fairly reliable answers to the questions of what worked
and why.
.X
10 1 385
190 1 385
208 1 385
217 1 385
225 1 385
243 1 385
244 1 385
249 1 385
304 1 385
305 1 385
306 1 385
358 2 385
364 1 385
385 7 385
394 1 385
433 1 385
459 1 385
534 1 385
598 1 385
702 1 385
731 1 385
732 1 385
779 1 385
817 1 385
820 1 385
823 1 385
825 1 385
826 1 385
827 1 385
828 1 385
947 1 385
948 1 385
1005 1 385
1017 1 385
1018 1 385
1056 1 385
1058 1 385
1146 1 385
1230 1 385
1257 1 385
1384 1 385
1390 1 385
1403 1 385
1403 1 385
.I 386
.T
Informal Communication in Science:
Its Advantages and its Formal Analogues
.A
Menzel, H.
.W
Formal and informal scientific communication are complementary;
they must not be thought of as alternatives in the sense that,
perhaps, certain messages are obtained exclusively through the printed
word, the library, and the mechanized search-and-retrieval system,
whereas others are obtained by the exclusive use of word-of-mouth and
the telephone. The much more typical event is one in which the receipt
of a single message is secured by the successive interplay of these two
kinds of communication. For any given transaction between a scientist
as a receiver of information and the channel that brings him that
information usually has a history behind it and a future ahead of it that
may be very relevant to the evaluation of the success of that transaction
and to the prognosis of whether this kind of transaction will happen
again with similar results.
.X
24 1 386
58 1 386
62 1 386
65 1 386
66 1 386
75 1 386
76 1 386
95 2 386
98 1 386
100 1 386
105 1 386
107 1 386
109 1 386
137 1 386
163 1 386
172 1 386
210 1 386
278 1 386
279 1 386
280 1 386
386 6 386
395 1 386
398 4 386
544 2 386
560 1 386
578 1 386
658 1 386
716 1 386
748 1 386
782 1 386
788 1 386
789 1 386
837 1 386
925 1 386
1063 1 386
1083 1 386
1142 1 386
1270 1 386
1284 2 386
1300 2 386
1312 1 386
1313 1 386
1345 1 386
1361 1 386
1386 1 386
1400 1 386
1404 1 386
1408 1 386
1446 1 386
1447 1 386
1447 1 386
.I 387
.T
The Foundations of Education for Librarianship
.A
Shera, J.H.
.W
The study is a result of a theory of librarianship which has been in the
process of maturation for more than a quarter century of teaching and
administration, first at the University of Chicago, and subsequently at Western
Reserve University, now Case Western Reserve University, and which has
been elaborated in essays and addresses as the inquiry progressed.
My purpose has been to explore the role of the library as it contributes
to the total communication system in society and the meaning of that role
for the library profession, and having determined the requirements of that
role to identify those which are appropriately met by graduate professional
education. Therefore, the inquiry begins with a consideration of the
communication system within the individual as related to his physiological,
neurological, and psychological structure, and its meaning for learning and
reading patterns and characteristics. The study then progresses to an
exposition of the cultural environment and its communication system in society,
together with the place of the library in it.
.X
128 1 387
130 1 387
171 1 387
173 1 387
191 1 387
230 1 387
339 3 387
370 1 387
371 1 387
376 1 387
387 5 387
453 1 387
470 1 387
629 1 387
648 1 387
652 1 387
923 1 387
924 1 387
1376 1 387
1403 3 387
1423 2 387
1457 1 387
1457 1 387
.I 388
.T
A Guide to the Construction and Use of Special Schemes
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.W
The use of classification in libraries is traditional and its value is
appreciated. For documentation and information retrieval in
general, other techniques such as alphabetical indexing and
machine selection are also available. That classification is of
value in information retrieval as well as in book arrangement is,
however, made evident in two ways. First, to achieve consistency
and subtlety in alphabetical indexing and machine selection
designers of such retrieval systems find the need to introduce
classificatory techniques. Second, there is a continuing demand
for the construction of special classifications for detailed arrangement
and cataloguing of documents in restricted but intensively
cultivated fields of knowledge.
It is to help meet these demands, particularly the second, that
this guide has been prepared. The techniques of detailed depth
classification have been greatly developed during the past decade,
and instruments of much greater subtlety and efficiency than the
traditional 'tree-of-knowledge' schemes can now be designed.
These developments have been reported mainly as research papers
in a variety of library journals and are often made unnecessarily
difficult to follow by the use of unfamiliar terminology.
There is a need for a more simply written and more readily
available practical guide to the use of the newer techniques of
classification.
.X
149 1 388
168 1 388
258 2 388
263 1 388
317 1 388
388 8 388
434 1 388
477 1 388
501 1 388
516 1 388
558 1 388
761 1 388
1066 1 388
1162 2 388
1164 2 388
1175 1 388
1231 1 388
1259 1 388
1309 1 388
1391 1 388
1413 2 388
1414 1 388
1448 2 388
1448 2 388
.I 389
.T
Factors Determining the Performance of Indexing Systems
.A
Cleverdon, C.W.
.B
Vol. 1
.W
The original Aslib-Cranfield investigations on the efficiency of indexing
systems (references 1, 2 and 3) did not, by itself, produce firm answers to
what is one of the basic problems in information retrieval, namely the
decision as to which index language should be used. Certainly it did not, as
some people had anticipated, demonstrate that one system was 'better' than
another, either generally, or in any given situation.
.X
28 1 389
43 1 389
44 1 389
57 1 389
61 1 389
63 1 389
71 1 389
86 1 389
149 1 389
157 1 389
175 5 389
228 1 389
309 1 389
327 1 389
328 3 389
348 1 389
381 1 389
382 2 389
389 19 389
390 11 389
419 1 389
458 2 389
468 1 389
474 1 389
487 1 389
488 1 389
502 1 389
509 2 389
514 2 389
518 1 389
520 1 389
565 6 389
570 1 389
576 1 389
579 1 389
586 1 389
595 1 389
596 1 389
600 1 389
601 1 389
608 1 389
615 1 389
619 1 389
636 1 389
643 1 389
646 1 389
659 1 389
660 1 389
661 1 389
752 3 389
754 1 389
769 2 389
780 1 389
785 2 389
799 1 389
805 1 389
807 1 389
812 1 389
817 1 389
820 2 389
822 1 389
827 1 389
829 2 389
863 1 389
864 1 389
894 1 389
895 1 389
956 2 389
963 1 389
966 1 389
987 1 389
988 1 389
989 1 389
1044 2 389
1051 1 389
1091 1 389
1152 1 389
1154 1 389
1255 2 389
1265 1 389
1282 2 389
1294 1 389
1313 1 389
1327 3 389
1419 1 389
1419 1 389
.I 390
.T
Factors Determining the Performance of Indexing Systems
.A
Cleverdon, C.W.
.B
Vol. 2
.W
The test results are presented for a number of different index languages
using various devices which affect recall or precision. Within the environment
of this test, it is shown that the best performance was obtained with
the group of eight index languages which used single terms. The group of
fifteen index languages which were based on concepts gave the worst performance,
while a group of six index languages based on the Thesaurus of
Engineering Terms of the Engineers Joint Council were intermediary. Of
the single term index languages, the only method of improving performance
was to group synonyms and word forms, and any broader groupings of terms
depressed performance. The use of precision devices such as links gave no
advantage as compared to the basic device of simple coordination.
.X
28 1 390
43 1 390
44 1 390
57 2 390
61 1 390
63 1 390
71 1 390
73 2 390
86 1 390
133 1 390
134 3 390
146 1 390
149 1 390
175 6 390
228 1 390
274 1 390
309 1 390
319 1 390
328 1 390
348 1 390
382 2 390
389 11 390
390 22 390
445 1 390
449 1 390
458 2 390
474 2 390
487 1 390
488 1 390
502 1 390
509 3 390
514 1 390
519 1 390
520 1 390
565 4 390
570 1 390
576 1 390
577 1 390
579 2 390
586 1 390
589 1 390
596 1 390
600 1 390
601 1 390
608 1 390
625 1 390
634 1 390
636 1 390
643 2 390
644 1 390
649 1 390
652 1 390
659 1 390
660 2 390
661 1 390
752 4 390
754 2 390
780 4 390
785 4 390
799 1 390
805 1 390
807 1 390
812 1 390
820 1 390
829 2 390
830 1 390
863 1 390
864 1 390
894 1 390
895 1 390
956 1 390
963 1 390
987 1 390
988 1 390
989 1 390
1044 2 390
1089 1 390
1152 1 390
1154 1 390
1255 3 390
1265 1 390
1279 1 390
1282 5 390
1294 1 390
1313 1 390
1327 3 390
1419 1 390
1419 1 390
.I 391
.T
Factors in the Transfer of Technology
.A
Gruber, W.H.
.W
The strong correlation between the scope and depth of this country's
research and development activities and the vigor and the growth of its
industrial plant is today a widely accepted fact. Government expenditures
for research and development have increased from a modest
annual rate of $200 million some thirty years ago to $17 billion today.
The research budgets of the private sector of the economy, which were
almost miniscule in the 1930's, total approximately $8 billion today.
These expenditures have had their many tangible and visible results,
ranging from nylon and antibiotics to radar and solid state electronics,
but what is not so generally appreciated is the additional product
represented by the increasing inventory of ideas and new knowledge
whose application, for the most part, is still a potential one. The
sophisticated and often urgent nature of some of the larger products in
which we engage today, which require vast research expenditures to
find the efficient way, or the economical way, or the safe way, or the
most accurate way to accomplish some end purpose, also produces an
increase in the national level of scientific and technological competence
that has not yet been transferred into the civilian economy. The
value of the technical ideas now stored and awaiting application can
be estimated as a value many times larger than the annual rate of
billions of dollars invested in the effort it took to develop this increased
technical capability. As a national resource for underwriting further
economic and industrial development, this technical inventory is a
factor of major importance.
.X
89 1 391
101 1 391
102 2 391
109 1 391
343 1 391
356 1 391
391 5 391
426 1 391
436 3 391
437 2 391
658 2 391
1050 3 391
1063 1 391
1288 3 391
1296 1 391
1339 1 391
1386 1 391
1386 1 391
.I 392
.T
Faculty Status for Librarians
.A
Massman, V.F.
.W
The purpose of this study is: (1) to
review the history of the struggle for faculty status for
librarians and some of the arguments advanced in support of
that objective; and (2) to gather information on the
similarities and differences between librarians and faculty
members in the broad areas of preparation, contributions,
and rewards. With detailed information on such matters
as education, salaries, professional experience, tenure, sabbaticals,
participation in academic government, and scholarly activity
of librarians and faculty members, one should be able to
judge whether librarians receive unfair or unequal treatment.
.X
392 6 392
392 6 392
.I 393
.T
Farewell to Alexandria
Solution to space, growth, and performance problems of libraries
.A
Gore, D.
.W
The publication of this collection of essays opens a new era for
libraries, taking the first departure in 2,300 years from that durable
model conceived by the librarians of Alexandria and endlessly replicated
by every succeeding generation of librarians, right down to the present
day. The Alexandrian model persists through the unexamined faith
that to be good a library must be vast and always growing. The papers
presented here examine that faith scientifically, demonstrate that it
rests on nothing more solid than mistaken intuition, and consign it to
the limbo of outworn dogmas.
.X
115 1 393
128 1 393
129 1 393
130 1 393
167 1 393
223 1 393
225 1 393
234 1 393
280 1 393
393 8 393
468 1 393
494 1 393
639 1 393
646 1 393
647 2 393
651 2 393
757 1 393
765 1 393
818 1 393
822 1 393
823 1 393
827 1 393
831 1 393
925 1 393
943 1 393
944 1 393
947 1 393
1059 1 393
1060 1 393
1070 1 393
1085 1 393
1374 1 393
1390 1 393
1401 1 393
1437 1 393
1437 1 393
.I 394
.T
A Feasibility Study of Centralized and Regionalized Inter-Library
Loan Centers
.A
Stevens, R.E.
.W
The two major problems of the present system are (1) the unequal
distribution of lending, with a few of the largest libraries handling
a large proportion of the requests, and (2) the difficulty of filling
requests which are incomplete, incorrect, or inadequately checked.
Solutions proposed for these two problems have been (1)
compensation to the largest libraries for each transaction, and (2)
better bibliographic checking of requests before they are forwarded to
the lending library.
.X
10 1 394
119 1 394
122 1 394
190 1 394
225 1 394
244 1 394
249 1 394
250 1 394
295 1 394
304 1 394
305 1 394
306 1 394
358 1 394
365 1 394
385 1 394
394 5 394
433 1 394
453 1 394
459 1 394
526 1 394
528 1 394
534 1 394
612 1 394
702 1 394
731 1 394
732 1 394
817 1 394
820 1 394
823 1 394
825 1 394
826 1 394
827 1 394
828 1 394
872 2 394
940 1 394
947 1 394
948 1 394
981 1 394
1017 1 394
1058 1 394
1143 1 394
1146 1 394
1230 1 394
1247 2 394
1257 2 394
1264 1 394
1367 1 394
1390 3 394
1410 1 394
1435 1 394
1436 1 394
1436 1 394
.I 395
.T
Biomedical Literature:
Volume, Growth, and Other Characteristics
.A
Orr, R.H.
Leeds, A.A.
.W
This study's aim was to gather and analyze
reliable data on the quantifiable characteristics of the
biomedical literature that affects communication problems within
the research community. Previous studies and standard
bibliographic compilations were critically reviewed, particularly
for data that could be used to determine changes with time.
In addition, all publications generated during 1961-1962 by
the extramural and intramural research programs of the
National Institutes of Health (NIH) were analyzed as samples
of the current document output of US research.
.X
19 1 395
24 1 395
31 1 395
36 2 395
37 2 395
39 1 395
40 1 395
41 1 395
46 1 395
47 1 395
50 1 395
57 1 395
62 1 395
65 1 395
66 1 395
75 1 395
76 1 395
88 1 395
97 1 395
102 1 395
103 1 395
131 1 395
137 1 395
181 1 395
182 1 395
183 1 395
184 2 395
193 2 395
195 2 395
198 1 395
201 2 395
203 1 395
204 1 395
205 1 395
210 1 395
233 2 395
253 1 395
267 1 395
269 1 395
278 1 395
279 1 395
280 1 395
313 1 395
359 2 395
377 1 395
379 2 395
386 1 395
395 8 395
398 1 395
415 1 395
505 1 395
560 1 395
573 1 395
587 1 395
618 1 395
632 1 395
635 1 395
658 1 395
667 2 395
716 1 395
748 3 395
749 1 395
750 1 395
751 2 395
759 1 395
760 1 395
764 1 395
765 2 395
767 2 395
774 1 395
777 1 395
778 3 395
782 2 395
787 1 395
788 1 395
789 1 395
791 1 395
792 1 395
793 1 395
800 1 395
804 1 395
805 1 395
837 1 395
891 1 395
893 1 395
905 1 395
907 1 395
925 1 395
952 2 395
953 1 395
964 1 395
965 1 395
968 1 395
1009 1 395
1016 1 395
1018 1 395
1019 1 395
1061 1 395
1081 1 395
1082 1 395
1083 2 395
1085 2 395
1086 2 395
1087 1 395
1182 1 395
1200 1 395
1201 1 395
1240 1 395
1274 1 395
1277 1 395
1278 2 395
1280 1 395
1287 1 395
1301 1 395
1302 1 395
1304 1 395
1313 1 395
1338 1 395
1344 1 395
1347 1 395
1359 1 395
1361 1 395
1380 1 395
1397 1 395
1400 1 395
1401 1 395
1404 1 395
1417 2 395
1418 1 395
1428 1 395
1444 1 395
1444 1 395
.I 396
.T
Formal Languages
.A
Salomaa, A.
.W
This book develops a theory of formal languages from the point of view of
generative devices, mainly grammars. Recognition devices, automata, are
introduced only as a secondary tool and are themselves presented within the
framework of rewriting systems.
The main emphasis is on mathematical aspects of formal languages rather
than application. People interested only in applications to programming
languages (resp. natural languages) would certainly prefer a more
comprehensive discussion on topics such as LR(k) grammars (resp.
transformational grammars). Such discussions lie outside the scope of
this book.
.X
396 5 396
397 1 396
446 1 396
489 1 396
499 1 396
499 1 396
.I 397
.T
Formal Languages and Their Relation to Automata
.A
Hopcroft, J.E.
.W
This book presents the theory of formal languages as a coherent theory
and makes explicit its relationship to automata. The book begins with an
explanation of the notion of a finite description of a language. The
fundamental descriptive device - the grammar - is explained, as well as
its three major subclasses - regular, context-free, and context-sensitive
grammars. The context-free grammars are treated in detail, and such topics
as normal forms, derivation trees, and ambiguity are covered. Four types of
automata equivalent to the four types of grammars are described. These
automata are the finite automaton, the pushdown automaton, the linear
bounded automaton, and the Turing machine. The Turing machine is covered in
detail, and unsolvability of the halting problem shown. The book concludes
with certain advanced topics in language theory - closure properties,
computational complexity, deterministic pushdown automata, LR(k) grammars,
stack automata, and decidability.
.X
396 1 397
397 11 397
417 3 397
430 3 397
443 3 397
455 4 397
464 3 397
745 3 397
1204 3 397
1398 3 397
1427 3 397
1427 3 397
.I 398
.T
Informal Channels of Communication In the Behavioral Sciences:
Their Relevance In the Structuring of Formal or Bibliographic
Communication
.A
Garvey, W.D.
Griffith, B.C.
.W
What are the needs being served by informal communication?
What can be done about giving informal communication, without
destroying its function for the active researcher, certain of
the advantages of formal communication, such as, general
accessibility, permanence, etc.? How can formal channels be
manipulated to take on the characteristics of informal
communication? To cast light on these questions the present
paper examines the role of informal and formal channels within
the overall system of scientific dissemination in psychology,
considers the special advantages of informal communication,
and outlines certain relations between informal and formal
channels. In a final section of the paper, two experiments
in scientific communication are described; one experiment being
built about an innovation that attempts to "informalize" formal
channels while the other is built about another innovation that,
in general, attempts to "formalize" an informal channel.
.X
24 1 398
62 1 398
65 1 398
66 1 398
75 1 398
76 1 398
95 1 398
98 1 398
105 1 398
109 1 398
137 1 398
162 1 398
163 1 398
210 1 398
278 1 398
279 1 398
280 1 398
386 4 398
395 1 398
398 5 398
544 1 398
560 1 398
658 1 398
716 1 398
748 1 398
782 1 398
788 1 398
789 1 398
837 1 398
925 1 398
933 1 398
1063 1 398
1076 1 398
1083 1 398
1142 1 398
1270 1 398
1284 2 398
1300 1 398
1361 1 398
1400 1 398
1404 1 398
1408 1 398
1446 1 398
1447 1 398
1447 1 398
.I 399
.T
Functional Approach
.A
Sgall, P.
.W
The present book sums up a certain stage in the research on algebraic
linguistics being pursued at Charles University, Prague. It is based mainly
on P. Sgall's book (1967a, in Czech), which represents the first attempt at a
systematic formulation of the conception of generative description that has
gradually been elaborated by our research group.
We do not claim that any particular question has been answered here in a
definitive way, but the conception of a generative system based on an
articulation of the semantic relation (see Section 1.3.4) may perhaps be
interesting in connection with the present development of algebraic linguistics.
This conception originated in 1963-1964, mainly as a reaction to the existing
form of transformational description. It has not yet been possible to take the
more recent impulses into account to an extent that would be adequate to their
scope and theoretical significance. Only some aspects of these impulses are
commented on in the relevant parts of the present book. We do not present a
complete characterization of a system that could be regarded as a counterpart
to the new version of transformational grammar. We have simply tried
to formulate a conception that can serve as a starting point for the
development of a new alternative.
.X
168 1 399
399 5 399
1225 1 399
1388 1 399
1427 1 399
1427 1 399
.I 400
.T
Future Developments in Telecommunications
.A
Martin, J.
.W
Communication technology has entered a period of revolutionary change.
The last decade has brought new inventions of enormous potential.
It will probably be two decades before we fully grasp the shattering effect
they will have on society.
These inventions include:
The communication satellite. Suddenly this has provided telephone
and television links to the underdeveloped world. Much larger satellites
will be built and will have an enormous impact on education and
communications both in the United States and throughout the world. The
satellite antennae in some underdeveloped countries stand next to fields
ploughed by oxen.
The helical waveguide. A pipe, now operating, that can carry 250,000
simultaneous telephone calls or equivalent information over long distances.
The laser. This means of transmission, still in the research laboratory,
has the potential of carrying many millions of simultaneous telephone calls
or their equivalent.
Large-scale integration (LSI). A form of ultraminiaturized computer
circuitry that probably marks the beginning of mass production of
computers and computerlike logic circuitry. It offers the potential of
extremely reliable, extremely small, and, in some of its forms, extremely
fast computers. If large-enough quantities can be built, this circuitry can
become very low in cost.
On-line real-time computers. Computers capable of responding to many
distant terminals on telecommunication lines at a speed geared to human
thinking. They have the potential of bringing the power and information
of innumerable computers into every office and eventually every home.
Picturephone. A public dial-up telephone system in which subscribers
see as well as hear each other.
Large TV screens. TV screens that can occupy a whole wall if necessary.
Cable TV. Provides a cable into homes with a potential signal-carrying
capacity more than one thousand times that of the telephone cable. It
could be used for signals other than television.
Voice answerback. Computers can now assembly human-voice words and
speak them over the telephone. This fact, coupled with the Touchtone
telephone set, makes every such telephone a potential computer terminal.
Millimeter-wave radio. Radio at frequencies in the band above the
microwave band can relay a quantity of information greater than all the
other radio bands combined. Chains of closely spaced antennas will distribute
these millimeter-wave signals.
Pulse code modulation. All signals, including telephone, Picturephone,
music, facsimile, and television can be converted into digital bit stream
and transmitted, along with computer data, over the same digital links.
Major advantages accrue from this.
Computerized switching. Computerized telephone exchanges are coming into
operation, and computer-like logic can be employed for switching and
"concentrating" all types of signals.
Data banks. Electronic storage for huge quantities of information that
can be manipulated and indexed by computers and that can be accessed in a
fraction of a second.
.X
10 1 400
114 1 400
145 1 400
169 1 400
289 1 400
345 1 400
400 5 400
459 1 400
493 1 400
548 1 400
627 1 400
872 1 400
884 1 400
885 1 400
887 1 400
990 1 400
1073 1 400
1227 1 400
1302 1 400
1368 1 400
1390 1 400
1392 1 400
1414 1 400
1448 1 400
1448 1 400
.I 401
.T
Future Shock
.A
Toffler, A.
.W
This is a book about what happens to people when they are
overwhelmed by change. It is about the ways in which we adapt
- or fail to adapt - to the future.
Much has been written about the future. Yet, for the most
part, books about the world to come sound a harsh metallic note.
These pages, by contrast, concern themselves with the "soft" or
human side of tomorrow. Moreover, they concern themselves
with the steps by which we are likely to reach tomorrow. They
deal with common, everyday matters - the products we buy and
discard, the places we leave behind, the corporations we inhabit,
the people who pass at an ever faster clip through our lives. The
future of friendship and family life in probed. Strange new
subcultures and life styles are investigated, along with an array of
other subjects from politics and playgrounds to skydiving and sex.
.X
59 1 401
164 1 401
169 1 401
194 1 401
274 1 401
350 1 401
401 12 401
418 1 401
959 1 401
1025 1 401
1041 1 401
1069 1 401
1084 1 401
1150 1 401
1270 1 401
1298 1 401
1298 1 401
.I 402
.T
The government of the American Public Library
.A
Joeckel, C.B.
.W
The major purpose of this study is to describe, analyze,
and evaluate the position of the public library in the structure
of government in the United States. The use of the word
"government" in the title, therefore, is deliberate. We are
here concerned with the legal forms and types of governmental
organization of the public library and with its relation to
the city or other political unit to which it is attached or
which it serves.
.X
402 5 402
925 1 402
1056 1 402
1056 1 402
.I 403
.T
Government Publications: A Guide to Bibliographic Tools
.A
Palic, V.M.
.W
The expansion of government at all levels - international, national,
provincial or state, and local - has resulted in increasing government
influence on the life of each citizen. Concomitant with this development
is the proliferation of published directives, regulations, reports,
technical studies, and other informational issuances in such volume that no
one engaged in a business or profession, no financial tycoon, educator,
researcher, farmer, housewife, welfare recipient, or unemployed person can
function without some reference to government publications. Yet, in few
areas of recorded human knowledge have control and bibliographic aids
been so little systemized.
The present work, designed to provide the prospective user as well as
the trained researcher and librarian with a guide to the maze, is a direct
descendant of the Childs essay. The extent to which the mass of published
material has grown is underscored by the contrasting physical size of the
two publications; Childs' was a 78-page pamphlet containing approximately
400 entries whereas this book of over 400 pages cites more than 3,000 titles.
.X
6 1 403
363 1 403
403 5 403
461 1 403
551 1 403
551 1 403
.I 404
.T
A Guide to the Library of Congress Classification
.A
Immroth, J.P.
.W
This guide is an introduction to the Library of Congress Classification; as
such, it does not include instructions for every subclass or table, but attempts
to provide the reader with an understanding of the characteristics of the
classification, the arrangement within the classes, the format of the schedules
and tables, and special problems of use and notation. The reader should trace
the analysis of each example of classing through the pages from the L.C.
schedule provided in the guide. It is important to remind the reader that a
thorough study of each class schedule in addition to the recommended readings
is essential. The author realizes that many imperfections may be present in
this guide and will appreciate suggestions for changes from readers.
.X
16 1 404
235 1 404
250 1 404
289 1 404
354 1 404
404 5 404
863 1 404
864 1 404
897 1 404
992 1 404
1152 1 404
1351 1 404
1392 1 404
1392 1 404
.I 405
.T
Guide to Reference Books
.A
Winchell, C.M.
.W
The fundamental principles of reference work remain
more or less constant through the years, but the rapid
expansion of the publication of reference books in all
fields makes essential a careful selection to fit the needs
of each library. The purpose of this volume is to list
reference books basic to research - general and special -
and thus to serve as: (1) a reference manual for the
library assistant, research worker, or other user of
library resources; (2) a selection aid for the librarian; and
(3) a textbook for the student, who, either in library
school, training class, or college course in bibliography,
is pursuing a systematic study of reference books.
The needs of these types of users have influenced the
organization and make-up of this volume, in that the
requirements of the first two groups have made the
manual more comprehensive than it might have been if
intended for a textbook only, while the introductions to
sections and many of the annotations have been provided
particularly for the library school student.
.X
405 8 405
1028 1 405
1349 2 405
1349 2 405
.I 406
.T
Guidelines for Library Automation; a Handbook for Federal
and Other Libraries
.A
Markuson, B.E.
.W
This book is one of the products of a contract initiated by the Automation
Task Force of the Federal Library Committee, sponsored and monitored by the
U.S. Office of Education, and carried out by the System Development
Corporation. The project included a questionnaire survey of all Federal
libraries (2104), as of December, 1970, to gather systems planning data and
to identify Federal libraries with operational or planned automated systems.
Respondents in the latter group were sent a Federal Library Automation Survey
questionnaire requesting specific details about existing and planned systems.
From these sources, amplified by visits to Federal libraries and an extensive
review of the automation literature, information was distilled for use in
this Handbook.
.X
91 1 406
114 1 406
177 1 406
178 1 406
232 1 406
241 1 406
287 2 406
331 1 406
348 1 406
358 1 406
375 1 406
406 11 406
408 3 406
607 1 406
725 1 406
849 1 406
896 1 406
897 1 406
916 2 406
925 1 406
946 1 406
948 1 406
959 1 406
960 1 406
962 1 406
979 1 406
1007 3 406
1033 2 406
1057 1 406
1079 1 406
1318 1 406
1364 1 406
1379 1 406
1400 1 406
1403 1 406
1403 1 406
.I 407
.T
Handbook of Comparative Librarianship
.A
Simsova, S.
.W
The first part, written by myself, deals with 'Comparative
librarianship and comparative method' and is intended for both
teachers of comparative librarianship and their students. It can be
approached in a number of ways: The first three chapters outline
comparative librarianship and the theoretical basis of its
methodology against the wider background of other comparative sciences
and the scientific method. The three chapters following are purely
practical and explain the various steps of writing a comparative
study. The last chapter is intended for teachers.
The second part, compiled by Mrs. MacKee, is a bibliographical
guide to the main sources on librarianship throughout the world.
It draws on the bibliographies collected by comparative librarianship
students in the course of their project work, on replies to a
questionnaire sent to the various library associations of the world,
and on Mrs. MacKee's own collection of references gathered over a
number of years.
.X
323 1 407
407 9 407
407 9 407
.I 408
.T
Handbook of Data Processing for Libraries
.A
Hayes, R.M.
.B
1970
.W
The purpose of this book, therefore, is to assist libraries and librarians in
resolving some of the problems faced in utilizing this new technology. The
intent is to provide a concrete, factual guide to the principles and methods
available for the application of modern data processing to library operations.
For the operating librarian, it should be considered a handbook, a tool to
guide him in decisions concerning the introduction of data processing techniques
into his own library. For the student, it should be a textbook, educating him
not only in methodology but also in the interrelationships between data
processing and the library. For the system designer, it should be a summary
of the state-of-the-art, serving as a bridge between library objectives and
the technology. The book, throughout, lays special stress on the library and,
particularly, on the significance of library values and policies for determining
the choice of system. The book gives emphasis to the computer, but always in
the context of applying this technology to the solution of operating problems,
as an addition to resources for information service, as a tool of good
management, and not as an end in itself. At most, therefore, the book aims to
educate the profession in the use of these tools, and in the special problems
of applying them to libraries. In this respect, much of the groundwork has
already been done - the profession has been educating itself, has carried out
analyses of library operations, has experimented with mechanization, and is
developing better concepts of cost control. The book merely continues a
process that is already underway.
.X
18 1 408
74 1 408
83 1 408
114 1 408
119 1 408
177 2 408
178 3 408
206 3 408
207 1 408
208 2 408
214 1 408
218 1 408
241 1 408
243 1 408
245 4 408
249 2 408
250 1 408
253 1 408
266 1 408
273 1 408
277 1 408
279 1 408
282 1 408
287 3 408
288 1 408
291 1 408
331 1 408
348 2 408
365 1 408
374 1 408
375 1 408
381 1 408
406 3 408
408 30 408
435 1 408
458 1 408
471 1 408
490 1 408
492 1 408
496 1 408
497 1 408
506 1 408
507 1 408
508 1 408
510 1 408
535 1 408
548 1 408
554 2 408
584 1 408
591 2 408
592 1 408
594 1 408
601 1 408
604 1 408
607 1 408
654 1 408
686 1 408
723 1 408
724 1 408
834 1 408
849 1 408
850 1 408
851 1 408
856 1 408
857 1 408
858 1 408
859 1 408
860 2 408
861 1 408
862 1 408
865 1 408
866 1 408
867 1 408
897 1 408
916 3 408
925 3 408
938 1 408
948 1 408
957 1 408
959 1 408
960 1 408
962 2 408
964 1 408
970 1 408
974 1 408
976 4 408
979 3 408
980 1 408
984 1 408
986 1 408
1005 1 408
1007 5 408
1012 2 408
1013 1 408
1033 1 408
1035 1 408
1042 1 408
1084 1 408
1087 1 408
1148 1 408
1227 1 408
1248 1 408
1317 4 408
1327 2 408
1353 1 408
1358 1 408
1359 1 408
1360 1 408
1400 5 408
1410 1 408
1424 1 408
1445 1 408
1445 1 408
.I 409
.T
HDB of Data Processing for Libraries
.A
Hayes, R.M.
.W
The four years since the first edition of this book was published have been a
period of exceptional advance in the usage of computers in libraries. Where
one or two examples were all that were available at that time to illustrate
each kind of application, now there are five to ten; where the cadre of
knowledgeable people in libraries at that time was small, now virtually
every major library has some kind of systems department; where the efforts at
that time were largely experimental and developmental, now there is a wealth.
This second edition has therefore been written in a context totally different
from that of the first.
But its aims are the same; to ensure that practicing librarians and that
students in library schools approach the world of automation with knowledge
of its capabilities and limitations and with the techniques of systems
analysis by which to analyze and evaluate alternative answers to the library's
processing problems. The changes from the first edition therefore represent
not a departure from that purpose but simply an updating of its content, to
reflect the advances and experience gained, and an opportunity to correct
the errors (hopefully minor) that have been found through use of the first
edition.
.X
62 1 409
141 1 409
310 1 409
318 1 409
363 2 409
409 8 409
462 1 409
604 1 409
645 1 409
647 1 409
651 1 409
737 1 409
739 1 409
853 1 409
875 1 409
881 1 409
882 1 409
883 2 409
884 1 409
885 1 409
886 1 409
887 1 409
917 1 409
999 1 409
1000 1 409
1001 1 409
1002 1 409
1003 1 409
1004 1 409
1274 1 409
1375 1 409
1376 1 409
1419 1 409
1419 1 409
.I 410
.T
Handbook of Medical Library Practice
.A
Annan, G.L.
.W
The Medical Library Association has long been aware of the need for a
third edition of the Handbook. Changes in library practices, proliferating
demands upon established libraries, and the development of new ones
created the need of an up-to-date tool. Like the earlier editions,
this Handbook is such a tool, a manual, not a survey of the state of the
art. It offers practical advice to all - fledgling librarians starting
their careers, experienced librarians transferring to the field of
health sciences, established medical librarians refreshing memories or
adopting procedures unfamiliar to them, and specialists in related fields.
.X
192 1 410
215 1 410
410 5 410
949 2 410
1071 1 410
1071 1 410
.I 411
.T
Handbook of the National and International Libraries
.A
Fang, J.R.
.W
Two methods were used: (1) A thorough search of professional
literature, principally since 1965, with exceptions in
cases where no later information was available, and (2) direct
communication with associations through a questionnaire and
consultation of supplementary material provided by the associations.
The final result of the authors' search was a total of 319
library associations, 33 international in scope and 286 national
(see Statistical Data).
.X
411 7 411
411 7 411
.I 412
.T
The Hidden Dimension
.A
Hall, E.T.
.W
Generally speaking, there are two types of books of interest to the
serious reader today: those that are content oriented, designed to
convey a particular body of knowledge, and those that deal with structure,
the way in which events are organized. It is doubtful if an author
has any control over which of these two types of books he writes,
though it is desirable that he be aware of the difference. The same
applies to the reader whose satisfaction depends largely on his
unstated expectations. In today's world, when all of us are overwhelmed
with data from many sources, it is easy to understand why people
are apt to feel that they are losing touch with developments even in
their own field. One senses that there is also a growing awareness
of a loss of relatedness to the world at large. This loss of relatedness
leads to an increased need for organizing frames of reference to aid
in intergrating the mass of rapidly changing information with which man
must cope. The Hidden Dimension attempts to provide just this.
.X
118 3 412
412 5 412
549 1 412
1034 1 412
1047 1 412
1332 2 412
1332 2 412
.I 413
.T
Historical Introduction to Library School
.A
White, C.M.
.W
This is a revision and enlargement of Origins of the American Library
School.
Someone has observed that the roots of the present lie deep in the
past and must be uncovered to understand fully how the present came to
be what it is. This study is less a descriptive history of library schools
and their work than a search for perspective within which major problems,
as well as the course pursued in resolving them, can be more fully
understood. The original study, begun in 1941-42, sought to throw light
on how library education at that time came to be what is was. The
present study continues beyond the early forming of the American library
school to the reforming of basic lines of policy and organization. A new
title is used to reflect the broadened scope.
.X
413 6 413
413 6 413
.I 414
.T
The History of Libraries in the Western World
.A
Johnson, E.D.
.W
The present work is an attempt to trace the history of libraries
in the western world: to indicate how libraries developed and how
they influenced the social and cultural history of our civilization.
The book is intended for the student of library science or of cultural
history and for the general reader interested in the development of western
civilization. Much has been omitted concerning libraries and librarians
that could have been included; conversely, some facts could have been
omitted without seriously detracting from the story as a whole but have
been included to illustrate how library history developed; they point out
the high spots and indicate trends.
.X
414 5 414
414 5 414
.I 415
.T
90 Recommended Journals for the Hospital's Health Science Library
.A
Yast, H.T.
.W
Choosing from the growing number of medical and paramedical journals
is becoming increasingly difficult for the health science librarian, the author
states. She describes a survey of librarians and directors of medical education
to obtain recommendations on titles to form a core journal collection and lists
in order of preference the 90 top-ranking titles.
.X
31 1 415
36 1 415
41 1 415
46 1 415
87 2 415
115 1 415
181 1 415
182 1 415
183 2 415
184 1 415
189 3 415
192 1 415
193 1 415
195 1 415
196 5 415
198 1 415
201 1 415
208 1 415
215 2 415
219 1 415
221 2 415
269 1 415
359 1 415
395 1 415
415 12 415
552 1 415
748 1 415
760 1 415
767 2 415
774 1 415
775 1 415
778 1 415
891 1 415
905 2 415
943 1 415
944 1 415
952 2 415
953 1 415
964 1 415
968 1 415
1009 1 415
1018 1 415
1019 1 415
1071 5 415
1147 5 415
1240 1 415
1275 1 415
1302 3 415
1359 1 415
1397 2 415
1417 1 415
1417 1 415
.I 416
.T
Human Behavior and the Principles of Least Effort
An Introduction to Human Ecology
.A
Zipf, G.K.
.W
Nearly twenty-five years ago it occurred to me that we might gain
considerable insight into the mainsprings of human behavior if we viewed it
purely as a natural phenomenon like everything else in the universe, and if
we studied it with the same dispassionate objectivity with which one is wont
to study, say, the social behavior of bees, or the nestbuilding habits of
birds. The present book reports the results of the extended inquiry that
ensued in the course of those years, and which led to the disclosure of
some fundamental principles that seem to govern important aspects of our
behavior, both as individuals and as members of social groups.
.X
19 2 416
44 2 416
57 2 416
76 1 416
81 1 416
175 1 416
228 3 416
309 1 416
318 1 416
321 2 416
324 2 416
329 4 416
359 3 416
416 17 416
442 3 416
450 3 416
453 1 416
477 1 416
495 2 416
498 1 416
511 5 416
521 1 416
524 3 416
563 1 416
565 2 416
567 2 416
591 1 416
700 1 416
748 1 416
759 2 416
765 3 416
778 2 416
787 1 416
791 3 416
835 2 416
851 2 416
852 1 416
862 2 416
867 1 416
872 1 416
875 2 416
893 1 416
894 1 416
970 1 416
1044 1 416
1081 1 416
1082 1 416
1083 1 416
1114 1 416
1122 1 416
1168 1 416
1172 2 416
1173 1 416
1182 2 416
1194 3 416
1196 1 416
1199 2 416
1201 1 416
1226 2 416
1309 1 416
1327 1 416
1381 1 416
1396 1 416
1398 1 416
1398 1 416
.I 417
.T
Human Problem Solving
.A
Newell, A.
Simon, H.A.
.W
The present study is concerned with the performance of intelligent adults
in our own culture. The tasks discussed are short (half-hour), moderately
difficult problems of a symbolic nature. The three main tasks we use - chess,
symbolic logic, and algebra-like puzzles (called cryptarithmetic puzzles) -
typify this class of problems. The study is concerned with the integrated
activities that constitute problem solving. It is not centrally concerned
with perception, motor skill, or what are called personality variables.
The study is concerned primarily with performance, only a little with
learning, and not at all with development or differences related to age.
Finally, it is concerned with integrated activities, hence deemphasizes the
details of processing on the time scale of elementary reactions (that is,
half a second or less). Similarly, long-term integrated activities extending
over periods of days or years receive no attention.
.X
168 1 417
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317 1 417
332 1 417
343 1 417
397 3 417
417 7 417
430 3 417
443 4 417
446 1 417
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458 1 417
464 3 417
485 1 417
514 1 417
546 2 417
572 2 417
577 1 417
579 1 417
606 1 417
608 1 417
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612 1 417
615 1 417
626 1 417
640 1 417
745 3 417
902 2 417
1033 1 417
1046 1 417
1084 1 417
1204 3 417
1279 1 417
1327 1 417
1387 2 417
1398 3 417
1399 1 417
1427 3 417
1427 3 417
.I 418
.T
The Human Side of Enterprise
.A
McGregor, D.
.W
This volume is an attempt to substantiate the thesis that the
human side of enterprise is "all of a piece" - that the theoretical
assumptions management holds about controlling its human resources
determine the whole character of the enterprise. They determine
also the quality of its successive generations of management.
Of course the process is circular, and herein lies the possibility
and the hope of future progress. The key question for top management
is: "What are your assumptions (implicit as well as explicit) about
the most effective way to manage people?" From the answer to this
question flow the answers to the questions Mr. Sloan raised in our
discussion about the making of managers, as well as answers to many
other questions which perplex and confound management as it seeks to
achieve more successfully the economic objectives of enterprise. It
will be clear to the reader that I believe many of our present assumptions
about the most effective way to manage people are far from adequate.
.X
4 1 418
173 1 418
227 1 418
270 1 418
285 1 418
293 1 418
296 1 418
298 2 418
301 1 418
302 1 418
306 1 418
401 1 418
418 13 418
549 1 418
578 1 418
768 1 418
774 1 418
823 1 418
842 1 418
843 1 418
844 1 418
925 1 418
1015 1 418
1041 1 418
1069 4 418
1070 5 418
1150 2 418
1186 1 418
1187 1 418
1205 2 418
1214 2 418
1233 1 418
1454 1 418
1455 3 418
1455 3 418
.I 419
.T
A Statistical Approach to Mechanized Encoding and Searching of Literary
Information
.A
Luhn, H.P.
.W
Written communication of ideas is carried out on the basis of statistical
probability in that a writer chooses that level of subject specificity and that
combination of words which he feels will convey the most meaning.. Since this
process varies among individuals and since similar ideas are therefore relayed
of different levels of specificity and by means of different words, the problem
of literature searching by machines still present major difficulties.. A
statistical approach to this problem will be outlined and the various steps
of a system based on this approach will be described.. Steps include the
statistical analysis of a collection of document in a field of interest, the
establishment of a set of "notions" and the vocabulary by which they are
expressed, the compilation of a thesaurus-type dictionary and index, the
automatic encoding of documents by machine with the aid of such a dictionary,
the encoding of topological notations (such as branches structures), the
recording of the coded information, the establishment of a searching pattern
for finding pertinent information, and the programming of appropriate machines
to carry out a search..
.X
26 3 419
30 1 419
45 1 419
51 2 419
61 1 419
75 1 419
79 1 419
114 1 419
144 1 419
164 1 419
172 1 419
174 1 419
175 1 419
176 3 419
178 1 419
315 2 419
321 1 419
363 1 419
374 1 419
389 1 419
419 9 419
420 1 419
421 1 419
434 1 419
441 1 419
458 1 419
479 1 419
481 1 419
483 1 419
485 1 419
491 1 419
507 1 419
520 1 419
523 1 419
531 1 419
562 3 419
564 2 419
565 2 419
566 1 419
575 1 419
577 3 419
623 1 419
644 2 419
649 1 419
660 5 419
661 2 419
662 4 419
663 2 419
664 3 419
752 1 419
769 1 419
780 1 419
812 3 419
822 1 419
824 2 419
907 1 419
956 1 419
1144 1 419
1218 1 419
1279 1 419
1282 1 419
1294 1 419
1327 2 419
1414 1 419
1448 1 419
1448 1 419
.I 420
.T
The Automatic Creation of Literature Abstracts
.A
Luhn, H.P.
.W
Experts of technical papers and magazine articles that serve the purposes of
conventional abstracts have been created entirely by automatic means.. In the
exploratory research described, the complete text of an article in machine-
readable form is scanned by an IBM 704 data-processing machine and analyzed
in accordance with a standard program.. Statistical information derived from
word frequency and distribution is used by the machine to compute a relative
measure of significance, first for individual words and then for sentences..
Sentences scoring highest in significance are extracted and printed out to
become the "auto-abstract"..
.X
26 2 420
35 2 420
39 1 420
42 1 420
43 1 420
45 1 420
52 1 420
68 1 420
70 1 420
73 1 420
77 1 420
78 1 420
79 1 420
81 1 420
95 1 420
114 1 420
174 1 420
175 2 420
315 5 420
324 1 420
419 1 420
420 13 420
421 1 420
455 1 420
458 1 420
499 3 420
503 1 420
562 1 420
564 1 420
571 3 420
578 1 420
581 1 420
582 1 420
585 1 420
589 1 420
594 1 420
595 2 420
655 1 420
656 1 420
657 2 420
662 3 420
663 1 420
664 2 420
666 4 420
790 1 420
1054 1 420
1118 1 420
1124 1 420
1126 1 420
1127 1 420
1131 1 420
1144 1 420
1154 1 420
1218 1 420
1232 1 420
1279 1 420
1281 1 420
1295 1 420
1298 1 420
1382 1 420
1382 1 420
.I 421
.T
A Business Intelligence System
.A
Luhn, H.P.
.W
An automatic system is being developed to disseminate information to the
various sections of any industrial, scientific or government organization..
This intelligence system will utilize data-processing machines for auto-
abstracting and auto-encoding of documents and for creating interest profiles
for each of the "action points" in an organization.. Both incoming and
internally generated documents are automatically abstracted, characterized by a
word pattern, and sent automatically to appropriate action points.. This paper
shows the flexibility of such a system in identifying known information, in
finding who needs to know it and in disseminating it efficiently either in
abstract form or as a complete document..
.X
18 1 421
26 1 421
34 1 421
45 1 421
49 2 421
53 1 421
59 1 421
91 1 421
164 1 421
172 1 421
202 1 421
213 1 421
224 1 421
243 1 421
315 1 421
419 1 421
420 1 421
421 6 421
439 1 421
440 1 421
465 1 421
466 1 421
490 1 421
491 1 421
506 1 421
507 1 421
510 1 421
512 1 421
562 1 421
564 1 421
580 1 421
591 1 421
595 1 421
603 1 421
604 1 421
609 1 421
622 1 421
623 1 421
629 1 421
633 1 421
639 1 421
659 1 421
662 1 421
663 1 421
664 1 421
676 2 421
696 1 421
711 1 421
722 1 421
723 1 421
726 1 421
727 1 421
728 1 421
730 1 421
731 1 421
732 1 421
809 2 421
810 1 421
813 2 421
814 1 421
820 1 421
822 1 421
828 1 421
870 2 421
879 1 421
907 1 421
1091 1 421
1279 1 421
1283 1 421
1298 2 421
1299 1 421
1363 1 421
1366 1 421
1367 1 421
1368 1 421
1396 2 421
1396 2 421
.I 422
.T
On Some Clustering Techniques
.A
Bonner, R.E.
.W
The problem of organizing a large mass of data occurs frequently in
research.. Normally, some process of generalization is used to compress the
data so that it can be analyzed more easily.. A primitive step in this process
is the "clustering" technique, which involves gathering together similar data
into a cluster to permit a significant generalization..
This paper describes a number of methods which make use of IBM 7090 computer
programs to do clustering.. A medical research problem is used to illustrate
and compare these methods..
.X
26 1 422
45 1 422
174 1 422
175 2 422
310 1 422
328 1 422
422 5 422
454 1 422
458 1 422
479 1 422
483 1 422
485 1 422
562 1 422
564 2 422
566 1 422
570 1 422
577 1 422
641 1 422
643 1 422
644 1 422
645 1 422
649 1 422
650 1 422
660 2 422
661 1 422
662 2 422
663 1 422
709 1 422
755 1 422
769 1 422
785 1 422
825 1 422
830 1 422
1044 2 422
1154 1 422
1218 1 422
1327 2 422
1382 1 422
1419 1 422
1419 1 422
.I 423
.T
R and D Project Selection: Where We Stand
.A
Baker, N.R.
Pound, W.H.
.W
A review of the literature on R and D project selection and an analysis of
interview data suggest that there is a lack of testing and use of the methods
proposed.. Several OR-MS methods are identified and their current status is
indicated.. Three representative procedures are examined in some detail.. It is
argued that both a lack of testing concerning feasibility and shortcomings of
the models themselves, help to explain why the methods have not been used..
Some of these shortcomings are identified and discussed.. Implications for
future research are presented..
.X
349 1 423
423 15 423
424 3 423
425 11 423
426 2 423
427 2 423
428 3 423
436 1 423
437 1 423
561 6 423
1039 4 423
1040 5 423
1154 3 423
1449 1 423
1449 1 423
.I 424
.T
A Method for Allocating R & D Expenditures
.A
Rosen, E.M.
Souder, W.E.
.W
The analytical problems of developing quantitative techniques for R & D
investment management are often complicated by the existence of conflicting
goals.. Corporate goals may require the R & D manager to simultaneously seek
the highest probable profits, the largest probable number of successes, and the
greatest probable profit per dollar spent.. Departmental goals may restrict the
manager to some maximum budget, a minimum number of projects to be worked on,
and minimum levels of accomplishment on specific projects.. In a sense, then,
the research manager is faced with a constrained multiple-output production
problem: how much to spend on which project and how much to spend overall..
This paper shows how a slight modification of Hess' approach to project
selection and an analogy to the theoretical economics of a multiple-product
factory have been used to help our research management simultaneously solve
these project selection, resource allocation, and budget determination
problems.. Most approaches in the literature have treated these three problems
separately..
.X
423 3 424
424 5 424
425 3 424
426 1 424
427 1 424
428 2 424
436 1 424
437 1 424
561 5 424
1039 2 424
1040 2 424
1449 1 424
1449 1 424
.I 425
.T
The Selection of R&D Program Content-Survey of Quantitative Methods
.A
Cetron, Marvin J.
Martino, Joseph
Roepcke, Lewis
.W
This paper presents a summary of methods of evaluating and selecting R&D
projects.. Approximately thirty methods, which have appeared is scattered
places in the literature, are described briefly, and a bibliography is
provided for further information.. The various methods are compared and
contrasted with each other relative to a standard set of features which they
may possess, to a standard set of characteristics relating to ease of use, and
to scientific or technological area of applicability..
.X
349 1 425
423 11 425
424 3 425
425 12 425
426 1 425
427 2 425
428 3 425
436 1 425
437 1 425
561 5 425
1039 4 425
1040 5 425
1154 1 425
1449 1 425
1449 1 425
.I 426
.T
The Effects of Perceived Need and Means on the Generation of Ideas for
Industrial Research and Development Projects
.A
Baker, Norman R.
Siegman, Jack
Rubenstein, Albert H.
.W
A flow model is presented which identifies some of the organizational
factors influencing idea generation behavior in industrial R&D laboratories..
The model is constructed from literature-based propositions which make
explicit the role played by several organizational factors identified in the
model.. Data were collected on about 300 ideas created in a divisional
laboratory of a major U.S. corporation.. In general, these data support the
a priori propositions.. Further, data analysis suggests that two pieces of
information are required before an idea is generated: 1) knowledge of a need,
problem, or opportunity relevant to the company; and, 2) knowledge of a means or
technique for satisfying the need, solving the problem, or capitalizing on the
opportunity.. These results are discussed with respect to the stage of creative
thought proposed by other investigators.. Finally, the organizational events,
which were associated as "needs" events or "means" events for the ideas studies,
are identified and analyzed with respect to both quantity and quality of ideas..
.X
109 1 426
356 1 426
391 1 426
423 2 426
424 1 426
425 1 426
426 6 426
427 1 426
428 1 426
436 1 426
437 1 426
561 1 426
656 1 426
658 1 426
1039 1 426
1040 1 426
1050 1 426
1150 1 426
1154 1 426
1288 1 426
1321 2 426
1449 1 426
1449 1 426
.I 427
.T
The Validity of Subjective Probability of Success Forecasts
by R & D Project Managers
.A
Souder, W.D.
.W
Models and techniques to aid management in planning
controlling R&D projects frequently use subjective probability of
success forecasts as one of the major inputs. An experiment was
conducted at the research laboratories of Monsanto Company to
measure the predictive validity and consistency of such forecasts.
The results indicate that the eventual success or failure of certain
types of R&D projects can be predicted by measuring the time shape
of polled probability of success forecasts. Probability of success
forecasts appear to yield more valid advance warning indicators than
several commonly used project status measures. These results tend
to support the hypothesis that R&D planning and control models that
are based on subjective probability estimates may reliably be used
by management to aid in early identification of eventually failing
projects, as well as to aid in project selection and project funding.
.X
423 2 427
424 1 427
425 2 427
426 1 427
427 6 427
428 1 427
561 1 427
1039 2 427
1040 1 427
1449 1 427
1449 1 427
.I 428
.T
Analysis of Some Portfolio Selection Models for R&D
.A
Gear, A.E.
Lockett, A.G.
Pearson, A.W.
.W
This paper presents the analytical review of mathematical programming models
that have been proposed as aids to the related problems of resources allocation
and project selection in R&D.. The models are classified according to whether
they are based on linear, integer, chance constrained, or dynamic programming..
Representative examples from these classes are described and evaluated in
detail.. The evaluation is on terms of data requirements; built-in assumptions;
ease of computation; usefulness of outputs; versatility of application..
.X
423 3 428
424 2 428
425 3 428
426 1 428
427 1 428
428 6 428
436 1 428
561 2 428
1039 2 428
1040 4 428
1449 1 428
1449 1 428
.I 429
.T
The Information Content of Titles in Engineering Literature
.A
Bottle, Robert T.
.W
Since many alerting and information services rely very heavily on the use
of titles to transfer information to the potential user, it is essential that
he be aware of the proportion of the information contained in the complete
document which will not be deducible from the title and which he will therefore
miss.. Methods will be discussed for analyzing the relative information content
of the titles of engineering paper and results presented for the amount and
type of information lost through scanning title listing only..
Between one-third and one-half of indexable terms are not retrievable from
article titles even if all possible synonyms and related terms are used.. If
all synonyms are used instead of one keyword the amount of information
retrieved is increased by about 70 percent.. The problems of dealing with
synonyms and with syntactical variants in searching titles indexes are
discussed.. The possibility of using keywords in journal titles as
supplementary retrieval tags is suggested since they were deemed useful in
nearly one-third of the sample of papers analyzed..
.X
38 1 429
52 1 429
91 1 429
150 1 429
159 1 429
257 1 429
429 5 429
489 1 429
493 1 429
498 1 429
501 1 429
510 1 429
513 1 429
582 3 429
583 2 429
588 1 429
589 2 429
603 2 429
613 1 429
614 1 429
618 1 429
653 1 429
655 1 429
657 1 429
685 1 429
686 1 429
688 1 429
691 1 429
721 1 429
722 3 429
724 1 429
725 1 429
796 1 429
797 1 429
798 1 429
801 1 429
802 1 429
958 1 429
987 1 429
988 1 429
1195 1 429
1208 1 429
1293 1 429
1302 1 429
1405 1 429
1405 1 429
.I 430
.T
On Fuzzy Mapping and Control
.A
Chang, Sheldon S.L.
Zaden, Lofti A.
.W
A fuzzy mapping from X to Y is a fuzzy set on X * Y.. The concept is
extended to fuzzy mappings of fuzzy set on X to Y, fuzzy function and its
inverse, fuzzy parametric function, fuzzy observation, and control.. Set
theoretical relations are obtained for fuzzy mappings, fuzzy functions, and
fuzzy parametric functions.. It is shown that under certain conditions a
precise control goal can be attained with fuzzy observation and control as long
as the observations become sufficiently precise when the goal is approached..
.X
397 3 430
417 3 430
430 5 430
443 4 430
455 5 430
464 4 430
745 4 430
1204 3 430
1398 4 430
1427 3 430
1427 3 430
.I 431
.T
Cooperation Between Types of Libraries An annotated bibliography
1969-1971 supplement
.A
Gilluly, M.E.
Wert, L.M.
.W
This bibliography is designed to supplement capitalize Between Types of
Libraries 1940-1956 An Annotated Bibliography by Ralph H. Stenstrom. The staff
of the Library Research Center at the University of Illinois in cooperation
with the Illinois State Library plans to issue an annual supplement which will
appear in Illinois libraries each year. It is hoped the supplements issued in
this manner can be cumulated periodically and issued in monograph form.
.X
249 1 431
340 3 431
431 6 431
872 1 431
910 1 431
926 1 431
939 2 431
955 1 431
1009 1 431
1011 1 431
1013 1 431
1236 1 431
1247 2 431
1354 1 431
1390 1 431
1424 1 431
1439 1 431
1439 1 431
.I 432
.T
Illustrative Computer Programming for Libraries
.A
Davis, C.H.
.W
Illustrative Computer Programming is intended as
a graded workbook or text supplement containing
typical practical problems, suggested solutions, and
tried analyses which emphasize programming efficiency
and some of the major features of PL/I (Programming
Language/One). As such, it can be used alone or in
combination with established PL/I textbooks such as
those listed in the Selected Bibliography. Programmers
with knowledge of other languages will not be bothered
by excessive introductory material, while beginners can
learn much by looking at the solutions to the problems
and their accompanying analyses.
.X
125 1 432
127 1 432
129 1 432
363 1 432
432 5 432
460 1 432
461 1 432
580 1 432
622 1 432
642 1 432
643 1 432
644 1 432
645 1 432
646 1 432
649 1 432
650 1 432
708 1 432
736 1 432
737 1 432
738 1 432
739 1 432
741 1 432
852 1 432
1374 1 432
1376 1 432
1376 1 432
.I 433
.T
Improving Access to Library Resources
.A
Dougherty, R.M.
.W
The motivation for this investigation derived from a
series of visits to institutions which were deeply committed
to the design, development, and operation of non-traditional
automated information systems. At the time of the visits,
the systems seemed to be working technically but, paradoxically,
they did not appear to have made a significant impact on the
respective user communities. Although few people associated
with the systems openly expressed concern, there were non-verbal
indicators which suggested that some people were becoming nervous.
Since all of the systems represented high expenditures of time
and money, a feeling of uneasiness seemed quite appropriate.
.X
10 1 433
115 1 433
161 1 433
190 1 433
225 1 433
234 1 433
236 1 433
244 1 433
295 1 433
297 1 433
300 1 433
303 1 433
304 1 433
305 1 433
306 1 433
358 2 433
385 1 433
394 1 433
433 8 433
459 1 433
534 1 433
624 1 433
631 1 433
647 1 433
654 1 433
702 1 433
731 1 433
732 1 433
817 1 433
820 1 433
823 1 433
825 1 433
826 1 433
827 1 433
828 1 433
937 1 433
946 1 433
947 1 433
948 1 433
972 1 433
1017 1 433
1058 1 433
1146 1 433
1230 1 433
1257 1 433
1373 1 433
1390 1 433
1390 1 433
.I 434
.T
Indexing Languages and Thesauri: Construction and Maintenance
.A
Soergel, D.
.W
This book has two objectives. First, to reassess thoroughly the functions
of an indexing language or thesaurus in a information storage and retrieval
system and in the light of this reassessment to analyze the structure of
indexing languages and thesauri. Most importantly, this reassessment is based
on a unified view of indexing languages (classification schemes) and thesauri
as information storage and retrieval systems on the other. It results in
general principles that are applicable to a wide range of situations.
.X
30 1 434
176 1 434
259 1 434
263 1 434
335 1 434
342 1 434
363 1 434
388 1 434
419 1 434
434 16 434
445 1 434
449 1 434
483 1 434
501 1 434
534 1 434
639 1 434
643 1 434
644 1 434
645 1 434
661 1 434
874 1 434
885 1 434
947 2 434
1162 1 434
1164 1 434
1215 1 434
1231 1 434
1255 1 434
1265 1 434
1374 1 434
1413 3 434
1414 3 434
1437 1 434
1441 1 434
1448 5 434
1448 5 434
.I 435
.T
Industrial Dynamics
.A
Forrester, J.W.
.W
This book is intended for the student of
management, whether he is in a formal academic
program or in business. It treats the central
framework underlying industrial activity. The
goal is "enterprise design" to create more
successful management policies and organizational
structures.
.X
5 1 435
62 1 435
67 1 435
90 1 435
91 1 435
158 1 435
222 1 435
223 1 435
350 1 435
368 1 435
408 1 435
435 9 435
615 1 435
815 1 435
957 1 435
1023 1 435
1184 1 435
1187 1 435
1219 1 435
1227 1 435
1348 1 435
1365 1 435
1390 1 435
1402 1 435
1417 1 435
1456 1 435
1456 1 435
.I 436
.T
Industrial Research and Technological Innovation an Econometric Analysis
.A
Mansfield, E.
.W
After many years of neglect, technological change is receiving the attention
from economists that it deserves, the 1960's being a time of a enormous
interest in this area in academic, government, and business circles.. Central
to the economics of technological change is the manner in which new processes
and products are conceived, developed, commercialized, and accepted.. To help
promote a better understanding of this process, I have been engaged for a
number of years in a series of related econometric studies of industrial
research and technological innovation.. The purpose of this book is to bring
together the results of these studies..
.X
227 1 436
312 2 436
356 3 436
391 3 436
423 1 436
424 1 436
425 1 436
426 1 436
428 1 436
436 8 436
437 4 436
561 1 436
658 2 436
1036 1 436
1039 1 436
1040 2 436
1041 1 436
1050 3 436
1154 1 436
1187 1 436
1288 3 436
1333 1 436
1406 1 436
1406 1 436
.I 437
.T
Industry and Technical Progress
.A
Carter, C.F.
.W
This book is written in the belief that the full and speedy application
of science in industry is necessary to economic progress, and
should indeed be one of the most important objectives of national
policy. This being so, it is important to identify the hindrances to
speedy application. Many people have already drawn attention to
particular hindrances but the three bodies which have sponsored this report
did not consider that there was any up-to-date assessment of the problem
which attempted to look at it as a whole, in all its variety and complexity.
Hence the investigation which they undertook, and largely entrusted to us;
an investigation which, through the great goodwill of many people in British
industry, has yielded so much material that this book can only be a first
impression and summary.
.X
312 1 437
356 2 437
391 2 437
423 1 437
424 1 437
425 1 437
426 1 437
436 4 437
437 5 437
561 1 437
658 2 437
1036 1 437
1039 1 437
1040 1 437
1041 1 437
1050 2 437
1154 1 437
1187 1 437
1288 2 437
1333 1 437
1406 1 437
1406 1 437
.I 438
.T
Inequality; a reassessment of the effect of family and schooling in America
.A
Jenchs, C.
.W
This book summarizes the results of three years of research at the
Center for Educational Policy Research. The eight coauthors were all
Research Associates at the Center, and our work there was a collaborative
effort. We plagiarized both ideas and data from one another. Most of
us also spent a good deal of time criticizing one another's work. While
each of us took primary responsibility for certain lines of inquiry, and
this responsibility is recorded in appropriate footnotes, we see our
research as an integrated effort which should bear all our names.
.X
93 1 438
109 1 438
343 1 438
438 9 438
1031 1 438
1217 1 438
1300 1 438
1331 1 438
1331 1 438
.I 439
.T
Research Studies in Patterns of Scientific Communication: I.
General Description of Research Program
.A
Garvey, William D.
Lin, Nan,
Nelson, Carnot E.
Tomita, Kazuo
.W
This article is the first in a series which described the general procedures
and some findings of over seventy studies which we conducted from 1966 to 1971
on the information-exchange activities of over 12000 scientists and engineers
in a sample of nine physical, social and engineering sciences.. We designed the
studies so that (a) the full spectrum of scientific communication media could
be explored, (b) the various studies were coupled in order that data obtained
from one study could be directly related to those obtained from other studies,
(c) the scheduling of the studies was conducted in real time in order that the
same body of information could be followed from its inception to its final
integration into the general body of scientific knowledge, and (d) the same
studies were conducted for all nine disciplines being studied in order that
genuine comparisons could be made among them.. The data are now stored on
machine-readable magnetic tapes and will be made available to scholars in the
field of information science..
.X
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439 7 439
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.I 440
.T
Research Studies in Scientific Communication: IV.
The Continuity of Dissemination of Information by "Productive Scientists"
.A
Garvey, William D.
Lin, Nan
Tomita, Kazuo
.W
This article is the last in series which describes a set of studies which
were conducted over a 4,5-year period (1966-1971).. The series of articles
sought to describe a comprehensive picture of the dissemination and assimilation
of scientific information as it flows through various informal and formal media,
from the time a scientist initiates his work until it is published.. The
present article examines the continuity of scientific work and information
exchange by "productive scientists" two years after the publication of their
articles in 1968/1969.. The results indicate that about half of the authors had
changed to a subject-matter area which differed from that of their earlier
articles, however, such shifts did not decrease authors' productivity nor
greatly increase their information needs..
.X
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48 1 440
91 1 440
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452 1 440
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526 1 440
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730 1 440
731 1 440
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820 1 440
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870 2 440
873 1 440
1030 1 440
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1091 1 440
1143 1 440
1264 1 440
1298 1 440
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1303 1 440
1319 1 440
1338 1 440
1366 1 440
1367 1 440
1368 1 440
1386 1 440
1396 2 440
1396 2 440
.I 441
.T
Inference and Disputed Authorship
.A
Mosteller, F.
.W
We apply a 200-year-old mathematical theorem to a 175-year-old historical
problem, more to advance statistics than history. Though problems of disputed
authorship are common in history, literature, and politics, scholars regard their
solutions as minor advances. For us the question of whether Hamilton or
Madison wrote the disputed Federalist papers has served as a laboratory and
demonstration problem for developing and comparing statistical methods.
While we help solve this historical problem, our practical application of Bayes'
theorem to a large analysis of data is a step in testing the feasibility of a
method being explored with fresh attitudes and fresh mathematics. Furthermore,
large practical applications have until now been few, and our work helps fill
that gap.
.X
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51 1 441
69 1 441
75 1 441
79 3 441
226 1 441
315 1 441
324 2 441
419 1 441
441 7 441
518 1 441
531 1 441
575 2 441
577 2 441
644 1 441
649 1 441
660 3 441
752 1 441
755 1 441
780 1 441
812 1 441
824 1 441
956 1 441
1084 1 441
1202 1 441
1282 2 441
1294 2 441
1294 2 441
.I 442
.T
Storage Analysis of a Compression Coding for Document Data Bases
.A
Heaps, H.S.
.W
Analysis is made of the effect of using an efficient code of compression of
terms within a document data base.. The storage efficiency is expressed in
terms of the vocabulary length and the values of certain parameters which
describe the structure of the code.. For vocabularies of up to 100,000 terms
the average code length is approximately twelve bits.. No information is lost
through term truncation or abbreviation.. The tables required for coding and
decoding may be ordered for rapid access without reduction in the ease of
update..
.X
19 1 442
228 3 442
316 1 442
318 2 442
321 2 442
324 2 442
329 5 442
416 3 442
442 7 442
450 4 442
495 3 442
511 6 442
524 3 442
536 1 442
563 1 442
565 2 442
567 2 442
835 2 442
851 2 442
856 1 442
862 2 442
867 2 442
875 2 442
1194 3 442
1199 3 442
1362 1 442
1396 1 442
1398 1 442
1398 1 442
.I 443
.T
Quantitative Fuzzy Semantics
.A
Zaden, L.A.
.W
The point of departure in this paper is the definition of a language, L, as
a fuzzy relation from a set of terms, T = {x}, to a universe of discourse,
U = {y}.. As a fuzzy relation, L is characterized by its membership function
mL:T*U -> [0,1], which associates with each ordered pair (x,y) its grade of
membership, mL(x,y), in L..
Given a particular x in T, the membership function mL(x,y) defines a fuzzy
set, M(x), in U whose membership function is given by mM(x)(y) = mL(X,y)..
The fuzzy set M(x) is defined to be the meaning of the term x, with x playing
the role of a name for M(x)..
If a term x in T is a concatenation of other terms in T, that is,
x = x1 ... xn, xi T, i epsilon 1,...,n, then the meaning of x can be expressed in
terms of the meanings of x1,...,xn through the use of a lambda-expression or by
solving a system of equations in the membership functions of the xi which are
deduced from the syntax tree of x.. The use of this approach is illustrated by
examples..
.X
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546 1 443
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902 1 443
1046 1 443
1204 3 443
1327 1 443
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1399 1 443
1427 3 443
1427 3 443
.I 444
.T
On Relevance as a Measure
.A
Coffman, William
.W
Relevance is defined as a measure of information conveyed by a document
relative to a query.. It is shown that the relationship between the document
and the query, though necessary, is not sufficient to determine relevance..
.X
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29 1 444
35 1 444
42 2 444
43 1 444
58 1 444
70 1 444
84 1 444
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444 5 444
445 2 444
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474 1 444
486 1 444
487 1 444
523 1 444
532 2 444
554 1 444
625 1 444
660 1 444
762 2 444
764 1 444
893 1 444
1016 1 444
1030 1 444
1045 1 444
1084 1 444
1195 1 444
1201 2 444
1235 1 444
1281 1 444
1285 1 444
1327 1 444
1327 1 444
.I 445
.T
A Definition of Relevance for Information Retrieval
.A
Cooper, W.S.
.W
The concept of "relevance", sometimes also called "pertinence" or
"aboutness", is central to the theory of information retrieval.. Unfortunately,
however, there is at present no consensus as to how this notion should be
defined.. The purpose of this paper is to propose and defend a definition of
what it means to say that a piece of stored information is "relevant" to the
information need of a retrieval system user..
The suggested definition explicates relevance in terms of logical
implication.. For one yes-or-no question answering system which operates with
one of the standard formalized languages, the definition provides a
mathematically precise criterion of relevance.. For other types of fact
retrieval systems and reference retrieval systems, including all systems whose
stored information is expressed in natural language, the definition is not
mathematically precise but is nevertheless still helpful on a conceptual
level..
.X
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634 1 445
643 1 445
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674 1 445
683 1 445
689 2 445
715 1 445
723 1 445
724 1 445
752 1 445
754 1 445
762 2 445
764 1 445
780 1 445
785 2 445
797 1 445
801 1 445
805 1 445
806 1 445
812 1 445
814 1 445
819 1 445
829 1 445
830 1 445
836 1 445
866 1 445
867 1 445
874 1 445
893 1 445
895 1 445
901 1 445
956 1 445
989 1 445
1016 1 445
1030 1 445
1045 1 445
1077 2 445
1084 1 445
1195 1 445
1201 2 445
1215 1 445
1231 2 445
1235 1 445
1255 1 445
1265 1 445
1281 1 445
1282 2 445
1285 1 445
1298 1 445
1299 1 445
1327 2 445
1386 1 445
1405 1 445
1448 1 445
1448 1 445
.I 446
.T
Computer Assisted Indexing
.A
Gray, W. A.
.W
The paper describes a technique which enables an on line computer based
information retrieval system to aid the indexers by selecting possible index
terms to be assigned to a new document entering the system..
The method analyses the index terms assigned to the references cited by the
new article.. This produces a list of index terms weighted according to their
expected correlation with the subject matter of the new article.. Thus, the
indexer is presented with the weighted list of proposed indexing terms as an
aid..
An evaluation is made of the results produced by the technique for a trial
set of documents.. These documents have already been indexed for the MEDLARS
system.. The list of actual index terms for this trial set of documents is
compared with the set of index terms proposed by the technique for each
document.. The results of this comparison are encouraging, and they are
discussed in the paper..
The economic aspects of implementing the technique in a working information
retrieval system is considered.. This included the expected benefits, and an
estimate of the cost of using the technique as an aid in terms of computer
time and indexer time..
.X
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458 1 446
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493 1 446
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522 1 446
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576 1 446
577 1 446
579 1 446
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830 1 446
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1033 1 446
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1327 1 446
1387 1 446
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1426 1 446
.I 447
.T
A Note on the Concept of "Relevance"
.A
Foskett, D.J.
.W
Two recent articles in this journal (Konigova [1], Cooper [2]) have gone
beyond the usual slapdash use of the words "relevant" and "relevance," and
have attempted to explicate the concept further. Both attempts only partially
succeed. Konigova proposes three types: formal relevance, subject/content
relevance and subjective relevance (or pertinency). This classification has
validity, but is not further elaborated, and indeed she reverts to a less
precise language; for example, in defining "second order noise," she uses the
ambiguous phrase "a formally relevant document which is not really relevant" -
presumably meaning not subjectively relevant, according to the real need of
the enquirer. And in her mathematics, as she admits, "no account is taken of
the subjective relevance (pertinence)." Yet this is surely the true aim of the
system.
.X
15 1 447
29 1 447
35 1 447
42 1 447
43 1 447
58 1 447
70 1 447
84 1 447
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313 1 447
444 2 447
445 3 447
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449 3 447
474 1 447
486 1 447
514 1 447
523 1 447
532 2 447
554 1 447
557 1 447
574 1 447
625 2 447
639 1 447
660 1 447
740 1 447
741 1 447
752 1 447
762 1 447
764 1 447
803 1 447
806 1 447
893 1 447
1016 1 447
1030 1 447
1045 1 447
1084 1 447
1195 1 447
1201 1 447
1235 1 447
1281 1 447
1285 1 447
1319 1 447
1327 1 447
1386 1 447
1386 1 447
.I 448
.T
An Evaluation of Query Expansion by the Addition of Clustered Terms
for a Document Retrieval System
.A
Minker, Jack
Wilson, Gerald A.
Zimmerman, Barbara H.
.W
An evaluation of graph theoretical clusters of index terms which can be
extracted from an automatically indexed document collection, and the effects of
employing such cluster in automatic document retrieval is described.. The graph
theoretical cluster which were developed from six data base under two different
cluster definition were analyzed for average size and related data.. The
clusters were also used to expand the queries in each of six data bases to
determine the effect of the expansions on the document retrieval results..
Although a large variety of clusters and associated query explanations were
obtained, no significant improvements in the document retrieval performance
were achieved.. In some cases, however, significant degradations in the
retrieval performance occurred.. Although seemingly meaningful clusters can be
obtained, the results indicate that the effort involved in finding clusters
and adding the clustered terms to queries is far to great to warrant their use
in an operational system.. The data bases employed were relatively small, and
the authors caution against generalizing these results to large data bases or
other situations..
.X
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382 1 448
448 6 448
452 1 448
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575 1 448
581 1 448
596 1 448
603 1 448
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610 1 448
615 1 448
625 1 448
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633 1 448
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659 3 448
660 1 448
700 1 448
705 1 448
707 1 448
715 1 448
727 1 448
754 2 448
790 1 448
805 1 448
809 1 448
810 2 448
812 2 448
813 1 448
814 1 448
817 2 448
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825 1 448
875 1 448
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1051 1 448
1202 1 448
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1303 1 448
1327 2 448
1364 1 448
1366 1 448
1367 1 448
1368 1 448
1419 1 448
1427 1 448
1427 1 448
.I 449
.T
Situational Relevance
.A
Wilson, Patrick
.W
The concept of situational relevance is introduced, based on W.S.Cooper's
definitions of logical relevance, on the notion of evidential relevance drawn
from inductive logic, on the notions of a personal stock of knowledge and a set
of personal concerns, the latter explained in terms of preferences over ranges
of alternatives.. Situationally relevant items of information are those that
answer, or logically help to answer, questions of concern.. Significant
situationally relevant information is explained in terms of changes of view in
relation to questions of concern.. It is claimed that situational relevance is
an explication of the ordinary notion of practical relevance, and that it is
the appropriate relevance concept to use in evaluation of systems supplying
practically relevant information..
.X
15 1 449
29 1 449
35 1 449
42 1 449
43 1 449
57 1 449
58 1 449
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84 1 449
126 1 449
152 1 449
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274 1 449
313 1 449
333 1 449
390 1 449
434 1 449
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447 3 449
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474 1 449
486 1 449
523 1 449
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554 1 449
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577 1 449
616 1 449
625 3 449
628 1 449
634 1 449
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643 1 449
644 1 449
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652 1 449
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752 1 449
754 1 449
762 1 449
764 1 449
780 1 449
785 1 449
802 1 449
803 1 449
812 1 449
819 1 449
823 1 449
829 1 449
830 1 449
874 2 449
877 1 449
878 1 449
893 1 449
895 1 449
940 1 449
941 1 449
992 1 449
993 1 449
995 1 449
1016 1 449
1030 1 449
1045 1 449
1079 1 449
1084 1 449
1195 1 449
1201 1 449
1215 1 449
1216 1 449
1235 1 449
1255 1 449
1265 1 449
1281 1 449
1282 1 449
1285 1 449
1305 1 449
1306 1 449
1313 1 449
1319 1 449
1327 1 449
1386 1 449
1421 1 449
1434 1 449
1435 1 449
1436 1 449
1448 1 449
1448 1 449
.I 450
.T
Selection of Equifrequent Word Fragments for Information Retrieval
.A
Schuegraf, E. J.
Heaps, H. S.
.W
The design of programs to research large document data bases is discussed
with regard to the use of compression coding combined with adoption of word
fragments as the basic language elements.. An algorithm is described for
determination of a set of almost equifrequent fragments.. Its efficiency is
tested for a sample data base formed from the MARC tapes.. A certain threshold
frequency acts as a parameter whose value determines the number of distinct
fragments.. The selection algorithm is designed to give some preference to
choice of the longest fragments and hence allow compact coding of the data base
by concatenation of non-overlapping fragments..
.X
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44 1 450
57 1 450
124 1 450
127 1 450
129 1 450
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214 1 450
218 1 450
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243 1 450
307 1 450
318 2 450
321 2 450
324 1 450
329 4 450
330 1 450
378 1 450
416 3 450
442 4 450
450 6 450
451 1 450
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459 1 450
468 1 450
484 1 450
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508 1 450
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512 1 450
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520 1 450
521 1 450
523 1 450
524 3 450
525 1 450
526 1 450
529 1 450
530 1 450
534 1 450
546 1 450
553 1 450
563 1 450
565 3 450
567 3 450
579 1 450
594 1 450
603 1 450
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606 1 450
609 1 450
610 1 450
611 1 450
612 1 450
625 1 450
626 1 450
630 1 450
636 1 450
637 1 450
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648 1 450
650 1 450
692 1 450
696 1 450
699 1 450
703 1 450
705 1 450
708 1 450
726 1 450
727 1 450
728 1 450
731 1 450
732 1 450
733 1 450
734 1 450
736 1 450
738 1 450
739 1 450
740 1 450
741 1 450
742 1 450
743 1 450
744 1 450
755 1 450
791 1 450
820 1 450
826 1 450
827 1 450
835 2 450
851 2 450
862 2 450
867 1 450
875 3 450
879 1 450
883 1 450
894 1 450
1004 1 450
1035 1 450
1078 1 450
1089 1 450
1091 1 450
1194 2 450
1199 3 450
1207 1 450
1264 1 450
1297 1 450
1303 1 450
1356 1 450
1362 1 450
1364 1 450
1368 1 450
1370 1 450
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.I 451
.T
Interaction Between Requesters and a Large Mechanized retrieval System
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
In a large mechanized retrieval system, a certain proportion of the search
failures are likely to be directly attributable to inadequate user-system
interaction.. Request statements may be only distant approximations of
actual information requirements.. This paper discusses some of the problems of
the user-system interface and suggests methods whereby these problems may be
alleviated..
.X
29 2 451
58 3 451
66 1 451
124 1 451
127 1 451
129 1 451
165 1 451
190 1 451
191 1 451
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211 1 451
214 1 451
218 1 451
243 1 451
274 1 451
307 1 451
330 1 451
378 1 451
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452 1 451
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468 1 451
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534 1 451
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553 1 451
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590 1 451
594 1 451
603 1 451
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610 1 451
611 1 451
612 2 451
625 1 451
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630 1 451
636 1 451
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650 1 451
656 1 451
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728 1 451
731 1 451
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736 1 451
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755 1 451
762 1 451
785 1 451
814 1 451
820 1 451
826 1 451
827 1 451
879 1 451
883 1 451
901 1 451
967 1 451
1004 1 451
1035 1 451
1054 1 451
1077 1 451
1078 1 451
1089 1 451
1091 1 451
1094 1 451
1207 1 451
1231 1 451
1264 1 451
1297 1 451
1303 1 451
1356 1 451
1364 1 451
1368 1 451
1370 1 451
1372 1 451
1373 1 451
1374 1 451
1375 1 451
1376 1 451
1377 2 451
1377 2 451
.I 452
.T
The U.S. National Library of Medicine and International MEDLARS Cooperation
.A
Corning, Mary E.
.W
The U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) initiated its computer-based
bibliographic information storage and retrieval system, MEDLARS, in 1964..
Currently, The NLM has eight international MEDLARS quid-pro-quo arrangements
with the United Kingdom, Sweden, France, West Germany, Japan, Australia, Canada
and the World Health Organization.. The policy aspects of the arrangements are
discussed as well as the organizational and operational characteristics of
these non-U.S. MEDLARS Centers..
.X
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1327 1 452
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.I 453
.T
Information in 1985; a forecasting study of
information needs and resources
.A
Anderla, G.
.W
The primary purpose of this study is to estimate the supply of,
and above all the demand for, scientific and technical information;
its secondary objective is to make a long-term assessment of
qualitative and quantitative requirements for information specialists.
In both instances, of course, future technical developments, as far
as they can be foreseen, must be taken into account.
At the same time, like most work sponsored by the OECD, its aim
is to identify significant criteria for defining a policy - in this
case an information policy, which is greatly needed in all OECD countries.
.X
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.I 454
.T
Information Analysis and Retrieval
.A
Kent, A.
.W
Therefore the purpose of this book remains the same as that of Textbook on
Mechanized Information Retrieval - to teach basics to those who have had no
previous exposure either to the field or to computers, or both. Therefore,
the action is slowed to the point where the logical principles of information
retrieval systems are laid bare. Other books have been published that emphasize
computer programming - this one does not.
.X
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.I 455
.T
Fuzzy Sets
.A
Zaden, L. A.
.W
A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership..
Such a set is characterized by a membership (characteristic) function which
assigns to each object a grade of membership ranging between zero and one.. The
notions of inclusion, union, intersection, complement, relation, convexity,
etc., are extended to such sets, and various properties of these notions in the
context of fuzzy sets are established.. In particular, a separation theorem for
convex fuzzy sets is proved without requiring that the fuzzy sets be disjoint..
.X
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318 1 455
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420 1 455
430 5 455
443 4 455
455 18 455
464 6 455
605 1 455
632 1 455
667 1 455
745 6 455
893 1 455
1117 1 455
1119 1 455
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1141 1 455
1144 1 455
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1287 1 455
1327 1 455
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1409 1 455
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1427 3 455
.I 456
.T
Information and Its User
.A
Brittain, J.M.
.W
In science and technology user studies are numerous and have a
history of some twenty years. The relevance of the methodology
of science user studies to the social sciences is considered in
Chapter 2. The pressing need in user studies, in science as well
as social science, is for a general body of theory about the flow
of information in research and teaching communities. Some of the
fundamental characteristics of social science research and its
literature which have a bearing upon investigations of information
needs and requirements are considered in the first part of Chapter
3, and the second part is devoted to a review of empirical studies
in the social sciences. Other relevant material about the use made
of information is discussed in Chapter 4 on systematic approaches.
.X
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.I 457
.T
Information, Mechanism, and Meaning
.A
Mackay, D.M.
.W
In a day when it is hard enough in most fields of science to
keep abreast of new and non-redundant literature, the
publication of collected papers, like the estate of holy
matrimony, is something not to be undertaken 'unadvisedly,
lightly or wantonly'. In the present case it would not have been
considered at all but for the kindly initiative of my respected
friend Professor Roman Jakobson, whose persistent encouragement
alone overcame that distaste which most of us feel
for our ten- to twenty-year-old productions and brought this
first volume to the point of no return. It is true that these
exploratory papers were scattered among an unconscionably
awkward selection of publications for anyone wanting to
follow them up. On the other hand, as most of them were
written for specific occasions, each of which demanded some
rehearsal of points covered in earlier essays, the resulting
repetitiveness presented a special problem. With occasional
exceptions, redundancy could have been eliminated only
at the cost of mutilating individual papers. The solution
adopted has been to leave almost all repetitive passages
intact, offsetting in small print those that can be skipped
without loss by readers of the earlier chapters. Where some
comment has seemed necessary, by way of foreword or
postscript to the original papers, the passages added have
been italicized.
.X
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665 1 457
803 1 457
911 1 457
1037 1 457
1045 1 457
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1309 1 457
.I 458
.T
Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
This book is concerned primarily with those "intellectual" factors that
significantly affect the performance of all information retrieval systems;
namely,
- indexing policy and practice
- vocabulary control
- searching strategies
- interaction between the system and its users
My viewpoint is that of the evaluator of information systems. I have
therefore paid considerable attention to a discussion of the requirements
of users of information systems and the measurement of system performance
in terms of the efficient and economical satisfaction of these requirements.
The book does not concern itself, except indirectly, with equipment
for the implementation of retrieval systems, a topic that is adequately
covered by other volumes in this seris. Moreover, it is my contention that
the importance of "hardware" and "data processing" aspects of information
systems has been exaggerated in the United States, with some detriment
to the performance of many systems.
.X
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.I 459
.T
Information Retrieval On-Line
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
This book deals with on-line systems for bibliographic search and
retrieval. The literature on this subject is increasing rapidly and new systems
are appearing all the time. We have attempted to provide a broad survey of
the characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of present systems. Our
emphasis is on the design, evaluation, and use of on-line retrieval systems,
primarily from the viewpoint of the planner and manager of information
services. It is oriented toward the "intellectual" aspects of information
retrieval rather than the hardware or programming aspects. We hope that
this book may have some value for all students of library and information
science.
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.T
Information Retrieval and Documentation in Chemistry
.A
Davis, C.H.
.W
For several years we have thought that greater effort should be
expended to create more understanding of the processes involved in
information storage, retrieval, and dissemination. Too often, concepts
deriving from science and technology are made to seem unnecessarily
abstruse, either inadvertently or deliberately to preserve some sort of
mystique. This book is intended to explicate, if not popularize, major
aspects of I S & R processes as they are exemplified by the field of
chemical documentation. To the extent that this work is found useful
by chemists, information specialists, and all individuals interested in
scientific documentation, we shall be gratified.
.X
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1377 1 460
.I 461
.T
Information Retrieval and Processing
.A
Doyle, L.B.
.W
The present book embodies a change in structure and focus to reflect
the fact that the reader of today's book is much more likely to be an
interested college student with a great awareness of the current information
revolution than was the case ten years ago. Thus, hardware, materials, and
processes used in connection with information systems are discussed first,
in Chapters Two through Four. The subject of information retrieval per se
begins with Chapters Five and Six, which have to do with librarianship
and documentation. Because of their somewhat historical slant, these
chapters (along with Seven) are the only ones taken from the 1963 book
which adhere to their original character. Chapter Seven presents a simplified
concept of an information system and its components, and paves the way for
discussion of computerized retrieval in the chapters to follow, especially
for data retrieval in Chapter Eight and document retrieval in Chapter Nine.
Chapters Ten through Twelve, on language processing, evaluation, and user
studies, describe important facets of the information retrieval field that have
developed strongly since 1963.
.X
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622 1 461
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645 1 461
646 1 461
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1376 1 461
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.T
Information Retrieval
.A
Van Rijsbergen, C.J.
.W
The material of this book is aimed at advanced undergraduate
information (or computer) science students, postgraduate library
science students, and research workers in the field of IR. Some of the
chapters, particularly Chapter 6, make simple use of a little advanced
mathematics. However, the necessary mathematical tools can be easily
mastered from numerous mathematical texts that now exist and in any
case references have been given where the mathematics occur.
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660 1 462
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883 1 462
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1419 1 462
.I 463
.T
Information Retrieval; British and American, 1876-1976
.A
Metcalfe, J.
.W
Of eight chapters this first one deals with principles and
definitions and then with the slow development of information
retrieval through about 5,000 years until the introduction of
printing in Europe less than 500 years prior to our period
of principal coverage, 1876-1976. This latter period coincides
with the second century of the United States of America,
during which were intensified earlier efforts to carry out one of
Washington's urgings in his Farewell Address: "Promote
then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion
of knowledge."
.X
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.I 464
.T
Similarity Relations and Fuzzy Orderings
.A
Zaden, L. A.
.W
The notion of "similarity" as defined in this paper is essentially a
generalization of the notion of equivalence.. In the same vein, a fuzzy ordering
is a generalization of the concept of ordering.. For example, the relation
x >> y is a fuzzy linear ordering in the set of real numbers..
More correctly, a similarity relation, S is a fuzzy relation which is
reflexive, symmetric, and transitive..
Various properties of similarity relations and fuzzy ordering are
investigated and, as an illustration, an extended version of Szpilrajn's
theorem is proved..
.X
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430 4 464
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464 7 464
509 1 464
564 1 464
566 1 464
745 3 464
853 1 464
1117 1 464
1140 1 464
1204 3 464
1398 3 464
1427 3 464
1427 3 464
.I 465
.T
Using Commercially Available Literature Tapes
for a Current Awareness Service
.A
Corbett, L.
.W
The paper reviews the need for current awareness services and describes the
basic characteristics of SDI, indicating its advantages.. Details are given of
the problems that have arisen in providing an SDI service based on Chemical
Titles tapes at Aldermaston with particular reference to program limitations..
Data on operating costs and on use assessments of the service are given.. The
pros and cons of title-only alerting systems are discussed..
.X
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.I 466
.T
The University of Sheffield Biomedical Information Project
.A
Barkla, J. K.
.W
An outline is given of the history of the Project and the development, with
OSTI support, of an information service in intestinal absorption which is intended
to become self-supporting.. Results of an evaluation of computer-based current
awareness techniques including journal scanning is discussed with reference to
cost, completeness and minimum delay.. A simple technique is suggested for
profile construction e.g. for Chemical Titles computer search, based on
frequency and specificity of words in a sample of relevant titles..
.X
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1396 1 466
.I 467
.T
Exploitation of Literature on Tape
.A
Rowlands, D.G.
.W
Experience of the use of a number of commercially available magnetic tapes
for a current awareness service is described.. Difficulties encountered in the
assimilation of various types of tape format into the system developed for the
Unilever Research Laboratory are discussed, and problems in the retrospective
searching of tapes are outlined..
.X
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1396 2 467
.I 468
.T
Analysis of On-line Searching Costs
.A
Robertson, S.E.
Datta, S.
.W
A project was undertaken to discover the major determinants of the costs of
searching, on-line, on a practical reference retrieval system (SCISEARCH).. The
methodology and some results of this project are reported.. Controlled searches
were undertaken to isolate the effect of each of a number of variables.. A
model involving several of the major variables was then developed.. The general
approach proved to be (in this case) both feasible and useful..
.X
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.I 469
.T
The Phenomena of Interest to Information Science
.A
Wersig, Gernot
.A
Neveling, Ulrich
.W
Discusses the various explicit and implicit definitions of information and
information science, against a view of their historical development.. Shows how
the various views of information science overlap with other disciplines, and
concludes with a proposal for a definition of information science based on
social need.. A schema of information sciences is put forward with the plea that
any discussion of information and information science should first declare the
definitions to be used..
.X
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.I 470
.T
Information Service in Libraries
.A
Crowley, T.
.W
The two studies presented here represent efforts
to measure the performance of library staffs in an unobstrusive
fashion: that is, to apply certain tests generally
similar to portions of the normal workload without drawing
attention to the fact that a test is being carried out. The
two projects were rather different as to purpose, method,
and reliability of result (that is, statistical significance).
Dr. Crowley's investigation, the first in point of time,
arose partly from his experience in a county library. His
curiousity about the real result of the reference activities
(as different from merely counting the questions answered)
led him to ask, "Is there substantial difference between the
claims made by librarians for reference work and the actual
result as observed in a number of different situations by
individuals posing as clients?" The study which followed
from this question was, then, exploratory and necessarily
less rigidly controlled than was the second study of this
pair.
.X
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1384 1 470
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1423 1 470
.I 471
.T
Information Storage and Retrieval:
tools, elements, theories
.A
Becker, J.
.W
This textbook grew out of some discussions between the authors
about the interdisciplinary character of the field of information storage
and retrieval. We both felt that the need existed to show what
each professional group concerned with the solution of information
storage and retrieval problems could contribute. A university-level
course was developed, based on the concept that each person should
be made aware of how others could help him. The course was presented
about a dozen times over the ensuing years, and this book is based on it.
.X
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.I 472
.T
Information Storage and Retrieval Systems for Individual Researchers
.A
Jahoda, G.
.W
This book deals with the simplest of the three corrective measures -
the improvement of the document retrieval system. There are different
ways and means of accomplishing this, and these methods of improving
the organization and retrieval of personal document collections are the
principal topics to be covered. The book is addressed primarily to the
researcher in any subject field who desires to improve the index to his
document collection or start an index to his document collection but does
not quite know how to go about it. An index is herein defined as a
systematic organization of a collection of documents or data. There are
indexes to various types of document and data collections, and there are
various types of indexes. Examples of familiar indexes are indexes to
individual books, to collections of books (the card catalog in a library),
to the contents of journals or periodicals (for example, the Reader's Guide
to Periodical Literature), to collections of facts (for example, a telephone
directory), or to numeric data (such as physical constants of a group
of compounds or numeric data collected in a questionnaire study).
.X
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.I 473
.T
Bibliographic Coupling Extended in Time: Ten Case Histories
.A
Kessler, M.M.
.W
The methods of bibliographic coupling were applied to 8186 papers in thirty-
five volumes of the Physical Review (Vol. 77, 1950 to Vol. 111, 1958).. The
results are reported in the form of ten case histories.. Each case was chosen
to illustrate a problem in information retrieval..
.X
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.I 474
.T
A Methodology for Test and Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Goffman, W.
Newill, V.A.
.W
A recognition of the importance of useful evaluative techniques is an
indirect or secondary result of the hugely expanded national investment in
scientific research. Such recognition has followed the expenditure of much time
and money on the development of information systems which utilize advances in
information handling and data processing (primarily computer-oriented) to
handle the "explosion" of recorded information. Information scientists from
a typically diverse group of parent disciplines are now cooperating not only
to develop methodologies of evaluation of such systems, but to apply them.
.X
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.I 475
.T
Factors Affecting the Preferences of Industrial Personnel for Information
Gathering Methods
.A
Rosenberg, Victor
.W
A structured questionnaire was administered to professional personnel in
industrial and government organizations, asking the subjects to rank eight
information gathering methods according to their preference in given
hypothetical situation.. The subjects were then asked to rate the methods on a
seven point scale according to (a) ease of use and (b) amount of information
expected.. The subjects were divided into two groups determined by their time
spent in research or research related activities.. The groups were designated
"research" and "nonresearch"..
A statistical analysis of the data from 96 subjects (52 in research, 44 in
nonresearch) showed that no statistically significant differences were present
in either the rankings or ratings between research and nonresearch personnel..
The results of the study infer that the ease of use of an information
gathering method is more important than the amount of information expected for
information gathering methods in industrial and government, regardless of the
research orientation of the users..
.X
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.I 476
.T
On the Articulation of Surrogates: An Attempt at an Epistemological
Foundation
.A
Perreault, J.M.
.W
There are two major purposes, in mind, for this gathering. The first is the
most general that can be proposed for any gathering: the simple advantage of
bringing together those who have been at work on a single problem or at least
a small class of problems - especially when this problem has not previously
benefited from exclusive and thematic collaboration among its investigators.
To further such thematic collaboration, the formal presentations have been
scheduled no more than three each day, with time left after each presentation
for (formal) discussion here in the conference room, and with as much time as
possible - given the number of presentations - left free for informal
discussion.
The second purpose is one of even greater necessity, in my opinion, though
one not so obvious as the first. Over and above the hope for interchange of
what has already been thought out - in the form of personal contact, where
the presence of the originator of the system or theory can reinforce the
printed word in its usual and ineffable way - it is my hope that we will all
be able (especially in our informal discussions) to penetrate beyond mere
similarity and difference to the underlying philosophical bases of syntactic
relationship.
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.I 477
.T
Some Remarks on Information Languages, Their Analysis and Comparison
.A
Soergel, D.
.W
"The machine language [information language in our terminology D.S.]
should not be confused with the machine code: (Upenskii, 59:357). In
Ranganathan's more general terms: There should be no confusion between the
idea plane and the notational plane. Many difficulties in classification
arise from this confusion. This paper is devoted mainly to problems on
the idea plane.
"The IR-language I want to talk about, is the language in which the
information to be retrieved is formulated, i.e. a declarative sentence
language, not the imperative sentence language of the programmer-retriever"
(Bohnert in Samet, 62.1:10), that is, the information language should not
be confused with the programming language. (To avoid misunderstandings
it would perhaps be better to say "descriptive" instead of "declarative"
and to state explicitly that in a descriptive sentence an imperative may
be described which is, however, not to be executed by the system but to
be retrieved by appropriate searches.)
.X
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.I 478
.T
Concept Organization for Information Retrieval
.A
Farradane, J.
.W
All analysis of information for storage and of questions for effecting
retrieval must be in terms of concepts and the relations between them.
The concepts may be just words (descriptors), as in simple post-co-ordinate
keyword indexing systems, or they may be class-terms or other idea-groupings,
as in classifications. The relations between concepts often appear to be
absent, but if more than one word is used in indexing or in a search there is
clearly an implicit relation between them in the mind of the indexer or
questioner, and other relations possible between the words would lead to
false drops. Classification has traditionally been a method of organization
of concepts in which the relations between concepts are ostensibly displayed
in the form of groupings called classes.
.X
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1448 1 478
.I 479
.T
Automatic Term Classifications and Retrieval
.A
Sparck-Jones, K.
Needham, R. M.
.W
Recent research at the Cambridge Language Research Unit has been concerned
with the application of the automatic classification techniques associated with
the "theory of clumps" to document description obtained from the Aslib-Cranfield
project, and with the use of the resulting term classifications in retrieval..
A substantial program engine has been developed which computes similarities
between pairs of terms on the basis of their occurrences and co-occurrences in
document descriptions, and finds classes of terms with strong similarity
connections by minimizing the cohesion between a potential clump and its
complement; and which retrieves using single terms and/or term classes
according to specification, and calculates recall and precision ratios for sets
of requests.. Serious tests with different similarity and clump definitions and
with different modes of using term classes are still in progress, so on
definite conclusions about the value of this kind of classification are
presented..
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.I 480
.T
Some Structural Characteristics of Articulated Subject Indexes
.A
Armitage, Janet E.
Lynch, Michael F.
.W
An articulated subject index is one in which logical transformations of
natural language phrases containing prepositions or connectives are employed to
organize the noun phrases as subject headings, with subordinate displays of the
remainder of the phrases.. The best-known example of the articulated subject
index is that to Chemical Abstracts..
It has been shown that a well-defined transformation links the entry, as it
appears in the index, with the original phrase, in natural order, as it was
first compiled by the indexer.. A reverse transformation can be used to
generate potential index entries from indexing phrases containing one or more
prepositions or connectives..
A simple model has been devised for the generation of articulated subject
index entries from natural language indexing phrases which exclude infinitives
or words acting as gerunds or participles.. A sorting algorithm has also been
developed, the purpose of which is to select those entries which lead to
greatest organization in the index display..
Deviations from the model in manually-produced indexes are described.. The
potential value of certain of these characteristics in information retrieval
is examined..
.X
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.I 481
.T
Integrated Information Processing and the Case for a National Network
.A
Dammers, H. F.
.W
The various premises, which need consideration when developing a realistic
and flexible information storage, retrieval and dissemination (ISRD) system,
are discussed; their implication is illustrated with some examples from the
development of the system at "Shell" Research, Sittingbourne..
One of the factors which will affect the satisfactory performance of an ISRD
system is the ease with which relevant literature information not held in the
system can be provided..
The later part of the paper is developed to a discussion of this problem and
of a possible means of dealing with it in the not too distant future..
.X
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.I 482
.T
Some Experiments in the Selective Dissemination of Information
in the Field of Plasma Physics
.A
Anthony, L. J.
Cheney, A. G.
Whelan, E.K.
.W
A small-scale, computer-based SDI system in plasma physics and the related
subjects is described briefly.. The system serves about 100 research scientists
and engineers and uses title input only in order to minimize input costs.. The
implications of this approach and its effect upon the system parameters is
discussed.. Some comparison of the costs of the computer-based system with
those of a manual system is made..
Further experiments are described in which the service is expanded to
external users on a world-wide basis, the aim being to compare, under controlled
conditions, the parameters of the small-scale internal service with those of an
external service on a wide scale..
The paper concludes with some observations on the future development and
organization of computer-assisted services, their possibilities and the main
problems which are likely to arise..
.X
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1426 1 482
.I 483
.T
Performance of Automatic Information Systems
.A
Lesk, Michael E.
.W
The SMART document retrieval system is used to investigate algorithms for
text analysis and request searching.. Results from three document collections
indicate that word normalization is efficiently performed by automatic thesaurus
lookup, while phrase matching procedures, statistical association methods, and
concept hierarchies are useful for special applications.. Automatic document
clustering schemes and use-interactive feedback methods permit rapid searches of
large collections.. Abstracts are found to be superior to titles as a base for
content analysis in a document retrieval system and almost as good as complete
texts.. Proper procedures for designing dictionaries and searching requests
are discussed..The practicality of large scale document centers and their proper
design are considered in light of these results..
.X
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.I 484
.T
Negotiation of Inquiries in an On-Line Retrieval System
.A
Hillman, Donald J.
.W
The focus of discussion is a prototype retrieval system with three major
components for text processing, connectivity and decision operations.. Each of
these components is based on a distinguishable subtheory..
Computer programs for the first two components have been written for a GE
225 computer.. The complete prototype system is now being programmed for
operation in a time-shared environment.. It is a user-oriented system, with
planned capabilities for the browsing and man-machine interaction..
A major goal is to develop procedures whereby research workers can conduct an
on-line dialog via terminals with a body of scientific information.. Each
user-submitted inquiry is a set of sentences without restriction as to
vocabulary or form.. The system converses with the user to obtain
source-derived phrases that elaborate and refine the initial inquiry.. The use is
led to browse in the general area of his inquiry and to broaden or narrow it as
a further aid to request formulation..
Evaluation of system performance is described..
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.T
A Clustering Experiment:
First Step Towards a Computer-Generated Classification Scheme
.A
Price, Nancy
Schminovich, Samuel
.W
A document collection consisting of 240 articles on theoretical high energy
physics is analyzed by an empirical clustering procedure, in which
bibliographic coupling, obtained by computer, is used to measure the
relatedness of articles.. Meaningful groups of documents were produced.. The
clustering process ia adapted to future use in the computer-generation of a
classification scheme..
.X
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.T
Relevance Assessments and Retrieval System Evaluation
.A
Lesk, M. E.
Salton, G.
.W
Two widely used criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of information
retrieval system are, respectively, the recall and the precision.. Since the
determination of these measures is dependent on a distinction between documents
which are relevant to a given query and documents which are not relevant to that
query, it has sometimes been claimed that an accurate, generally valid
evaluation cannot be based on recall and precision measures..
A study was made to determine that effect of variations in relevance
assessments on the average recall and precision values used to measure
retrieval effectiveness.. Using a collection of 1200 documents in information
science for test purposes, it is found that large scale differences in the
relevance assessments do not produce significant variations in average recall
and precision.. It thus appears that properly computed recall and precision
data may represent effectiveness indicators which are generally valid for many
distinct user classes..
.X
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.T
An Indirect Method of Information Retrieval
.A
Goffman, William
.W
The information retrieval process, treated strictly as a matching procedure,
has the defects that tha whole file must be probed for each query, and that it
overlooks the fact that the relevance of the information from one document
depends upon what is already known about the subject, and in term affects the
relevance of other documents subsequently examined.. A mathematical model of a
search technique in which the defects of the direct method are taken into account
is demonstrated by an experiment in which a given paper is treated as an enquiry
and the references cited in the paper are treated as relevant answers.. The
results in two tests show much better results than those achieved by the direct
method.. No spurious material was retrieved by either method..
.X
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.T
The Use of Automatically-Obtained Keyword Classifications
for Information Retrieval
.A
Jones, K. Sparck
Jackson, D. M.
.W
This report summarizes the work carried out on the automatic construction of
keyword classifications and their use in information retrieval that we have
carried out in the last eighteen months.. It discusses the possible
characteristics of such classifications, and potential ways of using them; and
described the various approaches to classification we have considered, in terms
of an overall frame of reference in which several types of classification are
distinguished.. The results of experiments using a collection of documents and
test requests obtained from the Aslib Clanfield project are presented, from
which it can be conclude that automatic classifications which lead to noticeable
improvements in retrieval performance over those obtainable with unclassified
terms can be set up..
.X
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.I 489
.T
Experiments in Book Indexing by Computer
.A
Borko, Harold
.W
The most challenging task in preparing an index to a book is to select all
and only those terms that are related to the text and are useful for relevance
purposes.. While a knowledgeable human can make the selection on an intuitive
basis, automatic indexing requires a precise operational criterion for defining
and selecting good and useful index terms.. Two principles of selection are
proposed:specification and selection of useful terms, and specification and
exclusion of useless terms.. Because of the nebulous nature and meaning of
"good index terms", and the difficulties involved in devising machine algorithms
for their selection, this research in automatic indexing is based on the
principle of excluding useless terms.. Even so,fully automatic indexing was not
achieved in this study.. Single words proved to be little value as index terms..
Multiple word terms were generated by the computer, but no algorithm could
successfully eliminate the useless phrases.. Final selection had to be made by
the experimenter.. A comprehensive and useful book index was achieved by using
machine-aided rather than fully automated indexing techniques..
.X
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.T
Computer Use in Information and Data Handling:
an Appraisal of Its Economic Aspects
.A
Dammers, H. F.
.W
The economic merits of applying computers in information storage, retrieval
and dissemination have usually been considered with respect only to the cost of
operating the information services concerned.. This had tended to indicate that
computer use is economically justified mainly for housekeeping operations in
the large scale organizations..
The present paper takes a wider view and included in its appraisal the costs
involved in information gathering and dissemination for the total system
representing the information services and its users.. It is suggested that the
inclusion of cost elements associated with user time devoted to information
gathering tends to shift the economic appraisal in favor of computer application
in information work..
In fact, such computer use appears to find its main stimulus and economic
justification in an environment that provides strong incentives to minimize
the total cost of the system whilst maximizing its benefits to the users..
To illustrate this some example are given based on experience gained in
research data handling and the operation of SDI services in an industrial
research establishment..
.X
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.I 491
.T
The Unilever Research SDI System
.A
Rowlands, D.G.
.W
The Research SDI System has now been in operation for one year using the ISI
Source Tapes as a data base.. Tapes are received weekly from ISI, Philadelphia
and are run against approximately 20,000 search terms representing about 350
profiles.. The Computer System and search programs will be described together
with costs for the operation.. User reaction will be commented upon within the
context of future developments of SDI..
.X
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715 1 491
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726 1 491
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728 1 491
730 1 491
731 1 491
732 1 491
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.I 492
.T
Performance and Cost of "Free-Text" Search systems
.A
Kent, A.K.
.W
The purpose of an information-retrieval system is to provide the user with
citations relevant to his query. Since the user is the only person competent
to make the final judgement of relevance it is natural to suppose that the
selection of items from a data base will lead to two kinds of retrieval
error. The extent of these errors is expressed by the familiar measures
of performance, precision and recall. Precision measures the failure of the
system to retrieve only relevant documents while recall measures its failure
to retrieve all relevant documents actually present in the data base. It is
difficult to visualize a situation in which a user would find advantage in
being provided with irrelevant citations. From the user's point of view,
therefore, a system which offers less than 100 per cent precision is a
deficient system.
.X
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583 1 492
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586 1 492
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626 1 492
630 1 492
636 1 492
637 1 492
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648 1 492
650 1 492
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705 1 492
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726 1 492
727 1 492
728 1 492
731 1 492
732 1 492
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755 1 492
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820 1 492
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827 1 492
866 1 492
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879 1 492
883 1 492
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1375 1 492
1376 1 492
1377 1 492
1377 1 492
.I 493
.T
Experimental Use of a Program for Computer-Aided Subject-Index Production
.A
Armitage, J.E.
Lynch, M. F.
Petrie, J. H.
Belton, M.
.W
Stages in the development of a program for the production of articulated
subject indexes are described.. The preparation of an index to the third
edition of the SMRE Bibliography has enabled the technique to be assessed in a
practical situation.. Titles from 1700 documents included in the bibliography
were edited to provide input to the program, and the output recorded on a
micro-film/hard-copy recorder in upper case alone..
Further developments now in hand are indicated and criteria for assessing the
suitability of the technique relative to other index-production techniques are
discussed..
.X
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51 1 493
69 1 493
71 1 493
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79 2 493
84 1 493
114 1 493
159 1 493
168 2 493
169 1 493
174 1 493
175 1 493
176 1 493
257 1 493
289 1 493
315 1 493
317 1 493
320 1 493
332 1 493
345 1 493
382 1 493
400 1 493
429 1 493
446 1 493
448 1 493
459 1 493
480 1 493
483 1 493
484 1 493
486 1 493
488 3 493
489 4 493
490 1 493
491 2 493
492 1 493
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494 1 493
495 1 493
496 1 493
497 1 493
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500 2 493
501 1 493
503 1 493
507 1 493
509 1 493
510 1 493
512 1 493
517 2 493
520 1 493
522 1 493
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528 1 493
531 1 493
548 1 493
565 1 493
566 1 493
570 1 493
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582 1 493
583 2 493
584 1 493
586 1 493
596 1 493
603 1 493
608 1 493
627 1 493
633 1 493
653 1 493
655 1 493
659 3 493
688 1 493
715 1 493
754 1 493
790 2 493
795 1 493
796 1 493
797 1 493
798 1 493
801 2 493
802 1 493
805 1 493
809 1 493
810 1 493
812 1 493
813 1 493
814 1 493
817 1 493
824 1 493
825 1 493
894 1 493
986 1 493
990 1 493
1051 1 493
1073 1 493
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1327 2 493
1368 1 493
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1405 1 493
1414 1 493
1419 1 493
1427 1 493
1443 1 493
1448 1 493
1448 1 493
.I 494
.T
The Design of Cost-Effective Hierarchical Information Systems
.A
Brookes, B.C.
.W
The provision of periodicals and bibliographic aids for the three levels of
the hierarchy is considered.. Viability analysis establishes minimum operating
scales and Bradford-Zipf analysis optimizes the selection..
.X
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.T
Optimum Procedures for Economic Information Retrieval
.A
Heaps, H. S.
Thiel, L. H.
.W
Computer searches on Chemical Titles tapes for current awareness at the
University of Alberta since May, 1968, have provided sufficient data to allow
formulation of a cost function based on the number of titles searched, the
length of questions, the extent to which questions may be batched, and certain
details regarding the allowed forms of question.. With different choice of
parameters the cost function could be adapted to apply to searches of other data
bases..
An attempt to make retrospective searching economically feasible has led to
formulation of different search techniques.. It is suggested that the search
procedure should be designed to minimize computation time at the expense of
convenience in the form of output, but that facilities should be included so
that the user who is willing to play the additional cost may receive output in
a more convenient form..
In recognition of the fact that the form of search question should be
dependent on the vocabulary of the data base, a program has been developed to
modify a question so that it is optimal for searches on the given data base..
.X
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.I 496
.T
The Cost and Costing of Information Storage and Retrieval
.A
Sessions, V.S.
.W
This presentation on economic aspects of information retrieval is based
on data gathered by Project URBANDOC during the course of four years in
developing documentation services for the literature of urban planning
and renewal. It was a substantial effort - half a million dollars is
no small sum in the social sciences - made possible by an Urban Renewal
Demonstration Grant from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD) to The City University of New York. The proposal that initiated the
Project in 1965 grew out of the extensive dissatisfaction with bibliographic
services in planning librarianship at a time when both planners and librarians
were looking to data processing to solve a variety of information problems.
URBANDOC was to apply the techniques of scientific documentation to a body of
literature which had been neglected by the information science community before
the advent of computerization, and completely by-passed by it afterwards.
.X
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.I 497
.T
Some Cost Estimates for Bibliographical Searching in a Large-Scale
Social Sciences Information System
.A
Thompson, G.K.
.W
Many of the large-scale mechanized information systems in operation today
grew up because of the need of the military and para-military establishments
to have rapid access to large quantities of scientific and technological
information. This paper will deal with two complementary efforts in the
field of social sciences, where an awareness of the information problem is
acute, and the global needs staggering. The target audiences for these two
systems are on the one hand social science researchers and on the other
policy planners and makers in the broad field of economic and social
development.
An operational system (in the International Labour Office) will be
described, and an array of figures representing actual or theoretical
operating costs will be given. As could be expected, however, these
figures relate only to costs of systems development, input preparation,
file maintenance and retrieval. No attempt can be made to evaluate in other
than general terms the economic impact that the existence of such a system
may have. It can be readily demonstrated, however, that computer-assisted
information systems may make sense within individual institutional
environments, and make greater sense when on-line systems linking
various collaborating institutions can result in enabling each to operate
more efficiently and at lower cost. The existence of such on-line
networks would make the greatest sense for users because of the possibility
of having access at a reasonable price to large information stores.
.X
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.I 498
.T
Mechanized Searching of Acts of Parliament
.A
Niblett, G.B.F.
Price, N.H.
.W
This paper reports the results of a practical study of the application of
digital computers to the storage, analysis and retrieval of the full text of
Acts of Parliament and associated delegated legislation dealing with automatic
energy, a total of some 140,000 words.. A suite of computer programs has been
prepared in a high-level language for generating a dictionary and concordance
to the full text and organizing the search process.. The interrogation
language QUEST is described and its application to full text searching
discussed..
.X
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.I 499
.T
Experiments in Automatic Extracting and Indexing
.A
Earl, Lois L.
.W
This article reports on several experiments in automatic extracting and one
experiment in automating indexing.. Nine chapters, each from a different
technical book, were used as a text corpus for all the experiments.. In the
first experiment, an attempt was made to construct a sentence dictionary of
syntactic sentence types, for distinguishing extract-worthy sentences, but it
proved unrewarding.. Nevertheless, the results indicated that sentence typing
might be used in a screening process in conjunction with other extracting
techniques.. The later attempts to combine synactic and statistical criteria
in the choice of extract sentences and index phrases proved more rewarding..
The sentences selected by the extracting algorithm were representative and
are presented for the reader to peruse.. The noun phrases selected by the
indexing algorithm compared favorably with the back-of-the-book index phrases..
There is every indication that satisfactory back-of-the-book indexes could be
produced automatically, with post-editing to delete superfluous items..
.X
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.I 500
.T
Cost-Effectiveness as a Guide in Developing Indexing Rules
.A
Schultz, Claire K.
.W
To date, the many decisions among alternatives that are required in the
course of developmental efforts to improve indexing have, with few exceptions,
been guided primarily by criteria related to effectiveness, as measured by some
objective method, or as judged subjectively.. Although effectiveness-type
criteria may be adequate for work intended solely to advance the
state-of-the-art, when the goal is to develop indexing techniques appropriate
for operating services, it seems highly desirable to employ some criterion that
takes cost as well as effectiveness into consideration.. The central problem of
operating services can be reduced to either that of producing the best indexing
possible at a given cost, or that of producing indexing of a given level of
effectiveness at least cost.. In our current effort to develop rules for human,
machine, and man-machine indexing, we employ a cost-effectiveness type of
criterion in making the critical developmental decision.. The general approach
is described and illustrated with examples of how measures of cost and of
effectiveness were considered jointly in decision making, primarily for how to
reduce cost of indexing at a given level of effectiveness.. Problems of
defining cost are also discussed, such as how to divide indexing into discrete
steps, the effects of long-term vs. short-term activity in humans and
small-batch vs. large-batch considerations for machines..
.X
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.T
Compilation of Thesauri for Use in Computer Systems
.A
Rolling, L.N.
.W
A thesaurus can be defined as a structured vocabulary for use in information
storage and retrieval systems.
Three parts of this definition need further elaboration:
1. A vocabulary is a collection of terms.
2. The structure of a vocabulary can be described as a set of relationships
between terms.
3. Utilization of a thesaurus in an information system involves a set of
rules which take into account the characteristics of the system.
.X
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.T
Information-Seeking Behavior of Catalog Users
.A
Tagliacozzo, R.
Kochen, M.
.W
This study is based on the data from a survey of catalog use at three
university libraries and one public library.. Both "known-item" searches and
"subject" searches were analyzed.. The characteristics of the user population
were examined and methodological problems of the survey were discussed.. A
relation was found between the academic rank of the catalog users and type of
search that they carry out.. Some of the factors influencing the success or
failure of the search were analyzed, and the meaning of "success" for the two
types of search was discussed.. The study investigated tends in search
strategies as well as degree of perseverance of catalog searchers..Implications
for the design of modern information retrieval systems were pointed out..
.X
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.T
Automatic Classification and Retrieval of Documents by Means
of a Bibliographic Pattern Discovery Algorithm
.A
Schiminovich, S.
.W
We present completely automatic procedures for the self-generation of
meaningful groups among the members of a document collection and for the
classification according to these groups of subsequent documents.. These
procedures operate on large document collections with reasonably short
computation times.. Thus far, in our experiments on the physics literature,
automatic classification has proven to be as good as or better than manual
indexing and, in addition, potentially less expensive.. Empirically derived,
our method is based upon a pattern discovery algorithm which use only the
citation content of a document and with operates on the bibliographic links
among papers.. The self-generated groups correspond to very specific subject
headings; retrospective bibliographies generated in the procedures allow one
to classify the subsequent literature with remarkably high recall and
relevance ratios, close to 100%..
.X
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.T
Columbia University School of Library Service System
for Thesaurus Development and Maintenance
.A
Hines, T. C.
Harris, Jessica L.
.W
A system for computer-based thesaurus production and maintenance has been
developed at Columbia University School of Library Service.. The system is
highly flexible, providing for all the types of data elements which have been
used in both thesauri and subject heading lists, with additional features found
to be useful as a result of the ongoing research program at Columbia.. Three
thesauri in widely varying subject fields are in the final stages of production
under the system.. As a result of the simultaneous development of the thesauri
(based on actual indexing universes) and of the production system, which is
part of a larger program of research in information handling problems, a variety
of new techniques and procedures have been developed as their usefulness became
evident..
.X
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.T
Five Years, Five Volumes and 2345 Pages
of the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Saracevic, Tefko
.W
The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) is now 5
years old.. In these 5 years ARIST became not only a very much used and quoted
tool, but also an established institution.. This is testified by the fact that
each of the five volumes was the year's most frequently and most comprehensively
reviewed book in the field.. The ARIST effort is unparalleled in great many
fields..
Currently we are entering an era of intense concern about and reactions to
science and technology.. All sciences and technologies are subject to
questioning, scrutiny and evaluation both inside and outside of their subject
areas..
Scrutiny of a field may be attempted by a scrutiny of its important
literature items.. With 5 years and five volumes ARIST invites and affords a
perspective.. This review is attempting in broad brushstrokes to be a critical
examination of the underlying structure, and literature base as well as the
achievements of the ARIST effort as a whole..
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.T
A Technique for the Evaluation of a Commercial Information Service and Some
Preliminary Results from the Drugdoc Service of the
Excerpta Medica Foundation
.A
Scott, E. J.
Townley, H. M.
Stern, B. T.
.W
The selectivity, timeliness and quality of indexing of a commercial service
may be assessed by comparing the journal articles chosen by an organization as
relevant to its interests, with those subsequently reported by the service..
These aspects were evaluated with respect to Drugdoc which scans over 3400
biomedical journals.. The results showed that the selection criteria laid down
by Drugdoc are strictly adhered to; the mean time of alerting of an article
was 11-3 weeks after receipt of the journal at Wellcome and all articles from a
particular journal issue were reported by Drugdoc on average within 13-6
weeks.. Indexing was examined in detail and on average 8-1 primary
thesaurus-controlled indexing terms were assigned per article.. Pilot studies
were also run on SDI profiles compiled from the Drugdoc Thesaurus..
.X
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.I 507
.T
A Multidisciplinary and Computerized SDI Service for Industry and
Research-Practical Experience and Costs
.A
Hisinger, B.
.W
In this paper the experiences, costs, price policy, market, sales promotion
and foreign cooperation of a Danish documentation department are described in
relation to two databases, as follows: The COMPENDEX tapes are scanned in
Denmark, whereas the INSPEC tapes are scanned in Holland with the inclusion of
Danish profiles according to a bilateral agreement.. The total costs in
connection with COMPENDEX are evaluated and divided into four main components:
Disbursement to the supplier of the tape system, working expenses of the
documentation center, costs of the electronic data processing, and expenses
connected with the procurement of the original material to the subscribers..
They can choose between including or deleting the COMPENDEX abstracts during
sequential text scanning and printing-out.. Search profiles are formed by the
terms (word, author, journal code) connected by AND/OR/NOT-logic and weight
factors.. (The above documentation department belongs to the National
Technological Library of Denmark and also two SDI services based on tape
systems from CAS.. Retrospective searches have been carried out)..
.X
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.I 508
.T
Interactive Reference Retrieval in Large Files
.A
Carville, M.
Higgins, L. D.
Smith, Francis J.
.W
We express the conviction that on-line reference retrieval will largely
replace the present tape driven system in a few years.. We describe the design
criteria of such an on-line system based on our experience of a pilot system
which has been operational for 2 years, emphasizing the importance of
minimizing the number of disk accesses.. We recommend the use of hash coding
for searching in a thesaurus and point out that the user of an on-line system
should use the most precise terms first and the common terms last - the
opposite of the procedure in a manual search..
.X
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830 1 508
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.I 509
.T
The Use of Hierarchic Clustering in Information Retrieval
.A
Jardine, N.
Van Rijsbergen, C. J.
.W
We introduce information retrieval strategies which are based on automatic
hierarchic clustering of documents.. We discuss the evaluation of retrieval
strategies and show, using a subset of the Cranfield Aeronautics document
collection, that cluster-based retrieval strategies can be devised which are as
effective as linear associative retrieval strategies and much more efficient..
Finally, we outline how cluster-based retrieval may be extended to large growing
document collections and indicate some ways in which the effectiveness of
cluster-based retrieval strategies may be improved..
.X
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.I 510
.T
Retrieval Efficiency from Titles and the Cost of Indexing
.A
Tell, Bjorn V.
.W
By the means of the flexible machine search system three experiments have
been made in order to test the retrieval efficiency of searching free text and
keywords.. Base upon the relevance judgements of the users, the results
indicate that titles and abstracts are good index material which can be used
for machine searching without human indexing in the three fields studies..
.X
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.I 511
.T
Program Design for Retrospective Searches on Large Data Bases
.A
Thiel, L. H.
Heaps, H. S.
.W
Retrospective search of large document data bases requires development of
special techniques for automatic compression of data and minimization of the
number of input-output operations to the computer accessible files.. Also, the
computer program should be designed to require a relatively small amount of
internal memory..
The present paper contains a description of the structure of a program that
meets the above requirements.. The vocabulary of the data base is automatically
expressed in terms of 8, 16 and 24 bit codes chosen to point to the natural
spelling in a dictionary.. Thus file size is reduced without the necessity for
extensive processing for decoding.. Use of a compressed bit string inverted
index greatly reduces search time, and a storage management system enables long
strings to be processed with use of a limited amount of internal storage..
Creation of "reduced" files and tables is an important feature of a program; it
allows the files needed only by specific phases of the program to be designed
to use a relatively small amount of internal storage and input-output time..
.X
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.I 512
.T
Experiences of IIT Research Institute in Operating a Computerized Retrieval
System for Searching a Variety of Data Bases
.A
Williams, Martha E.
.W
The Computer Search Center (CSC) at IIT Research Institute (IITRI) provides
information from computer-readable data bases to users in industry, government
and universities.. The center was designed to meet user needs by providing a
variety of services from multiple data bases with minimal restrictions and a
high degree of flexibility.. A new modular machine-independent PL/1 software
system was developed for handling virtually any bibliographic-type base.. CSC
have run at nine different computer facilities with different: hardware,
computer models, versions of OS, peripherals of the PL/1 compiler.. All data
bases are converted by preprocessors to a standard IITRI format which employs
a directory and character string type of the structure..
User oriented profile features include: full free form Boolean logic with
any degree of nesting; search terms may be any data element on a data base;
search terms may be single words, multi-word terms, phrases, or term fragments;
full truncation capabilities; optional sort of author, citation number, or
weight; and optional printing of output on 5x8 cards, multilith masters, paper,
or tape.. User aids were developed for each data base to assist in profile and
monitoring.. They include: search manuals, truncation guides, term frequency
list and KLIC indexes..
Research is conducted and statistics maintained to study, monitor, and
improve Center components including data bases, user satisfaction, systems,
personnel functions and services.. The many advantages of computerized
retrieval, which are the raison d'etre for the center, include: coverage,
thoroughness, consistency, interdisciplinariness, recall, speed, regularity,
file preparation and cost effectiveness..
.X
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.I 513
.T
Communication and Information Processing within Scientific Disciplines:
Empirical Findings for Psychology
.A
Garvey, William D.
Griffith, Belver C.
.W
Scientific disciplines can be regarded as social devices which have, as one
function, the analysis and reduction of raw information to assimilated
knowledge of a type which can be transmitted through professional training..
Data on information flow in psychology reveal feedback to scientific workers
and result in refinements of the product of research; later disseminations are
interwoven with processes of evaluation and selection and are directed toward
the creation of an integrated and tested body of knowledge.. The reported data
finish an empirical base for Ziman's consensual model of science and illuminate
difficulties which have arisen in the design and implementation of information
systems..
.X
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.T
Evaluating the Effectiveness of an On-Line,
Natural Language Retrieval System
.A
Lancaster, F. W.
Rapport, Rochard L.
Penry, J. Fiffin
.W
An evaluation of an on-line retrieval system known as EARS (Epilepsy
Abstracts Retrieval System) has been performed.. The system, which permits the
free text searching of approximately 8000 abstracts drawn from Epilepsy
Abstracts, is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and
Stroke (NINDS).. Specialists in the field of neurology, at six medical centers
in the United States, conducted on-line searches to satisfy their own needs for
information.. Parallel searches were conducted on the same search topics by a
neurologist at NINDS who was highly experienced in using the system.. The
results of the original searches were evaluated in terms of recall, precision,
and general user satisfaction.. A detailed analysis of factors affecting the
success and failure of the on_line searches was carried out..
.X
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879 1 514
883 1 514
894 1 514
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.I 515
.T
A Journal Selection Model and Its Implications for a Library System
.A
Kraft, D. H.
Hill, T. W. Jr.
.W
The problem of selecting which journals to acquire in order to best satisfy
library objectives is modeled as a zero-one linear programming problem and
examined in detail.. The model incorporates an objective function based on
expected usage as a measure of journal worth and cost constraints which
account for the scarcity of capital.. The model can be used to aid the
librarian in making better selection decisions, since the objective function
can be shown to reflect the evaluation of the library as an information
retrieval system and as a service organization.. Moreover, the model of seen to
be related to inventory problems and scheduling models in industrial
operations..
Journal usage is discussed as a measure of journal worth and is contrasted
to journal productivity.. Constraints are considered for scarce resources other
than capital and for journal interrelationships..
.X
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.T
Problems in Information Retrieval:
Logical Jumps in the Expression of Information
.A
Farradane, J.
Russel, J. M.
Yates-Mercer, P. A.
.W
In a structured data base, such as that obtained when information is indexed
in a format including explicit relations, retrieval of all relevant items in
response to a question may, in some cases, be restricted by technicalities of
the structure.. Condensations in the form of logical jumps, or the omission of
a concept with one relation out of a string of three concepts with two
interstitial relations, have been investigated by two different methods, in
order to overcome one of these technicalities.. Thirty-two rules are proposed
which could permit the automatic condensation of either of both the stored
information and the question, when the concepts and relations are in the form
of linear or string display.. Nine rules are proposed for condensation of
angular structures.. Other type of logical jump and abbreviation are discussed,
together with related studies of expansions and inference steps..
.X
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.T
Machine_Aided Indexing of Technical Literature
.A
Klingbiel, Paul H.
.W
To index successfully in the Defense Documentation Center's environment, an
automated system must chose single words or phrases (dependent upon context)
rapidly and economically.. The automation of DDC's indexing has been
machine-aided from its inception.. A machine-aided indexing (MAI) system is
described that indexes one million words of text per hour of CPU time..
Grammatical errors do not exceed five per cent of the output, so human
screening is satisfactorily low.. The system could potentially scale up to an
operational size of 10 million words of text per year - the equivalent of a
dozen bibles or a third of the Encyclopedia Britannica.. In a batch mode, the
programs to accomplish this indexing would require no more than fifteen minutes
of CPU time per week..
.X
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619 1 517
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700 1 517
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707 1 517
715 1 517
723 1 517
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728 1 517
729 1 517
730 1 517
731 1 517
754 2 517
790 1 517
805 1 517
809 1 517
810 1 517
812 2 517
813 2 517
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817 1 517
820 1 517
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824 1 517
825 1 517
830 1 517
866 1 517
870 1 517
873 1 517
894 1 517
1051 1 517
1078 1 517
1089 1 517
1091 1 517
1143 1 517
1264 1 517
1294 1 517
1302 1 517
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1327 2 517
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1368 1 517
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.I 518
.T
A Bayesian Approach to Interactive Retrieval
.A
Tague, Jean M.
.W
This paper presents a probabilistic model for interactive retrieval..
Specifically, it applies the principles of Bayesian statistical decision theory:
(1) the use of both prior (subjective) and sample information about the
relationship of document descriptions to query relevance, and (2) maximization
of the expected value of a utility function, to the problem of optimally
restructuring a search strategy in an interactive environment..
.X
28 1 518
124 2 518
125 1 518
127 1 518
129 1 518
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165 1 518
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330 1 518
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512 1 518
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520 1 518
521 1 518
522 1 518
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525 1 518
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527 1 518
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530 1 518
531 1 518
534 1 518
546 1 518
553 1 518
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577 1 518
579 1 518
594 1 518
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612 1 518
615 2 518
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626 2 518
630 2 518
634 2 518
636 2 518
637 1 518
642 1 518
646 1 518
648 1 518
650 1 518
660 1 518
692 1 518
696 1 518
699 1 518
700 1 518
703 1 518
705 2 518
707 1 518
708 1 518
726 1 518
727 2 518
728 1 518
731 1 518
732 1 518
733 1 518
734 1 518
736 1 518
738 1 518
739 1 518
740 1 518
741 1 518
742 1 518
743 1 518
744 1 518
752 1 518
754 1 518
755 1 518
785 1 518
810 1 518
812 2 518
814 1 518
817 1 518
820 2 518
822 1 518
824 1 518
826 1 518
827 2 518
829 1 518
875 1 518
879 1 518
883 1 518
895 1 518
1004 1 518
1035 1 518
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1089 1 518
1091 2 518
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1207 1 518
1264 1 518
1282 2 518
1297 1 518
1303 2 518
1327 2 518
1356 1 518
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1366 1 518
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1368 2 518
1370 1 518
1372 1 518
1373 1 518
1374 1 518
1375 1 518
1376 1 518
1377 1 518
1377 1 518
.I 519
.T
Distance between Sets as an Objective Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness
.A
Heine, M. H.
.W
A general measure of retrieval effectiveness having full metric properties
and treating the "retrieval system - arbiter of relevance"situation
symmetrically, is the Marczewski-Steinhaus metric, D, measuring the distance
between the set of relevant documents, A, and set of retrieved documents, B,
according to D = 1 -(n (A ^ B)/n(A u B)).. D can be expressed as a function of
Presicion and Recall, or of Generality, Fallout and Recall, and of other sets
of traditional measures.. Acceptance of the measure allows criteria for
retrieval optimality and degeneracy to be stated, defined by minimum and
constant values of D respectively.. Precision_Recall degeneracy curves for D
are given and compared with those for another general measure: the probability
that a document will be correctly identified by a retrieval system..
Statistical extensions of D are examined, and these and other properties of the
metric are illustrated with seven examples..
.X
54 1 519
73 3 519
175 1 519
319 1 519
390 1 519
509 3 519
519 5 519
565 1 519
587 1 519
625 1 519
649 1 519
660 1 519
764 1 519
780 3 519
785 1 519
810 1 519
824 1 519
829 2 519
895 2 519
1091 1 519
1307 3 519
1427 1 519
1427 1 519
.I 520
.T
CA Condensates as a Retrospective Search Tool A Commentary
.A
Hansen, Inge Berg
.W
A retrospective test search on 1 year of CA Condensates was carried out in
order to calculate the cost per profile and to get an impression of how CA
Condensates would suffice as a database for a retrospective use.. Some means of
improving the search strategy by means of the CAS Standard Distribution Format
were investigated.. The question is raised whether the costs and efforts
presently devoted to research regarding retrospective searches on large
free-text databases are justified in view of the low average precision ratios
generally observed for free text databases and the very high number of
references of potential interest retrieved..
.X
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211 2 520
214 1 520
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330 1 520
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521 1 520
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527 1 520
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553 1 520
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566 1 520
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580 1 520
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586 1 520
594 1 520
596 1 520
603 3 520
604 2 520
606 1 520
608 2 520
609 2 520
610 1 520
611 1 520
612 3 520
619 1 520
622 1 520
623 2 520
625 1 520
626 1 520
629 1 520
630 1 520
631 1 520
632 1 520
633 2 520
636 2 520
637 1 520
642 1 520
643 1 520
648 1 520
650 1 520
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692 1 520
696 1 520
699 2 520
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703 1 520
705 2 520
707 1 520
708 1 520
715 1 520
723 1 520
726 3 520
727 2 520
728 2 520
729 1 520
730 1 520
731 2 520
732 1 520
733 1 520
734 1 520
736 1 520
738 1 520
739 1 520
740 1 520
741 1 520
742 1 520
743 1 520
744 1 520
754 2 520
755 2 520
790 1 520
805 1 520
809 1 520
810 1 520
812 2 520
813 3 520
814 2 520
817 1 520
820 4 520
822 3 520
824 1 520
825 1 520
826 1 520
827 2 520
866 1 520
870 1 520
873 1 520
879 1 520
883 1 520
894 2 520
907 1 520
1004 1 520
1035 1 520
1051 1 520
1078 2 520
1089 2 520
1091 3 520
1143 1 520
1207 1 520
1264 2 520
1294 1 520
1297 1 520
1302 1 520
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1313 1 520
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1356 1 520
1364 1 520
1366 1 520
1367 1 520
1368 2 520
1370 2 520
1372 1 520
1373 1 520
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1396 1 520
1419 2 520
1427 1 520
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.I 521
.T
Compression of Bibliographic Files Using an Adaptation of Run-Length Coding
.A
Lynch, Michael F.
.W
Substantial degrees of compression of bibliographical data bases result from
the application to them a modified form of run-length coding.. The method
involves attenuation of the zero:one bit ratio of the data base.. This can be
achieved by substitution of codes with the highest zero:one ratios the most
frequent symbols, or by substitution of 2-bytes codes for diagrams.. A form of
run-length coding in which the run-length is represented as a fixed-length
binary number is then applied..
.X
18 1 521
19 1 521
44 1 521
57 1 521
124 1 521
125 2 521
145 1 521
165 1 521
211 1 521
228 1 521
229 1 521
321 1 521
329 2 521
378 1 521
381 1 521
416 1 521
440 1 521
448 1 521
450 1 521
452 2 521
453 1 521
467 1 521
468 1 521
484 1 521
495 1 521
506 1 521
508 1 521
511 3 521
512 1 521
514 1 521
516 1 521
517 1 521
518 1 521
520 1 521
521 5 521
522 1 521
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524 1 521
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527 1 521
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529 1 521
565 1 521
567 1 521
575 1 521
576 1 521
580 1 521
604 1 521
609 1 521
610 1 521
612 1 521
615 1 521
619 1 521
622 1 521
623 1 521
625 1 521
626 1 521
629 1 521
631 1 521
632 1 521
633 1 521
636 1 521
699 1 521
700 3 521
705 2 521
707 2 521
723 1 521
726 1 521
727 2 521
728 1 521
729 1 521
730 1 521
731 1 521
754 2 521
791 1 521
812 2 521
813 1 521
814 1 521
817 1 521
820 1 521
822 1 521
824 1 521
866 1 521
870 1 521
873 1 521
875 2 521
894 1 521
1078 1 521
1089 1 521
1091 1 521
1143 1 521
1199 1 521
1264 1 521
1302 1 521
1303 2 521
1327 1 521
1364 1 521
1366 2 521
1367 2 521
1368 2 521
1396 1 521
1396 1 521
.I 522
.T
Automatic Indexing and Generation of Classification Systems by Algorithm
.A
Hoyle, W. G.
.W
A system of automatic indexing based on Baye's theorem is described
briefly.. In assigning 124 documents to 9 categories, there were 97 cases of
agreement with professional indexers.. Using a collection factor, based on 87
per cent human consistency from other courses, the computer appears then to
index with 90 per cent accuracy in this case..
The technique is then used with two randomized sample document groups drawn
from nine categories.. Each group in turn is used as the basis for indexing the
other.. The computer knows only the number of categories.. After 8 cycles the
computer is found to have formed 9 groups consisting of about 50 per cent of
documents that were also lumped together by professional indexers on the basis
of subject content..
A new measure of performance is proposed and some other applications of the
technique indicated..
.X
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315 1 522
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381 1 522
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528 2 522
529 1 522
530 1 522
531 1 522
565 1 522
566 1 522
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576 1 522
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603 1 522
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610 1 522
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626 1 522
627 1 522
628 1 522
633 1 522
636 1 522
659 1 522
700 1 522
705 1 522
707 1 522
715 1 522
727 1 522
754 2 522
790 1 522
805 1 522
809 1 522
810 1 522
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813 1 522
814 1 522
817 2 522
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825 1 522
830 1 522
873 1 522
874 1 522
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876 1 522
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894 1 522
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1051 1 522
1079 1 522
1153 1 522
1189 1 522
1251 1 522
1294 1 522
1303 1 522
1327 2 522
1351 1 522
1364 1 522
1366 1 522
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1419 1 522
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1427 1 522
1434 1 522
1435 1 522
1442 1 522
1442 1 522
.I 523
.T
The Cost_Performance of an On-Line, Free-Text Bibliographic Retrieval System
.A
Katzer, Jeffrey
.W
The cost-performance evaluation of the SUPARS system is reported.. SUPARS
was an on-line, free-text bibliographic retrieval system; cost-effectiveness
data of such systems are not readily available.. In our evaluation, two
measures of cost were employed: a computer processing charge expressed in
dollars, and the number of documents retrieved (a measure of work that must be
expended to review the retrieved items).. The measure of performance was an
estimate of the recall ratio..
To obtain the requisite measures an experimental plan was developed in which
experts searched the data base of Psychological Abstracts forming their queries
from written statements of information needs.. These statements (along with the
list of documents relevant to them) were produced by people with information
problems.. Tallies were kept of the number of documents retrieved before each
of the designed relevant items were found.. The major findings are noted
below..
(1) Queries to the system employing simple Boolean operators (AND, OR) have
better cost-performance characteristics than queries using more elegant
searching operators..
(2) On-demand access to the index or dictionary contributes sizeably to
improving the cost-performance of the system..
(3) The argument is raised that human factors, such as the differences among
users of a system, probably should be a major factor in the design, operation
and evaluation of retrieval systems.. It appears that consideration of these
factors will improve system cost-performance..
.X
18 1 523
75 1 523
124 2 523
125 2 523
127 1 523
129 1 523
145 1 523
164 1 523
165 1 523
172 1 523
178 1 523
190 1 523
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197 1 523
211 2 523
214 1 523
218 1 523
243 1 523
307 1 523
318 1 523
330 1 523
332 1 523
374 1 523
378 2 523
381 1 523
419 1 523
440 1 523
444 1 523
445 1 523
447 1 523
448 1 523
449 1 523
450 1 523
451 1 523
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453 1 523
459 1 523
467 1 523
468 4 523
481 1 523
484 3 523
491 1 523
492 1 523
495 1 523
506 1 523
507 1 523
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511 3 523
512 2 523
514 2 523
516 1 523
517 1 523
518 3 523
520 3 523
521 2 523
522 1 523
523 11 523
524 2 523
525 1 523
526 4 523
527 1 523
528 3 523
529 2 523
530 1 523
532 1 523
534 2 523
546 2 523
547 2 523
553 1 523
554 1 523
575 1 523
576 1 523
579 2 523
580 1 523
594 3 523
603 1 523
604 2 523
606 3 523
609 2 523
610 2 523
611 1 523
612 2 523
615 1 523
619 1 523
622 1 523
623 2 523
625 3 523
626 3 523
629 1 523
630 2 523
631 1 523
632 1 523
633 1 523
634 1 523
636 2 523
637 2 523
642 1 523
648 1 523
650 1 523
692 1 523
696 1 523
699 2 523
700 2 523
703 1 523
705 3 523
707 2 523
708 1 523
723 1 523
726 2 523
727 3 523
728 2 523
729 1 523
730 1 523
731 2 523
732 1 523
733 1 523
734 1 523
736 1 523
738 1 523
739 1 523
740 1 523
741 1 523
742 1 523
743 1 523
744 1 523
754 2 523
755 1 523
812 2 523
813 1 523
814 1 523
817 1 523
820 2 523
822 2 523
824 1 523
826 2 523
827 1 523
830 1 523
866 1 523
870 1 523
873 1 523
875 1 523
879 1 523
883 1 523
907 1 523
1004 1 523
1035 1 523
1078 3 523
1089 2 523
1091 2 523
1143 1 523
1207 1 523
1264 3 523
1297 1 523
1302 1 523
1303 4 523
1327 2 523
1356 2 523
1364 2 523
1366 2 523
1367 2 523
1368 3 523
1370 1 523
1372 2 523
1373 1 523
1374 3 523
1375 1 523
1376 1 523
1377 1 523
1396 1 523
1427 1 523
1427 1 523
.I 524
.T
Analysis of the Microstructure of Titles in the INSPEC Data-Base
.A
Lynch, Michael F.
Petrie, J. Howard
Snell, Michael J.
.W
A high degree of constancy has been found to exist in the microstructure of
titles of samples of the INSPEC data-base taken over 3-year period.. Character
and diagram frequencies are shown to be relatively stable, while variable-length
character-string characterizing samples separated by 3 years in time show close
similarities..
.X
18 2 524
19 1 524
124 1 524
125 1 524
127 2 524
129 1 524
145 2 524
190 1 524
191 1 524
197 1 524
211 2 524
214 1 524
218 1 524
228 3 524
243 1 524
307 1 524
318 1 524
321 2 524
324 1 524
329 2 524
330 1 524
357 1 524
376 1 524
378 2 524
416 3 524
440 1 524
442 3 524
450 3 524
451 1 524
452 2 524
453 1 524
459 2 524
467 1 524
468 2 524
484 1 524
492 1 524
495 3 524
506 1 524
508 2 524
511 5 524
512 2 524
514 2 524
517 1 524
518 1 524
520 2 524
521 1 524
523 2 524
524 6 524
525 2 524
526 2 524
527 1 524
528 1 524
529 2 524
530 2 524
534 2 524
546 1 524
553 1 524
563 1 524
565 1 524
567 1 524
576 1 524
579 1 524
580 1 524
594 1 524
603 1 524
604 2 524
606 1 524
609 2 524
610 1 524
611 1 524
612 2 524
619 1 524
622 1 524
623 1 524
625 1 524
626 1 524
629 1 524
630 1 524
631 1 524
632 1 524
633 2 524
635 1 524
636 2 524
637 2 524
642 2 524
648 1 524
650 1 524
692 1 524
696 1 524
699 2 524
700 1 524
702 1 524
703 2 524
705 2 524
707 1 524
708 1 524
723 1 524
726 2 524
727 2 524
728 2 524
729 1 524
730 2 524
731 2 524
732 2 524
733 2 524
734 2 524
736 2 524
738 1 524
739 1 524
740 1 524
741 1 524
742 1 524
743 1 524
744 1 524
754 1 524
755 1 524
812 1 524
813 1 524
814 1 524
820 2 524
822 1 524
826 2 524
827 2 524
835 2 524
851 2 524
862 2 524
866 1 524
867 1 524
870 1 524
873 1 524
875 1 524
877 1 524
879 2 524
883 1 524
1004 1 524
1035 1 524
1078 2 524
1089 2 524
1091 2 524
1143 1 524
1194 3 524
1199 2 524
1207 1 524
1264 2 524
1297 1 524
1302 1 524
1303 2 524
1356 1 524
1364 1 524
1366 1 524
1367 1 524
1368 2 524
1370 2 524
1372 2 524
1373 1 524
1374 1 524
1375 1 524
1376 1 524
1377 1 524
1383 1 524
1396 3 524
1398 1 524
1398 1 524
.I 525
.T
On the Role of Subjectivity in Establishing, Using, Operating and Evaluating
Information Retrieval Systems
Treatise II on Retrieval System Theory
.A
Fugman, Robert
.W
The personal literature search of a scientist is strongly governed by
subjective influences.. If he delegates his literature search he should always
be aware of the problems necessarily emanating from his subjective view.. This
prevents him from imposing unsatisfiable demands on the delegated search,
particularly with respect to its expected performance, and makes him conscious
of the fact that in order to satisfy his entire information need he cannot
dispense with the browsing serendipity of his personal literature search.. He
will also better understand the peculiarities of the documentary methods needed
for operating large and continuously growing systems as compared with the
methods sufficient for his personal file..
The information scientist on the other hand, in charge of establishing,
operating, and evaluating retrieval systems of high performance and survival
power, should take into consideration the pronouncedly subjective character of
fundamental notions such as "information" and "order".. This gives him a better
understanding of the kind of inquiries submitted to him and of the inherently,
even if latently, subjective character of several fundamental operations in
storage and retrieval and will cause him to refrain from futile attempts to
make such operations more "objective" and formal.. Such a better mutual
understanding will be bound to promote advance in methodology and psychology of
scientific communication..
.X
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129 1 525
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218 1 525
243 1 525
307 1 525
330 1 525
357 1 525
376 1 525
378 1 525
445 1 525
449 1 525
450 1 525
451 1 525
452 1 525
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468 1 525
476 1 525
484 1 525
492 1 525
508 1 525
511 1 525
512 1 525
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518 1 525
520 1 525
523 1 525
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525 5 525
526 2 525
527 1 525
529 2 525
530 2 525
533 1 525
534 2 525
546 1 525
553 1 525
574 1 525
579 1 525
590 1 525
594 1 525
603 1 525
604 1 525
606 1 525
609 1 525
610 1 525
611 1 525
612 1 525
616 1 525
621 2 525
625 1 525
626 1 525
630 1 525
633 1 525
635 1 525
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637 2 525
640 1 525
641 1 525
642 2 525
648 1 525
650 1 525
668 1 525
670 1 525
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689 1 525
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696 1 525
699 1 525
702 1 525
703 2 525
705 1 525
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728 1 525
730 1 525
731 1 525
732 2 525
733 2 525
734 2 525
736 2 525
738 1 525
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741 1 525
742 1 525
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797 1 525
819 1 525
820 1 525
823 1 525
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877 1 525
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883 1 525
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1077 2 525
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1091 1 525
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1231 2 525
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1396 1 525
.I 526
.T
On-Line Information retrieval as a Scientists Tool
.A
Barber, Stephanie A.
Barraclough, Elizabeth D.
Gray, W. Alexander
.W
The use of an on-line information retrieval system by the scientists
themselves is described.. MEDUSA was designed to allow physicians to
interrogate the MEDLARS data base.. A brief description is given of the system
and details of an experiment to test its effectiveness.. Search formulation
prepared on-line by medical research workers are compared for recall and
precision with the same requests formulated by search editors in the normal
way.. The results show that physicians can use an on-line system effectively..
.X
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125 2 526
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197 1 526
211 2 526
214 1 526
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307 1 526
320 1 526
330 1 526
332 1 526
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524 2 526
525 2 526
526 11 526
527 1 526
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529 2 526
530 1 526
533 1 526
534 2 526
546 4 526
553 1 526
574 1 526
575 1 526
576 1 526
579 3 526
580 1 526
594 2 526
603 1 526
604 2 526
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609 3 526
610 2 526
611 1 526
612 4 526
615 1 526
616 1 526
619 1 526
622 1 526
623 2 526
625 2 526
626 4 526
629 1 526
630 1 526
631 1 526
632 1 526
633 1 526
636 2 526
637 3 526
640 1 526
641 1 526
642 2 526
648 1 526
650 1 526
692 1 526
696 2 526
699 2 526
700 2 526
703 1 526
705 3 526
707 2 526
708 1 526
723 1 526
726 2 526
727 3 526
728 2 526
729 1 526
730 1 526
731 2 526
732 1 526
733 2 526
734 1 526
736 1 526
738 1 526
739 1 526
740 1 526
741 1 526
742 1 526
743 1 526
744 1 526
754 3 526
755 1 526
806 1 526
812 2 526
813 1 526
814 2 526
817 1 526
820 2 526
822 1 526
823 1 526
824 1 526
826 3 526
827 1 526
830 1 526
866 1 526
870 1 526
872 1 526
873 1 526
875 1 526
879 2 526
883 1 526
940 1 526
942 1 526
1004 1 526
1035 2 526
1055 1 526
1078 2 526
1089 2 526
1091 2 526
1143 2 526
1207 1 526
1247 1 526
1264 3 526
1297 1 526
1302 1 526
1303 3 526
1305 1 526
1306 1 526
1313 1 526
1327 1 526
1356 1 526
1364 2 526
1366 2 526
1367 3 526
1368 3 526
1370 1 526
1372 1 526
1373 1 526
1374 2 526
1375 1 526
1376 1 526
1377 2 526
1396 1 526
1427 1 526
1435 1 526
1436 1 526
1436 1 526
.I 527
.T
A Technique for Machine-Aided Indexing
.A
Klingbiel, Paul H.
.W
Subject indexing of text can, in principle, be accomplished in many ways..
The technique for machine-aided indexing (MAI) developed at the Defense
Documentation Center (DDC) is illustrated on a randomly chosen abstract..
Additional text is provided in coded form so that the reader can more fully
explore this technique and form his own opinion of the applicability and
versatility of this particular procedure.. The DDC method for subject indexing
is very close to operational status for a data base which grows at the rate of
two million words of text per year..
.X
18 1 527
51 1 527
69 1 527
71 1 527
77 1 527
79 1 527
124 1 527
125 1 527
127 1 527
145 1 527
165 1 527
168 1 527
174 1 527
175 3 527
176 2 527
315 1 527
332 1 527
357 1 527
376 1 527
381 1 527
382 1 527
446 2 527
448 2 527
452 1 527
459 1 527
480 1 527
483 1 527
484 2 527
486 1 527
488 1 527
489 1 527
491 1 527
493 2 527
499 2 527
500 2 527
503 1 527
507 1 527
509 1 527
510 1 527
511 1 527
512 1 527
516 2 527
517 3 527
518 1 527
520 1 527
521 1 527
522 3 527
523 1 527
524 1 527
525 1 527
526 1 527
527 7 527
528 2 527
529 2 527
530 1 527
531 1 527
534 1 527
565 1 527
566 1 527
572 1 527
575 1 527
576 1 527
581 1 527
596 1 527
603 1 527
608 1 527
610 1 527
615 1 527
625 1 527
626 1 527
633 2 527
635 1 527
636 2 527
637 1 527
642 1 527
659 1 527
666 1 527
700 1 527
702 1 527
703 1 527
705 1 527
707 1 527
715 1 527
727 1 527
730 1 527
732 1 527
733 1 527
734 1 527
736 1 527
754 2 527
790 1 527
805 1 527
809 1 527
810 1 527
812 2 527
813 1 527
814 1 527
817 2 527
824 2 527
825 1 527
826 1 527
827 1 527
830 1 527
875 1 527
877 1 527
879 1 527
894 1 527
1051 1 527
1294 1 527
1303 1 527
1327 3 527
1364 1 527
1366 1 527
1367 1 527
1368 1 527
1370 1 527
1372 1 527
1383 1 527
1396 1 527
1419 1 527
1427 1 527
1428 1 527
1428 1 527
.I 528
.T
Customized User Services via Interactions with LEADERMART
.A
Hillman, Donald J.
.W
LEADERMART is a fully operational information retrieval system featuring
on-line interactive service to a wide variety of user groups in business,
industry, government, and universities.. With the availability of many
computer-readable bibliographic data bases, experience with users dictated the
development of special-purpose information products based on a thorough
understanding of individual client needs, and the delivery of such products in
a customized form.. Each different application required a different package,
with variations of both software and data base coverage.. These packages were
developed via suitable modification of modular system software to result in
products tailored to user idiosyncracies..
The paper describes problems associated with these repackaging procedures,
and discusses the changes brought about by the introduction of an on-line,
interactive retrieval service into the operating environment of users..
Implications for networking and resource-sharing, focusing upon
cost-effectiveness and performance measures, are also discussed..
.X
18 1 528
51 1 528
69 1 528
71 1 528
77 1 528
79 1 528
119 1 528
122 1 528
124 1 528
125 2 528
145 1 528
165 1 528
168 1 528
175 1 528
176 1 528
211 1 528
300 1 528
315 1 528
332 1 528
365 1 528
378 1 528
381 1 528
382 1 528
394 1 528
439 1 528
440 1 528
448 2 528
452 2 528
453 2 528
467 1 528
468 1 528
480 1 528
483 1 528
484 3 528
486 1 528
488 1 528
491 1 528
493 1 528
495 1 528
503 1 528
506 1 528
507 1 528
508 2 528
509 1 528
510 1 528
511 2 528
512 2 528
514 1 528
516 1 528
517 2 528
518 1 528
520 2 528
521 2 528
522 2 528
523 3 528
524 1 528
526 4 528
527 2 528
528 8 528
529 1 528
531 1 528
534 1 528
546 1 528
565 1 528
566 1 528
575 1 528
576 1 528
579 1 528
580 1 528
581 1 528
594 1 528
596 1 528
603 1 528
604 1 528
606 1 528
608 1 528
609 1 528
610 1 528
612 2 528
614 1 528
615 1 528
619 1 528
622 1 528
623 1 528
624 1 528
625 1 528
626 2 528
629 1 528
631 1 528
632 1 528
633 2 528
636 1 528
637 1 528
659 1 528
699 1 528
700 2 528
705 2 528
707 2 528
715 1 528
723 1 528
726 1 528
727 2 528
728 1 528
729 1 528
730 1 528
731 1 528
754 3 528
790 1 528
805 1 528
809 1 528
810 1 528
812 3 528
813 2 528
814 2 528
817 2 528
818 1 528
820 1 528
822 1 528
824 2 528
825 1 528
826 1 528
830 1 528
866 1 528
870 1 528
872 1 528
873 1 528
875 1 528
894 1 528
940 1 528
1051 1 528
1078 1 528
1089 1 528
1091 1 528
1143 2 528
1247 1 528
1264 2 528
1294 1 528
1302 1 528
1303 2 528
1327 2 528
1364 1 528
1366 2 528
1367 3 528
1368 2 528
1374 1 528
1396 1 528
1419 1 528
1427 2 528
1435 1 528
1436 1 528
1436 1 528
.I 529
.T
A Remote-Terminal Retrospective Search Facility Using a Hybrid of Microform
and Computer Storage
.A
Irvine, J. J.
.W
This paper describes a technical document center providing remote-terminal
retrospective search capability and shows its evolution from the traditional
catalog card operation..
The system uses mini-computers for on-line input and editing of data and for
production of announcements, and uses a commercial computer-utility/
communication network for retrospective searching.. A hybrid of microform and
computer storage was designed to decrease computer and line charges and to allow
for security considerations..
Bilingual search capability in either of two models suitable for experienced
users or novices is provided to a network of satellite libraries separated by
as much as 3000 miles..
A Selective Dissemination of Information service is provided using in-house
and foreign data bases and serving over 600 profiles of interest..
.X
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129 1 529
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145 1 529
165 1 529
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191 1 529
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243 1 529
244 1 529
299 1 529
307 1 529
330 1 529
357 1 529
365 1 529
376 1 529
378 1 529
381 1 529
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530 2 529
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650 1 529
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728 1 529
730 1 529
731 1 529
732 2 529
733 2 529
734 2 529
736 2 529
738 1 529
739 1 529
740 1 529
741 1 529
742 1 529
743 1 529
744 1 529
754 1 529
755 1 529
812 1 529
817 1 529
820 1 529
822 1 529
824 1 529
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827 2 529
854 1 529
871 1 529
872 1 529
873 1 529
874 1 529
875 2 529
876 1 529
877 2 529
878 1 529
879 3 529
880 1 529
883 1 529
892 1 529
940 1 529
941 1 529
947 1 529
990 1 529
994 1 529
997 1 529
998 1 529
1004 1 529
1035 1 529
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1079 1 529
1089 1 529
1091 1 529
1143 1 529
1207 1 529
1230 1 529
1257 1 529
1264 1 529
1297 1 529
1303 3 529
1327 1 529
1356 1 529
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1366 1 529
1367 1 529
1368 2 529
1370 2 529
1372 2 529
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1376 1 529
1377 1 529
1383 1 529
1396 2 529
1435 1 529
1436 1 529
1436 1 529
.I 530
.T
Indexing Language Structure for Automated Retrieval
.A
Wall, R. A.
.W
A proposal for a computer-aided method of building up an indexing language
is made.. The method involves linking the terms relevant to any special
retrieval system into the UDC, preferably in the form of the Standard Reference
Code when it becomes available.. Links between the terms are intended to be
established in such a way that, provided indexing input sessions are
accomplished via a video terminal, a hybrid thesaurus-classification could be
built up by a form of "learning process" in the course of regular indexing..
The proposed means of establishing links between terms are described, the
associated computer system is outlined, and an example of indexing language
built-up procedure is presented.. Possible uses for natural language search,
using the thesaurus-classification as a "switching language", and for automatic
classification, are suggested as long-term aims..
.X
18 1 530
124 1 530
127 2 530
129 1 530
141 1 530
145 1 530
165 1 530
190 1 530
191 1 530
197 1 530
211 1 530
214 1 530
218 1 530
243 1 530
299 1 530
307 1 530
330 1 530
333 2 530
357 1 530
376 1 530
378 1 530
449 1 530
450 1 530
451 1 530
452 1 530
459 2 530
468 1 530
484 1 530
492 1 530
508 1 530
511 1 530
512 1 530
514 1 530
518 1 530
520 1 530
522 1 530
523 1 530
524 2 530
525 2 530
526 1 530
527 1 530
529 2 530
530 6 530
534 2 530
546 1 530
553 2 530
579 1 530
594 1 530
603 1 530
604 1 530
606 1 530
609 1 530
610 1 530
611 1 530
612 1 530
621 1 530
625 1 530
626 1 530
627 1 530
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630 1 530
633 1 530
635 1 530
636 2 530
637 2 530
641 1 530
642 2 530
648 1 530
650 1 530
692 1 530
696 1 530
699 1 530
702 1 530
703 2 530
705 1 530
708 1 530
726 1 530
727 1 530
728 1 530
730 1 530
731 1 530
732 2 530
733 2 530
734 2 530
736 2 530
738 1 530
739 1 530
740 1 530
741 1 530
742 1 530
743 1 530
744 1 530
755 1 530
802 1 530
819 1 530
820 1 530
824 1 530
825 1 530
826 2 530
827 2 530
873 1 530
874 2 530
875 1 530
876 1 530
877 2 530
878 1 530
879 2 530
880 1 530
883 1 530
892 1 530
898 1 530
940 1 530
941 2 530
992 1 530
993 1 530
994 1 530
995 2 530
996 1 530
997 1 530
998 1 530
1004 1 530
1035 1 530
1061 1 530
1078 1 530
1079 2 530
1089 1 530
1091 1 530
1146 1 530
1153 1 530
1189 1 530
1207 1 530
1215 1 530
1216 1 530
1231 1 530
1251 1 530
1264 1 530
1297 1 530
1303 1 530
1351 1 530
1356 1 530
1364 1 530
1368 1 530
1370 2 530
1372 2 530
1373 1 530
1374 1 530
1375 1 530
1376 1 530
1377 1 530
1383 1 530
1396 2 530
1420 1 530
1421 1 530
1434 2 530
1435 2 530
1436 1 530
1441 1 530
1442 1 530
1442 1 530
.I 531
.T
Index Term Weighting
.A
Jones, Karen Sparck
.W
Various approaches to index term weighting have been investigated.. In
particular, claims have been made for the value of statistically-based
indexing in automatic retrieval systems.. The paper discusses the logic of
different types of weighting, and describes experiments testing weighting
schemes of these types.. The result show that one type of weighting leads to
material performance improvements in quite different collection environments..
.X
51 1 531
69 1 531
71 1 531
75 1 531
77 1 531
79 2 531
168 1 531
175 1 531
176 1 531
315 2 531
382 1 531
419 1 531
441 1 531
448 1 531
466 1 531
480 1 531
483 1 531
484 1 531
486 1 531
488 1 531
491 1 531
493 1 531
503 1 531
507 1 531
509 1 531
510 1 531
512 1 531
517 1 531
518 1 531
520 1 531
522 1 531
527 1 531
528 1 531
531 5 531
565 1 531
566 1 531
575 1 531
577 1 531
581 1 531
596 1 531
603 1 531
608 1 531
625 1 531
633 1 531
634 1 531
644 1 531
649 1 531
659 2 531
660 1 531
715 1 531
752 1 531
754 1 531
780 1 531
790 1 531
805 1 531
809 1 531
810 3 531
812 5 531
813 1 531
814 3 531
817 2 531
824 3 531
825 1 531
894 2 531
956 1 531
1051 1 531
1282 1 531
1294 2 531
1327 3 531
1419 1 531
1427 1 531
1427 1 531
.I 532
.T
Relevance, Pertinence and Information System Development
.A
Kemp, D.A.
.W
The different between pertinence and relevance is discussed.. Other pairs of
terms and the differences between their members are examined, and the
suggestion is made that such studies could increase our understanding of the
theory of information systems, and hence lead to practical improvements.. Some
examples are considered, among them the use of "personality profiles" to
improve the pertinence effectiveness of systems..
.X
29 1 532
35 1 532
42 1 532
43 1 532
58 1 532
70 1 532
84 1 532
124 1 532
444 2 532
445 2 532
447 2 532
449 2 532
459 1 532
474 1 532
486 1 532
514 1 532
523 1 532
532 5 532
533 1 532
554 1 532
594 1 532
604 1 532
611 1 532
625 2 532
646 1 532
660 1 532
728 1 532
733 1 532
762 1 532
764 1 532
826 1 532
893 1 532
1016 1 532
1030 1 532
1045 1 532
1084 1 532
1094 1 532
1138 1 532
1195 1 532
1201 1 532
1235 1 532
1263 1 532
1281 1 532
1285 1 532
1303 1 532
1327 1 532
1357 1 532
1405 1 532
1405 1 532
.I 533
.T
The Dynamic Scientific-Information User
.A
Garvey, William D.
Tomita, Kazuo
Woolf, Patricia
.W
In this article we examine the concept of the "information user", and
attempt to describe some of the dynamics of the situation by discussing some of
our data relative to "intraindividual variations" (changes which occur within
individual scientists as their scientific work progresses) and "interindividual
variations" (physical vs social scientists, basic vs applied scientists,
experienced vs inexperienced scientists, and scientists' working in the same
subject-matter area vs scientists who recently changed their areas).. All of
these were found to produce significant variation in the information needs of
scientists and in the sources they used to satisfy these needs.. Some
implications of these findings relative to information technology are
discussed..
.X
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126 1 533
439 1 533
440 2 533
449 1 533
456 2 533
514 1 533
525 1 533
526 1 533
532 1 533
533 5 533
574 1 533
594 1 533
604 1 533
611 1 533
616 1 533
640 1 533
728 1 533
733 1 533
823 1 533
1303 1 533
1305 1 533
1306 1 533
1313 1 533
1319 1 533
1338 1 533
1338 1 533
.I 534
.T
Project Intrex: A General Review
.A
Overhage, Carl F. J.
Reintjes, J. Francis
.W
A comprehensive review of the experimental information storage and retrieval
system developed by Project Intrex is presented, together with a description of
major results and conclusions that were derived through use of the system..
Salient features of the Intrex system included an argumented catalog stored in
an online interactive computer in combination with full-text storage on
microfiche.. Guaranteed access to full text at remote allocations was provided
through use of an automatic fiche storage and retrieval system that was
computer-controlled.. Discussed in the paper are the details of the catalog
structure, user experiments, economic studies and information-system
networking..
.X
10 1 534
18 1 534
124 1 534
127 2 534
129 1 534
145 1 534
190 2 534
191 1 534
197 1 534
211 1 534
214 1 534
218 1 534
225 1 534
243 1 534
244 1 534
304 1 534
305 1 534
306 1 534
307 1 534
330 1 534
332 1 534
357 1 534
358 1 534
376 1 534
378 1 534
385 1 534
394 1 534
433 1 534
434 1 534
450 1 534
451 1 534
452 1 534
459 3 534
468 1 534
484 2 534
492 1 534
508 2 534
511 1 534
512 1 534
514 1 534
518 1 534
520 1 534
523 2 534
524 2 534
525 2 534
526 2 534
527 1 534
528 1 534
529 2 534
530 2 534
534 5 534
546 2 534
553 1 534
579 2 534
594 2 534
603 1 534
604 1 534
606 2 534
609 1 534
610 1 534
611 1 534
612 1 534
625 1 534
626 2 534
630 1 534
633 1 534
635 1 534
636 2 534
637 3 534
639 1 534
642 2 534
648 1 534
650 1 534
692 1 534
696 1 534
699 1 534
702 2 534
703 2 534
705 1 534
708 1 534
726 1 534
727 1 534
728 1 534
730 1 534
731 2 534
732 3 534
733 2 534
734 2 534
736 2 534
738 1 534
739 1 534
740 1 534
741 1 534
742 1 534
743 1 534
744 1 534
755 1 534
817 1 534
820 2 534
823 1 534
825 1 534
826 4 534
827 3 534
828 1 534
830 1 534
877 1 534
879 2 534
883 1 534
947 2 534
948 1 534
1004 1 534
1017 1 534
1035 1 534
1058 1 534
1078 1 534
1089 1 534
1091 1 534
1146 1 534
1207 1 534
1230 1 534
1257 1 534
1264 1 534
1297 1 534
1303 1 534
1356 1 534
1364 1 534
1368 1 534
1370 2 534
1372 2 534
1373 1 534
1374 3 534
1375 1 534
1376 1 534
1377 1 534
1383 1 534
1390 1 534
1396 1 534
1427 1 534
1441 1 534
1441 1 534
.I 535
.T
Information Systems, Services, and Centers
.A
Weisman, H.M.
.W
This book is concerned with the practices of information transfer and use.
It examines information science for the purpose of control of the information
"flood" through systems, services, and centers. The book is designed as a
text for use at the university level and as a reference source for working
information scientists and specialists, for documentalists, for engineers
and for researchers in the physical, life, and social sciences.
.X
5 1 535
9 1 535
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222 1 535
223 1 535
296 1 535
297 1 535
298 1 535
300 1 535
301 1 535
302 1 535
358 1 535
364 1 535
408 1 535
515 1 535
535 7 535
553 1 535
554 1 535
598 1 535
625 1 535
629 1 535
631 1 535
634 1 535
791 1 535
811 1 535
816 1 535
818 1 535
823 1 535
843 1 535
844 1 535
846 1 535
915 1 535
961 1 535
962 1 535
964 1 535
994 1 535
1015 1 535
1242 1 535
1247 1 535
1268 1 535
1354 1 535
1354 1 535
.I 536
.T
Information Theory and Reliable Communication
.A
Gallagher, R.G.
.W
This book is designed primarily for use as a first-year graduate text in
information theory, suitable for both engineers and mathematicians. It is
assumed that the reader has some understanding of freshman calculus and
elementary probability, and in the later chapters some introductory random
process theory. Unfortunately there is one more requirement that is harder
to meet. The reader must have a reasonable level of mathematical maturity
and capability for abstract thought. The major results of the theory are
quite subtle and abstract and must sometimes be arrived at by what appears to
be rather devious routes. Fortunately, recent simplifications in the theory
have made the major results more accessible than in the past.
.X
228 1 536
329 1 536
442 1 536
536 6 536
867 1 536
1244 4 536
1244 4 536
.I 537
.T
The Information Sciences
.A
Kunz, W.
.W
This book describes the results of a study which the
author has carried out during the summer of 1969 in
Heidelberg and San Francisco about the development of the
information sciences in the Federal Republic of Germany.
This study was conducted following an undertaking between
the Federal Ministry for Scientific Research, the Institute
for Documentation questions, and the Study Group for Research in
System Science.
.X
135 1 537
137 1 537
537 8 537
1038 1 537
1218 1 537
1218 1 537
.I 538
.T
Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.B
1972
.W
This book is concerned primarily with those "intellectual" factors that
significantly affect the performance of all information retrieval systems;
namely,
- indexing policy and practice
- vocabulary control
- searching control
- interaction between the system and its users
My viewpoint is that of the evaluator of information systems. I have
therefore paid considerable attention to a discussion of the requirements
of users of information systems and the measurement of system performance
in terms of the efficient and economical satisfaction of these requirements.
The book does not concern itself, except indirectly, with equipment
for the implementation of retrieval systems, a topic that is adequately
covered by other volumes in this series. Moreover, it is my contention that
the importance of "hardware" and "data processing" aspects of information
systems has been exaggerated in the United States, with some detriment
to the performance of many systems.
.X
538 6 538
1126 1 538
1139 1 538
1323 1 538
1327 1 538
1411 1 538
1411 1 538
.I 539
.T
Information Retrieval Languages
.A
Moskovich, V.A.
.W
This book gives classification and detailed description of different types of
information retrieval languages.
A universal scheme served as the basis for classifying information retrieval
languages.
The book analyses in detail universal scheme similarities and differences
between natural and information retrieval languages; some ways of constructing
information retrieval language are discussed.
.X
179 1 539
362 1 539
539 8 539
1105 1 539
1118 1 539
1129 1 539
1156 1 539
1156 1 539
.I 540
.T
Information: Methodology
.A
Ursul, A.D.
.W
This book sheds light on basic problems, principles and results of
philosophical-methodological research in information concepts, gives critical
analysis of its idealistic interpretation.
Author proves possibility more general definition of information using
categories of reflectivity and inequality.
Both mathematical variants (statistical-probability and nonstatistical)
as well as semantic concepts of information are analyzed, basic information
species and functions in human society are determined.
.X
228 1 540
229 1 540
540 7 540
585 1 540
1101 1 540
1116 1 540
1128 1 540
1130 1 540
1161 1 540
1165 1 540
1169 2 540
1181 1 540
1195 1 540
1220 2 540
1224 1 540
1224 1 540
.I 541
.T
ISBD(S) and Title Main Entry for Serials
.A
Spalding, C. Sumner
.W
At the IFLA Liverpool Conference in 1971 a Joint working
Group of the Committees on Cataloguing and on Serial Publications
was set up to draw up an International Standard Bibliographic
Description for Serials, taking the ISBD(M) as a model in
so far as practicable. As might be expected, the special problems
presented by serial publications made the task of developing an
ISBD(S) a difficult assignment which the Joint Working Group
tackled with great energy and devotion. The successive drafts
were prepared by the Chairman and the Secretary, Mlle M.-L.
Bossuat and Mlle M. Pelletier.
Probably no data element presented such a severe problem as
that of serial title. The seemingly countless Mitteilungen,
Memoires, Proceedings, Bulletins, Trudy's, and the like seemed to
demand some useful and standardized way to be identified. A
solution to this problem was found in the adoption of a device
which consisted of marrying the author statement to the generic
title proper, with a wedding ring consisting of a space-hyphen-
space and dubbing the happy couple the "distinctive title."
.X
10 1 541
121 1 541
333 2 541
541 7 541
873 1 541
877 1 541
878 1 541
881 2 541
904 3 541
919 3 541
920 4 541
921 3 541
940 1 541
999 3 541
1000 2 541
1001 3 541
1002 3 541
1003 3 541
1013 1 541
1441 1 541
1441 1 541
.I 542
.T
(Towards a Theory of the Concept)
.A
Dahlberg, I.
.W
A concept is regarded as the common element of
both classification systems and thesauri. Reality
and knowledge are not represented by words or
terms but by the meanings "behind" these tokens.
A concept of, say, an object, a property of an
object, a process, etc. is derived from verbal
statements on these as subjects and may therefore be
defined as the whole of true and possible predicates
that can be collected on a given subject. It is
from these predicates that the characteristics of the
corresponding concepts can be derived. Common
characteristics in different concepts lead to
relations between concepts, which relations in turn are
factors for the formation of concept systems.
Different kinds of relationships as well as different
kinds of concepts are distinguished. It is pointed
out that an orderly supply of the elements for
propositions (information statements) on new knowledge
requires the construction and availability of such
concept systems.
.X
259 1 542
476 1 542
477 1 542
542 5 542
758 1 542
1231 1 542
1259 1 542
1391 1 542
1391 1 542
.I 543
.T
Impact of Scientific Serials on the Advancement of Medical
Knowledge: An Objective Method of Analysis
.A
Sengupta, I.N.
.W
A common tool for the selection of serial publications for a research
library is the lists of most cited serials. The possibilities of this method
were first studied by Gross and Gross who in 1927 applied a method of
sample statistical investigation to the grading of scientific serials
according to their relative importance based on citation counting from source
journals.
.X
33 1 543
36 1 543
37 1 543
90 1 543
161 1 543
183 1 543
184 1 543
193 1 543
198 1 543
199 1 543
201 1 543
202 1 543
203 1 543
204 1 543
205 1 543
209 1 543
212 1 543
217 1 543
220 1 543
222 1 543
284 1 543
286 1 543
294 1 543
360 3 543
543 9 543
588 1 543
613 1 543
614 1 543
624 1 543
638 1 543
735 1 543
799 1 543
800 1 543
808 1 543
952 1 543
959 1 543
1151 1 543
1210 1 543
1260 1 543
1275 1 543
1276 1 543
1302 1 543
1355 1 543
1432 3 543
1432 3 543
.I 544
.T
The Nature of Scientific Communication and Influence
.A
Crane, Diana
.W
As the formal communication system of science has become less able to
supply information with the rapidity that scientists require, increasing
attention has been paid to the structure of communication in science.. How are
scientific publications utilized by scientists? What is accomplished by the
circulation of scientific information on an informal basis? How does the social
organization among scientists facilitate or inhibit these processes?
Three types of studies have been conducted in this area: (a) studies of the
scientific literature itself; (b) studies of how scientists obtain the
information which they need for their research; and (c) studies of the
relationship between scientists who conduct research in the same areas.. For the
most part, studies of formal communication and information gathering have been
conducted in the absence of all but the most rudimentary theoretical models, as
has been pointed out in at least three recent reviews of these studies (Libbey
and Zaltman, 1967, p. 64; Paisley, 1968; Storer, 1968, p. 12).. The lack of
theory can be attributed partly to the practical orientation of many of the
studies and also to the fact that an adequate model cannot be based on any one
of these types of studies alone.. A useful theory must integrate knowledge from
all three types.. In this article, we will review these studies and will
describe a teoretical model which has been designed to fill this purpose..
.X
33 1 544
89 2 544
95 2 544
98 1 544
100 1 544
101 1 544
102 1 544
105 4 544
107 1 544
109 1 544
110 1 544
113 1 544
155 1 544
157 1 544
312 1 544
314 1 544
356 2 544
386 2 544
398 1 544
544 5 544
560 3 544
582 1 544
605 1 544
656 1 544
667 1 544
685 1 544
750 1 544
775 1 544
800 1 544
1030 1 544
1050 1 544
1062 1 544
1063 2 544
1081 1 544
1082 1 544
1088 1 544
1256 1 544
1284 2 544
1285 2 544
1286 1 544
1287 1 544
1290 1 544
1291 2 544
1293 1 544
1294 1 544
1295 1 544
1296 1 544
1297 1 544
1300 3 544
1308 1 544
1312 2 544
1313 1 544
1319 1 544
1334 1 544
1345 1 544
1346 2 544
1386 3 544
1408 1 544
1408 1 544
.I 545
.T
The Literature of the Social Sciences: a Survey of Citation Studies
.A
Broadus, Robert N.
.W
The great concern with scientific communication in the last few decades has
produced a number of studies analyzing the use of information.. One approach to
these matters has been via the citation study - a method often used in the physical
sciences, but applied less frequently in the humanities and social sciences..
However, in the latter area, enough citation studies have been completed to
produce material for interesting comparisons..
.X
33 2 545
36 1 545
41 1 545
48 2 545
89 1 545
97 1 545
100 1 545
102 3 545
104 1 545
105 1 545
106 2 545
108 1 545
110 2 545
111 4 545
112 2 545
113 4 545
161 1 545
163 2 545
170 1 545
183 1 545
184 1 545
193 1 545
198 1 545
199 1 545
203 1 545
210 1 545
225 1 545
243 1 545
269 1 545
314 1 545
356 1 545
361 1 545
373 1 545
456 1 545
513 1 545
545 9 545
552 1 545
560 2 545
587 1 545
592 1 545
602 1 545
605 1 545
607 1 545
613 1 545
614 1 545
616 1 545
632 1 545
635 1 545
638 1 545
735 1 545
747 1 545
750 1 545
753 1 545
764 1 545
766 1 545
767 1 545
775 1 545
776 1 545
782 1 545
784 1 545
788 2 545
789 3 545
793 2 545
800 1 545
808 1 545
905 1 545
953 1 545
977 1 545
983 1 545
1016 1 545
1023 1 545
1030 2 545
1055 1 545
1062 1 545
1087 1 545
1090 1 545
1135 1 545
1260 1 545
1275 2 545
1276 1 545
1278 1 545
1280 1 545
1285 3 545
1286 1 545
1287 2 545
1291 1 545
1293 1 545
1296 1 545
1298 1 545
1302 2 545
1335 2 545
1337 1 545
1338 1 545
1340 1 545
1344 1 545
1346 2 545
1347 2 545
1386 1 545
1390 1 545
1397 1 545
1417 1 545
1428 1 545
1432 1 545
1432 1 545
.I 546
.T
Interactive Bibliographic Search:
The User/Computer Interface
.A
Walker, D.E.
.W
On the 14th and 15th of January, 1971, a Workshop on "The User
Interface for Interactive Search of Bibliographic Data Bases" was held at
Ricky's Hyatt House in Palo Alto, California. The Workshop, sponsored by
the Information Systems committee of the American Federation of
Information Processing Societies, brought together a group of information
scientists who have been directly involved with this subject area. They were
provided in advance with a "Challenge" paper and with a number of papers
prepared in response to that challenge. The Workshop sessions themselves
were devoted exclusively to focussed discussions of the material and of the
problems in and the prospects for more effective systems design of the user
interface. The content of these two days of deliberation prompted making
the substance of the Workshop experience available to a larger audience.
This book is intended to accomplish that goal.
.X
61 1 546
66 1 546
124 1 546
127 1 546
129 1 546
145 1 546
168 1 546
190 1 546
191 1 546
197 2 546
211 2 546
214 1 546
218 2 546
243 1 546
274 1 546
307 1 546
317 1 546
320 1 546
330 1 546
332 3 546
343 1 546
348 1 546
378 1 546
382 1 546
417 2 546
443 1 546
450 1 546
451 2 546
452 2 546
458 1 546
459 2 546
460 1 546
468 1 546
484 2 546
492 1 546
508 2 546
511 1 546
512 1 546
514 2 546
518 1 546
520 1 546
523 2 546
524 1 546
525 1 546
526 4 546
528 1 546
529 1 546
530 1 546
534 2 546
546 11 546
553 1 546
572 1 546
579 3 546
593 1 546
594 4 546
603 1 546
604 1 546
606 6 546
608 1 546
609 2 546
610 2 546
611 2 546
612 3 546
625 1 546
626 5 546
630 1 546
636 1 546
637 3 546
641 1 546
642 2 546
648 1 546
650 1 546
692 1 546
696 1 546
699 1 546
703 1 546
705 1 546
708 1 546
726 1 546
727 1 546
728 1 546
731 1 546
732 1 546
733 2 546
734 1 546
736 1 546
738 1 546
739 1 546
740 1 546
741 1 546
742 1 546
743 1 546
744 1 546
754 1 546
755 1 546
814 1 546
820 1 546
826 3 546
827 1 546
830 1 546
879 1 546
883 1 546
902 1 546
1004 1 546
1035 3 546
1046 1 546
1051 1 546
1078 1 546
1089 1 546
1091 1 546
1207 1 546
1264 1 546
1297 1 546
1303 2 546
1327 1 546
1356 1 546
1364 1 546
1368 2 546
1370 1 546
1372 1 546
1373 1 546
1374 2 546
1375 1 546
1376 1 546
1377 2 546
1387 1 546
1399 1 546
1427 1 546
1427 1 546
.I 547
.T
AIM-TWX - an Experimental On-Line Bibliographic Retrieval System
.A
Katter, R.V.
McCarn, D.B.
.W
The Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications of
the National Library of Medicine, in conjunction with the NLM Library
Operations staff, initiated in June 1970 a new experimental service called
AIM-TWX (Abridged Index Medicus-TWX) to provide rapid, responsive
searching of the medical literature.
This experiment is being conducted to identify the need for and
usefulness of such services to help medical practitioners situated in isolated
areas, to assist in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education,
and to provide information precisely when and where it is needed for health
care. A limited group of practitioners, students, and librarians is being given
access to the system so that it will not be overloaded and rejected because of
busy signals, and so that a variety of user groups can test it.
.X
75 1 547
190 1 547
191 1 547
468 1 547
508 1 547
514 1 547
523 2 547
547 6 547
593 1 547
594 2 547
606 1 547
648 1 547
743 1 547
1264 1 547
1303 3 547
1356 1 547
1372 1 547
1372 1 547
.I 548
.T
The Computer/Library Interface: the Last Five Years
.A
Balmforth, C.K.
Grose, M.W.
Jeffreys, A.E.
.W
University printing presses exist, and are subsidized by the Government for
the purpose of producing books which no one can read; and they are true to their
high calling. Books are the sources of material for lectures. They should be
kept from the young; for to read books and remember what you read, well
enough to reproduce it, is called 'cramming', and this is destructive of all
true education. The best way to protect the young from books, is, first, to
make them in such a way that no one can find them without several years'
training. A lecturer is a sound scholar, who is chosen to teach on the ground
that he was once able to learn. Eloquence is not permissible in a lecture; it
is a privilege reserved by stature for the Public Orator.
.X
114 1 548
169 1 548
218 1 548
235 1 548
243 1 548
253 1 548
289 2 548
291 1 548
345 1 548
375 1 548
400 1 548
408 1 548
459 1 548
492 1 548
493 1 548
497 1 548
506 1 548
507 1 548
508 1 548
510 1 548
548 6 548
594 2 548
597 1 548
598 1 548
601 2 548
604 1 548
607 1 548
627 1 548
836 1 548
863 1 548
864 1 548
865 1 548
866 2 548
867 1 548
868 1 548
897 1 548
916 1 548
936 1 548
990 1 548
1042 1 548
1052 1 548
1073 1 548
1087 1 548
1248 1 548
1327 1 548
1368 1 548
1392 1 548
1414 1 548
1448 1 548
1448 1 548
.I 549
.T
The Intergroup Conflict
.A
Sherif, M.
.W
In one broad category of theories, the problems are expressed
in terms of actualities of events in group relations as they
exist in everyday life. On the whole, theories advanced by
many social scientists fall in this broad category. In this
concern over actualities the problem is frequently not stated and
discussion not developed in a way that can be tested rigorously.
In the second broad category of theories, problems are stated
and analysis carried out in terms of more rigorous-appearing
concepts and units of analysis. Theories coming from psychologists
and social scientists heavily influenced by them fall within
this broad category. In this line of approach, theories are
advanced without due regard to actualities, and consequently
they are plagued with serious questions of validity.
.X
118 1 549
207 1 549
412 1 549
418 1 549
549 5 549
939 1 549
1047 1 549
1332 1 549
1332 1 549
.I 550
.T
Interlibrary Loan Involving Academic Libraries
.A
Thomson, S.K.
.W
Interlibrary loan transactions involving academic libraries in the United
States numbered over 800,000 items in 1963-64. This number is growing
exponentially. Large libraries report that they cannot fill about a third
of the interlibrary loan requests they receive. Unfilled interlibrary loans
are costly to both the borrowing and the lending libraries and reduce the
usefulness of the service to the reader. Many of these interlibrary loan
failures are preventable, chiefly by publishing policies of the lending
libraries to prevent borrowers from requesting noncirculating materials and
by determining in advance what library owns the item wanted.
.X
14 1 550
153 1 550
170 1 550
223 1 550
266 1 550
271 1 550
550 5 550
1019 1 550
1028 1 550
1086 1 550
1090 1 550
1424 1 550
1424 1 550
.I 551
.T
Interlibrary Loan Policies Directory
.A
Thomson, S.K.
.W
In 1972-73 approximately 194,000 interlibrary loan requests
were not filled because the borrowing library in ignorance
requested non-circulating material contrary to the
interlibrary lending policies of the lending library. These
unfilled requests probably cost the borrowing and lending
libraries over $400,000 in wasted manpower, besides
disappointing readers who waited in vain for their materials.
Much of this waste could be prevented if borrowing libraries check
in advance the lending policies before sending requests.
The major elements determining whether or not libraries
receive requests to borrow from libraries at a distance are
whether the library lists unusual materials in union lists,
especially THE NATIONAL UNION CATALOG, THE UNION LIST OF
SERIALS AND NEW SERIAL TITLES, and whether it has strong
collections in a subject field listed in library directories.
Volume of out-of-state lending is related to the type of
lending library, the size of collection, budget for current
acquisitions, number of periodicals received, photocopy
charges, population density in neighboring states, proximity
to other libraries, and completeness of reporting holdings in
the National Union Catalog or other bibliographic centers.
.X
6 1 551
10 2 551
167 1 551
232 1 551
363 1 551
403 1 551
461 1 551
551 5 551
886 1 551
887 1 551
942 1 551
947 1 551
1058 1 551
1059 1 551
1060 1 551
1258 1 551
1305 1 551
1306 1 551
1390 1 551
1390 1 551
.I 552
.T
Interlibrary Requests
.A
Ash, L.
.W
Our survey, in other words, is offered within the bounds of descriptive
or deductive statistics which seeks to analyze a group, not attempt to estimate
the parameters of that population of which the group has been chosen as a
sample. The latter role is assumed by inductive statistics which makes use
of probability sampling. Accordingly, our data are presented in those forms
and with those statistical measures appropriate to the methods of descriptive
statistics: arrays, frequency distributions, breakdowns by categories which
seem of optimum value to the librarian and administrator, e.g., the frequency
of requests for journals versus monographs, the age of journals requested,
the types and ages of materials requested by the various types of libraries
(university, pharmaceutical, etc.). The tables are arranged to give evidence
of the types of frequency distribution revealed by the Survey, as well as to
indicate central tendency, dispersion, rank order, and possibly correlations
for significant factors.
.X
2 1 552
33 1 552
36 1 552
41 1 552
76 2 552
87 1 552
89 2 552
97 1 552
102 1 552
111 1 552
112 1 552
132 1 552
137 1 552
139 1 552
152 1 552
155 1 552
163 1 552
183 3 552
184 3 552
193 2 552
195 1 552
196 1 552
198 1 552
199 1 552
201 1 552
203 3 552
204 3 552
210 2 552
225 1 552
269 1 552
373 1 552
415 1 552
475 1 552
545 1 552
552 5 552
587 1 552
605 1 552
613 1 552
614 1 552
638 1 552
735 2 552
747 1 552
750 1 552
753 1 552
760 1 552
766 2 552
767 1 552
774 1 552
775 2 552
782 1 552
784 2 552
788 2 552
789 2 552
793 1 552
800 1 552
808 1 552
828 1 552
905 1 552
953 1 552
977 2 552
983 1 552
1016 1 552
1023 1 552
1030 1 552
1055 3 552
1056 1 552
1087 1 552
1090 1 552
1135 1 552
1147 1 552
1260 1 552
1275 1 552
1276 1 552
1278 1 552
1280 1 552
1285 1 552
1286 1 552
1287 1 552
1302 1 552
1335 1 552
1390 1 552
1397 4 552
1417 1 552
1428 1 552
1432 2 552
1451 1 552
1451 1 552
.I 553
.T
An Introduction to Computers in Information Science
.A
Artandi, S.
.W
This book is an introduction to the field of information science
and technology, with particular emphasis on document organization.
Its point of view is general in the sense that it attempts to deal with
types of problems rather than particular systems. When particular
systems are described they are used as examples of systems rather
than as models.
The method of presentation is expository at the introductory
level. While differing points of view are frequently noted, this book
is not intended to provide definitive critical evaluation. Relevant
research is reviewed in order to indicate current thinking and activities
in the field.
.X
5 1 553
90 1 553
124 1 553
127 1 553
129 1 553
190 1 553
191 1 553
197 1 553
211 1 553
214 1 553
218 1 553
243 1 553
289 1 553
294 1 553
307 1 553
330 1 553
333 1 553
378 1 553
449 1 553
450 1 553
451 1 553
452 1 553
459 1 553
468 1 553
484 1 553
492 1 553
508 1 553
511 1 553
512 1 553
514 1 553
518 1 553
520 1 553
523 1 553
524 1 553
525 1 553
526 1 553
529 1 553
530 2 553
534 1 553
535 1 553
546 1 553
553 6 553
579 1 553
594 1 553
598 1 553
603 1 553
604 1 553
606 1 553
609 1 553
610 1 553
611 1 553
612 2 553
617 1 553
620 1 553
625 1 553
626 1 553
628 1 553
630 1 553
636 1 553
637 1 553
642 1 553
648 1 553
650 1 553
692 1 553
696 1 553
699 1 553
703 1 553
705 1 553
708 1 553
726 1 553
727 1 553
728 1 553
731 1 553
732 1 553
733 1 553
734 1 553
736 1 553
738 1 553
739 1 553
740 1 553
741 1 553
742 1 553
743 1 553
744 1 553
755 1 553
802 1 553
819 1 553
820 1 553
826 1 553
827 1 553
874 1 553
877 1 553
878 1 553
879 1 553
883 1 553
940 1 553
941 1 553
963 1 553
990 1 553
992 1 553
993 1 553
995 1 553
1004 1 553
1035 1 553
1078 1 553
1079 1 553
1089 1 553
1091 1 553
1207 1 553
1216 1 553
1221 1 553
1229 1 553
1264 1 553
1297 1 553
1303 1 553
1356 1 553
1364 1 553
1368 1 553
1370 1 553
1372 1 553
1373 1 553
1374 1 553
1375 1 553
1376 1 553
1377 1 553
1421 1 553
1434 1 553
1435 1 553
1436 1 553
1436 1 553
.I 554
.T
Introduction to Information Science
.A
Saracevic, T.
.W
The main emphasis of this book is on work of a theoretical
and experimental nature rather than on practical
applications. However, the articles selected are viewed
as having a considerable potential in two major respects:
they have important implications for the practice of
information handling, but even more important, they contain
aspects of generalization. The book is oriented
toward basic and experimental work, such as that
performed by traditional sciences, with the hope that a
reader may find much relevant to his own interests,
educational level and background, a bridge toward
generalizations, a feeling of interconnection between
seemingly unrelated works either presented in the book or
found in the literature, an awareness of apparent gaps in
knowledge, and even ideas for practical solutions or
further theoretical or experimental work.
.X
72 1 554
75 1 554
149 1 554
161 1 554
175 1 554
197 1 554
201 1 554
224 1 554
287 1 554
298 1 554
348 1 554
375 1 554
381 1 554
382 1 554
408 2 554
444 1 554
445 2 554
447 1 554
449 1 554
454 1 554
456 1 554
458 1 554
472 1 554
503 1 554
506 1 554
507 1 554
514 1 554
523 1 554
532 1 554
535 1 554
554 13 554
575 1 554
579 2 554
584 1 554
591 2 554
593 1 554
594 1 554
595 2 554
596 1 554
597 1 554
599 2 554
600 1 554
603 2 554
604 1 554
606 1 554
608 1 554
615 1 554
619 1 554
620 1 554
621 1 554
625 1 554
630 1 554
654 1 554
723 1 554
724 1 554
752 1 554
762 1 554
780 1 554
801 1 554
805 1 554
806 1 554
822 1 554
836 1 554
851 1 554
856 1 554
857 1 554
858 1 554
859 1 554
860 1 554
861 1 554
862 1 554
866 1 554
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907 1 554
956 2 554
961 1 554
989 1 554
1012 1 554
1013 1 554
1035 1 554
1086 1 554
1294 1 554
1298 1 554
1299 1 554
1327 2 554
1405 1 554
1445 1 554
1445 1 554
.I 555
.T
Introduction to Library Science:
Basic Elements of Library Service
.A
Shera,J.H.
.W
Librarianship classifies as a social science because the library, as an
institution, is a creature of society, and its goal is the improvement of
society by helping the individual to understand himself and the world of
which he is a part. But the library is also concerned with man as a
rational being. Thus, it remains primarily a humanistic enterprise. The
traditional lines of demarcation among the disciplines are breaking down
and in certain areas becoming almost obliterated; and librarianship, in
both its technology and its services, is drawing ever closer to the social
and physical sciences. But we would do well to remind ourselves of the
library's humanistic origins; otherwise, in excessive enthusiasm for the
technology of science and the social action of the behaviorist, we may lose
sight of the individual and his needs and the humanistic values implicit
in them.
.X
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555 6 555
.I 556
.T
Introduction to Subject Indexing; a Programmed Text
.A
Brown, A.G.
.W
This programmed text has been developed from work initially carried out
under a research project funded by the Office for Scientific and Technical
Information (now the British Library Research and Development
Department). The project, designed to investigate the applicability of the
techniques of programmed instruction in the teaching of practical subject
indexing, was conducted at the School of Librarianship, the Polytechnic
of North London in cooperation with the College of Librarianship Wales.
The programmed instruction course, written during this project and used
by students at both Schools of Librarianship, forms the basis of the
programmed text.
Most of the existing programmed texts relevant to the field of practical
subject indexing are concerned with the translation stage of indexing and
aim to impart skills in the use of particular indexing languages. Our
intention, in the above-mentioned project, was to produce a course of
programmed instruction which presented an integrated view of the basic
principles and practices of subject indexing rather than attempting to
impart to the student a high degree of familiarity with any particular
system.
.X
1 1 556
92 1 556
556 5 556
1004 1 556
1024 1 556
1024 1 556
.I 557
.T
Introduction to Systems Philosophy
.A
Laszlo, E.
.W
The general systems theory, pioneered by von Bertalanffy,
Kenneth Boulding, Anatol Rapoport and their collaborators, gives us a
theoretical instrument for assuring the mutual relevance of scientific
information and philosophic meaning. Extended into a general systems
philosophy, this instrument can polarize the contemporary theoretical scene
as a magnet polarizes a field of charged particles: by ordering the formerly
random segments into a meaningful pattern. If made good use of, this
instrument could channel to us a stream of informed as well as sophisticated
answers through the cross-fertilization of contemporary science and
philosophy.
This, then is my credo; the conviction which led to the formulation of the
present Introduction to "systems philosophy" over a period of three years
of research in alternating states of euphoria and dejection.
.X
447 1 557
557 5 557
1067 1 557
1069 1 557
1348 1 557
1386 1 557
1386 1 557
.I 558
.T
Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics
.A
Lyons, J.
.W
This is a introductory book in the sense that it does not presuppose
any previous training in the subject. But it does assume that
the reader - especially the reader whose educational background, like
my own, is more in the 'humanities' than in mathematics and
'science' - is prepared to make a certain intellectual effort with respect
to the use of symbols and formulae. Few subjects suffer more than
linguistics from the separation of the 'sciences' and the 'humanities'
that is still maintained in the curricula of most of our schools ad
universities. For contemporary linguistic theory draws simultaneously,
and in roughly equal measure, upon the more traditional approach
to language that is characteristic of the 'humanities' and the more
'scientific' approach that has developed recently in connection with
advances that have been made in formal logic, computer science and
automata theory.
.X
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72 1 558
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160 2 558
168 2 558
175 1 558
258 1 558
317 1 558
320 1 558
324 1 558
388 1 558
477 1 558
479 1 558
558 8 558
566 1 558
572 1 558
600 2 558
628 2 558
653 1 558
746 1 558
761 1 558
781 1 558
795 1 558
901 1 558
1046 2 558
1118 1 558
1202 1 558
1218 1 558
1309 1 558
1394 1 558
1399 2 558
1422 1 558
1443 1 558
1443 1 558
.I 559
.T
Introduction to University Library Administration
.A
Thompson, J.
.W
The last ten years have witnessed the growth of
an intense public interest in university affairs. Almost anything
to do with universities is now headline news. Previously such attention
as they did receive was limited to brief reports in sober middle class
newspapers of appointments, awards and meetings, leavened once a
year by an obligatory account in all newspapers of the Boat Race.
All this has changed: as Michael Befoff comments in his book The
Plateglass Universities (having made the foregoing points and more
besides), what were once ivory towers have now become goldfish
bowls.
He goes on to give the obvious explanation for the change:
universities are of public interest because they are now almost wholly
supported by the taxpayers' money. They represent a massive investment
on the part of the government, and consequently are expected to
yield a vitally important return in trained and educated manpower.
Over the last twenty years government expenditure in this country
on universities has risen from four million pounds a year to more
than two hundred million pounds a year. The total university student
population is in excess of two hundred thousand, and teaching and
research staff number approximately twenty-five thousand.
.X
559 6 559
843 1 559
844 1 559
1424 1 559
1424 1 559
.I 560
.T
Indivisible Colleges; Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific Communities
.A
Crane, D.
.W
In the last two decades, dramatic increases in the
scope and volume of scientific research have occurred, as
may be illustrated by the fact that the amount of scientific
literature is doubling approximately every ten years (Price
1963). For the scientist who needs to locate particular items
of scientific information and for the documentation specialist
who must make them readily available, the organization and
management of this huge and expanding store of information
is a serious problem. Increasingly radical solutions are being
proposed. For example, some experts would like to scrap
scientific journals and distribute their contents piecemeal.
Information retrieval and delivery systems are being developed
to enable scientists to locate information quickly and effectively.
.X
15 1 560
19 1 560
33 1 560
37 1 560
39 2 560
40 1 560
47 1 560
48 1 560
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89 3 560
97 1 560
101 1 560
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103 1 560
104 1 560
105 6 560
106 1 560
110 2 560
111 2 560
112 1 560
113 3 560
128 1 560
147 1 560
155 1 560
157 1 560
161 2 560
163 2 560
170 1 560
233 1 560
243 1 560
253 1 560
312 1 560
313 1 560
314 1 560
356 3 560
359 1 560
377 1 560
379 1 560
384 1 560
386 1 560
395 1 560
398 1 560
456 1 560
505 1 560
544 3 560
545 2 560
560 15 560
573 1 560
582 1 560
589 1 560
592 1 560
602 2 560
605 1 560
607 1 560
614 1 560
618 2 560
632 2 560
635 1 560
646 1 560
647 1 560
652 1 560
656 1 560
667 2 560
685 1 560
722 1 560
748 1 560
749 1 560
750 1 560
751 1 560
764 1 560
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777 1 560
778 1 560
782 1 560
793 1 560
800 1 560
804 1 560
805 1 560
823 1 560
827 1 560
888 1 560
889 1 560
893 1 560
919 1 560
952 1 560
1003 1 560
1010 1 560
1016 1 560
1030 2 560
1044 1 560
1048 1 560
1050 1 560
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1062 2 560
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1085 1 560
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1200 1 560
1256 2 560
1270 1 560
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1278 1 560
1280 1 560
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1286 1 560
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1290 1 560
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1301 1 560
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1304 1 560
1308 1 560
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1313 1 560
1315 2 560
1319 1 560
1334 1 560
1338 1 560
1339 1 560
1340 2 560
1344 2 560
1346 4 560
1347 3 560
1380 1 560
1386 2 560
1404 1 560
1408 1 560
1428 1 560
1444 2 560
1445 1 560
1445 1 560
.I 561
.T
A Dynamic Programming Approach to R and D Budgeting and Project Selection
.A
Hess, Sidney W.
.W
Contemporary models of research and development are incomplete in that they
ignore the many reappraisals and budgeting decisions that occur in the time
between a project's proposal and its commercialization.. The sequential
decision aspects of project budgeting are particularly important since 1) the
research expenditure is usually an order of magnitude less than the irrevocable
investment for commercialization and 2) an allocation to a project today does
not presuppose continuation of the project into future periods..
The research and development budgeting problem is structured to take into
account the sequential decision characteristic.. Utilizing the technique of
dynamic programming, methods are developed to determine optimal project budgets
when the aggregate research and development budget is either constrained or
unconstrained.. These models also suggest a rational explanation of the
patterns of project expenditures over time that one observes in practice..
Finally, some of the shortcomings of the developed methods which inhibit
their practical application are discussed..
.X
349 1 561
423 6 561
424 5 561
425 5 561
426 1 561
427 1 561
428 2 561
436 1 561
437 1 561
561 9 561
1036 1 561
1039 2 561
1040 2 561
1449 1 561
1449 1 561
.I 562
.T
The Association Factor in Information Retrieval
.A
Stiles, H. Edmund
.W
This paper describes an all computer document retrieval system which can find
documents related to a request even though they may not be indexed by the exact
terms of the request, and can present these documents in the order of their
relevance to the request.. The key to this ability lies in the application of a
statistical formula by which the computer calculates the degree of association
between pairs of index terms.. With proper manipulation of these associations
(entirely within the machine) a vocabulary of synonyms, near synonyms and other
words closely related to any given term or group of terms is derived.. Such a
vocabulary related to a group of request terms is believed to be a much more
powerful tool for selecting documents from a collection than has been available
heretofore.. By noting the number of matching terms between this extended list
of request terms and the terms used to index a document, and with due regard
for their degree of association, documents are selected by the computer and
arranged in the order of their relevance to the request..
.X
26 3 562
45 1 562
78 1 562
174 1 562
175 2 562
179 1 562
315 1 562
321 1 562
363 1 562
419 3 562
420 1 562
421 1 562
422 1 562
458 1 562
479 1 562
485 1 562
562 7 562
564 3 562
566 2 562
570 1 562
659 1 562
660 3 562
661 1 562
662 2 562
663 2 562
664 3 562
769 1 562
785 1 562
1044 1 562
1087 1 562
1144 1 562
1154 1 562
1218 2 562
1279 1 562
1327 1 562
1327 1 562
.I 563
.T
A Study of Methods for Systematically Abbreviating English Words and Names
.A
Bourne, Charles P.
.A
Ford, Donald F.
.W
This study investigated various techniques for systematically abbreviating
English words and names.. Most of the attention was given to the techniques
which could be mechanized with a digital device such as a general purpose
digital computer.. Particular was paid to techniques that could process
incoming information without prior knowledge of its existence (i.e., no table
lookups).. Thirteen basic techniques and their modifications are described..
In addition, most of the techniques were tested on a sample of several thousand
subject words and several thousand proper names in order to provide a
quantitative measure of comparison..
.X
19 1 563
228 1 563
318 1 563
321 1 563
324 1 563
329 1 563
331 1 563
416 1 563
442 1 563
450 1 563
495 2 563
511 1 563
524 1 563
563 6 563
565 1 563
567 1 563
703 1 563
739 1 563
835 4 563
851 4 563
862 2 563
875 1 563
1053 1 563
1194 1 563
1199 1 563
1199 1 563
.I 564
.T
Automatic Document Classification
.A
Borko, Harold
.A
Bernick, Myrna
.W
Starting with a collection of 405 document abstracts dealing with
computers, the experiment in automatic document classification proceeds
to construct an
empirically based, mathematically derived classification system by use of a
factor analysis technique.. The documents are then classified into these
derived categories by five subjects, and the resulting classification serves
as a criterion against which the automatic classification is to be evaluated..
Of the 90 documents in the validation group which contained two or more clue
words, and which therefore could be automatically classified, 44 documents, or
48.9 per cent, were placed into their correct categories by use of a computer
formula.. These results are almost identical to the results obtained by Maron
in a previous experiment using the same data but with a different set of
classification categories and a different computational formula.. The
experimental evidence support the conclusion that automatic document
classification is possible.. Additional experiments are described which when
executed should improve the accuracy of the automatic classification
technique..
.X
26 2 564
28 1 564
42 1 564
45 2 564
72 1 564
79 1 564
174 2 564
175 1 564
179 1 564
310 1 564
315 1 564
419 2 564
420 1 564
421 1 564
422 2 564
454 1 564
458 1 564
464 1 564
479 2 564
483 1 564
485 2 564
509 1 564
562 3 564
564 7 564
565 1 564
566 2 564
570 1 564
660 2 564
661 3 564
662 4 564
663 4 564
664 2 564
714 1 564
769 2 564
785 1 564
853 1 564
1044 1 564
1117 1 564
1140 1 564
1144 1 564
1154 1 564
1218 1 564
1279 1 564
1327 1 564
1419 1 564
1419 1 564
.I 565
.T
Computer Evaluation of Indexing and Text Processing
.A
Salton, G.
.A
Lesk, M. E.
.W
Automatic indexing methods are evaluated and design criteria for modern
information system are derived..
Information retrieval, indexing methods, automatic retrieval, information
systems, document retrieval, text analysis, document handling, retrieval
effectiveness, SMART, precision, recall..
.X
19 1 565
26 2 565
28 2 565
34 1 565
38 1 565
42 1 565
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51 2 565
53 1 565
54 1 565
57 4 565
61 2 565
69 1 565
70 1 565
71 3 565
72 2 565
73 1 565
75 2 565
77 3 565
79 3 565
133 1 565
134 2 565
149 3 565
168 1 565
175 6 565
176 5 565
228 1 565
252 1 565
309 2 565
315 1 565
318 2 565
319 1 565
321 1 565
324 1 565
328 4 565
329 4 565
382 3 565
389 6 565
390 4 565
416 2 565
419 2 565
442 2 565
448 3 565
450 3 565
458 2 565
474 1 565
480 2 565
483 1 565
484 1 565
486 1 565
488 3 565
491 1 565
493 1 565
495 1 565
503 1 565
507 1 565
509 3 565
510 1 565
511 3 565
512 1 565
517 1 565
519 1 565
520 1 565
521 1 565
522 1 565
524 1 565
527 1 565
528 1 565
531 1 565
563 1 565
564 1 565
565 32 565
566 3 565
567 3 565
572 1 565
577 1 565
581 1 565
583 1 565
586 1 565
595 3 565
596 2 565
603 1 565
608 3 565
619 1 565
625 1 565
633 2 565
643 1 565
659 4 565
660 3 565
661 3 565
662 1 565
663 1 565
674 1 565
680 1 565
711 1 565
714 1 565
715 2 565
746 1 565
754 1 565
762 1 565
769 1 565
780 1 565
785 3 565
790 1 565
791 1 565
795 1 565
805 1 565
807 1 565
809 1 565
810 4 565
812 4 565
813 2 565
814 3 565
817 1 565
824 3 565
825 1 565
835 1 565
851 1 565
862 1 565
870 1 565
875 2 565
894 4 565
901 1 565
928 1 565
956 1 565
963 1 565
990 1 565
991 1 565
1051 1 565
1144 1 565
1154 1 565
1194 1 565
1199 1 565
1255 2 565
1281 1 565
1294 4 565
1298 1 565
1307 1 565
1327 5 565
1362 1 565
1413 1 565
1419 1 565
1427 2 565
1445 1 565
1445 1 565
.I 566
.T
Semantic Clustering of Index Terms
.A
Gotlieb, C. C.
.A
Kumar, S.
.W
A computer procedure to recognize indexing vocabularies is described..Index
terms are drawn from the vocabulary of a structured indexing system and may
consist of single words, collection of words, or syntactic phrases.. The basic
idea is that a measure of the semantic association between index terms can be
determined from the structural relationships which the terms exhibit by their
relative positions in the system.. The association measure, which is based on a
priori (preassigned) semantic relationships between terms, rather than their
co-occurrence in a document corpus, is then for grouping index terms into
clusters or concepts.. Some results of an experimental investigation are
presented..
Information, retrieval, clustering, index terms, semantic, graphs, clusters,
associations, synonyms, subgraphs, complete, maximal, connected, component,
relevance measure, vocabulary, indexing systems, cliques..
.X
26 1 566
29 1 566
51 2 566
68 1 566
69 3 566
71 1 566
73 1 566
77 1 566
79 1 566
134 1 566
168 2 566
175 5 566
176 2 566
179 2 566
261 1 566
315 1 566
324 1 566
346 1 566
363 1 566
382 3 566
419 1 566
422 1 566
448 1 566
458 2 566
464 1 566
474 1 566
476 1 566
477 1 566
478 1 566
479 3 566
480 2 566
483 1 566
484 2 566
485 1 566
486 1 566
488 1 566
491 1 566
493 1 566
503 1 566
507 1 566
509 3 566
510 1 566
512 1 566
517 1 566
520 1 566
522 1 566
527 1 566
528 1 566
531 1 566
558 1 566
562 2 566
564 2 566
565 3 566
566 10 566
570 1 566
577 1 566
581 1 566
596 1 566
603 1 566
608 1 566
633 1 566
659 2 566
660 2 566
662 1 566
664 1 566
680 1 566
704 1 566
715 1 566
754 1 566
780 1 566
781 1 566
785 2 566
790 1 566
805 1 566
807 1 566
809 1 566
810 1 566
812 2 566
813 1 566
814 1 566
817 1 566
824 2 566
825 1 566
853 1 566
894 1 566
1044 1 566
1051 1 566
1117 1 566
1118 1 566
1140 1 566
1154 1 566
1175 1 566
1218 1 566
1294 2 566
1298 1 566
1307 1 566
1327 2 566
1419 1 566
1422 1 566
1427 1 566
1427 1 566
.I 567
.T
The Influence of Data Characteristics and Usage on Direct Access File
Organization
.A
Lowe, Thomas C.
.W
Memory utilization and retrieval time from direct access inverted files
are investigated as a function of the data base, the demands on it, and a
parameter which the system designer may control.. An analysis of the effects
of data base characteristics and data base usage is also made for a linked
list structure..
Information retrieval, direct access memory, disk, drum, data base, access
time, inverted list, threaded list..
.X
19 1 567
44 1 567
57 1 567
62 1 567
175 1 567
228 1 567
316 2 567
318 2 567
321 1 567
324 1 567
329 3 567
382 1 567
416 2 567
442 2 567
450 3 567
495 1 567
511 3 567
521 1 567
524 1 567
563 1 567
565 3 567
567 6 567
791 1 567
835 1 567
851 1 567
862 1 567
875 2 567
894 1 567
1194 1 567
1199 1 567
1362 1 567
1362 1 567
.I 568
.T
The Application of Pattern Recognition to Screening Prospective
Anticancer Drugs
.A
Kowalski, B.R.
.W
Pattern recognition has been introduced to the
chemical literature as a general tool which can be used
by the chemist to reduce masses of experimental data to
relevant information. Perhaps more importantly, it
provides connections between raw, multivariant data
and sought-for information without making restrictive
assumptions about the underlying statistics of the data.
The general problem has been stated as follows. Given
a collection of objects and a list of measurements made
on each object, is it possible to find and/or predict a
property of the objects that is not directly measurable
but is known to be related to the measurements via
some unknown relationship? The only assumption
made is that similarities and dissimilarities among
objects are reflected in at least some of the
measurements.
.X
254 2 568
327 3 568
568 6 568
697 1 568
700 1 568
706 2 568
890 4 568
1092 4 568
1202 1 568
1452 1 568
1452 1 568
.I 569
.T
Stereochemically Unique Naming Algorithm
.A
Wipke, W. Todd
Dyott, Thomas M.
.W
An algorithm has been developed and implemented to generate for each
chemical structure a unique and invariant linear name which includes double
bond and asymmetric carbon isomerism.. A logical proof is given for the
one-to-one correspondence between name and structure.. By inspection of the
linear names of two structures, one can determine if the two structures are
identical, nonisometric, constitutionally isometric, diastereometric, or
enantiometric.. The algorithm determines the true stereocenters and calculates
a reduced set of chiral centers, Src.. It is proven that if three are any
centers in Src that the compound must be chiral; an a chiral compound must have
Src = null.. Extensions of the algorithm are outlined to allow uniquely naming
conformational isomers..
.X
117 1 569
327 2 569
569 5 569
641 1 569
671 5 569
706 1 569
1026 1 569
1292 1 569
1452 1 569
1452 1 569
.I 570
.T
Deriving Term Relations for a Corpus by Graph Theoretical Clusters
.A
Augustson, J.G.
Minker, J.
.W
We discuss how alternative methods of automatic
term clustering may provide insight into how terms are
related within a corpus. The work reported uses a
corpus of 2267 documents that contain 3950 index
terms. A similarity matrix is developed using the
document - term matrix. A threshold level T is applied to
the similarity matrix. Entries in the matrix that are
greater than or equal to the threshold level are set
equal to one, and the remaining entries are set to zero.
Three definitions are applied to the corresponding
graph of each threshold matrix to develop clusters.
These are, (1) the connected components of the graph,
(2) the maximal complete subgraphs of the graph, and
(3) the combined maximal complete subgraphs of the
graph as described that show how insight may be
gained into the term relations by varying the threshold
levels and the cluster definitions.
.X
77 1 570
79 1 570
86 1 570
168 1 570
175 3 570
176 1 570
317 1 570
320 1 570
382 2 570
389 1 570
390 1 570
422 1 570
458 1 570
479 1 570
485 1 570
488 3 570
489 1 570
493 1 570
498 1 570
499 1 570
514 1 570
520 1 570
562 1 570
564 1 570
566 1 570
570 5 570
576 1 570
581 1 570
586 1 570
596 1 570
608 1 570
636 1 570
643 1 570
659 2 570
660 1 570
785 1 570
790 1 570
820 1 570
894 1 570
1044 1 570
1154 1 570
1218 1 570
1294 1 570
1313 1 570
1327 1 570
1419 1 570
1443 1 570
1443 1 570
.I 571
.T
Automatic Abstracting and Indexing..
II. Production of Indicative Abstracts by Application of Contextual
Inference and Syntactic Coherence Criteria
.A
Rush, J. E.
Salvador, R.
Zamora, A.
.W
Together with the increasing shortage of qualified abstracts, the factors
of time, cost and value have lent impetus to a trend toward the automatic
generation of abstracts and indexes.. This trend has caused increased emphasis
to be placed on the abstract as the locus of data for automatic retrieval
systems.. This necessitates the creating of high quality abstracts.. It is the
purpose of this paper to report on the development of techniques for the
automatic production of high quality abstracts from the full text of the
original document.. It is necessary to analyze the conditions under which
various methods of sentence selection are successful, in order to develop
criteria for selecting sentences to form an abstract.. But clearly, an abstract
can be produced by rejecting sentences of the original which are irrelevant to
the abstract.. As will be seen, it is this point which is perhaps the most
significant contribution of this paper.. Methods of sentence selection and
rejection are discussed.. These include contextual inference, intersentence
reference, frequency criteria, and coherency considerations.. The automatic
abstracting system we have developed consists basically of a dictionary, called
the Word Control List, and of a set of rules for implementing certain functions
specified for each WCL entry.. The abstracts we have obtained so far are of
sufficiently good quality to indicate that large-scale testing of the methods
of the automatic abstracting system is warranted..
.X
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35 3 571
43 1 571
68 1 571
84 1 571
175 1 571
315 1 571
324 1 571
420 3 571
499 2 571
571 6 571
657 2 571
664 1 571
666 2 571
712 1 571
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1281 1 571
.I 572
.T
Linguistics and Information Science
.A
Montgomery, C.A.
.W
This paper defines the relationship between linguistics
and information science in terms of a common interest
in natural language. The notion of automated processing
of natural language - i.e., machine simulation of
the language processing activities of a human - provides
novel possibilities for interaction between linguists,
who have a theoretical interest in such activities,
and information scientists, who have more practical
goals, e.g. simulating the language processing activities
of an indexer with a machine.
The concept of a natural language information system
is introduced as a framework for reviewing automated
language processing effort by computational
linguists and information scientists. In terms of this
framework, the former have concentrated on automating
the operations of the component for content analysis
and representation, while the latter have emphasized
the data management component. The complementary
nature of these developments allows the
postulation of an integrated approach to automated
language processing. This approach, which is outlined
in the final sections of the paper, incorporates current
notions in linguistic theory and information science, as
well as design features of recent computational linguistic
models.
.X
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.I 573
.T
Ascertaining Activities in a Subject Area Through Bibliometric Analysis
.A
Saracevic, Tefko
Perk, Lawrence J.
.W
A combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses were used on the
journal articles indexed in one volume of Library Literature.. Findings
include: the dispersion of a articles among journals followed a Bradford-type
distribution except for a "collapse" at the end, possibly showing low level of
interaction of librarianship with other fields; considerable proportion of
articles was of news-type; administration was the largest single subject
covered.. The methodology may be appropriate for analysis of activities in
other fields..
.X
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1016 4 573
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.I 574
.T
Information Concepts and Their Utility
.A
Artandi, Susan
.W
The concept of information is examined within the framework of the
Mathematical Theory of Communication and semiotics, the study of signs and sign
systems.. The implications of these theories for the better understanding of
information as we deal with this concept in the context of information systems
are discussed..
.X
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.I 575
.T
A Decision Theory View of the Information Retrieval Situation:
An Operations Research Approach
.A
Kraft, Donald H.
.W
A decision theory approach is used to model the information retrieval
decision problem of which documents to retrieve from a library collection in
response to a specific user query for information.. A thorough discussion of
decision theory, including the components of the alternatives,states-of-nature,
outcomes, and evaluations - as well as of the optimization process under the
cases of certainty, risk, and uncertainty - is presented.. Bayesian statistics
are also discussed to show how prior information about the various documents
via classification analysis can affect the decision process under risk.. An
example problem is used to illustrate the decision theory approach and to
compare tha overall performance of the retrieval system under risk with and
without document classification information..
Thus, the operations research technique of decision theory is used to model
the retrieval decision process, illustrate how important evaluation is, and to
demonstrate the value of prior information via document classification
analysis.. Moreover, the paper presents, in a somewhat tutorial mode, an
overall framework for considering the information retrieval decision problem,
incorporating the aspects of cost-effectiveness and alternative evaluation,
which allows one to better understand the contributions made by many
researchers in this crucial area..
.X
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.I 576
.T
Classification of Scientific Documents by Means of Self_Generated Groups
Employing Free Language
.A
Feinman, R. D.
.A
Kwok, K. L.
.W
A study was undertaken to classify mechanically a document collection using
the free-language words in the titles and abstracts of a corpus of 261 physics
research papers.. Using a clustering algorithm, results were obtained which
closely duplicated the clusters obtained by previous experiments with
citations.. A brief comparison is made with a traditional manual classification
system.. It is shown that the mechanical procedure is capable of achieving
simultaneous average relevance and recall figures above 80%..
.X
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1419 1 576
.I 577
.T
Probabilistic Models for Automatic Indexing
.A
Bookstein, A.
Swanson, D.R.
.W
This paper is developed in two stages. The first
stage describes an experiment that explores properties
of the class of words that are not useful in conveying
subject meaning and distinguishes them from those
classes of words that do convey subject meaning to
various degrees. In particular, we study the clustering
properties of these words; the analysis is based on
statistical properties alone, and techniques are
introduced that may be of value in other areas of
information science. On the basis of the results of this
experiment, a model of word occurrences is introduced and
discussed. Later papers by us and by Harter will apply
this model to indexing.
.X
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.I 578
.T
Terse Literatures: I. Terse Conclusions
.A
Bernier, C.L.
.W
Terse Conclusion: Prompt literatures of organized terse
conclusions may increase ability to keep up in a subject,
reduce need for translation, and make information available
promptly.
.X
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.I 579
.T
Functions of a Man-Machine Interactive Information Retrieval System
.A
Williams, J. H. Jr.
.W
An effective man-machine interactive retrieval system is not achieved by
simply placing a terminal on each end of an existing machine retrieval system..
An interactive system requires a sequence of steps in which man and machine
alternately take action.. It should also provide different levels of services
to experienced and inexperienced searchers, recognize the difference between a
narrow and broad query, furnish clues as to the next direction to be searched,
recognize the data base dynamically as the searcher changes his viewpoint,
provide a ranking of responses in the most likely sequence and offer the
searcher the option of overriding the ranking when a particular term is of
extreme significance..
An online interactive system meeting many of these needs has been developed
and tested.. The objectives of the development of this system, BROWSER, was to
investigate the effectiveness of a free-form query with a combinatorial search
algorithm and the effectiveness of various techniques and components to
facilitate online browsing..
.X
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801 1 579
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820 1 579
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830 1 579
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863 1 579
864 1 579
866 1 579
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883 1 579
902 1 579
907 1 579
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1004 1 579
1033 1 579
1035 2 579
1078 1 579
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1091 1 579
1152 1 579
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1264 1 579
1265 1 579
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1427 1 579
.I 580
.T
Overlap in the Lists of Journals Monitored by Biosis, CAS, and Ei
.A
Wood, James L.
Flanagan, Carolyn
Kennedy, H. E.
.W
In April 1970, the BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts,
the Chemical Abstracts Service, and Engineering Index, Inc. began a five-part
study to determine the relationships between and the overlap in coverage in
their printed publications and computer-readable services.. This study was
designed to provide information needed by these three accessing services for
planning future cooperative programs and for reconciling differences in policies
and practices so as to make their publications and services more useful to their
user communities..
This paper is based on the first part of the study, which compared listings
of the journals each service was routinely monitoring as of 1 May 1970.. Of the
14,592 different journals monitored, 1% were monitored by all three of the
services, 27% were monitored by two of the three services, and 72% were
monitored by only one of the three services.. Subsequent phases of the study
will determine the extent to which the services cover the same articles within
the journals..
.X
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580 16 580
604 2 580
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619 1 580
622 6 580
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632 1 580
633 1 580
642 1 580
643 1 580
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650 1 580
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699 1 580
700 1 580
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723 1 580
726 1 580
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728 2 580
729 2 580
730 1 580
731 1 580
736 1 580
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776 1 580
809 1 580
812 1 580
813 2 580
814 1 580
820 1 580
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866 1 580
870 2 580
873 1 580
981 1 580
1078 1 580
1089 1 580
1091 1 580
1143 1 580
1208 1 580
1264 1 580
1298 1 580
1302 1 580
1303 1 580
1366 1 580
1367 1 580
1368 1 580
1374 1 580
1376 1 580
1396 2 580
1396 2 580
.I 581
.T
Structure and Effectiveness of The Citation Identifier, an
Operational Computer Program for Automatic Identification of Case
Citations in Legal Literature
.A
Borkowski, Casimir
Cepanec, Louis
Martin, J. Sperling
Salko, Virginia
Treu, Siegfried
.W
A computer program for automatic identification of "full form" case
citations in legal literature (e.g., Rutherford v. Geddes, 4 Wall. 220,
18 L. Ed. 343; Southland Industries, Inc. v. Federal Communications
Commission, 1938, 69 App. D.C., 82, 99 F.2D 117) has been developed
by this group and is now operational..
The level of performance of this program known as "The Citation
Identifier" is high.. In a recent computer run, The Citation
Identifier scanned ther full texts of 191 randomly selected decisions
of U.S. Court of Appeals (some 400,000 words of running text) and
located correctly 2,220 full-form citations out of a total of 2,227
(that is, better than 99% of the total).. Only seven misses and three
false drops occurred..
Of 2,220 full-form citations located correctly, 1944 (87%) were
identified perfectly.. In addition, there were 276 partial identifications
containing two types of errors: (1) partial identifications in which some
citation terms were mistakenly lopped off by the program ("short hits");
and (2) partial identifications that contained words improperly included
in the citations ("long hits").
Both types of errors are, for the most part, easily correctible and
can be largely eliminated by suitable changes in the program..
The Citation Identifier operates rather rapidly.. In a recent test run,
the total time required to process some 400,000 running words of text
was approximately 15 1/2 minutes.. This speed could be further increased
by suitable changes in the computer program..
An extension of The Citation Identifier to reduced-form citations (e.g.,
"the Geddes decision", "the Southland Industries case") is now in preparation..
.X
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633 1 581
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812 1 581
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817 1 581
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853 1 581
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1035 1 581
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1431 1 581
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1443 1 581
.I 582
.T
Title Indexes as Alerting Services in the Chemical and Life Sciences
.A
Bottle, Robert T.
.W
The principles underlying alerting services are discussed.. General alerting
services (as distinct from SDI systems) need to transfer to their users a large
quantity of current but mainly irrelevent information as speedily as possible..
As title indexes are the easiest to prepare and are therefore common, the user
needs to know how much significant information is not discernible from a
documents title.. This is estimated to be 20-25% but can vary with subject and
type of information sought.. If a search of, say, Chemical Titles is made,
ignoring synonyms but allowing for all syntactical variants, only about one
third of the significant information will be recovered.. Synonyms and other
nomenclature problems are discussed.. Delay times and time of use are the two
most important factors in evaluating an alerting service and are reviewed for
some typical services..
.X
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1284 1 582
1285 1 582
1287 1 582
1290 1 582
1291 1 582
1293 3 582
1294 1 582
1295 3 582
1296 2 582
1297 2 582
1298 1 582
1300 1 582
1302 1 582
1319 1 582
1346 1 582
1362 1 582
1363 1 582
1386 1 582
1405 1 582
1448 1 582
1448 1 582
.I 583
.T
Evaluation of a KWIC Index for Library Literature
.A
Brodie, N.E.
.W
A librarian attempting to do a literature search currently
faces an eight-month gap in access to the literature of
his field through Library Literature. In April 1968,
librarians made a rare examination of their own literature
and considered this gap and other information problems
in librarianship. The Albany Conference on the Bibliographic
Control of Library Science Literature recommended the
establishment of a fast announcement service for library
schools (1). A monthly Keyword in Context (KWIC) index
serving the whole range of information-oriented professions
was a specific proposal which was favored by one conference
group to meet the need for current information (2).
.X
38 3 583
84 1 583
159 2 583
162 1 583
175 1 583
257 1 583
348 1 583
382 1 583
429 2 583
488 1 583
489 2 583
490 1 583
491 1 583
492 1 583
493 2 583
494 1 583
495 1 583
496 1 583
497 1 583
498 1 583
499 1 583
500 1 583
501 1 583
565 1 583
581 1 583
582 2 583
583 8 583
584 1 583
585 1 583
586 2 583
608 1 583
653 1 583
655 2 583
659 1 583
688 1 583
749 1 583
795 1 583
796 1 583
797 2 583
798 2 583
799 1 583
801 2 583
802 1 583
858 1 583
859 1 583
861 1 583
986 1 583
1027 1 583
1144 1 583
1294 2 583
1327 1 583
1405 1 583
1405 1 583
.I 584
.T
The Practice of Charging Users for Information Services: A State of the Art
Report
.A
Penner, Rudolf J.
.W
The state of the art literature review disclosed that society has not yet
come to the point that paying for library information services is a common
thing.. It was also found that a sound basis for determining the costs of the
services - let alone charge for them - does not exist: While some data on
specific cost for unit operations are available, it is very difficult to
compare the data and arrive at meaningful figures.. Nevertheless, there is an
indication that large operating centers are becoming concerned with cost to the
point that they are cost-according their operations, which would permit them
to establish realistic fees for their services..
.X
27 1 584
38 1 584
39 1 584
67 1 584
74 3 584
76 1 584
83 4 584
84 1 584
95 1 584
104 1 584
110 1 584
120 1 584
158 1 584
161 1 584
279 1 584
287 1 584
292 1 584
348 1 584
408 1 584
488 1 584
489 1 584
490 2 584
491 2 584
492 2 584
493 1 584
494 1 584
495 2 584
496 2 584
497 2 584
499 1 584
500 1 584
554 1 584
581 1 584
582 1 584
583 1 584
584 8 584
586 1 584
589 1 584
591 2 584
606 1 584
654 1 584
655 1 584
659 1 584
795 1 584
801 1 584
851 1 584
856 1 584
857 1 584
858 1 584
859 1 584
860 1 584
861 1 584
862 1 584
986 1 584
1012 1 584
1013 1 584
1035 1 584
1187 1 584
1287 1 584
1294 1 584
1297 1 584
1300 1 584
1359 1 584
1360 1 584
1445 1 584
1445 1 584
.I 585
.T
Towards a Metascience of Information: Informatology
.A
Otten, Klaus
.A
Debons, Anthony
.W
Arguments are advanced to suggest that information and operations on
information are phenomena, the principles of which provide the basis for a
metascience of information (informatology).. The fundamental character of the
phenomena is evidenced in the operations executed during the processing and
communication functions.. The role of the metascience is dictated by several
factors, namely, the need for a common basis upon which all information-
oriented specialized sciences and technologies can be understood and studied,
a common framework and language for all scientists and technologists concerned
in some form or other with information on one side and man's relationship
to the phenomena on the other side.. The content of the postulated metascience
of information is circumscribed by a list of specific questions and problems
for which the science has to provide answers and solutions.. It is suggested
that an educational concept responsive to the needs of metascience of
information be developed and implemented..
.X
20 1 585
42 1 585
60 1 585
85 2 585
129 1 585
159 1 585
172 1 585
175 1 585
313 1 585
348 1 585
420 1 585
469 1 585
540 1 585
583 1 585
585 9 585
592 1 585
593 1 585
595 1 585
599 1 585
640 1 585
652 1 585
655 1 585
665 1 585
762 1 585
797 1 585
798 1 585
799 1 585
803 2 585
858 1 585
859 1 585
861 1 585
1022 2 585
1045 1 585
1169 2 585
1268 1 585
1309 1 585
1386 1 585
1423 1 585
1459 1 585
1459 1 585
.I 586
.T
An Evaluation of Index Medicus and MEDLARS in the Field of Ophthalmology
.A
Virgo, Julie A.
.W
An evaluation of the performance of Index Medicus and MEDLARS in the field
of ophthalmology is presented, using data generated by a separate study..
MEDLARS performance figures gave a screened precision ratio of 54% and a recall
ratio of 42%.. Over the same set of questions Index Medicus had a screened
precision ratio of 53% and a recall ratio of 46%.. Results for Index Medicus
alone over a large set of questions gave a 73% screened precision ratio and a
47% recall ratio.. A random sample of MEDLARS and Index Medicus precision and
recall failures showed that most of the Index Medicus recall failures resulted
from manual searcher omission.. The major causes of Medlars precision failures
were inadequate indexing terminalogy to express concepts and attempts at
providing too exhaustive a search..
.X
38 2 586
43 1 586
47 1 586
50 1 586
65 1 586
66 1 586
75 2 586
84 1 586
86 1 586
175 2 586
211 1 586
382 2 586
389 1 586
390 1 586
488 1 586
489 1 586
490 1 586
491 1 586
492 1 586
493 1 586
494 1 586
495 1 586
496 1 586
497 1 586
499 1 586
500 1 586
514 1 586
520 1 586
565 1 586
570 1 586
576 1 586
581 1 586
583 2 586
584 1 586
586 6 586
591 1 586
603 1 586
608 3 586
610 1 586
636 1 586
643 1 586
659 2 586
778 1 586
791 1 586
795 1 586
801 1 586
820 1 586
894 1 586
958 1 586
986 2 586
1035 1 586
1144 1 586
1213 1 586
1294 2 586
1313 1 586
1327 2 586
1419 1 586
1419 1 586
.I 587
.T
Obsolescence of Special Library Periodicals: Sampling Errors and
Utility Contours
.A
Brookes, B. C.
.W
Problems arising in the measurement of the rates of obsolescence of the sets
of periodicals taken by special libraries are discussed.. The relatively large
errors that arise in sampling the negative exponential distribution are
analyzed because they may account for some of the discrepancies reported and
because they indicate the need for firmer statistical control of work on
obsolescence than has yet been generally appreciated..
When the rate of decline has been satisfactorily established there still
remains the problem of deciding how to apply it.. Issues of those periodicals
that contribute most productively should be retained for a longer period than
those of periodicals that contribute less.. To solve this problem the concept
of "utility contours" is introduced and exemplified in the design of a p%
library..
It is argued that no discarding policy is likely to be generally applicable;
every special library must be regarded as a special case. Rather than suggest
new measurements, therefore, the paper offers simple graphical techniques that
are applicable to any other special case..
.X
33 2 587
36 2 587
41 1 587
57 1 587
73 1 587
89 1 587
97 1 587
102 1 587
106 1 587
111 1 587
112 1 587
149 1 587
155 1 587
163 1 587
175 1 587
183 1 587
184 2 587
193 2 587
195 1 587
199 1 587
201 1 587
203 2 587
204 1 587
205 1 587
210 1 587
222 1 587
225 2 587
228 1 587
229 1 587
233 1 587
267 2 587
269 1 587
314 1 587
359 2 587
373 1 587
395 1 587
494 2 587
515 1 587
519 1 587
545 1 587
552 1 587
587 15 587
605 1 587
613 1 587
614 1 587
638 1 587
667 1 587
713 1 587
735 1 587
747 1 587
748 1 587
750 5 587
751 2 587
753 1 587
759 1 587
764 2 587
765 1 587
766 1 587
767 3 587
775 3 587
778 2 587
780 1 587
782 1 587
784 1 587
787 1 587
788 1 587
789 1 587
791 1 587
792 4 587
793 7 587
794 5 587
800 7 587
804 1 587
808 3 587
823 1 587
824 1 587
829 1 587
840 1 587
895 1 587
905 1 587
925 1 587
948 1 587
953 1 587
977 1 587
983 1 587
1016 1 587
1023 1 587
1030 1 587
1055 1 587
1081 1 587
1082 1 587
1083 1 587
1085 2 587
1086 2 587
1087 1 587
1090 1 587
1091 1 587
1123 1 587
1135 1 587
1201 1 587
1219 1 587
1222 1 587
1260 1 587
1275 1 587
1276 1 587
1278 2 587
1280 1 587
1282 1 587
1285 4 587
1286 1 587
1287 2 587
1302 1 587
1307 1 587
1308 1 587
1324 1 587
1335 1 587
1390 1 587
1397 1 587
1401 1 587
1416 1 587
1417 3 587
1418 1 587
1428 1 587
1432 1 587
1432 1 587
.I 588
.T
Cardiovascular Serial Literature: Characteristics, Productive
Journals, and Abstracting/Indexing Coverage
.A
Frick, Barbara F.
.A
Ginski, John M.
.W
Two groups of journals were identified as potential sources for
cardiovascular (c-v) information.. The first group consists of 78 c-v
specialty journals, identified as cardiovascular from the title..
These 78 emanate from 24 countries, with about one-half of the specialty
journals being published by 28 national and international societies.. The
second group of journals is composed of those journals used by grantees of
the National Heart Institute (NHI) to publish their findings..
In fiscal 1967, 5,860 papers, appearing in 789 journals, were reported
to NHI.. Taking the grantees of NHI as being representative of U.S.
c-v researchers, it was found that the specialty journals were not the
most quantitatively fertile sources of c-v information - only about 14%
of American c-v papers were published there.. The remaining 86% of the
literature was widely dispersed throughout 766 nonspecialty c-v
journals..
The extent of bibliographic control by the major indexing and
abstracting services was found to be more extensive for the top-ranking
journals in the NHI sample than for the group of c-v specialty journals..
.X
33 1 588
36 1 588
90 1 588
91 1 588
161 1 588
183 1 588
184 1 588
193 1 588
198 1 588
199 1 588
201 1 588
202 1 588
203 1 588
204 1 588
205 1 588
209 1 588
212 1 588
217 1 588
220 1 588
222 1 588
284 1 588
286 1 588
294 1 588
379 1 588
429 1 588
513 1 588
543 1 588
582 1 588
588 6 588
589 1 588
603 1 588
613 3 588
614 1 588
616 1 588
618 1 588
624 1 588
657 1 588
685 2 588
686 1 588
691 1 588
721 1 588
722 1 588
724 1 588
725 1 588
735 1 588
775 1 588
793 1 588
799 1 588
800 1 588
808 1 588
821 1 588
958 1 588
959 1 588
987 1 588
988 1 588
1010 1 588
1086 1 588
1087 1 588
1151 1 588
1208 1 588
1275 1 588
1283 1 588
1290 1 588
1293 1 588
1302 2 588
1355 1 588
1355 1 588
.I 589
.T
Are Titles of Chemical Papers Becoming More Informative?
.A
Tocatlian, Jacques J.
.W
The efficiency of key-work-in-context (KWIC) permuted-title indexes and
their numerous variations is highly dependent upon authors' choices of titles
for their papers.. Titles are important not only in commercial services,
such as Chemical Titles, BASIC, Current Contents, and CA Condensates, but
also in scanning primary journals, and in traditional library services, such
as bibliographies.. It is generally believed and often stated that titles
of chemical papers are becoming more informative as authors become
increasingly aware of the importance of titles as "carriers" of information..
The present study was undertaken to test whether (1) titles of chemical papers
are becoming more informative and (2) whether uninformative titles of chemical
papers are being eliminated since the advent of the KWIC index in 1958..
The first hypothesis was tested by comparing titles published in 1948,
1958, and 1968 by the following criteria: (1) a count of substantive words
in the title; (2) a count of all word matches between title and 10 leading
substantive words selected from the abstract, with and without the use of a
thesaurus; and (3) a count of word matches between title and 10 leading
substantive words selected from the abstract, with and without the use of
a thesaurus.. The second hypothesis was tested by comparing a count of
short titles (with 3 or less substantive words) published in 1948, 1958,
and 1968..
Results confirm that uninformative titles of chemical papers are
being eliminated and that informative titles are becoming more informative
since the advent of the KWIC index..
.X
35 1 589
38 2 589
42 1 589
43 1 589
52 3 589
53 1 589
70 1 589
73 1 589
76 1 589
81 1 589
88 1 589
89 1 589
91 1 589
95 2 589
104 1 589
110 1 589
150 4 589
161 1 589
175 2 589
384 1 589
390 1 589
420 1 589
429 2 589
503 2 589
510 1 589
513 1 589
517 1 589
560 1 589
576 2 589
578 1 589
582 5 589
584 1 589
588 1 589
589 14 589
594 1 589
595 1 589
603 3 589
613 1 589
614 1 589
618 1 589
655 2 589
656 1 589
657 4 589
685 1 589
686 1 589
691 1 589
711 1 589
721 1 589
722 4 589
724 1 589
725 1 589
820 1 589
830 1 589
958 1 589
987 1 589
988 1 589
1054 1 589
1089 1 589
1144 2 589
1154 1 589
1195 3 589
1208 1 589
1232 1 589
1256 1 589
1281 2 589
1287 1 589
1293 1 589
1295 1 589
1297 1 589
1298 1 589
1300 1 589
1302 1 589
1421 1 589
1421 1 589
.I 590
.T
Toward a Theory of Indexing--II
.A
Landry, Bertrand C.
.A
Rush, James E.
.W
The purpose of this paper is to present the elements of a basis for a
theory of information storage and retrieval.. It is believed that this theory
can best be formulated in terms of a general theory of indexing.. After stating
basic premises and defining essential concepts, the relationship between a
theory of indexing and a theory of information storage and retrieval is
considered.. The similarities between the indexing process and the general
communication process are discussed, and indexing is viewed as an order
increasing (i.e., entropy decreasing) operation.. The concept of a theoretical
index is developed and contrasted with real-world indexing systems.. The
relationship between query formulation, retrieval, and benefit is discussed,
and these notions are then related to the human performance variable. It is
believed that the ideas presented in this paper provide a useful framework
for more detailed investigations into the indexing process..
.X
29 1 590
58 2 590
68 1 590
117 3 590
165 2 590
168 1 590
320 1 590
445 2 590
451 1 590
476 1 590
525 1 590
572 2 590
590 5 590
609 1 590
621 1 590
656 1 590
664 1 590
668 1 590
670 1 590
671 1 590
674 1 590
683 2 590
689 3 590
715 1 590
762 1 590
797 1 590
814 1 590
819 1 590
901 1 590
1045 1 590
1046 2 590
1047 1 590
1077 2 590
1213 1 590
1231 2 590
1389 1 590
1443 2 590
1443 2 590
.I 591
.T
The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Information Retrieval
and Dissemination Systems
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
A distinction is made between cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefits
analysis as applied to information systems; and the relationship between costs,
performance, and benefits is discussed.. Some factors influencing the
cost-effectiveness of retrieval and dissemination systems are identified..
Various aspects of system operation that are susceptible to cost-effectiveness
analysis are discussed, including system coverage, indexing policies and
procedures, system vocabulary, searching procedures, and mode of interaction
between system and user.. Possible tradeoffs between input and output costs,
and the effects of these tradeoffs on cost-effectiveness are presented.
.X
18 1 591
27 1 591
34 1 591
49 1 591
53 1 591
59 1 591
74 3 591
83 2 591
153 1 591
158 1 591
161 1 591
164 2 591
175 1 591
178 1 591
197 1 591
202 1 591
206 1 591
208 1 591
213 1 591
217 1 591
222 1 591
223 1 591
224 2 591
243 1 591
245 2 591
255 1 591
271 1 591
273 1 591
277 1 591
279 1 591
288 2 591
289 1 591
291 1 591
292 1 591
298 1 591
305 1 591
331 1 591
375 1 591
381 4 591
408 2 591
416 1 591
421 1 591
445 1 591
453 1 591
454 1 591
456 1 591
458 1 591
465 1 591
466 1 591
472 1 591
490 3 591
491 2 591
492 1 591
495 1 591
496 2 591
497 1 591
503 1 591
506 2 591
507 2 591
510 1 591
512 2 591
514 1 591
554 2 591
575 1 591
579 2 591
584 2 591
586 1 591
591 20 591
592 1 591
593 1 591
594 1 591
595 3 591
596 1 591
597 1 591
599 2 591
600 1 591
603 4 591
604 2 591
606 2 591
608 1 591
610 1 591
615 1 591
619 1 591
620 1 591
621 1 591
622 1 591
623 1 591
625 1 591
629 1 591
630 1 591
633 1 591
639 2 591
659 1 591
676 1 591
687 1 591
711 1 591
714 1 591
722 1 591
723 3 591
724 2 591
726 1 591
728 1 591
730 1 591
731 1 591
732 1 591
752 1 591
776 1 591
779 2 591
780 1 591
801 1 591
805 1 591
806 1 591
809 2 591
810 1 591
813 1 591
814 1 591
816 1 591
820 1 591
822 3 591
828 1 591
834 1 591
836 1 591
860 1 591
865 1 591
866 1 591
867 1 591
870 1 591
879 1 591
907 1 591
915 1 591
925 2 591
956 1 591
957 2 591
959 1 591
960 1 591
961 1 591
962 3 591
964 2 591
972 1 591
976 2 591
984 1 591
986 1 591
989 1 591
1078 1 591
1089 1 591
1091 1 591
1148 1 591
1227 1 591
1283 1 591
1298 2 591
1299 2 591
1317 1 591
1327 1 591
1353 2 591
1359 1 591
1360 1 591
1363 1 591
1366 1 591
1367 1 591
1368 1 591
1396 1 591
1400 3 591
1401 1 591
1405 1 591
1410 1 591
1424 1 591
1424 1 591
.I 592
.T
Some Remarks on Elitism in Information and the
Invisible College Phenomenon in Science
.A
De Solla Price, D.J.
.W
Let me remind you of that famous place in Dickins'
Pickwick Papers where we hear of a researcher who
composed a copious review on Chinese Metaphysics with
the aid only of the Encyclopedia Britannica, which
contained absolutely no information on that subject.
The technique used, we are told with a nudge of
superiority, was to read for metaphysics under the
letter M, and for China under the letter C, and to
combine the information.
I feel that we may be performing just such a miracle
of creative juxtaposition when we assume that Scientific
Information is just some special variety of information
that contains queer words like Potassium Permanganate,
pi r squared, and numbers like 2.71828. We suppose too
that Scientific Libraries are just libraries that happen to be
full of scientific books, and that the best possible
technical librarian would be somebody who had picked up a
library qualification and combined it with the appropriate
sort of technical qualification. There is, as they used to
say, no mixture of ingredients but a genuine chemical
compound. I wish to point out two simple facts: there is
more to scholarship than the mere cumulation, storage
and retrieval of information, and there is about science
and technology something intrinsically different from
mere scholarship.
.X
15 1 592
19 1 592
32 1 592
55 1 592
74 1 592
83 1 592
103 1 592
105 1 592
110 1 592
111 1 592
113 1 592
161 1 592
163 1 592
175 1 592
243 1 592
245 1 592
255 1 592
273 1 592
279 1 592
288 1 592
331 1 592
356 1 592
381 1 592
408 1 592
475 1 592
490 1 592
496 1 592
545 1 592
560 1 592
585 1 592
591 1 592
592 9 592
593 1 592
595 1 592
602 1 592
607 1 592
716 1 592
723 1 592
724 1 592
735 1 592
747 1 592
777 1 592
791 2 592
834 1 592
860 1 592
893 1 592
925 1 592
957 1 592
976 1 592
1030 2 592
1062 1 592
1085 1 592
1087 1 592
1089 1 592
1148 1 592
1200 1 592
1209 1 592
1227 1 592
1285 1 592
1291 1 592
1293 2 592
1296 1 592
1298 2 592
1309 1 592
1317 1 592
1337 1 592
1338 1 592
1346 1 592
1347 1 592
1353 1 592
1359 1 592
1360 1 592
1400 1 592
1410 1 592
1424 1 592
1424 1 592
.I 593
.T
Human Factors in the Design of an Interactive Library System
.A
McAllister, Caryl
Bell, John M.
.W
ELMS (Experimental Library Management System) is an experimental
system for total library management, operating on-line with an IBM 360
through IBM 2260 and 2741 terminals.. The system is designed to handle
large amounts of highly variable information which it processes on
command, giving on-line computer service for all library operations..
At the same time, it must accommodate the different needs and skills
of a broad range of library users, from new patrons to well-trained
librarians..
Such a system presents programming problems that will be typical
of large, interactive computer systems in the seventies.. This paper
discusses ELMS features that facilitate user interaction, and may prove
useful in similar systems: techniques for tutoring the user (display
format, one-question, one-answer displays, and KWIC indexing); adaptability
for the experienced user (command chains and a standard set of four-letter
mnemonic codes for higher-level control); minimization of keying (line
numbers, one-character mnemonic codes used with procedures, and use of
default conditions); performance of clerical tasks by exception notification;
and collection of operational statistics to help improve the system..
.X
66 1 593
78 1 593
161 1 593
175 1 593
197 2 593
218 1 593
332 1 593
375 1 593
445 1 593
454 1 593
472 1 593
503 1 593
506 1 593
507 1 593
546 1 593
547 1 593
554 1 593
579 1 593
585 1 593
591 1 593
592 1 593
593 5 593
594 2 593
595 2 593
596 1 593
597 1 593
599 1 593
600 1 593
603 1 593
604 1 593
606 2 593
723 1 593
724 1 593
801 1 593
805 1 593
806 1 593
836 1 593
866 1 593
867 1 593
956 1 593
989 1 593
1035 1 593
1298 1 593
1299 1 593
1309 1 593
1327 1 593
1405 1 593
1405 1 593
.I 594
.T
On-Line Systems: Promise and Pitfalls
.A
Cuadra, Carlos A.
.W
Interactive systems, in existence for nearly 15 years, are becoming
increasingly important, both for information retrieval and library support
operations.. The virtues of these systems are speed, intimacy, and -
if time-sharing is involved - economy.. The major problems are the cost of
the large computers and files necessary for bibliographic data, the still-
high cost of communications, and the generally poor design of the user-
system interfaces.. The desirable features of on-line retrieval interfaces
are only now being defined and tested in a systematic way, e.g., by the
National Library of Medicine in its AIM-TWX nationwide experimental
retrieval service.. System implementers must, in addition to engineering
the right capabilities into on-line systems, also make a careful,
concerted effort to engineer user acceptance.. Common pitfalls here
include overselling system capabilities and failure to take into account
the social context around the user terminal.. The major national problem
is to avoid or limit wasteful and expensive duplication in providing
nationwide search access to the hundreds of public and private data
bases that will be readily available during the next few years.. We do
not need technological breakthroughs to exploit the potential of
on-line systems, but we do need breakthroughs in organizing for
technological change..
.X
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630 1 594
636 1 594
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703 1 594
705 1 594
708 1 594
723 1 594
724 1 594
726 1 594
727 1 594
728 3 594
731 1 594
732 1 594
733 2 594
734 1 594
736 1 594
738 1 594
739 1 594
740 1 594
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801 1 594
805 1 594
806 1 594
820 1 594
826 2 594
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830 1 594
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863 1 594
864 1 594
865 1 594
866 3 594
867 2 594
868 1 594
879 1 594
883 1 594
885 1 594
897 1 594
916 1 594
936 1 594
956 1 594
972 1 594
989 1 594
1004 1 594
1035 2 594
1042 1 594
1051 1 594
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1154 1 594
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1327 2 594
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.I 595
.T
Selected Results From An Inquiry Into Testing of
Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Saracevic, Tefko
.W
A variety of aspects related to testing of retrieval systems were
examined.. A model of a retrieval system, together with a set of measures
and a methodology for performance testing were developed.. In the main
experiment the effect on performance of the following variables
was tested: sources of indexing, indexing languages, coding schemes,
question analyses, search strategies and formats of output.. In
addition, a series of separate experiments was carried out to investigate
the problems of controls in experimentation with IR systems.. The main
conclusions: the human factor appears to be the main variable in all
components of an IR system; length of indexes affects performance
considerably more than indexing languages; question analyses and search
strategies to affect performance to a great extent - as much, if not more
than indexing.. Retrieval systems seem to be able to perform at present only
on a general level, failing to be at the same time comprehensive and specific..
It seems that testing of total IR systems controlling and monitoring all
factors (environmental and systems-related) is not possible at present..
.X
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659 1 595
676 1 595
711 1 595
722 1 595
723 2 595
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726 1 595
728 1 595
730 1 595
731 1 595
732 1 595
752 2 595
762 1 595
780 1 595
785 1 595
790 1 595
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820 2 595
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.I 596
.T
What Makes An Automatic Keyword Classification Effective?
.A
Jones, K. Sparck
.A
Barber, E. O.
.W
Though the idea of constructing a keyword classification for retrieval
purposes automatically is not a new one, comparatively few systematic
experiments have been carried out in this area; and while many suggestions
have been put forward, not enough is known about the behaviour of automatic
keyword classifications, and hence about the properties such classifications
should have and the ways they should be used.. In previous experiments we
showed that some forms of classification could give good results, and this
paper describes a further series of tests designed to examine this sort of
classification in more detail, with a view to establishing the optimum forms
of classification and procedures for using them in different retrieval
situations.. These tests demonstrate that further improvements in
performance over that for unclassified keywords can be obtained, and that
definite conclusions can be drawn about the correct approach to classification
for collections like the test one: the best results are given when grouping
is confined to strongly connected, nonfrequent keywords, when the
classification is used to provide additional rather than alternative indexing
terms, particularly for requests, and when matching is controlled by keyword
frequency..
.X
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.I 597
.T
Machine-Assisted Approach to General Reference Materials
.A
Meredith, J. C.
.W
A collection of 144 general reference works was analyzed and encoded
according to 254 identifiable characteristics of services and contained data,
comprising an "approach language" expressing search parametrs.. In response to
a request submitted at on-line terminal, the "REFSEARCH" system retrieves the
names of those works who profiles meet or exceed the specification.. The
background and rationale of the system is discussed, its current use in the
School of Librarianship, University of California, and its potential for direct
service to library patrons..
.X
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554 1 597
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806 1 597
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956 1 597
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.I 598
.T
Curricula in Information Science: Analysis and Development
.A
Belzer, J
Isaac, A
Finkelstein, E.
Williams, J.
.W
The Curriculum Committee of the Special Interest
Group/Education Information Science of ASIS is
charged with the responsibility for determining the
scope and characteristics of information science
programs in the US and Canada in terms of Curriculum
developments and course offerings. To fulfill this
responsibility, questionnaires were developed to elicit
reliable information concerning courses being offered relating
to information storage and retrieval, information
science and/or documentation. The data requested
included course levels, pre- and post-requisite courses,
textbooks used, topics covered, frequency with which
offered, etc.
Responses were received from 45 schools, providing
information about 185 courses and 242 topics. Using
several methods of clustering the data, it was difficult
to arrive at firm results, because of the diversity and
scatter of the topics included in this field. It was
therefore decided to hold a workshop of experts which
would examine the validity of the questionnaire results.
This workshop, using the Delphi technique to arrive
at consensus, was held at the University of Pittsburgh
on September 21-23, 1970. Sixteen specialists in the
field representing universities industry and government
were brought together to participate. Consensus was
reached in identifying nine factors which contribute to
the curriculum in information science and seven courses
which constitute the core for the Master's program.
The topics to be included in each of these courses were
also isolated.
.X
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.I 599
.T
On the Evaluation of Information Science
.A
Harmon, Glynn
.W
The emergence and development of information science within its wider
disciplinary framework is interpreted.. Information science is approached as
one of a modern generation of communication or behavioral disciplines which
emerged almost simultaneously around World War II.. Consequently, an attempt is
made to discern the evolution of relationship between information science and
other generation disciplines.. The internal development of information science
is first sketched.. Second, possible relationship and roles of information
science within a potentially emergent suprasystem of knowledge are discussed..
.X
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.I 600
.T
Compound Words: A Problem in Post-Coordinate Retrieval Systems
.A
Jones, Kevin P.
.W
Compound words cause some difficulty in post-coordinate indexing
systems: if too many are fractured, or the wrong categories are selected
for fracturing, noise will be produced at unacceptable levels on retrieval..
Various prior suggestions for handling compound terms are examined which
include those for pre-coordinated or rotated, indexes..
The syntactic origins are also explored and it is found that many
compound words hinge on a prepositional relationship between the components,
and that this relationship can be applied to decision making.. Other
compound words are in effect abbreviated statements from longer phrases,
while some are influenced by the presence of a verb-like form..
These syntactic influences, together with some of the philosophy from
earlier studies - especially that of the 'force' required to fracture a
term, have been combined to produce a set of rules which have been
employed at the National Rubber Producers' Research Association (NRPRA)
for over two years.. These have greatly eased decision making and have
enabled the thesaural vocabulary to be made more consistent..
It is also suggested that the rules have some bearing on the
application of roles especially if these are employed on a pre-coordinate
basis..
.X
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.I 601
.T
Some Implications of Automatic Recognition of Bibliographic Elements
.A
Shoffner, Ralph M.
.W
A theoretical approach to the problem of converting printed bibliographic
records to machine readable form is developed based on principles of system
analysis.. Experience from several recent projects conducted by the Institute of
Library Research, University of California, are used to illustrate how this
theoretical approach is currently being tested prior to implementation in a
large scale conversion project..
.X
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936 1 601
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.I 602
.T
Informal Communication Among Scientists in Sleep Research
.A
Crawford, Susan
.W
At the frontiers of an active area of science, social structure based upon
communication is demonstrated.. Using sociometric techniques, an informal
communication network was identified which included 73% of the scientists..
Within the network was a core group of scientists who were the focus of a
disproportionately large number of contacts and who were differentiated from
others by greater productivity, higher citation record and wider readership..
Information transferred to these scientists is so situated that it could be
transmitted to 95% of the network scientists through one intermediary scientist
or less..
.X
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632 1 602
728 1 602
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1301 1 602
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1444 1 602
.I 603
.T
The Efficiency of MEDLARS Titles for Retrieval
.A
Miller, William L.
.W
Previous research has indicated that the titles rather than index terms
would, in the standard MEDLARS system, gave lower Recall but higher Precision..
A title searching technique is described which allows the number of references
retrieved to be fixed before a search commences.. With this technique the
greater applicability of title-terms offsets their relative paucity.. The
title-searching technique is tested using queries put to MEDLARS.. These
queries were not specially solicited for the test.. Title searching is compared
with the standard MEDLARS index term search and with an index term search with
fixed output size.. For equal output sizes, Title searching retrieves 4
relevant references for every 5 retrieved by index term searching.. Thus the
relative retrieval efficiency of Title and Index terms is so close that the
choice of one method or the other must be primarily on economic grounds..
.X
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883 1 603
894 1 603
907 1 603
956 1 603
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989 1 603
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.I 604
.T
Comparison of Document Data Bases
.A
Schipma, Peter B.
.A
Williams, Martha E.
.A
Shafton, Allan L.
.W
This paper presents a detailed analysis of the content and format of seven
machine-readable bibliographic data bases: Chemical Abstract Service
Condensates, Chemical and Biological Activities, and Polymer Science and
Technology, Biosciences Information Service's BA Previews including Biological
Abstracts and BioReseach Index, Institute for Science Information Source Tape,
and Engineering Index COMPENDEX..
Selected issue test tapes of each data base were printed and checked for the
types of data that were contained in the issue and the methods in which the
data were formatted.. This paper compared the physical formats of the tapes and
describes the varied treatments given to such data elements as authors, titles,
abstracts, etc.. Comparison of data bases requires common use of terms.. All
terms are defined at the beginning of the paper..
The authors found great discrepancies in the presentation of essentially
similar bibliographic data, and they offer some suggestions for mitigating the
discrepancies by use of standards..
.X
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.I 605
.T
Citations, References and the Growth of Scientific Literature:
A Model of Dynamic Interaction
.A
Krauze, Tadeusz K.
.A
Hillinger, Claude
.W
A mathematical model is presented which explains the observed exponential
growth rates of citations and references in a scientific discipline.. The
independent variables are the growth rate of the number of articles published
and the decay rate of citation of old literature.. It is shown how the
parameters of the model can be estimated..
.X
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.I 606
.T
Interface Design for An Interactive Information Retrieval System:
A Literature Survey and a Research System Description
.A
Thompson, David A., Ph.D.
.W
This article focuses on the human interaction characteristics of an
information retrieval system, suggests some design considerations to
improve man-machine cooperation, and describes a research system at
Stanford that is exploring some of these techniques..
Librarians can only be of limited assistance in helping the naive
user formulate an unstructured feeling in his mind into an appropriate
search query that maps into the retrieval system.. Consequently, the
process of query formulation by the user, interactively with the
information available in te system, remains one of the principal
problems in information retrieval today..
In an attempt to solve this problem by improving the interface
communication between man and the computer, we have pursued the
objective of displaying hierarchically structured index trees on a CRT
in a decision tree format permitting the user merely to point (with a
light pen) at alternatives which seem most appropriate to him.. Using
his passive rather than his active vocabulary expands his interaction
vocabulary by at least an order of magnitude.. Moreover, a
hierarchically displayed index is a modified thesaurus, and may be
augmented by adding lateral links to provide semantic assistance to
the user.. A hierarchical structure was chosen because it seems to
replicate the structure of cognitive thought processes most closely,
thus allowing the simplest, most direct transfer of the man's problem
into the structure and vocabulary of the system..
.X
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.I 607
.T
Improving a Field-based "Eric-Like" Information System
.A
Paisley, W.
.W
This is a period for rapid growth in information systems
for the sciences and professions. Information centers
are springing up across the country. Federal agencies
and private groups are both collaborating and competing
to establish comprehensive systems.
Changing the library's name to "information center" is
more than linguistic faddism. New, active roles subordinate
the library's traditional, passive role as a preserver
and codifier of knowledge. "Information center"
bears analogy to "economic center" and "transportation
center." Like these centers, its significance is in
transaction. The significance of a transportation center
lies in routes to other centers. The significance of an
information center lies in communication lines to knowledge
producers and knowledge users. Information centers are
judged by their information "throughput," not by their
"holdings."
.X
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510 1 607
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548 1 607
560 1 607
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602 1 607
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607 5 607
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803 1 607
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.I 608
.T
A new comparison Between Conventional Indexing (MEDLARS)
and Automatic Text Processing (SMART)
.A
Salton, G.
.W
A new testing process is described designed to compare conventional retrieval
(MEDLARS) and automatic text analysis methods (SMART).. The results obtained
with a collection of documents chosen independently of either SMART or MEDLARS
indicate that a simple automatic extraction of keywords from document abstracts
produces a 30 to 40 percent loss compared with MEDLARS indexing.. A replacement
of the unranked Boolean searches used in MEDLARS by the standard ranked output
normally provided by SMART reduces the loss to between 15 and 20 percent.. When
automatically generated word control list or a thesaurus is used as part of the
SMART analysis, the results are comparable in effectiveness to those obtained
by the intellectual MEDLARS indexing.. Finally, the incorporation of user
feedback procedures into SMART furnishes an improvement over the normal MEDLARS
output of 15 to 30 percent..
One concludes again that no technical justification exists for maintaining
controlled, manual indexing in operational retrieval environments..
.X
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.I 609
.T
Report on the Evaluation of an Experimental Computer-Based
Current-Awareness Service for Chemists
.A
Barker, Frances H.
.A
Wyatt, Barry K.
.A
Veal, Douglas C.
.W
A selected sample of U.K. University, industrial and Government scientists
were given a current-awareness service for 18 months, in order to investigate
the practicability and problems of such a service.. Six hundred profiles were
run, using the natural-language data bases Chemical Titles and
Chemical-Biological Activities produced by Chemical Abstracts Service..
Precision and recall were measured, and correlations between profile
performance and such factors as subject area and profile logic were
investigated statistically.. Precision and recall failures were analyzed and
various improvements to the system were suggested as a consequence..
It was concluded that a viable computerized current-awareness service based
on searching natural language could be created..
.X
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883 1 609
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1091 2 609
1143 1 609
1207 1 609
1231 1 609
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1294 1 609
1297 1 609
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1302 1 609
1303 2 609
1356 1 609
1364 1 609
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1367 1 609
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1370 1 609
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1396 3 609
.I 610
.T
The Development of a Semantic Differential to
Assess Users' Attitudes Towards An On-line Interactive
Reference Retrieval System
.A
Katzer, Jeffrey
.W
A semantic differential (SD) is a commonly used instrument which can
be used to reliably measure attitude toward a variety of objects or
concepts.. Each SD consists of a series of bipolar adjective scales on
which a respondent reacts, in relation to the object or concept of interest..
To interpret completed SDs, it simplifies the procedures and aids in the
development of theory if the adjective scales are grouped into one or more
independent clusters.. The primary purpose of this study was to identify
those clusters (or dimensions) applied by a user of an on-line user-oriented
reference retrieval system when he reacts toward such a system..
Seventy-one who used or were familiar with a working on-line reference
retrieval system completed a packet of 20 SDs, each consisting of the same
19 adjective scales.. The correlations among the scales were factor
analyzed.. Three independent dimensions were identified.. Factor I was
labeled "evaluative-specific" and accounted for over 23% of the total
variance.. Factor II was called "desirability"; it accounted for over
17% of the total variance.. And, Factor III, entitled "enormity" accounted
for over 10% of the total variance.. Another analysis showed the factor
structure to be highly reliable.. Therefore, if the derived three
dimensional structure underlies users' attitudes toward a more general
class of retrieval systems, then undimensional or unstructured system
evaluation of users' attitudes will be simplistic and possibly misleading..
In order to construct a working semantic differential, 10 adjective
scales were identified which best represented the three dimensions..
Brief instructions are included which outline how to use this SD..
The discussion is mainly concerned with the obtained factor structure
and the need for a predicative replication of the study..
.X
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.I 611
.T
What Information Dissemination Studies Imply Concerning the Design of
On-Line Reference Retrieval Systems*
.A
Back, Harry B.
.W
The use of an on-line computer system for locating bibliographic citations
has been hailed as an important innovation for coping with the "information
explosion.." However, on-line reference retrieval is only one element in a
large social system of information dissemination.. To have a widespread impact,
an on-line system must compete successfully with a multitude of other sources
of references.. This paper reviews studies of information dissemination as a
basis for determining how on-line retrieval can best compete. It recommends
the functional groups for whom an on-line system should be designed and the
forms of written media that should be included in the system's initial data
base.. Finally, it presents criteria the system should satisfy to be as widely
used and as comprehensive as other reference retrieval methods..
.X
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.I 612
.T
Interactive Search of Bibliographic Data Bases in an Academic Environment
.A
Borman, Lorraine
.A
Mittman, Benjamin
.W
A surprising difference is found in the acceptance of on-line bibliographic
search between university research workers and students in the classroom.. The
typical research worker, even after careful preparation and individual help,
abandons the on-line system in favor of more traditional searching techniques..
The student and the seminar participant, on the other hand, take to this new
tool with enthusiasm and profit.. Bibliographic data bases in physics,
astronomy and urban systems are available to users through on-line access to
the Remote Information Query System (RIQS).. Examples of introductory on-line
sessions are presented and a report of one of the professors participating is
included..
.X
18 1 612
90 1 612
119 1 612
122 1 612
124 1 612
125 2 612
127 1 612
129 1 612
145 1 612
190 2 612
191 1 612
197 1 612
211 2 612
214 1 612
218 1 612
243 1 612
289 1 612
294 1 612
307 1 612
330 1 612
343 1 612
357 1 612
365 1 612
378 2 612
394 1 612
417 1 612
440 1 612
450 1 612
451 2 612
452 2 612
453 2 612
459 2 612
460 1 612
467 1 612
468 2 612
484 1 612
492 1 612
495 1 612
506 1 612
508 2 612
511 2 612
512 2 612
514 3 612
517 1 612
518 1 612
520 3 612
521 1 612
523 2 612
524 2 612
525 1 612
526 4 612
528 2 612
529 1 612
530 1 612
534 1 612
546 3 612
553 2 612
576 1 612
579 1 612
580 1 612
594 1 612
597 1 612
603 1 612
604 2 612
606 3 612
609 3 612
610 3 612
611 3 612
612 11 612
617 1 612
619 1 612
620 1 612
622 1 612
623 1 612
625 1 612
626 2 612
629 1 612
630 1 612
631 1 612
632 1 612
633 1 612
636 1 612
637 2 612
641 1 612
642 2 612
648 1 612
650 1 612
692 1 612
696 1 612
699 2 612
700 1 612
703 1 612
705 2 612
707 1 612
708 1 612
723 1 612
726 2 612
727 2 612
728 2 612
729 1 612
730 1 612
731 2 612
732 1 612
733 2 612
734 1 612
736 1 612
738 1 612
739 1 612
740 1 612
741 1 612
742 1 612
743 1 612
744 1 612
754 1 612
755 1 612
812 1 612
813 1 612
814 1 612
820 2 612
822 1 612
826 1 612
827 1 612
866 1 612
870 1 612
872 1 612
873 1 612
879 2 612
883 1 612
940 1 612
963 1 612
990 1 612
1004 1 612
1035 1 612
1078 2 612
1089 2 612
1091 2 612
1143 2 612
1207 1 612
1221 1 612
1229 1 612
1247 1 612
1264 3 612
1297 1 612
1302 1 612
1303 3 612
1356 1 612
1364 1 612
1366 2 612
1367 3 612
1368 3 612
1370 2 612
1372 1 612
1373 1 612
1374 1 612
1375 1 612
1376 1 612
1377 2 612
1387 1 612
1396 2 612
1435 1 612
1436 1 612
1436 1 612
.I 613
.T
Citation Patterns fo the Cardiovascular Serial Literature
.A
McMurtray, Frances
.A
Ginski, John M.
.W
In an attempt to further amplify the characteristics of the cardiovascular
serial literature, citation patterns were studied.. As previously shown,
one-third of the 5,860 papers from the National Heart Institute grantees for
1967 appeared within 13 journals (3).. After the exclusion of the abstract
journals, the remaining journals were used to obtain a basic pool of 300
cardiovascular related articles.. Science Citation Index was used to
gather statistics relative to citing author, journal and year.. The 300
articles in the basic pool were cited a total of 2,545 times during this
four-year period (1967-1970).. The figures concerning citation rate by
year serve to uphold the idea that journal citation reaches a peak during
the third year after publication.. Also some definite patterns of self-citation
were noted.. It was found that, when analyzed on the basis of first author,
15 percent of the 2,545 citations were self-citations.. The ten basic
journals tend to be cited mostly within themselves; one-third of the
citations were found in these journals.. Although the citations were
found throughout 349 journals, indicating an extensive scatter, a
relatively high percentage of papers were found in few journals..
.X
33 2 613
36 2 613
41 1 613
89 1 613
90 1 613
91 1 613
97 1 613
102 1 613
111 1 613
112 1 613
161 1 613
163 1 613
183 2 613
184 2 613
193 2 613
199 2 613
201 1 613
202 1 613
203 2 613
204 1 613
205 1 613
209 1 613
210 1 613
212 1 613
217 1 613
220 1 613
222 1 613
225 1 613
269 1 613
284 1 613
286 1 613
294 1 613
373 1 613
377 1 613
429 1 613
513 1 613
543 1 613
545 1 613
552 1 613
582 1 613
587 1 613
588 3 613
589 1 613
603 1 613
605 2 613
613 6 613
614 2 613
618 1 613
624 1 613
638 1 613
657 1 613
685 1 613
686 1 613
691 1 613
721 1 613
722 1 613
724 1 613
725 1 613
735 1 613
747 1 613
750 1 613
753 1 613
766 1 613
767 1 613
770 1 613
775 1 613
776 1 613
782 1 613
784 1 613
788 1 613
789 1 613
793 1 613
799 1 613
800 2 613
808 2 613
905 1 613
953 1 613
958 1 613
959 1 613
977 1 613
983 1 613
987 1 613
988 1 613
1016 1 613
1023 1 613
1030 1 613
1055 1 613
1087 2 613
1090 1 613
1135 1 613
1151 1 613
1208 1 613
1260 1 613
1275 1 613
1276 1 613
1278 1 613
1280 1 613
1285 1 613
1286 1 613
1287 1 613
1293 1 613
1302 3 613
1335 1 613
1390 1 613
1397 1 613
1417 1 613
1428 1 613
1432 1 613
1432 1 613
.I 614
.T
The Use Patterns of Physics Journals in a Large Academic Research Library
.A
Chen, Ching-Chih
.W
The purpose of this investigation was to reveal the use of patterns of the
physics journals in the M.I.T. Science Library.. The findings are based upon
an analysis of actual use data recorded from all volumes and issues left by
library users on study tables and on trucks in the photocopy area from
March 15 to June 31, 1971.. The Science Library contains some 220 physics
journals.. The study reveals that only 138 journals (62.7%) were used even
once during the 3 1/2-month interval.. A core of 49 journals supplies 90%
of use, and these items would cost 51.1% of the total single subscription
costs of the 138 used titles: 52.3% of use occurs in journal volumes less
than 6 years old.. English is the most used language of physics journals and
the English journals account for 95.3% of use.. American journals, 57.2% of
which are published by the American Institute of Physics, supply 59.4% of the
total use..
.X
33 3 614
36 1 614
37 1 614
41 1 614
48 1 614
55 1 614
89 1 614
91 1 614
97 1 614
102 1 614
111 1 614
112 1 614
147 1 614
161 1 614
163 1 614
167 1 614
183 1 614
184 1 614
193 2 614
195 1 614
196 1 614
198 1 614
199 1 614
201 1 614
203 1 614
205 1 614
210 2 614
219 2 614
225 2 614
267 1 614
269 1 614
300 1 614
373 1 614
429 1 614
439 1 614
513 1 614
528 1 614
543 1 614
545 1 614
552 1 614
560 1 614
582 1 614
587 1 614
588 1 614
589 1 614
603 1 614
605 1 614
613 2 614
614 15 614
618 1 614
624 1 614
635 1 614
638 8 614
651 1 614
657 1 614
685 1 614
686 1 614
691 1 614
721 1 614
722 1 614
724 1 614
725 1 614
735 2 614
747 1 614
748 3 614
750 1 614
751 1 614
753 2 614
756 1 614
757 1 614
764 1 614
765 1 614
766 1 614
767 1 614
775 1 614
778 1 614
782 1 614
784 1 614
786 1 614
787 1 614
788 1 614
789 1 614
791 1 614
792 1 614
793 4 614
800 2 614
808 2 614
811 1 614
818 1 614
821 2 614
831 1 614
889 1 614
905 2 614
925 2 614
948 1 614
952 2 614
953 2 614
958 1 614
977 2 614
983 2 614
987 1 614
988 1 614
1016 1 614
1019 1 614
1023 1 614
1030 1 614
1055 1 614
1083 1 614
1086 1 614
1087 1 614
1090 3 614
1135 1 614
1208 1 614
1210 2 614
1254 1 614
1256 1 614
1260 3 614
1275 4 614
1276 2 614
1278 2 614
1280 1 614
1285 1 614
1286 1 614
1287 1 614
1293 1 614
1302 6 614
1335 1 614
1352 1 614
1355 2 614
1369 4 614
1373 1 614
1390 1 614
1397 2 614
1404 1 614
1417 1 614
1418 1 614
1428 1 614
1432 1 614
1432 1 614
.I 615
.T
A Cost Model for Evaluating Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Cooper, Michael D.
.W
This paper develops a mathematical model for use in studying how to
minimize the cost of operating a mechanized retrieval system.. Through
the use of cost analysis, the model provides a method for comparative
evaluation between information retrieval systems.. The cost model divides the
costs of a retrieval system into two components: system costs and user costs..
In addition, it suggests that a trade off exists between the performance
level of the system and the combination of user and systems time that is
expended in working with the system.. This minimizes the total cost of
operating the system.. The allocation is done for a given performance level
and for a given cost per unit of user and system time..
.X
5 1 615
28 1 615
90 1 615
91 1 615
124 1 615
125 1 615
157 1 615
158 1 615
165 1 615
172 1 615
175 1 615
191 1 615
194 1 615
212 1 615
222 1 615
223 1 615
224 1 615
274 1 615
298 1 615
368 1 615
381 3 615
389 1 615
417 1 615
435 1 615
446 1 615
448 1 615
452 1 615
456 1 615
458 2 615
468 1 615
484 1 615
485 1 615
511 1 615
514 2 615
516 1 615
518 2 615
521 1 615
522 1 615
523 1 615
526 1 615
527 1 615
528 1 615
529 1 615
554 1 615
572 1 615
575 2 615
577 1 615
579 2 615
591 1 615
595 2 615
599 1 615
603 1 615
610 1 615
615 5 615
619 1 615
620 1 615
621 1 615
625 2 615
626 1 615
630 1 615
636 1 615
640 1 615
646 1 615
700 1 615
705 1 615
707 1 615
727 1 615
752 2 615
754 1 615
780 1 615
785 1 615
812 1 615
815 1 615
817 1 615
820 1 615
822 2 615
824 1 615
827 1 615
829 1 615
875 1 615
895 1 615
902 1 615
907 1 615
957 1 615
1023 1 615
1033 1 615
1084 1 615
1091 1 615
1219 1 615
1227 1 615
1279 1 615
1282 1 615
1303 1 615
1327 1 615
1364 1 615
1365 1 615
1366 1 615
1367 1 615
1368 1 615
1387 1 615
1390 1 615
1390 1 615
.I 616
.T
A Bibliometric Analysis of Certain Information Science Literature
.A
Donohue, Joseph C.
.W
Several bibliometric techniques previously applied to
separate scientific literatures were used together in the analysis of a
single corpus of journal articles relating to information science..
Techniques included are (a) Bradford analysis, (b) epidemic analysis,
(c) identification of research front, and (d) bibliographic coupling..
Similar analysis was made of writings cited by the main corpus articles,
and of the literature which in turn cites the main corpus.. Results
were analyzed in terms of structure and processes observable in patterns
of authorship, publication, and citation.. Their significance is discussed
with potential application of the method to the solution of problems in the
management of large research libraries..
.X
33 1 616
39 1 616
50 1 616
126 1 616
198 2 616
326 1 616
359 1 616
361 1 616
379 1 616
446 1 616
449 1 616
462 1 616
473 1 616
485 1 616
503 1 616
505 1 616
515 1 616
525 1 616
526 1 616
533 1 616
545 1 616
572 1 616
573 1 616
574 1 616
588 1 616
616 8 616
632 2 616
635 1 616
640 1 616
685 1 616
735 1 616
748 1 616
751 1 616
759 1 616
765 1 616
773 1 616
775 1 616
778 1 616
789 1 616
821 1 616
823 1 616
958 1 616
1016 1 616
1083 1 616
1085 1 616
1090 1 616
1111 1 616
1114 1 616
1182 1 616
1207 1 616
1242 1 616
1250 1 616
1275 2 616
1283 1 616
1290 1 616
1302 2 616
1305 1 616
1306 1 616
1313 1 616
1355 2 616
1403 1 616
1426 1 616
1428 1 616
1428 1 616
.I 617
.T
On-Line Serials Control System in a Large Biomedical Library;
1) Description of the System
.A
Fayollat, James
.W
An on-line serials control system with particular emphasis on storage and
maintenance concepts is described.. The system, operational since January,
1971, has evolved from a former batch card system and remains completely
compatible with it.. The system allows real-time display and updating of
all elements of the file.. Consequently all check-in, bindery, and claims
operations, as well as new entries and data field changes are accomplished
on a real-time basis.. All programs are in PL/1.. Required equipment is an
IBM time-shared facility with 100 K memory available for the applications
programs, and IBM 2260 display units..
This article is the first of three.. The second is concerned with an
analysis of inverted file retrieval features and the third compares the
operation of the on-line with the batch system, comparable manual operations,
and discusses costs..
.X
90 2 617
200 1 617
231 1 617
261 1 617
289 1 617
294 1 617
295 1 617
299 1 617
334 1 617
354 1 617
553 1 617
608 1 617
610 1 617
612 1 617
617 6 617
620 5 617
815 1 617
872 1 617
938 1 617
939 1 617
963 1 617
990 1 617
991 1 617
992 1 617
1221 2 617
1229 1 617
1318 1 617
1365 1 617
1390 1 617
1390 1 617
.I 618
.T
Interrelationships of Scientific Journals
.A
Narin, Francis
Carpenter, Mark
Berlt, Nancy C.
.W
A series of models of the interrelationship of scientific journals
has been developed from the cross citing amongst 275 journals in
mathematics, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and biology..
The data source was the Journal Citation Index (JCI), a file derived
from the Science Citation Index.. The JCI consists of a journal by
journal tabulation of citings to and from each journal in the index..
A large amount of consistency was found between the citing characteristics
of the journals in the different scientific fields, with quite clear
boundaries between fields and a few well known cross disciplinary
journals as cross field information links..
The separate disciplines appear to relate to each other in an orderly
manner, with a natural sequence: mathematics --> physics --> chemistry -->
biochemistry --> biology.. Within disciplines the journals form fully
transitive hierarchies with very few relational conflicts..
.X
19 1 618
37 2 618
39 2 618
40 2 618
47 1 618
88 1 618
91 1 618
97 4 618
102 1 618
103 1 618
155 1 618
161 1 618
233 1 618
253 2 618
313 1 618
359 2 618
377 1 618
378 2 618
379 2 618
395 1 618
429 1 618
439 1 618
505 1 618
513 1 618
515 1 618
560 2 618
573 1 618
582 1 618
588 1 618
589 1 618
602 1 618
603 1 618
613 1 618
614 1 618
618 13 618
622 1 618
632 3 618
635 7 618
642 1 618
657 1 618
667 1 618
685 1 618
686 1 618
691 1 618
721 1 618
722 1 618
724 1 618
725 1 618
744 2 618
748 2 618
749 1 618
751 1 618
764 1 618
765 1 618
777 2 618
778 1 618
782 1 618
787 1 618
804 1 618
805 1 618
893 1 618
952 1 618
958 1 618
987 1 618
988 1 618
1010 1 618
1016 2 618
1030 1 618
1044 1 618
1061 1 618
1082 1 618
1085 2 618
1086 1 618
1087 2 618
1098 1 618
1102 1 618
1182 1 618
1200 1 618
1208 1 618
1210 1 618
1274 1 618
1275 4 618
1277 1 618
1278 1 618
1280 1 618
1287 1 618
1293 1 618
1300 1 618
1301 2 618
1302 9 618
1304 1 618
1313 1 618
1338 1 618
1344 1 618
1347 1 618
1377 1 618
1380 3 618
1428 1 618
1444 2 618
1444 2 618
.I 619
.T
Managing An Uncontrolled Vocabulary Ex Post Facto
.A
Lefever, Maureen
Freedman, Barbara
Schultz, Louise
.W
Initiated as an experiment, supported by the Division of Medicinal
Chemistry of Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the operational
retrospective retrieval service offered by BIOSIS, now in its eighth year,
exploits a file created essentially without vocabulary control.. The file
comprises some 40 million index access points to 1.87 million references
in research biology announced in Biological Abstracts and BioResearch
Index since September 1959.. A pragmatic program of file building criteria
has been pursued, originally with modest support from the Office of Science
Information Service of the National Science Foundation, which has provided
improved retrieval and an annual summary of the vocabulary of the literature
available to anyone interested (1)..
.X
18 1 619
57 1 619
75 1 619
125 1 619
145 1 619
175 1 619
176 1 619
211 1 619
224 1 619
298 1 619
327 1 619
329 1 619
378 1 619
381 1 619
389 1 619
440 1 619
452 1 619
453 1 619
456 1 619
458 1 619
467 1 619
468 1 619
495 1 619
506 1 619
508 1 619
511 1 619
512 1 619
514 2 619
517 1 619
520 1 619
521 1 619
523 1 619
524 1 619
526 1 619
528 1 619
554 1 619
565 1 619
572 1 619
575 1 619
576 1 619
579 1 619
580 1 619
591 1 619
594 1 619
595 2 619
596 1 619
599 1 619
603 1 619
604 1 619
606 1 619
608 1 619
609 1 619
612 1 619
615 1 619
619 6 619
620 1 619
621 1 619
622 1 619
623 1 619
625 1 619
629 1 619
630 1 619
631 1 619
632 1 619
633 1 619
699 1 619
700 1 619
705 1 619
707 1 619
723 1 619
726 1 619
727 1 619
728 1 619
729 1 619
730 1 619
731 1 619
752 1 619
754 1 619
780 1 619
810 1 619
812 2 619
813 2 619
814 2 619
817 1 619
820 1 619
822 2 619
866 1 619
870 2 619
873 1 619
894 1 619
907 1 619
928 1 619
963 1 619
990 1 619
991 1 619
1078 1 619
1089 1 619
1091 1 619
1143 1 619
1255 1 619
1264 1 619
1302 1 619
1303 1 619
1366 1 619
1367 1 619
1368 1 619
1396 1 619
1413 1 619
1445 1 619
1445 1 619
.I 620
.T
On-Line Serials Control System on a Large Biomedical Library
Part II. Evaluation of Retrieval Features
.A
Fayollat, James
.W
The on-line serials control system in use at UCLA Biomedical Library
utilizes an inverted file for its primary technique.. The correct title is
reached with a entry about 80% of the time by using average of three title
words.. A detailed profile of title structure and search scheme is given..
The major determinants of the scheme are evaluated on a performance and cost
basis..
.X
90 2 620
175 1 620
200 1 620
224 1 620
231 1 620
261 1 620
289 1 620
294 1 620
295 1 620
298 1 620
299 1 620
318 1 620
334 1 620
354 1 620
381 1 620
456 1 620
458 1 620
514 1 620
553 1 620
554 1 620
575 1 620
579 1 620
591 1 620
595 1 620
599 1 620
603 1 620
608 1 620
610 1 620
612 1 620
615 1 620
617 5 620
619 1 620
620 7 620
621 1 620
625 1 620
630 1 620
752 1 620
780 1 620
815 1 620
822 1 620
867 1 620
869 1 620
872 1 620
875 1 620
907 1 620
938 1 620
939 1 620
963 1 620
990 1 620
991 1 620
992 1 620
1193 1 620
1196 1 620
1221 2 620
1229 1 620
1318 1 620
1365 1 620
1390 1 620
1390 1 620
.I 621
.T
Dialectical Inquiring Systems:
A New Methodology for Information Science
.A
Mitroff, Ian I.
Williams, James
Rathswohl, Eugene
.W
A taxonomy for modeling information systems is presented.. The taxonomy
derives from the history of modern epistemology.. Epistemology is used as a
prescriptive modeling basis because (1) the fundamental problems of
epistemology are concerned with information, and (2), because the history of
epistemology identifies any archetypal ways that men have conceived of
information and of models..
It is shown how the different models of epistemology can be made
scientifically operational through the use of a special kind of systems
analysis..
Finally, the results of a preliminary experiment based on one of the models
are presented in the form of prescriptive rules for the design of future
experiments..
.X
117 1 621
120 1 621
128 1 621
135 1 621
165 3 621
175 1 621
224 1 621
244 1 621
245 1 621
291 1 621
298 1 621
350 1 621
381 1 621
445 1 621
456 1 621
458 1 621
459 1 621
476 1 621
514 1 621
525 2 621
530 1 621
554 1 621
575 2 621
579 1 621
590 1 621
591 1 621
595 1 621
599 2 621
603 1 621
615 1 621
619 1 621
620 1 621
621 6 621
625 1 621
630 2 621
641 2 621
668 1 621
670 1 621
671 1 621
674 1 621
683 1 621
689 1 621
692 1 621
715 1 621
752 1 621
780 1 621
797 1 621
819 1 621
822 1 621
898 1 621
907 1 621
925 1 621
1077 2 621
1231 3 621
1402 1 621
1402 1 621
.I 622
.T
Overlap Among the Journal Articles
Selected for Coverage by BIOSIS, CAS, and Ei
.A
Wood, James L.
Flanagan, Carolyn
Kennedy, H. Edward
.W
Of 14,592 primary journals being collectively monitored
by the BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts
(BIOSIS), the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), and Engineering Index,
Inc. (Ei) on 1 May 1970, only 4081 were being monitored by two or more
of the services..
The extent to which all three or any two of these services select
the same journal article for coverage was determined by examining
each service's selection records for the July 1969-June 1970 issues of
these 4081 overlap journals.. The maximum possible journal article
overlap among BIOSIS, CAS and Ei was found to be 822 articles and between
BIOSIS and Ei, 1428 articles.. The journal article overlap between
BIOSIS and CAS was found to be 48,856 articles and between CAS and Ei,
21,583 articles..
.X
4 1 622
18 2 622
34 1 622
37 1 622
40 1 622
49 1 622
53 1 622
59 1 622
65 1 622
125 2 622
127 1 622
129 1 622
145 1 622
162 1 622
164 1 622
202 1 622
211 1 622
213 1 622
224 1 622
243 1 622
253 1 622
363 1 622
378 1 622
421 1 622
432 1 622
440 1 622
452 1 622
453 1 622
460 1 622
461 1 622
465 1 622
466 1 622
467 1 622
468 1 622
490 1 622
491 1 622
495 1 622
506 2 622
507 1 622
508 1 622
510 1 622
511 1 622
512 2 622
514 1 622
517 1 622
520 1 622
521 1 622
523 1 622
524 1 622
526 1 622
528 1 622
576 1 622
580 6 622
591 1 622
595 1 622
603 1 622
604 2 622
609 1 622
612 1 622
618 1 622
619 1 622
622 9 622
623 2 622
629 2 622
631 1 622
632 1 622
633 2 622
639 1 622
642 1 622
643 1 622
644 1 622
645 1 622
646 1 622
649 1 622
650 1 622
659 1 622
676 1 622
696 1 622
699 1 622
700 1 622
705 2 622
707 1 622
708 1 622
711 1 622
722 1 622
723 2 622
726 2 622
727 1 622
728 3 622
729 2 622
730 2 622
731 2 622
732 1 622
736 1 622
737 1 622
738 1 622
739 1 622
741 1 622
754 1 622
770 2 622
776 1 622
777 1 622
809 1 622
810 1 622
812 1 622
813 2 622
814 2 622
820 2 622
822 2 622
828 1 622
866 1 622
870 2 622
873 1 622
879 1 622
981 1 622
1078 1 622
1089 1 622
1091 2 622
1143 1 622
1264 1 622
1275 1 622
1283 1 622
1298 1 622
1299 1 622
1301 1 622
1302 2 622
1303 1 622
1363 1 622
1366 2 622
1367 2 622
1368 2 622
1374 1 622
1376 1 622
1380 1 622
1396 2 622
1396 2 622
.I 623
.T
Cost Effectiveness of Current Awareness Sources in the Pharmaceutical
Industry
.A
Ashmole, R. F.
Smith, D. E.
Stern, B. T.
.W
In a previous paper from The Wellcome Foundation (Scott et al., 1971) a
technique was described for measuring the usefulness of a commercial data base
by comparing the choice of papers and of indexing terms to those chosen as
relevant to the organization.. In this paper we are comparing the cost
effectiveness of several commercial data bases, journal scanning by information
scientists, and the impact of private communication..
.X
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49 1 623
53 1 623
59 1 623
125 1 623
128 1 623
145 1 623
164 2 623
172 1 623
178 1 623
202 1 623
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213 1 623
224 1 623
243 1 623
330 1 623
374 1 623
378 1 623
419 1 623
421 1 623
440 1 623
452 1 623
453 1 623
465 1 623
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468 1 623
481 1 623
490 1 623
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495 1 623
506 3 623
507 2 623
508 1 623
510 1 623
511 1 623
512 2 623
514 1 623
517 1 623
520 2 623
521 1 623
523 2 623
524 1 623
526 2 623
528 1 623
576 1 623
580 1 623
591 1 623
595 1 623
603 1 623
604 2 623
609 1 623
612 1 623
619 1 623
622 2 623
623 7 623
629 2 623
631 1 623
632 1 623
633 2 623
639 1 623
659 1 623
676 1 623
696 3 623
699 1 623
700 1 623
705 2 623
707 1 623
711 1 623
722 1 623
723 2 623
726 2 623
727 1 623
728 2 623
729 3 623
730 2 623
731 2 623
732 1 623
744 1 623
748 1 623
754 1 623
757 1 623
806 1 623
809 1 623
810 1 623
812 1 623
813 2 623
814 2 623
820 2 623
822 3 623
828 1 623
831 1 623
866 1 623
870 2 623
873 1 623
879 1 623
893 1 623
907 1 623
1078 1 623
1089 1 623
1091 2 623
1143 1 623
1264 1 623
1283 1 623
1298 1 623
1299 1 623
1302 1 623
1303 1 623
1363 1 623
1366 2 623
1367 2 623
1368 2 623
1375 1 623
1376 1 623
1396 2 623
1396 2 623
.I 624
.T
Clinician Search for Information
.A
Friedlander, Janet
.W
The use of a medical library by members of the faculty of a medical school
was studied by questionnaire in an effort to ascertain the part the library
played, among channels of communication, in work-related information searches..
The study described the population of users and the kinds of sources
they utilized in an information search, in an effort to identify the factors
influencing their choice of kinds of sources and leading to the possibility of
predicting use of kinds of source once the characteristics of the users were
known.. It brought out a high use of sources which are accessible and easy
to use.. The tabulations show the importance of co-workers in informal
communication.. Low delegation of documentation tasks to libraries was
apparent.. The main user of the library studied was a clinician in the area of
internal medicine who used journal articles about diseases for information to
use in the treatment of his patients.. The recommendations were made that
journals should be shelved accessibly, with Index Medicus nearby.. Books
might be shelved less accessibly.. Telephone access to the library is of
major importance as is the provision of adequate photocopying facilities..
.X
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95 1 624
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217 1 624
220 1 624
222 1 624
284 1 624
286 1 624
294 1 624
295 1 624
300 2 624
358 1 624
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439 1 624
528 1 624
543 1 624
588 1 624
613 1 624
614 1 624
624 6 624
631 1 624
772 1 624
799 1 624
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808 1 624
818 1 624
937 1 624
946 1 624
959 1 624
1151 1 624
1353 1 624
1361 1 624
1373 1 624
1373 1 624
.I 625
.T
On Selecting a Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness
.A
Cooper, William S.
.W
It is argued that a user's subjective evaluation of the personal
utility of a retrieval system's output to him, if it could be properly
quantified, would be a near-ideal measure of retrieval effectiveness..
A hypothetical methodology is presented for measuring this utility by
means of an elicitation procedure.. Because the hypothetical methodology
is impractical, compromise methods are outlined and their underlying
simplifying assumptions are discussed.. The more plausible the simplifying
assumptions on which a performance measure is based, the better the measure..
This, along with evidence gleaned from 'validation experiments' of a certain
kind, is suggested as a criterion for selecting or deriving the best measure
of effectiveness to use under given test conditions..
.X
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84 1 625
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190 2 625
191 1 625
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207 1 625
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222 1 625
223 1 625
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243 1 625
274 2 625
296 1 625
297 1 625
298 2 625
300 1 625
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302 1 625
307 1 625
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319 1 625
330 1 625
358 1 625
359 1 625
364 1 625
378 1 625
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444 1 625
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447 2 625
448 1 625
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450 1 625
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458 1 625
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468 2 625
474 1 625
484 2 625
486 1 625
492 1 625
508 1 625
509 1 625
511 2 625
512 1 625
514 2 625
515 1 625
516 1 625
518 4 625
519 1 625
520 1 625
521 1 625
522 1 625
523 3 625
524 1 625
525 1 625
526 2 625
527 1 625
528 1 625
529 2 625
530 1 625
531 1 625
532 2 625
534 1 625
535 1 625
546 1 625
553 1 625
554 1 625
565 1 625
574 1 625
575 2 625
577 1 625
579 2 625
591 1 625
594 1 625
595 1 625
599 1 625
603 2 625
604 1 625
606 1 625
609 1 625
610 2 625
611 1 625
612 1 625
615 2 625
619 1 625
620 1 625
621 1 625
625 18 625
626 2 625
629 1 625
630 3 625
631 1 625
634 7 625
636 2 625
637 1 625
642 1 625
643 1 625
644 1 625
646 2 625
648 1 625
649 1 625
650 1 625
652 1 625
660 3 625
692 1 625
696 1 625
699 1 625
700 1 625
703 1 625
705 2 625
707 1 625
708 1 625
726 1 625
727 2 625
728 1 625
731 1 625
732 1 625
733 1 625
734 1 625
736 1 625
738 1 625
739 1 625
740 1 625
741 1 625
742 1 625
743 1 625
744 1 625
748 1 625
752 3 625
754 2 625
755 1 625
756 1 625
762 1 625
764 1 625
780 3 625
785 2 625
791 1 625
795 1 625
803 1 625
810 2 625
811 1 625
812 3 625
814 1 625
816 1 625
817 1 625
818 1 625
820 1 625
822 1 625
823 1 625
824 1 625
826 3 625
827 2 625
829 1 625
830 1 625
843 1 625
844 1 625
846 1 625
875 1 625
879 1 625
883 1 625
893 1 625
895 1 625
907 1 625
915 1 625
961 1 625
962 1 625
964 1 625
994 1 625
1004 1 625
1015 1 625
1016 1 625
1030 1 625
1035 1 625
1045 1 625
1078 1 625
1084 1 625
1089 1 625
1091 1 625
1195 1 625
1201 1 625
1207 1 625
1235 1 625
1242 1 625
1247 1 625
1263 1 625
1264 1 625
1268 1 625
1281 1 625
1282 1 625
1285 1 625
1297 1 625
1303 2 625
1307 1 625
1319 1 625
1327 2 625
1354 1 625
1356 1 625
1357 1 625
1364 2 625
1366 1 625
1367 1 625
1368 2 625
1370 1 625
1372 1 625
1373 1 625
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1375 1 625
1376 1 625
1377 1 625
1386 1 625
1405 1 625
1427 1 625
1427 1 625
.I 626
.T
The User Interface for Interactive Bibliographic Searching:
An Analysis of the Attitudes of Nineteen Information Scientists
.A
Martin, Thomas H.
Carlisle, James
Treu, Siegfried
.W
Since little substantiated evidence exists concerning the features that
should of should not be included in the man-machine interface of interactive
bibliographic search and retrieval (IBSR) systems, an informal survey tapping
the opinions of scientists active in this research area was conducted.. An
analysis of the responses showed a significant level of agreement concerning
interface features..
.X
61 1 626
124 2 626
125 1 626
127 1 626
129 1 626
165 1 626
190 1 626
191 1 626
197 1 626
211 1 626
214 1 626
218 1 626
243 1 626
274 1 626
307 1 626
320 1 626
330 1 626
332 1 626
343 1 626
378 1 626
381 1 626
417 1 626
448 1 626
450 1 626
451 1 626
452 2 626
458 1 626
459 2 626
468 1 626
484 3 626
492 1 626
508 2 626
511 2 626
512 1 626
514 2 626
516 1 626
518 2 626
520 1 626
521 1 626
522 1 626
523 3 626
524 1 626
525 1 626
526 4 626
527 1 626
528 2 626
529 2 626
530 1 626
534 2 626
546 5 626
553 1 626
575 1 626
579 3 626
594 2 626
603 1 626
604 1 626
606 4 626
609 1 626
610 3 626
611 2 626
612 2 626
615 1 626
625 2 626
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630 1 626
636 2 626
637 2 626
642 1 626
648 1 626
650 1 626
692 1 626
696 1 626
699 1 626
700 1 626
703 1 626
705 2 626
707 1 626
708 1 626
726 1 626
727 2 626
728 1 626
731 1 626
732 1 626
733 1 626
734 1 626
736 1 626
738 1 626
739 1 626
740 1 626
741 1 626
742 1 626
743 1 626
744 1 626
754 2 626
755 1 626
812 1 626
814 1 626
817 1 626
820 1 626
824 1 626
826 3 626
827 1 626
830 1 626
875 1 626
879 1 626
883 1 626
1004 1 626
1035 2 626
1078 1 626
1089 1 626
1091 1 626
1207 1 626
1264 1 626
1297 1 626
1303 2 626
1327 1 626
1356 1 626
1364 2 626
1366 1 626
1367 1 626
1368 2 626
1370 1 626
1372 1 626
1373 1 626
1374 2 626
1375 1 626
1376 1 626
1377 1 626
1387 1 626
1427 1 626
1427 1 626
.I 627
.T
Theoretical Foundations of Thesaurus-Construction and
Some Methodological Considerations for Thesaurus-Updating
.A
Kim, Chai
.W
It was argued that the present-day thesaurus-construction and maintenance
rules and conventions are not theoretically based.. For this reason, there
are few rules and conventions for updating a thesaurus.. Consequently,
most of the thesauri adopted by operating information storage and
retrieval systems are not systematically updated.. In order to
investigate how thesauri are actually updated, a survey was conducted..
The working hypothesis was that the communication process between authors
and readers is linear in nature ("one-way" communication allowing no
reciprocal feedback) if a thesaurus utilized in a system is not updated
by both indexers and question negotiators.. Findings show that thesauri
viewed from the communications point of view do not allow a cybernetic
process of communication ("both-way" communication).. The survey
indicated that the present practice of updating thesauri is largely
done by indexers alone.. No attempt was made to develop a theory of
thesaurus construction and updating.. It was, however, argued that
such a theory, if developed, should at least account for the concepts
of meaning and knowledge.. Within this theoretical framework, two
techniques are suggested to be considered for the systematic updating
of a thesaurus..
.X
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333 2 627
345 1 627
400 1 627
458 1 627
459 1 627
493 1 627
522 1 627
530 1 627
548 1 627
627 5 627
628 2 627
770 1 627
796 1 627
802 1 627
873 1 627
874 2 627
875 2 627
876 1 627
892 2 627
941 2 627
990 1 627
994 1 627
995 2 627
996 1 627
997 1 627
998 1 627
1073 1 627
1079 2 627
1153 1 627
1189 1 627
1251 1 627
1351 2 627
1368 1 627
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1396 1 627
1414 1 627
1420 2 627
1431 1 627
1434 2 627
1435 2 627
1442 2 627
1448 2 627
1448 2 627
.I 628
.T
The Environment of Classification:
The Concept of Mutual Exclusivity
.A
Jones, Kevin P.
.W
It has been suggested that information science is still of the stage
of alchemy: if this is so then mutual exclusivity must form its
philosopher's stone.. Mutual exclusivity appears to be alien to the
observable universe: that this is so is displayed through a series of
examples.. Some of these relate to everyday things like trees, beaches
and man himself, whilst others relate to more obscure phenomena like
continental drift and black holes.. The act of observation is also
considered as this has a considerable bearing on the problem..
Nevertheless, mutual exclusivity must form part of man's mental
powers and this has found expression in the relatively exclusive
series of symbols used in communication.. The dangers of exclusive
thinking in relation to environmental problems are considered, and
this results in a paradox which is probably unresolvable.. Finally, it
is observed that out-standing genius appears to pay scant regard to
existing classifications and is more likely to be involved in an
integrated approach to problems..
.X
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522 1 628
530 2 628
553 1 628
558 2 628
572 1 628
627 2 628
628 5 628
795 1 628
802 1 628
819 1 628
873 1 628
874 3 628
875 2 628
876 1 628
877 1 628
878 1 628
892 2 628
940 1 628
941 3 628
992 1 628
993 1 628
994 1 628
995 3 628
996 1 628
997 1 628
998 1 628
1046 1 628
1079 3 628
1153 1 628
1189 1 628
1202 1 628
1216 1 628
1218 1 628
1251 1 628
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1399 1 628
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1435 3 628
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1442 2 628
1442 2 628
.I 629
.T
Promotion of Information Services: An Evaluation of Alternative Approaches
.A
Stern, Louis W.
.A
Craig, C. Samuel
.A
La Greca, Anthony J.
.A
Lazorick, Gerald J.
.W
This article deals with the promotion of information services, specifically
the formation and subsequent evaluation of different promotional programs
for selective dissemination of information (SDI) services provided by the
Mechanized Information Center (MIC) at the Ohio State University.. Three
programs -- opinion leadership, "blitz," and telephone solicitation --
were developed.. Data were collected to show, for each of the programs:
(1) the level of market penetration achieved; (2) the level of user
satisfaction generated from the service; (3) the effect in terms of
influence, of the various media employed; and (4) cost effectiveness..
Data analysis focused on a determination of the most effective methods
to promote SDI services..
.X
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53 1 629
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128 1 629
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191 1 629
202 1 629
207 1 629
211 1 629
213 1 629
222 1 629
223 1 629
224 1 629
243 1 629
296 1 629
297 1 629
298 1 629
300 1 629
301 1 629
302 1 629
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364 1 629
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491 1 629
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511 1 629
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515 1 629
517 1 629
520 1 629
521 1 629
523 1 629
524 1 629
526 1 629
528 1 629
535 1 629
576 1 629
580 1 629
591 1 629
595 1 629
603 1 629
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609 1 629
612 1 629
619 1 629
622 2 629
623 2 629
625 1 629
629 5 629
631 2 629
632 1 629
633 2 629
634 1 629
639 1 629
648 1 629
652 1 629
659 1 629
676 1 629
699 1 629
700 1 629
705 1 629
707 1 629
711 1 629
722 1 629
723 2 629
726 2 629
727 1 629
728 2 629
729 1 629
730 2 629
731 2 629
732 1 629
754 1 629
791 1 629
809 1 629
810 1 629
811 1 629
812 1 629
813 2 629
814 2 629
816 1 629
818 1 629
820 2 629
822 2 629
823 1 629
828 1 629
843 1 629
844 1 629
846 1 629
866 1 629
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873 1 629
879 1 629
915 1 629
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962 1 629
964 1 629
994 1 629
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1089 1 629
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1143 1 629
1242 1 629
1247 1 629
1264 1 629
1268 1 629
1283 1 629
1298 1 629
1299 1 629
1302 1 629
1303 1 629
1354 1 629
1356 1 629
1363 1 629
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1368 2 629
1376 1 629
1396 2 629
1403 1 629
1457 1 629
1457 1 629
.I 630
.T
A Novel Philosophy for the Design of Information Storage
and Retrieval Systems Appropriate for the '70's
.A
Scheffler, Frederic L.
.W
The philosophy of a systems approach to the design of information
storage and retrieval systems is suggested in which the computer is
recognized in its proper perspective as a powerful and effective
alternative tool.. This philosophy is in contrast to a prevalent
philosophy of the '60's in which many information systems designers
touted the computer as the answer to all information storage and
retrieval situations.. Important principles of information system
design incorporated within the framework of the novel philosophy
for the '70's are presented.. These are: the performance of users'
needs studies by the representative small group technique; the
analysis of users' needs including their rank ordering by priority;
the selection and adaptation for a specific application of a suitable
existent information storage and retrieval system from those available;
the involvement of potential users in the system design by establishing
a model with which they can interact and provide feedback; and the final
design of a cost-effective system.. A number of pitfalls arising from
earlier design methodologies are pointed out, and the avoidance of these
pitfalls by adopting a true systems approach is discussed..
.X
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243 1 630
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245 1 630
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299 1 630
307 1 630
330 1 630
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378 1 630
381 1 630
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468 2 630
484 1 630
492 1 630
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520 1 630
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525 1 630
526 1 630
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530 1 630
534 1 630
546 1 630
553 1 630
554 1 630
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591 1 630
594 1 630
595 1 630
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603 2 630
604 1 630
606 1 630
609 1 630
610 1 630
611 1 630
612 1 630
615 1 630
619 1 630
620 1 630
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625 3 630
626 1 630
630 5 630
634 1 630
636 1 630
637 1 630
642 1 630
648 1 630
650 1 630
692 2 630
696 1 630
699 1 630
703 1 630
705 1 630
708 1 630
726 1 630
727 1 630
728 1 630
731 1 630
732 1 630
733 1 630
734 1 630
736 1 630
738 1 630
739 1 630
740 1 630
741 1 630
742 1 630
743 1 630
744 1 630
752 1 630
755 1 630
780 1 630
820 1 630
822 2 630
826 1 630
827 1 630
854 1 630
871 1 630
872 1 630
873 1 630
874 1 630
875 1 630
876 1 630
877 1 630
878 1 630
879 2 630
880 1 630
883 1 630
892 1 630
907 1 630
925 1 630
940 1 630
941 1 630
990 1 630
994 1 630
997 1 630
998 1 630
1004 1 630
1035 1 630
1078 1 630
1079 1 630
1089 1 630
1091 1 630
1143 1 630
1207 1 630
1230 1 630
1257 1 630
1264 1 630
1297 1 630
1303 2 630
1356 1 630
1364 1 630
1368 1 630
1370 1 630
1372 1 630
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1376 1 630
1377 1 630
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1402 1 630
1435 1 630
1436 1 630
1436 1 630
.I 631
.T
A General Statistical Model for Estimating Future Demand Levels of Data-Base
Utilization Within an Information Retrieval Organization
.A
Ware, Glenn O.
.W
A statistical model for characterizing the growth patterns of data base
utilization and for estimating future utilization levels of demand has been
developed for information retrieval organizations.. The model developed is
y = b( 1 - e(**-at) ) where y is the number of users of a data base at time t,
and a and b are parameters to be estimated.. Illustrations of the model applied
to a typical information retrieval organization are given and discussed..
.X
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301 1 631
302 1 631
358 2 631
364 1 631
378 1 631
433 1 631
440 1 631
452 1 631
453 1 631
467 1 631
468 1 631
495 1 631
506 1 631
508 1 631
511 1 631
512 1 631
514 1 631
515 1 631
517 1 631
520 1 631
521 1 631
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524 1 631
526 1 631
528 1 631
535 1 631
576 1 631
580 1 631
604 1 631
609 1 631
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625 1 631
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632 1 631
633 1 631
634 1 631
699 1 631
700 1 631
705 1 631
707 1 631
723 1 631
726 1 631
727 1 631
728 1 631
729 1 631
730 1 631
731 1 631
754 1 631
791 1 631
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812 1 631
813 1 631
814 1 631
816 1 631
818 1 631
820 1 631
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823 1 631
843 1 631
844 1 631
846 1 631
866 1 631
870 1 631
873 1 631
915 1 631
937 1 631
946 1 631
961 1 631
962 1 631
964 1 631
994 1 631
1015 1 631
1078 1 631
1082 1 631
1089 1 631
1091 1 631
1143 1 631
1242 1 631
1247 1 631
1264 1 631
1268 1 631
1286 1 631
1302 1 631
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1354 1 631
1366 1 631
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1368 1 631
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1396 1 631
.I 632
.T
Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the
Relationship Between Two Documents
.A
Small, Henry
.W
A new form of document coupling called co-citation is defined as the
frequency with which two documents are cited together.. The co-citation
frequency of two scientific papers can be determined by comparing lists
of citing documents in the Science Citation Index and counting identical
entries.. Networks of co-cited papers can be generated for specific
scientific specialties, and an example is drawn from the literature
of particle physics.. Co-citation patterns are found to differ
significantly from bibliographic coupling patterns, but to agree
generally with patterns of direct citation.. Clusters of co-cited
papers provide a new way to study the specialty structure of science..
They may provide a new approach to indexing and to the creation of SDI
profiles..
.X
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33 1 632
37 1 632
39 8 632
40 1 632
41 1 632
47 2 632
50 1 632
88 1 632
89 1 632
97 3 632
102 1 632
103 1 632
106 2 632
113 1 632
125 1 632
145 1 632
198 1 632
211 1 632
233 1 632
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359 1 632
361 1 632
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612 1 632
616 2 632
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619 1 632
622 1 632
623 1 632
629 1 632
631 1 632
632 18 632
633 1 632
635 4 632
667 3 632
699 1 632
700 1 632
705 1 632
707 1 632
723 1 632
726 1 632
727 1 632
728 1 632
729 1 632
730 1 632
731 1 632
748 1 632
749 2 632
751 1 632
754 1 632
764 2 632
765 1 632
773 1 632
777 1 632
778 1 632
782 1 632
784 1 632
789 1 632
804 1 632
805 1 632
812 1 632
813 1 632
814 1 632
820 1 632
822 1 632
866 1 632
870 1 632
873 1 632
893 2 632
952 1 632
958 1 632
1010 1 632
1016 1 632
1044 1 632
1061 1 632
1078 1 632
1082 1 632
1085 1 632
1086 1 632
1087 1 632
1089 1 632
1091 1 632
1143 1 632
1182 1 632
1200 1 632
1207 1 632
1234 3 632
1264 1 632
1273 2 632
1274 6 632
1275 2 632
1277 2 632
1278 2 632
1280 2 632
1283 1 632
1285 3 632
1287 3 632
1300 1 632
1301 2 632
1302 7 632
1303 1 632
1304 2 632
1313 7 632
1337 1 632
1338 1 632
1341 1 632
1344 1 632
1346 1 632
1347 2 632
1366 1 632
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1368 1 632
1380 1 632
1387 1 632
1396 1 632
1426 1 632
1428 2 632
1444 6 632
1444 6 632
.I 633
.T
Use of an Automatic Text Analyzer in Preparation of SDI Profiles
.A
Carroll, John M.
Tague, Jean M.
.W
The conventional method of preparing SDI (Selective Dissemination of
Information) profiles often necessitates detailed interview sessions between
the client and one or more information scientists.. This research shows that by
submitting samples of the client's recent professional reading material to
automatic text analysis, SDI profiles can be prepared that result in
significantly higher initial recall scores than do those prepared by
conventional techniques; relevance scores are not significantly different..
.X
18 3 633
34 1 633
49 1 633
51 1 633
53 1 633
59 1 633
69 1 633
71 1 633
72 1 633
77 1 633
79 1 633
125 1 633
127 1 633
145 2 633
164 1 633
168 1 633
175 1 633
176 1 633
202 1 633
211 1 633
213 1 633
224 1 633
243 1 633
315 1 633
357 1 633
376 1 633
378 1 633
382 1 633
421 1 633
440 1 633
448 1 633
452 1 633
453 1 633
459 1 633
465 1 633
466 1 633
467 1 633
468 1 633
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483 1 633
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491 2 633
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503 1 633
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507 2 633
508 1 633
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510 2 633
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514 1 633
517 2 633
520 2 633
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523 1 633
524 2 633
525 1 633
526 1 633
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528 2 633
529 1 633
530 1 633
531 1 633
534 1 633
565 2 633
566 1 633
576 1 633
580 1 633
581 1 633
591 1 633
595 1 633
596 1 633
603 2 633
604 2 633
608 1 633
609 1 633
612 1 633
619 1 633
622 2 633
623 2 633
629 2 633
631 1 633
632 1 633
633 5 633
635 1 633
636 1 633
637 1 633
639 1 633
642 1 633
643 1 633
659 3 633
676 1 633
699 1 633
700 1 633
702 1 633
703 1 633
705 1 633
707 1 633
711 1 633
715 1 633
722 1 633
723 2 633
726 2 633
727 1 633
728 2 633
729 1 633
730 3 633
731 2 633
732 2 633
733 1 633
734 1 633
736 1 633
754 2 633
790 1 633
795 1 633
805 1 633
809 2 633
810 2 633
812 2 633
813 3 633
814 4 633
817 1 633
820 2 633
822 2 633
824 2 633
825 1 633
826 1 633
827 1 633
828 1 633
866 1 633
870 2 633
873 1 633
877 1 633
879 2 633
894 1 633
901 1 633
1051 1 633
1078 1 633
1089 1 633
1091 2 633
1143 1 633
1264 1 633
1283 1 633
1294 1 633
1298 1 633
1299 1 633
1302 1 633
1303 1 633
1327 1 633
1363 1 633
1366 2 633
1367 2 633
1368 2 633
1370 1 633
1372 1 633
1383 1 633
1396 3 633
1419 1 633
1427 1 633
1427 1 633
.I 634
.T
On Selecting A Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness
Part II. Implementation of the Philosophy
.A
Cooper, William S.
.W
It was argued in Part I (see JASIS, March-April 1973 p. 87) that the best
way to evaluate a retrieval system is, in principle at least, to elicit
subjective estimates of the system's utility to its users, quantified in
terms of the numbers of utilities (e.g. dollars) they would have been willing
to give up in exchange for the privilege of using the system; and a naive
methodology was outlined for evaluating retrieval systems on this basis..
But the impracticality of the naive evaluation procedure as it stands raises
the questions: How can one decide which practical measure is likely to
yield results most closely resembling those of the naive methodology? And
how can one tell whether the resemblance is close enough to make applying
the measure worth while? In the present paper two kinds of solution to
these problems are taken up.. The first answers the questions in terms
of the reasonableness of the simplifying assumptions needed to get from
the naive measure to the proposed substitute.. The second answers it by
experimentation..
.X
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73 1 634
120 1 634
123 1 634
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167 1 634
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207 1 634
222 1 634
223 1 634
274 1 634
296 1 634
297 1 634
298 1 634
300 1 634
301 1 634
302 1 634
358 1 634
359 1 634
364 1 634
382 1 634
390 1 634
445 1 634
449 1 634
468 1 634
506 1 634
515 1 634
518 2 634
523 1 634
531 1 634
535 1 634
577 1 634
625 7 634
629 1 634
630 1 634
631 1 634
634 9 634
643 1 634
644 1 634
649 1 634
652 1 634
660 1 634
696 1 634
705 1 634
736 1 634
748 1 634
752 1 634
754 1 634
756 1 634
780 1 634
785 1 634
791 2 634
795 1 634
804 1 634
810 1 634
811 1 634
812 2 634
814 1 634
816 1 634
818 1 634
823 1 634
826 1 634
829 1 634
830 1 634
843 1 634
844 1 634
846 1 634
895 1 634
915 1 634
961 1 634
962 1 634
964 1 634
994 1 634
1015 1 634
1019 1 634
1037 1 634
1242 1 634
1247 1 634
1268 1 634
1282 1 634
1327 1 634
1354 1 634
1354 1 634
.I 635
.T
Clustering of Scientific Journals
.A
Carpenter, Mark P.
Narin, Francis
.W
A cluster analysis procedure is described in which 188 journals in the
discipline of physics, chemistry and molecular biology are grouped into
clusters.. Most of the clusters are easily identified as subdisciplinary
subject areas.. The data source was the cross citing amongst the journals
derived from the Journal Citation Index (JCI), a file derived in turn from
the Science Citation Index (SCI).. The JCI consists of journal by journal
tabulation of citings to and from each journal processed in the SCI..
Two-step citation maps linking the clusters are presented for each
discipline.. Within the disciplines the clusters of journals form fully
transitive hierarchies with very few relational conflicts..
.X
18 1 635
19 1 635
33 1 635
37 1 635
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47 1 635
48 1 635
88 1 635
97 4 635
102 1 635
103 1 635
127 1 635
145 1 635
167 1 635
198 1 635
233 1 635
253 1 635
313 1 635
357 1 635
359 2 635
361 1 635
376 1 635
377 1 635
378 2 635
379 1 635
395 1 635
439 1 635
459 1 635
505 1 635
515 1 635
524 1 635
525 1 635
527 1 635
529 1 635
530 1 635
534 1 635
545 1 635
560 1 635
573 1 635
614 1 635
616 1 635
618 7 635
632 4 635
633 1 635
635 11 635
636 1 635
637 1 635
638 1 635
642 2 635
667 1 635
702 1 635
703 1 635
730 1 635
732 1 635
733 1 635
734 1 635
736 1 635
744 2 635
748 3 635
749 1 635
751 1 635
753 1 635
756 1 635
757 1 635
764 1 635
765 1 635
777 1 635
778 1 635
782 1 635
787 2 635
789 1 635
792 1 635
804 1 635
805 1 635
821 1 635
826 1 635
827 1 635
831 1 635
877 1 635
879 1 635
893 1 635
952 2 635
953 1 635
1016 2 635
1061 1 635
1083 1 635
1085 2 635
1086 1 635
1087 1 635
1182 1 635
1200 1 635
1210 2 635
1254 1 635
1256 1 635
1260 1 635
1274 1 635
1275 4 635
1277 1 635
1278 2 635
1280 1 635
1287 1 635
1301 1 635
1302 9 635
1304 1 635
1313 1 635
1338 1 635
1344 1 635
1347 1 635
1369 1 635
1370 1 635
1372 1 635
1373 1 635
1377 1 635
1380 1 635
1383 1 635
1396 1 635
1418 1 635
1428 1 635
1444 1 635
1444 1 635
.I 636
.T
Text Searching Retrieval of Answer-Sentences and Other Answer-Passages
.A
O'Connor, John
.W
Some new text searching retrieval techniques are described which retrieve
not documents but sentences from documents and sometimes (on occasions
determined by the computer) multi-sentence sequences.. Since the goal of the
techniques is retrieval of answer-providing documents, "answer-passages" are
retrieved.. An "answer-passage" is a passage which is either answer-providing
or "answer-indicative," i.e., it permits inferring that the document
containing it is answer-providing.. In most cases answer-sentences, i.e.,
single-sentence answer-passages, are retrieved.. This has great advantages
for screening retrieval output..
Two new automatic procedures for measuring closeness of relation
between clue words in a sentence are described.. One approximates
syntactic closeness by counting the number of intervening "syntactic
joints" (roughly speaking, prepositions, conjunctions and punctuation
marks) between successive clue words.. The other measure uses word
proximity in a new way.. The two measures perform about equally well..
The computer uses "enclosure" and "connector words" for determining
when a multi-sentence passage should be retrieved.. However, no procedure
was found in this study for retrieving multi-paragraph answer-passages,
which were the only answer-passages occurring in 6% of the papers..
In a test of the techniques they failed to retrieve two
answer-providing documents (7% of those to be retrieved) because of
one multi-paragraph answer-passage and one complete failure
of clue word selection.. For the other answer-providing documents they
retrieved at all recall levels with greater precision than SMART,
which has produced the best previously reported recall-precision results..
The retrieval questions (mostly from real users) and documents used in
this study were from the field of information science.. The results of the
study are surprisingly good for retrieval in such a "soft science," and
it is reasonable to hope that in less "soft" sciences and technologies
the techniques described will work even better.. On this basis a
dissemination and retrieval system of the near future is predicted..
.X
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211 1 636
214 1 636
218 1 636
243 1 636
307 1 636
330 1 636
357 1 636
376 1 636
378 1 636
381 1 636
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389 1 636
390 1 636
448 1 636
450 1 636
451 1 636
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468 1 636
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511 2 636
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530 2 636
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586 1 636
594 1 636
603 1 636
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608 1 636
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612 1 636
615 1 636
625 2 636
626 2 636
630 1 636
633 1 636
635 1 636
636 6 636
637 2 636
642 2 636
643 1 636
648 1 636
650 1 636
659 1 636
692 1 636
696 1 636
699 1 636
700 1 636
702 1 636
703 2 636
705 2 636
707 1 636
708 1 636
726 2 636
727 2 636
728 1 636
730 1 636
731 1 636
732 2 636
733 2 636
734 2 636
736 2 636
738 1 636
739 1 636
740 1 636
741 1 636
742 1 636
743 1 636
744 1 636
754 1 636
755 1 636
812 1 636
817 1 636
820 2 636
824 1 636
826 2 636
827 2 636
875 1 636
877 1 636
879 2 636
883 1 636
894 1 636
1004 1 636
1035 1 636
1078 1 636
1089 1 636
1091 1 636
1207 1 636
1264 1 636
1294 1 636
1297 1 636
1303 2 636
1313 1 636
1327 2 636
1356 1 636
1364 2 636
1366 1 636
1367 1 636
1368 2 636
1370 2 636
1372 2 636
1373 1 636
1374 1 636
1375 1 636
1376 1 636
1377 1 636
1383 1 636
1396 1 636
1419 1 636
1419 1 636
.I 637
.T
Breaking the Communication barrier Between Searcher and Literature
File: An Interactive Guide
.A
Schultz, Louise
.W
The challenges of design of programming systems, file organization
and manipulation, and user-oriented query languages have held the spotlight
in the development of data processing support to systems for retrieval of
scientific literature.. At BIOSIS, development of such a system from the
pragmatic viewpoint of providing viable self-supporting retrieval service
from a data base of more than two million references has resulted in
focusing attention on supporting the formulation of the information need into
an effective computer search specification.. Developed under CPS and now
implemented under CICS, the program claims no novelty of structure or
technique, but constitutes an innovation in application and goal with primary
emphasis on accommodating the behavior of a user not previously knowledgeable
about the structure, indexing language, and detailed content of a machine
based references file..
.X
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129 1 637
145 1 637
190 1 637
191 1 637
197 1 637
211 1 637
214 1 637
218 1 637
236 1 637
243 1 637
307 1 637
330 1 637
332 1 637
357 1 637
376 1 637
378 1 637
450 1 637
451 2 637
452 1 637
459 2 637
460 1 637
468 1 637
484 2 637
492 1 637
508 2 637
511 1 637
512 1 637
514 1 637
518 1 637
520 1 637
523 2 637
524 2 637
525 2 637
526 3 637
527 1 637
528 1 637
529 2 637
530 2 637
534 3 637
546 3 637
553 1 637
579 2 637
594 2 637
603 1 637
604 1 637
606 3 637
609 2 637
610 1 637
611 1 637
612 2 637
625 1 637
626 2 637
630 1 637
633 1 637
635 1 637
636 2 637
637 5 637
641 1 637
642 3 637
648 1 637
650 1 637
692 1 637
696 1 637
699 1 637
702 1 637
703 2 637
705 1 637
708 1 637
726 1 637
727 1 637
728 1 637
730 1 637
731 1 637
732 2 637
733 3 637
734 2 637
736 2 637
738 1 637
739 1 637
740 1 637
741 1 637
742 1 637
743 1 637
744 1 637
755 1 637
820 1 637
826 3 637
827 2 637
830 1 637
877 1 637
879 2 637
883 1 637
1004 1 637
1035 1 637
1078 1 637
1089 1 637
1091 1 637
1207 1 637
1264 1 637
1297 1 637
1303 1 637
1356 1 637
1364 1 637
1368 1 637
1370 2 637
1372 2 637
1373 1 637
1374 2 637
1375 1 637
1376 1 637
1377 2 637
1383 1 637
1396 1 637
1427 1 637
1427 1 637
.I 638
.T
Densities of Use, and Absence of Obsolescence,
in Physics Journals at M I T
.A
Sandison, Alexander
.W
Chen's data for the raw frequency of use of 138 physics journals in the
science library at M I T are re-examined and converted to densities of
use-per-meter of shelf.. Other units of size for obtaining densities,
and their measurement are discussed.. There is no evidence for synchronous
obsolescence in the 1955 to 1968 volumes of these journals: instead there is
some statistically significant evidence of greater density of use with
greater age.. Similar evidence elsewhere is cited.. The ranking order for
heaviness of use is also radically altered by converting raw frequencies
to densities of use..
It is suggested that, for comparing the relative values of different
journals, or age groups, in library use or citation studies, analyses of
raw frequencies are valueless, and indeed potentially dangerously misleading,
until they are converted to allow for the numbers of available items in each
group examined..
.X
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41 1 638
48 1 638
89 1 638
97 1 638
102 1 638
111 1 638
112 1 638
163 1 638
167 1 638
183 1 638
184 1 638
193 2 638
195 1 638
196 1 638
198 1 638
199 1 638
201 1 638
203 1 638
205 1 638
207 2 638
210 1 638
219 1 638
225 2 638
234 1 638
267 1 638
269 1 638
373 1 638
543 1 638
545 1 638
552 1 638
587 1 638
605 1 638
613 1 638
614 8 638
635 1 638
638 14 638
651 1 638
735 2 638
747 1 638
748 2 638
750 1 638
751 1 638
753 3 638
756 2 638
757 1 638
764 4 638
765 1 638
766 1 638
767 1 638
775 1 638
778 1 638
782 1 638
784 1 638
786 1 638
787 1 638
788 1 638
789 1 638
791 1 638
792 1 638
793 2 638
800 2 638
808 2 638
811 2 638
816 1 638
821 2 638
831 1 638
905 2 638
925 2 638
948 1 638
952 2 638
953 2 638
977 2 638
983 2 638
1016 1 638
1019 1 638
1023 1 638
1030 1 638
1055 1 638
1083 1 638
1087 1 638
1090 1 638
1135 1 638
1210 2 638
1254 1 638
1256 1 638
1260 3 638
1275 4 638
1276 2 638
1278 2 638
1280 1 638
1285 1 638
1286 1 638
1287 1 638
1302 6 638
1308 1 638
1335 1 638
1352 1 638
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1373 1 638
1390 1 638
1397 2 638
1417 1 638
1418 1 638
1428 1 638
1432 1 638
1432 1 638
.I 639
.T
Costs and Effectiveness in the Evolution of an Information System:
A Case Study
.A
Standera, Oldrich R.
.W
With budget constraints, the problems of cost and effectiveness have
advanced to the top of priority list of all information services managers..
Determining and monitoring effectiveness should be cost-effective also..
The author traces the cost-effectiveness problems back to the genesis of an
information system.. Performance parameters and their shifting in the desired
direction are briefly discussed.. The monthly statement is intended to assist a
manager in budgeting and planning and it should also alert him to any
irregularities in costs and effectiveness, either in time or among individual
services.. If adopted more widely it could even serve as a means of comparison
between centers if due consideration is given to varying conditions..
.X
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53 1 639
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129 1 639
130 1 639
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167 1 639
202 1 639
213 1 639
223 1 639
224 1 639
225 1 639
234 1 639
243 1 639
280 1 639
381 1 639
393 1 639
421 1 639
434 1 639
447 1 639
465 1 639
466 1 639
468 1 639
490 1 639
491 1 639
494 1 639
506 1 639
507 1 639
510 1 639
512 1 639
514 1 639
534 1 639
591 2 639
595 1 639
603 1 639
604 1 639
622 1 639
623 1 639
629 1 639
633 1 639
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646 1 639
647 1 639
651 1 639
659 1 639
676 1 639
711 1 639
722 1 639
723 1 639
726 1 639
728 1 639
730 1 639
731 1 639
732 1 639
752 1 639
765 1 639
779 1 639
806 1 639
809 1 639
810 1 639
813 1 639
814 1 639
818 1 639
820 1 639
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827 1 639
828 1 639
870 1 639
879 1 639
925 1 639
943 1 639
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.I 640
.T
The Scientific Premises of Information Science
.A
Rosenberg, Victor
.W
Throughout my years of work as an information scientist I have been
plagued by a personal and professional sense of doubt with respect to the
field.. A central theme of every conference that I have attended related
to: "What is information science?" Or "Is information science a science?"
In this paper I hope to take these questions head on.. I must begin by
saying that I do take information science seriously as a science.. I see
it as the quest for understanding of the nature of information and
man's interaction with it.. That we lack so much in this quest for
understanding is the greatest challenge of the science..
I intend to explore the tradition, or world view, bearing on the
scientific study of information.. The currently prevalent world view is
the scientific tradition which extends from the Enlightenment to
the present.. I also intend to look critically at what I perceive
to be te premises underlying most of our current efforts to understand
the phenomenon of information.. The criticism will by necessity be
speculative.. I intend to stick my neck out, not because I can prove
my assertions, but because I believe these ideas must be discussed..
.X
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.I 641
.T
Representation of Concept Relations Using the TOSAR System of
the IDC: Treatise III on Information Retrieval Theory
.A
Fugmann, Robert
Nickelsen, Herbert
Nickelsen, Ingeborg
Winter, Jakob H.
.W
Successful information retrieval from a mechanized file is heavily
dependent on the fidelity of the representation of concepts in the
particular language of the system and on the predictability of this
representation..
If an index language is employed, predictability is guaranteed and
the quality of the retrieval is predominantly governed by the fidelity
of the representation, i.e., by the extent to which conceptual
distortion of the concepts to be represented can be avoided.. The various
index languages vary widely with respect to their fidelity.. Differences
in their performance are correspondingly great..
The lack of fidelity in most of the present day indexing languages
is due mainly to insufficient representation of the relationships
among concepts.. We describe a new graphical method of storing and
retrieving concept relations of various kinds.. The points of such a
graph are occupied by concepts, and the connecting lines between these
points represent concept relations.. In a special field of chemistry,
these graphs also serve as a kind of presentation of the essentials of a
document to the reader that is much more lucid than a natural language
text..
.X
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.I 642
.T
Making On-Line Search Available in an Industrial Research Environment
.A
Lawrence, Barbara
Weil, Ben H.
Graham, Margaret H.
.W
On-line interactive searching of several information bases through several
service operators was introduced in an industrial research environment..
Thorough knowledge of the information base and its structure in the search
system is a major factor of successful searching, and differences among search
systems do not present serious barriers.. This new technique was most
effectively used when the information specialist and the scientist searched as
a team.. On-line searching is now an established search tool at Exxon Research
and Engineering Company..
.X
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.I 643
.T
A Theory of Term Importance in Automatic Text Analysis
.A
Salton, G.
Yang, C. S.
.W
A good deal of work has been done over the years in an attempt to use
statistical or probabilistic techniques as a basis of automatic indexing and
content analysis..
Unfortunately, many of these methods are lacking in effectiveness, and the
more refined procedures are computationally unattractive..
A new technique, known as discrimination value analysis, ranks the text
words in accordance with how much they are able to discriminate the documents
of a collection from each other; that is, the value of a term depends on how
much the average separation between individual documents changes when the given
term is assigned for content identification.. The best words are those which
achieve the greatest separation..
The discrimination value analysis is computationally simple, and it assigns
a specific role in content analysis to single words, juxtaposed words and
phrases, and word groups or thesaurus categories.. Experimental results are
given showing the effectiveness of the technique..
.X
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.I 644
.T
A Decision Theoretic Foundation for Indexing
.A
Bookstein, Abraham
Swanson, Don R.
.W
The indexing of a document is among the most crucial steps in preparing that
document for retrieval.. The adequacy of the indexing determines the ability of
the system to respond to patron requests.. This paper discusses this process,
and document retrieval in general, on the basis of formal decision theory.. The
basic theoretical approach taken is illustrated by means of a model of word
occurrences in documents in the context of a model information system; both
models are fully defined in this paper.. Though the main purpose of this paper
is to provide insights into a very complex process, formulae are developed that
may prove to be of value for an automated operating system..The paper concludes
with an interpretation of recall and precision curves as seen from the point of
view of decision theory..
.X
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.I 645
.T
Creation and Use of Citation Data Bases: A Modest Proposal
.A
Waters, Samuel T.
.W
Improvement in the production and use of citations to research literature
calls for coordination of activities by a number of abstracting and indexing
services.. The Ohio College Library Center (OCLC) has developed a cost-effective
on-line shared cataloging system, now in widespread use by U.S. libraries.. It
could readily serve as a pattern for a system to create and share descriptive
indexing on-line.. A proposed system is outlined, possible developers are noted,
and further action is urged..
.X
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.I 646
.T
Performing Evaluation Studies in Information Science
.A
Swanson, Rowena Weiss
.W
This paper considers conceptual and methodological components of information
science evaluation studies.. The paper discusses the judgmental process of
evaluation and the scientific nature of evaluation study in the context of
purpose statements; criteria; the selection of variables and data collection
and analysis techniques; and requirements of validity, reproducibility and
reliability.. Industrial value analysis/engineering methodology is described
and related to assessments of information products and services.. The
state-of-the-art of evaluation study in information science is analyzed with
respect to 1.the scope of evaluation studies; 2. the use of laboratory-type
environments; 3. the use of surrogate judges; 4. selection of variables; 5.
frequency of study; and 6. comparabilty of study results.. Evaluation study is
seen as essential to the management of information centers and systems and as
having approachable growth potential..
.X
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.I 647
.T
Optimal Resource Allocation in Library Systems
.A
Rouse, William B.
.W
A procedure is developed for optimal allocation of resources among the many
processes of a library system.. Queueing theory is used to model processes as
either waiting or balking processes.. The optimal allocation of resources to
these processes is defined as that which maximizes the expected value of the
decision-maker's utility function.. An application of the procedure to a
specific library system is discussed..
.X
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.I 648
.T
User Training for On-Line Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Moghdam, Dineh
.W
The early 1970's have clearly shown a trend toward the use of on-line systems
as the ideal medium for information retrieval.. The emphasis placed on direct
access by the practitioners in the field, rather than delegated searches through
information specialists, leads to the growing need for an efficient design in
training transient user groups.. Printed manuals, live help, audiovisual
presentations and on-line instructions have all been used with varying degrees of
success.. The author contends that the use of computer-assisted instruction in
conjunction with the on-line information retrieval system is the most promising
form of instruction in that the medium itself, as well as the message may be
used to acquaint the novice searcher with an interactive user/system
interface..
.X
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.I 649
.T
A Probabilistic Approach to Automatic Keyword Indexing
Part I. On the Distribution of Specialty Words
in a Technical Literature
.A
Harter, Stephen P.
.W
The problem studied in this research is that of developing a set of
formal statistical rules for the purpose of identifying the keywords of
a document--words likely to be useful as index terms for that document..
The research was prompted by the observation, made by a number of writers,
that non-specialty words, words which possess little value for indexing
purposes, tend to be distributed at random in a collection of documents..
In contrast, specialty words are not so distributed..
In Part I of the study, a mixture of two Poisson distributions is
examined in detail as a model of specialty word distribution, and formulas
expressing the three parameters of the model in terms of empirical
frequency statistics are derived.. The fit of the model is tested on an
experimental document collection and found to be acceptable for the
purposes of the study.. A measure intended to identify specialty words,
consistent with the 2-Poisson model, is proposed and evaluated..
.X
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.I 650
.T
Relative Effectiveness of Titles, Abstracts, and Subject Headings
for Machine Retrieval from the COMPENDEX Services
.A
Byrne, Jerry R.
.W
We have investigated the relative merits of searching on titles, subject
headings, abstracts, free-language terms, and combinations of these elements..
The COMPENDEX data base was used for this study since it contained all of the
data elements of interest.. In general, the results obtained from the
experiments indicate that, as expected, titles alone are not satisfactory for
efficient retrieval.. The combination of titles and abstracts came the closest
to 100% retrieval, with searching of abstracts alone doing almost as well..
Indexer input, although necessary for 100% retrieval in almost all cases, was
found to be relatively unimportant..
.X
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.I 651
.T
An Acquisitions Decision Model for Academic Libraries
.A
DePew, John N.
.W
A decision model for book acquisitions has been developed to simulate the
intellectual processes used in acquiring these materials in academic libraries..
It consists of a flow chart, weighted inputs and an equation, which when solved
indicates whether a library should add the title to its collection, refer it to
a cooperative group, defer the decision or drop it altogether.. Inputs to the
model need further study and development, but the model is a step in defining
and quantifying the decision process..
.X
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.I 652
.T
RELEVANCE: A Review of and a Framework for the Thinking on the Notion
in Information Science
.A
Saracevic, Tefko
.W
Information science emerged as the third subject, along with logic and
philosophy, to deal with relevance - an elusive, human notion.. The concern
with relevance, as a key notion in information science, is traced to the
problems of scientific communication.. Relevance is considered as a measure of
the effectiveness of a contact between a source and a destination in a
communication process.. The different views of relevance that emerged are
interpreted and related within a framework of communication of knowledge..
Different views arose because relevance was considered at a number of different
points in the process of knowledge communication.. It is suggested that there
exists an interlocking, interplaying cycle of various systems of relevances..
.X
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.I 653
.T
Thesaurus Control - the Selection, Grouping, and Cross-Referencing of Terms
for Inclusion in a Coordinate Index Word List
.A
Mandersloot, Wim G. B.
Douglas, Eleanor M. B.
Spicer, Neville
.W
The selection, grouping and cross-referencing of the (usually single-word)
terms are based on:
1. A systematic approach to indexing in depth, based on earlier work and
resulting in reasonably consistent indexing..
2. An analytical approach to word forms in which the following categories
are distinguished:
ACTION forms; MEANS-material; MEANS-machine, and MEANS-man forms; STATES;
VARIABLES; and LATENT PROPERTIES.. For each word, those forms included in
a certain category are represented by a single code.. The
category-switching caused by prepositions must be taken into account..
3. Criteria for term-splitting with limited semantic factoring.. Occasionally,
semantic integration is used..
4. Critera for dealing with antonyms, which are classified as reciprocals,
complements, unequivalent opposites, diametrical opposites, and
reversals..
5. Introduction of conditional cross-referencing..
6. Recognition of multiword synonyms as the major difficulty in coordinate
indexing..
.X
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.I 654
.T
An Analytical Model of a Library Network
.A
Nance, Richard E.
.W
Networks and network models of industrial and military systems have received
much attention in operation research literature.. The extension of network
modeling to library networks provides some interesting twists of the usual
models.. A general library network is offered, a mathematical statement of the
network problem is given, and the solution of the problem is discussed.. An
example of the use of the model in evaluation and design situations is
provided.. The necessity for further work in both theoretical and applied areas
is cited in the summary..
.X
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1445 1 654
.I 655
.T
The Potential Usefulness of Catalog Access Points Other
Than Author, Title, and Subject
.A
Cooper, William S.
.W
Library patrons who wish to obtain a known document with which they
have had prior personal contact often cannot remember the standard author-
title-subject information about it with sufficient accuracy to be able
to look it up easily in present-day card catalogs.. However, they may
remember a surprising amount of such "nonstandard" information as the
color of the document's cover or its approximate length.. Could this
type of "nonstandard" information be profitably exploited in computerized
catalogs of the future? Such facilities, if available, would surely be
used, for according to catalog usage surveys a majority of today's
library patrons seek known documents, and of these, a substantial
minority possess nonstandard information.. In this report, the results of
a memory experiment to test the memorability of various types of
nonstandard information are described and analyzed.. A ranking according
to relative memorability and potential retrieval usefulness of various
nonstandard book features is given.. It is estimated that if the average
patron's nonstandard information were exploited by appropriate retrieval
strategies, he would only have to search through roughly one five-hundredth
as many documents as in a random search.. This reduction factor is great
enough to make nonstandard information potentially useful in many
situations..
.X
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1445 1 655
1445 1 655
.I 656
.T
Measures of the Usefulness of Written Technical Information
to Chemical Researchers
.A
Kegan, Daniel L.
.W
The effective transfer of technology involves more than just
distributing paper; it demands that useful documents be disseminated with a
minimum of useless ones.. For 1 month, 10 researchers recorded a sample of
the written technical information items that they received; 4 months later
they were interviewed to determine which of these items had proved useful,
and in what ways..
The results indicate that (1) a researcher will call an item "useful"
even if it does not cause him to take some action, but only has some
significance for him; (2) the more the source of an item knows about the needs
of the researcher or the more the researcher knows about an item he seeks,
the more likely it is that the researcher will find the item useful; (3)
no strong relationships were found between certain readily observable,
physical arrangements and information behavior; and (4) an item may prove
useful, not because of the information objectively contained in that item,
but because the item causes a cognitive restructuring of the researcher's
mind or a "free association."
Other studies that restrict their measures of information usefulness
to externally observable behavior or that do not carefully define usefulness
may not be validly representing usefulness to the researcher..
.X
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.I 657
.T
Standards For Writing Abstracts
.A
Weil, Ben H.
.W
An abstract, as defined here, is an abbreviated, accurate representation
of a document.. The following recommendations are made for the guidance of
authors and editors, so that abstracts in primary documents may be both
helpful to their readers and reproducible with little or no change in
secondary publications and services..
Prepare an abstract for every formal item in journals and proceedings,
and for each separately published report, pamphlet, thesis, monograph,
and patent.. Place the abstract as early as possible in the document..
Make the abstract as informative as the document will permit, so that
readers may decide whether they need to read the entire document.. State the
purpose, methods results, and conclusions presented in the document, either
in that order or with initial emphasis on findings..
Make each abstract self-contained but concise; retain the basic information
and tone of the original document.. Keep abstracts of most papers to
fewer than 250 words, abstracts of reports and theses to fewer than 500 words
(preferably on one page), and abstracts of short communications to fewer
than 100 words.. Write most abstracts in a single paragraph.. Normally
employ complete, connected sentences; active verbs; ad the third person..
Employ standard nomenclature, or define unfamiliar terms, abbreviations, and
symbols the first time they occur in the abstract..
.X
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.I 658
.T
Criteria Used by Research and Development Engineers in the Selection
of an Information Source
.A
Gerstberger, Peter G.
.A
Allen, Thomas J.
.W
The criteria employed by engineers in the selection of various technical
information channels in problem-solving endeavors are investigated.. The
relationships of certain criteria identified in past research to such factors
as frequency of channel utilization and the rate at which engineers accept or
reject technical information received from specific channels are the focal
points of the study.. A direct relationship is founded between perceived
accessibility of information channels and several objective measures of
utilization, whereas no definite support is found for the hypothesis that the
channel perceived highest in technical quality are those used most frequently..
.X
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.I 659
.T
A Highly Associative Document Retrieval System
.A
Cagan, Carl
.W
This paper describes a document retrieval system implemented with a subset of
the medical literature.. With the exception of the development of a negative
dictionary, all system operations are completely automatic.. Introduced are
methods for computation of term-term association factors, indexing, assignment
of term-document relevance values, and computations for recall and relevance..
High weights are provided for low-frequency terms, and retrieval is performed
directly from highly connected term-document files without elaboration.. Recall
and relevance are based on quantitative internal system computations, and
results are compared with user evaluations..
.X
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879 1 659
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901 1 659
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1427 1 659
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.I 660
.T
On Relevance, Probabilistic Indexing and Information Retrieval
.A
Maron, M. E.
.A
Kuhns, J. L.
.W
This paper reports on a novel technique for literature indexing and
searching in a mechanized library system.. The notion of relevance is taken
as the key concept in the theory of information retrieval and a comparative
concept of relevance is explicated in terms of the theory of probability..
The resulting technique called "Probabilistic Indexing," allows a computing
machine, given a request for information, to make a statistical inference
and derive a number (called the "relevance number") for each document, which
is a measure of the probability that the document will satisfy the given request
ranked according to their probable relevance..
The paper goes on to show that whereas in a conventional library
system the cross-referencing ("see" and "see also") is based solely on
the "semantical closeness" between index terms, statistical measures of
closeness between index terms can be defined and computed.. Thus, given
an arbitrary request consisting of one (or many) index term(s), a machine
can elaborate on it to increase the probability of selecting relevant
documents that would not otherwise have been selected..
Finally, the paper suggests an interpretation of the whole library
problem as one where the request is considered as a clue on the basis of
which the library system makes a concatenated statistical inference
in order to provide as an output an ordered list of those documents
which most probably satisfy the information needs of the user..
.X
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.I 661
.T
Is Automatic Classification a Reasonable Application of Statistical
Analysis of Text?
.A
Doyle, Lauren B.
.W
The statistical approach to the analysis of document collections and
retrieval therefrom has proceeded along two main lines, associative machine
searching and automatic classification.. The former approach has been
favored because of the tendency of people in the computer field to strive for
new methods of dealing with the literature--methods which do not resemble those
of traditional libraries.. But automatic classification study also has been
thriving; some of the reasons for this are discussed..
The crucial question of the quality of automatic classification is treated
at considerable length, and empirical data are introduced to support the
hypothesis that classification quality improves as more information about
each document is used for input to the classification program.. Six
nonjudgmental criteria are used in testing the hypothesis for 100
keyword lists (each list representing a document) for a series of computer
runs in which the number of words per document is increased progressively
from 12 to 36.. Four of the six criteria indicate the hypothesis holds, and
two point to no effect.. Previous work of this kind has been confined to the
range of one through eight words per document..
Finally, the future of automatic classification and some of the practical
problems to be faced are outlined..
.X
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328 2 661
363 1 661
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434 1 661
454 1 661
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1327 2 661
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1448 1 661
.I 662
.T
Automatic Indexing: An Experimental Inquiry
.A
Maron, M. E.
.W
This inquiry examines a technique for automatically classifying (indexing)
documents according to their subject content.. The task, in essence, is to have
a computing machine read a document and on the basis of the occurrence of
selected clue words decide to which of many subject categories the document in
question belongs.. This paper describes the design, execution and evaluation of
a modest experimental study aimed at testing empirically one statistical
technique for automatic indexing..
.X
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328 1 662
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.I 663
.T
Automatic Document Classification Part II. Additional Experiments
.A
Borko, Harold
.A
Bernick, Myrna
.W
This study reports the results of a series of experiments in the techniques
of automatic document classification.. Two different classification schedules
are compared along with two methods of automatically classifying documents into
categories.. It is concluded that, while there is no significant difference in
the predictive efficiency between the Bayesian and the factor score methods,
automatic document classification is enhanced by the use of a
factor-analytically-derived classification schedule.. Approximately 55 percent
of the documents were automatically and correctly classified..
.X
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42 1 663
45 3 663
72 1 663
79 1 663
174 2 663
310 1 663
315 1 663
419 2 663
420 1 663
421 1 663
422 1 663
454 1 663
479 2 663
483 1 663
485 2 663
562 2 663
564 4 663
565 1 663
660 1 663
661 3 663
662 4 663
663 5 663
664 2 663
714 1 663
769 2 663
1144 1 663
1279 1 663
1327 1 663
1419 1 663
1419 1 663
.I 664
.T
Semantic Road Maps for Literature Searchers
.A
Doyle, Lauren B.
.W
The retrieval of documented information is one of today's most widespread
technical problems, affecting almost every large professional group,
corporation, and government bureau.. Because document retrieval is in part an
information processing problem, much hope for a solution has vested in
computers.. But large, fast, reliable ones have been around now for five year,
and people have steadily realized that the over-all task of information
retrieval is not one of those rote jobs for which digital computers are made to
order.. Cataloging and searching are intellectual tasks, and have been thought
of as rote not because they are menial and straightforward, but because they
are unpalatable and unwanted.. Many people do like to use their minds, yes -
but not for plowing through and discarding irrelevant material..
Many people have assumed that this would also be the case in information
retrieval.. Accordingly, the rush to put computers to work in this area has led
primarily to their use as searching instruments, and much activity has centered
around the design and operation of searching machinery.. Boundary conditions
have been assumed, such as an ideal searcher who knows what he wants and who
knows how to express it in terms understood by the machine, and such as ideal
correspondence of descriptors to the documents they describe; then attention
has been focused on optimizing the processes between these boundaries.. The
resulting theories and systems in most cases seem highly adapted to the needs
of machine but not adapted to the needs of humans..
We are, after all, dealing with the elemental situation of an author talking
to a reader - even if by means of a buffer storage which will grow more and
more mechanical.. The basic problem is to increase the mental contact between
the reader and the information store, so that the reader can proceed unerringly
and swiftly to identify and receive the message he is looking for..
.X
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315 2 664
320 1 664
363 1 664
419 3 664
420 2 664
421 1 664
458 1 664
475 1 664
479 1 664
485 1 664
499 1 664
562 3 664
564 2 664
566 1 664
571 1 664
572 1 664
577 1 664
590 1 664
644 1 664
659 1 664
660 2 664
661 1 664
662 3 664
663 2 664
664 8 664
666 1 664
769 1 664
783 1 664
837 1 664
839 1 664
907 1 664
968 1 664
1046 1 664
1118 1 664
1144 1 664
1279 1 664
1327 1 664
1381 1 664
1382 1 664
1443 1 664
1443 1 664
.I 665
.T
Morphology of "Information Flow"
.A
Fairthorne, R.A.
.W
Such phrases as "information flow" may be purely metaphorical, or may refer to
porterage and storage of physical documents, transmission of signals, power
required for signaling, Shannon's Selective Information, changes in the state of
one's personal knowledge, propagation of announcements concerning messages,
social increase of awareness, propagation of or reaction to imperatives, and so
on. These matters are distinct and must be distinguished. Then conditions must
be stated under which one can validly speak of and measure the appropriate flow.
In this paper it is shown that within the field of Notification (mention and
delivery of recorded messages to users) there are twenty basic activities formed
by choosing triads from the six variables, Message, Code, Channel, Source,
Destination, and Designation.
"Flow" has meaning only when two such triads have two variables in common,
forming a tetrad. Then flow or correspondence between any pair of variables is
inextricable from a conjugate flow or correspondence between the other pair.
Between any pair of endpoints there are six possibly distinct types of flow,
according to which two of the remaining four variables are directly used to
achieve the flow.
.X
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20 1 665
42 1 665
60 1 665
85 1 665
129 1 665
172 1 665
361 1 665
457 1 665
469 1 665
585 1 665
599 1 665
640 1 665
652 1 665
665 6 665
762 1 665
791 1 665
803 2 665
911 1 665
1022 1 665
1045 3 665
1268 1 665
1309 1 665
1386 1 665
1422 2 665
1422 2 665
.I 666
.T
New Methods in Automatic Extracting
.A
Edmundson, H.P.
.W
This paper describes new methods of automatically extracting documents for
screening purposes, i.e. the computer selection of sentences having the
greatest possible potential for conveying to the reader the substance of
the document. While previous work has focused on one component of sentence
significance, namely, the presence of high-frequency content words (key words),
the methods described here also treat three additional components: pragmatic
words (cue words); title and heading words; and structural indicators (sentence
location).
The research has resulted in an operating system and a research methodology.
The extracting system is parameterized to control and vary the influence of
the above four components. The research methodology includes procedures for
the compilation of the required dictionaries, the setting of the control
parameters, and the comparative evaluation of the automatic extracts with
manually produced extracts. The results indicate that the three newly proposed
components dominate the frequency component in the production of better
extracts.
KEY WORDS AND PHRASES: automatic extracting, automatic abstracting, sentence
selection, document screening, sentence significance, relevance, content words,
key words, pragmatic words, cue words, title words, sentence location, research
methodology, parameterization, comparative evaluation.
.X
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35 1 666
39 1 666
71 1 666
75 1 666
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78 1 666
79 1 666
80 1 666
81 1 666
82 1 666
83 1 666
114 1 666
154 1 666
175 2 666
212 1 666
247 1 666
315 2 666
324 1 666
420 4 666
458 1 666
499 3 666
503 1 666
516 1 666
527 1 666
571 2 666
572 1 666
581 2 666
657 1 666
662 1 666
664 1 666
666 6 666
838 1 666
853 1 666
1393 1 666
1428 1 666
1431 1 666
1431 1 666
.I 667
.T
A Mathematical Method for Analyzing the Growth of a Scientific Discipline
.A
Goffman, W.
.W
The spread of ideas within a scientific community and the spread of infectious
disease are both special cases of a general communication process. Thus a
general theory of epidemics can explain the growth of symbolic logic from 1847
to 1962. An epidemic model predicts the rise and fall of particular research
areas within symbolic logic. A Markov chain model of individual movement
between research areas indicates that once an individual leaves an area he is
not expected to return.
KEY WORDS AND PHRASES: epidemic model, epidemic process, theory of epidemics,
growth of literature, history of symbolic logic, epidemiology of symbolic logic,
epidemic curve, stochastic models, Markov chains.
.X
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33 1 667
36 1 667
37 1 667
39 3 667
40 1 667
47 1 667
57 1 667
88 1 667
97 1 667
101 1 667
102 1 667
103 1 667
105 1 667
106 1 667
184 1 667
193 1 667
195 1 667
201 1 667
203 1 667
204 1 667
205 1 667
233 2 667
253 1 667
267 1 667
313 1 667
359 2 667
377 1 667
379 1 667
395 2 667
455 1 667
505 1 667
544 1 667
560 2 667
573 1 667
587 1 667
605 2 667
618 1 667
632 3 667
635 1 667
667 7 667
748 2 667
749 1 667
750 2 667
751 2 667
759 1 667
764 1 667
765 2 667
767 1 667
775 1 667
777 1 667
778 2 667
782 1 667
787 1 667
791 1 667
792 1 667
793 1 667
800 2 667
804 1 667
805 1 667
893 1 667
952 1 667
1016 1 667
1030 1 667
1061 1 667
1063 1 667
1081 4 667
1082 3 667
1083 1 667
1085 2 667
1086 2 667
1087 1 667
1088 3 667
1182 1 667
1200 1 667
1201 2 667
1274 1 667
1277 1 667
1278 2 667
1280 1 667
1285 1 667
1286 1 667
1287 4 667
1301 1 667
1302 1 667
1304 1 667
1308 1 667
1312 1 667
1313 1 667
1334 1 667
1338 1 667
1344 1 667
1347 1 667
1380 1 667
1401 1 667
1417 1 667
1418 1 667
1428 1 667
1444 1 667
1444 1 667
.I 668
.T
The Automatic Encoding of Chemical Structures
.A
Feldman, A.
Holland, D.B.
Jacobus, D.P.
.W
Many methods for the coding of chemical structures
have been described in the literature. Some methods code
the compound only partially; typical of these are the
methods using descriptor codes. Other methods, among
which the so-called ciphers are prominent, code
compounds exhaustively. All these methods require
cerebral effort; that is, a chemist is needed who must
have learned the rules of the code, and who must known how
to dismember correctly each structure to be coded. A
disadvantage of code designations of structures is, furthermore,
that they are not generally understood by chemists. No
advantages accrue to the chemist from knowing how to
generate and how to interpret a chemical code. Codes are
needed only for the mechanical manipulation of chemical
structures. Clearly then, if the coding of chemical compounds
could be accomplished automatically this automatic conversion would
relieve the chemist of considerable burden.
.X
116 1 668
117 2 668
165 1 668
254 2 668
327 1 668
445 1 668
476 1 668
525 1 668
590 1 668
621 1 668
641 1 668
668 7 668
670 2 668
671 2 668
673 1 668
674 1 668
675 1 668
677 1 668
678 1 668
679 1 668
682 1 668
683 1 668
689 2 668
690 3 668
693 1 668
694 1 668
695 1 668
698 1 668
700 1 668
704 1 668
706 1 668
707 1 668
715 1 668
730 2 668
738 1 668
797 1 668
819 1 668
833 1 668
1026 1 668
1072 1 668
1077 1 668
1231 1 668
1292 1 668
1452 1 668
1452 1 668
.I 669
.T
Rapid Structure Searches via Permuted Chemical Line-Notations
.A
Sorter, P.F.
Granito, C.E.
Gilmer, J.C.
Gelberg, A.
Metcalf, E.A.
.W
The Wiswesser chemical line-notation is an unique
and unambiguous method of representing chemical
structures by a linear series of letters, numbers,
ampersands, and hyphens. These symbols are meaningful to
chemists familiar with the notation and can be processed
by automatic data processing (ADP) equipment.
The uniqueness of the line-notation permits the use
of alphanumerically arranged lists of notations for
dictionary-type searches. This ordered arrangement
permits the rapid location of a specific compound or a
specific class of ring compounds other than benzenoid.
.X
669 6 669
673 3 669
678 1 669
682 1 669
687 2 669
693 1 669
704 1 669
706 1 669
833 1 669
1026 1 669
1452 3 669
1452 3 669
.I 670
.T
A Chemical Structure Storage and Search System Developed at Du Pont
.A
Gluck, D.J.
.W
As early as 1961, we in the engineering Department of
Du Pont recognized the need for a better system for
recording chemical structure information for storage and
subsequent retrieval. We believed that current methods
and the then current development of notation systems
would not completely serve our chemists' long range
chemical identification needs.
Accordingly, we studied and then developed a chemical
structure storage and search system. Huber gave a good
review of the various approaches and applications. To use
his terminology, our system is topological coding.
Our initial investigation led to singling out the following
needs for such a system.
.X
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117 2 670
165 1 670
254 1 670
327 1 670
445 1 670
476 1 670
525 1 670
590 1 670
621 1 670
641 1 670
643 1 670
644 1 670
668 2 670
670 8 670
671 6 670
673 1 670
674 1 670
677 1 670
678 1 670
679 1 670
682 1 670
683 1 670
689 2 670
690 1 670
693 2 670
694 1 670
695 1 670
698 1 670
699 1 670
700 2 670
704 1 670
706 1 670
707 1 670
708 3 670
709 1 670
715 1 670
730 1 670
737 1 670
738 1 670
797 1 670
819 1 670
833 1 670
1026 1 670
1044 1 670
1072 1 670
1077 1 670
1231 1 670
1292 1 670
1452 2 670
1452 2 670
.I 671
.T
The Generation of a Unique Machine Description for Chemical Structures -
A Technique Developed at Chemical Abstracts Service
.A
Morgan, H.L.
.W
As part of the development of a computer-based
chemical information system at CAS, it has been necessary
to devise techniques for the registration of drawings of
chemical structures. A major purpose of the CAS registration
process is to determine whether a particular structure has
already been stored in the system. The ability to make
this determination makes it possible to utilize a computer
to assign to every chemical structure a unique identifying
label. This identifying label, referred to as a registry
number, is the thread that ties together all information
associated with a particular compound throughout the
developing CAS computer system. It is because of this
association, made possible by the registration process, that
CAS will be able to provide multiple-file correlative searches
with assurance that all information on file for a particular
compound has been located.
.X
116 2 671
117 3 671
165 2 671
252 1 671
254 2 671
327 3 671
347 1 671
445 1 671
476 1 671
525 1 671
569 5 671
590 1 671
621 1 671
641 3 671
668 2 671
670 6 671
671 20 671
673 2 671
674 3 671
677 1 671
678 1 671
679 1 671
682 1 671
683 2 671
687 1 671
689 3 671
690 2 671
693 1 671
694 1 671
695 1 671
698 1 671
699 1 671
700 1 671
704 1 671
706 2 671
707 1 671
708 2 671
709 2 671
710 1 671
714 1 671
715 1 671
730 1 671
738 1 671
797 1 671
819 1 671
833 1 671
1026 2 671
1072 1 671
1077 1 671
1180 1 671
1231 1 671
1261 1 671
1292 2 671
1452 5 671
1452 5 671
.I 672
.T
Esso Research Experiences with Chemical Abstracts on Microfilm
.A
Weil, H.
Emerson, W.G.
Bolles, S.W.
Lewenz, G.F.
.W
Late in 1964, The Chemical Abstracts Service announced
that in 1965 it would lease Chemical Abstracts in microfilm
form to subscribers to its current printed abstracts. With
this move, microfilm entered a new stage - use in technical-
information work as a publication medium for frequently
employed tools rather than for largely archival documents.
.X
286 1 672
672 5 672
712 1 672
721 2 672
724 1 672
1014 2 672
1352 1 672
1352 1 672
.I 673
.T
Rapid Structure Searches via Permuted Chemical
Line Notations. III. A Computer-Produced Index
.A
Granito, C.E.
Schultz, J.E.
Gibson, G.W.
Gelberg, A.
Williams, R.J.
Metcalf, E.A.
.W
The previous papers in this series have discussed
the concept of a index of permuted Wiswesser chemical
line notations, the significance of a QUICK-SCAN area,
and simple methods for preparing this type of index for a
small index file of compounds (up to ca. 5000). It has
been pointed out that the preparation of a index for a large
number of compounds would require the use of a computer.
This is the subject of this paper.
.X
34 1 673
116 1 673
117 1 673
165 1 673
252 1 673
254 2 673
327 1 673
347 1 673
641 2 673
668 1 673
669 3 673
670 1 673
671 2 673
673 8 673
677 1 673
678 2 673
679 2 673
680 1 673
682 2 673
683 1 673
687 2 673
689 2 673
690 1 673
693 2 673
694 1 673
695 1 673
698 1 673
700 1 673
704 2 673
706 1 673
707 1 673
714 1 673
730 1 673
738 1 673
833 2 673
1026 3 673
1072 1 673
1292 1 673
1452 5 673
1452 5 673
.I 674
.T
Installation and Operation of a Registry for Chemical Compounds
.A
Leiter, D.P.
Morgan, H.L.
Stobaugh, R.E.
.W
Since 1958 the Chemical Abstracts Service has been
working toward establishing a computer-based system for
handling chemical information. Briefly, the concept of
the CAS system consists of sets of special subject files
in the following categories: (1) physical properties, (2)
chemical reactivities, (3) biochemical activities, and (4)
applications. With the importance of compounds in
correlation studies, and the need to interrelate compounds
and the huge collections of chemical and other data, a
highly developed subsystem, called the Registry System,
for handling compounds must be the first step in the
actual operation of an over-all computer-based service.
The Registry System will include files of compounds
interconnected with files of associated data that permit
identifying the compounds and retrieving them from the
files.
.X
34 1 674
53 1 674
117 1 674
165 1 674
252 1 674
445 1 674
476 1 674
480 1 674
525 1 674
565 1 674
590 1 674
621 1 674
668 1 674
670 1 674
671 3 674
674 9 674
675 1 674
679 1 674
680 1 674
682 1 674
683 1 674
687 1 674
689 1 674
694 1 674
695 1 674
697 2 674
698 1 674
709 3 674
711 1 674
715 2 674
746 1 674
797 1 674
819 1 674
1077 1 674
1231 1 674
1261 1 674
1452 2 674
1452 2 674
.I 675
.T
Atom-by-Atom Typewriter Input for Computerized
Storage and Retrieval of Chemical Structures
.A
Mullen, J.M.
.W
Novel features have been added to a paper tape typewriter having a removable
typing element. A symbol set has been devised which requires only nine
characters for typing common chemical structures. The typewriter has an uncoded
"INDEX" key which advances the paper without carriage return. A companion key,
"BACK INDEX," was provided which directly retracts the paper. Both have been
coded. A tape record containing information sufficient for a computer to
calculate an atom-bond connection table for a chemical structure is obtained
by typing the structure in any order solely from the keyboard or by use of the
reader with prepunched tapes containing frequently occurring substructures.
Cost was about one-fourth that of earlier paper tape chemical typewriters.
.X
668 1 675
674 1 675
675 5 675
678 1 675
679 1 675
704 1 675
709 1 675
709 1 675
.I 676
.T
ISI's Experiences with ASCA - A Selective Dissemination System
.A
Garfield, E.
Sher, I.H.
.W
ASCA (Automatic Subject Citation Alert) is a commercially available SDI
system covering the journal literature. The repertoire of questions which
ASCA can utilize includes cited references, words from titles, authors,
organizations, etc., and allows for logical combinations of these questions.
This paper discusses differences and similarities between "citations" and
"words" in retrieving and disseminating information. The problem of user-
system interaction is explored, and some techniques for developing effective
interest profiles are described. Although ASCA is a multi-disciplinary system,
examples from fields like synthetic chemistry and biochemistry are provided.
.X
18 1 676
34 1 676
49 2 676
53 1 676
59 2 676
61 1 676
164 1 676
202 1 676
213 2 676
224 1 676
243 1 676
252 1 676
347 1 676
381 1 676
382 1 676
421 2 676
465 1 676
466 1 676
490 1 676
491 3 676
506 2 676
507 1 676
510 1 676
512 1 676
591 1 676
595 1 676
603 1 676
604 1 676
622 1 676
623 1 676
629 1 676
633 1 676
639 1 676
659 1 676
676 10 676
696 1 676
711 1 676
722 1 676
723 1 676
726 1 676
728 1 676
730 1 676
731 1 676
732 1 676
805 1 676
809 1 676
810 1 676
813 1 676
814 1 676
820 1 676
822 1 676
828 1 676
870 1 676
879 1 676
986 1 676
1010 1 676
1055 1 676
1091 1 676
1281 2 676
1283 3 676
1290 1 676
1298 1 676
1299 1 676
1363 1 676
1366 1 676
1367 1 676
1368 1 676
1396 1 676
1396 1 676
.I 677
.T
Procedures for Converting Systematic Names of Organic
Compounds into Atom-Bond Connection Tables
.A
Vander Stouw, G.G.
Naznitsky, I.
Rush, J.e.
.W
Simultaneously with its development of a computer-based Chemical Compound
Registry System, Chemical Abstracts Service is devising procedures for
automatically converting systematic names of organic compounds into atom-
bound connection tables which can be manipulated by computer. A study of
systematic Chemical Abstracts (CA) index names has resulted in a dictionary
of word roots used in the names and in step-by-step procedures for converting
names to connection tables. Statistical studies of nomenclature in CA indexes
show that these procedures are applicable not only to current nomenclature,
but also generally to names in past indexes. Procedures have been written
which are applicable to the majority of names of carbon compounds, and the
preparation of computer programs is now under way.
.X
116 1 677
117 1 677
253 1 677
254 1 677
327 1 677
641 1 677
668 1 677
670 1 677
671 1 677
673 1 677
677 6 677
678 1 677
679 1 677
682 1 677
689 1 677
690 1 677
693 1 677
694 1 677
695 1 677
698 1 677
700 1 677
701 2 677
704 1 677
706 2 677
707 1 677
730 1 677
738 1 677
833 1 677
1026 1 677
1072 1 677
1292 1 677
1301 1 677
1444 1 677
1452 2 677
1452 2 677
.I 678
.T
A Chemical Notation and Code for Computer Manipulation
.A
Lefkovitz, D.
.W
This paper describes and specifies the rules for generating a code to
represent chemical formulas. It may be used either as a notation or for
internal manipulation by computer for registration, screening, and atom-by-
atom search. It is basically a connection table in a concise format which also
contains abnormality information relating to specific atoms or relations
between atoms. The notation produced by these rules unambiguously defines
a structure (as a connection table), but the notation is unique only to a
given numbering (or citation order) of the atoms. Hence, its uniqueness is
dependent on the numbering uniqueness of the atoms in the structural formula.
Techniques for the use of the code in registry and substructure search are
also discussed.
.X
116 1 678
117 1 678
254 1 678
327 1 678
641 1 678
668 1 678
669 1 678
670 1 678
671 1 678
673 2 678
675 1 678
677 1 678
678 7 678
679 2 678
682 4 678
689 1 678
690 1 678
693 1 678
694 1 678
695 1 678
698 1 678
700 1 678
704 2 678
706 2 678
707 1 678
730 1 678
738 1 678
833 1 678
1026 2 678
1072 1 678
1292 1 678
1419 1 678
1452 2 678
1452 2 678
.I 679
.T
Conversion of Wiswesser Notation to a Connectivity Matrix for Organic Compounds
.A
Matthews, F.W.
Hyde, E.
Thomson, L.H.
Wiswesser, W.J.
.W
A computer program is described which generates a connectivity matrix using
as input an unmodified Wiswesser notation. This program records the topology
of a molecule as a statement of the atoms and their connectivity. One symbol
is used to represent each atom and this symbol is descriptive of the atom and
its bonds. The network of a complex molecule is recorded as a series of
interruptions in an assumed linear path. The application of this matrix to
information handling of chemical structures is described in a subsequent paper.
.X
116 1 679
117 1 679
254 1 679
327 1 679
641 1 679
668 1 679
670 1 679
671 1 679
673 2 679
674 1 679
675 1 679
677 1 679
678 2 679
679 5 679
681 1 679
682 1 679
687 1 679
689 1 679
690 1 679
693 1 679
694 1 679
695 1 679
697 1 679
698 1 679
700 1 679
704 1 679
706 1 679
707 1 679
730 1 679
738 1 679
833 1 679
1026 2 679
1072 1 679
1292 1 679
1452 4 679
1452 4 679
.I 680
.T
SWIFT: Computerized Storage and Retrieval of Technical Information
.A
Ackermann, H.J.
Haglind, J.B.
Lindwall, H.F.
Maizell, R.E.
.W
A unique method of computerized storage and retrieval of technical information
is applied in the SWIFT (Significant Word in Full Title) program. SWIFT chooses
potential keywords from the titles, compares the key words with an exclusion
word glossary to remove insignificant words and an internal glossary to prevent
duplication of terms. The keywords may be either a full or fragmented term.
An option is available to index also by author. Indexes, containing full
citations, are printed periodically and cumulatively. The magnetic tape file
is available for computer search through a sort and print program. Responses
to inquiries conducted through the computer program are listed in full citation
format.
.X
29 1 680
34 1 680
53 1 680
68 1 680
69 1 680
175 1 680
252 1 680
261 1 680
346 1 680
382 1 680
458 1 680
476 1 680
477 1 680
478 1 680
479 1 680
480 2 680
484 1 680
485 1 680
565 1 680
566 1 680
673 1 680
674 1 680
680 5 680
704 1 680
711 1 680
715 1 680
746 1 680
781 1 680
1118 1 680
1175 1 680
1175 1 680
.I 681
.T
A Chemically Oriented Information Storage and Retrieval System.
II. Computer Generation of the Wiswesser Notation
of Complex Polycyclic Structures
.A
Bowman, Carlos M.
.A
Landee, Franc A.
.A
Lee, Nancy W.
.A
Reslock, Mary H.
.W
A computer program has been written to generate the canonical Wiswesser
notation for complex polycyclic structures.. The program accepts as input the
connection between all the ring atoms and then selects the path which conforms
to the notation rules.. The operation of the program is described..
.X
150 1 681
347 1 681
371 1 681
465 1 681
480 1 681
679 1 681
681 5 681
682 1 681
704 1 681
716 1 681
717 1 681
1261 1 681
1292 1 681
1452 4 681
1452 4 681
.I 682
.T
Substructure Search in the MCC System
.A
Lefkovitz, D.
.W
A monitor system based upon computer-produced printed indexes is described in
this paper. The system is intended to monitor a large scale experiment in file
organization for a real-time, interactive chemical information system. It is
based upon a topological screen system that ensures the inclusion of every
compound atom (including H) in at least one screen assignment, that appears to
be responsive to a broad range of query types, and that is amenable to random-
access techniques. The Monitor system is also considered, in this paper, as
an independent interim approach toward fulfilling, in an effective and economic
manner, the functional requirements of a small- to medium-sized chemical
information system. Thus it could be used to encode and generate structure
files, to assign search screens, and to provide manual substructure search
capability via microfilm or hard copy printed indexes.
.X
116 1 682
117 1 682
150 1 682
254 1 682
327 1 682
347 1 682
371 1 682
465 1 682
480 1 682
641 1 682
668 1 682
669 1 682
670 1 682
671 1 682
673 2 682
674 1 682
677 1 682
678 4 682
679 1 682
681 1 682
682 6 682
689 1 682
690 1 682
693 1 682
694 2 682
695 2 682
697 1 682
698 2 682
700 1 682
704 3 682
706 1 682
707 1 682
716 1 682
717 1 682
730 1 682
738 1 682
833 1 682
1026 1 682
1072 1 682
1292 1 682
1419 1 682
1452 3 682
1452 3 682
.I 683
.T
The IDC System for Chemical Documentation
.A
Meyer, Ernst
.W
After a decade of systems development, firms of the European chemical
industry founded a corporation (IDC) to make the chemical journal and patent
literature accessible by efficient computer methods.. A comprehensive and
critical review of these methods accommodated to the four most important types
of chemical data is given..
.X
58 1 683
68 1 683
117 2 683
165 2 683
179 1 683
180 1 683
252 1 683
254 1 683
347 1 683
445 1 683
476 1 683
525 1 683
572 1 683
590 2 683
621 1 683
641 1 683
668 1 683
670 1 683
671 2 683
673 1 683
674 1 683
683 6 683
687 2 683
689 3 683
714 1 683
715 1 683
726 1 683
797 1 683
819 1 683
1072 1 683
1077 1 683
1139 1 683
1231 1 683
1452 1 683
1452 1 683
.I 684
.T
Operation of Du Pont's Central Patent Index
.A
Rasmussen, Leslie E.
.A
Van Oot, James G.
.W
The Central Patent Index is one of many information centers constituting Du
Pont's Information Network.. The development of this index and its relationship
with other centers in the network is followed by a description of its
operation: input, storage, and search techniques..
.X
24 1 684
74 1 684
75 1 684
119 1 684
122 1 684
336 1 684
684 6 684
955 1 684
1011 1 684
1451 1 684
1451 1 684
.I 685
.T
The Primary Journal: Past, Present, and Future
.A
Herschman, Arthur
.W
The historical role of the primary journal as a social institution of
science, as well as a communication medium, is discussed, with particular
reference to its function as the official public scientific record and the
prime mechanism for rewarding the performance of research.. The impact of
various proposed changes in the role of the journal on these traditional
function is also considered, and predictions are made as to its possible future
state in a more computerized world..
.X
89 1 685
91 1 685
105 1 685
110 1 685
155 1 685
157 1 685
198 1 685
314 1 685
356 1 685
379 1 685
429 1 685
513 2 685
544 1 685
560 1 685
582 2 685
588 2 685
589 1 685
603 1 685
613 1 685
614 1 685
616 1 685
618 1 685
656 1 685
657 1 685
685 8 685
686 3 685
691 2 685
721 2 685
722 1 685
724 1 685
725 3 685
735 1 685
765 1 685
770 1 685
775 1 685
776 1 685
821 1 685
958 1 685
987 1 685
988 1 685
1030 1 685
1050 1 685
1062 1 685
1208 3 685
1209 2 685
1256 1 685
1275 1 685
1284 1 685
1285 1 685
1290 4 685
1291 1 685
1293 2 685
1294 1 685
1295 1 685
1296 2 685
1297 1 685
1299 1 685
1302 2 685
1319 2 685
1346 1 685
1355 1 685
1386 1 685
1386 1 685
.I 686
.T
New Developments in Primary Journal Publication
.A
Kuney, J.H.
.W
The form and function of the journal as a medium
of communication between scientists, that is, one scientist
talking to another, have not changed greatly these past 100
years. But during that time, the journal has evolved to a
highly effective medium for meeting the scientists' needs
for publication, distribution, storage, and retrieval of scientific
information. Kessler describes the journal as the most
"successful and ubiquitous carrier of scientific information in
the entire history of science." And the scientific paper, he
adds, "is such a marvelous and commodating invention that we
seem to take it for granted and forget that it has form and
structure that fit its function."
.X
91 1 686
408 1 686
429 1 686
513 2 686
582 1 686
588 1 686
589 1 686
603 1 686
613 1 686
614 1 686
618 1 686
657 1 686
685 3 686
686 5 686
691 3 686
721 2 686
722 1 686
724 1 686
725 4 686
765 1 686
770 1 686
776 1 686
850 1 686
958 1 686
980 1 686
987 1 686
988 1 686
1208 2 686
1209 1 686
1290 2 686
1293 1 686
1302 1 686
1302 1 686
.I 687
.T
Index Chemicus Registry System: Pragmatic Approach to
Substructure Chemical Retrieval
.A
Garfield, E.
Revesz, G.S.
Granito, C.E.
Dorr, H.A.
Calderon, M.M.
Warner, A.
.W
The Index Chemicus Registry System (ICRS), launched in 1968 with the support
of a dozen industrial and governmental organizations, is now a current
operational monthly service. Subscribers receive magnetic tapes and printouts,
in which the weekly issues of Index Chemicus (IC) have been encoded in Wiswesser
Line Notations (WLN). Over 13,000 compounds per month are provided in
machine language. The canonical WLN is also provided in alphabetized printouts.
Encoding of over 400,000 new chemical compounds from IC has already been
completed, including all those reported in 1967, 1968, and 1969. Since the
tapes also include title and other bibliographic information, this paper
describes the use of supporting software provided for SDI search systems
employing "word" and other searching terms, in addition to the WLN fragments.
Use of the monthly and annual printouts are illustrated for those searches
which do not require computer manipulation.
.X
164 1 687
165 1 687
252 1 687
253 2 687
254 1 687
347 1 687
491 1 687
512 1 687
591 1 687
641 1 687
669 2 687
671 1 687
673 2 687
674 1 687
679 1 687
683 2 687
687 10 687
689 1 687
697 1 687
714 2 687
726 1 687
805 1 687
809 1 687
1026 1 687
1087 1 687
1089 1 687
1285 1 687
1287 1 687
1302 1 687
1362 1 687
1452 4 687
1452 4 687
.I 688
.T
The Multiterm Index: A New Concept in Information Storage and Retrieval
.A
Skolnik, H.
.W
An index not only can be a creative communication
medium, it needs to be in a research and development
environment. A creative index is achievable if the
relationship and association of things and actions,
one to another, can be communicated as a continuous
function vis-a-vis the real world of science and
technology.
A chemist does not think of a chemical, for example,
ethyl alcohol, in isolation. Ethyl alcohol is not merely
a word or a term without dimensions to a chemist. It
is a concept that he associates with or relates to a
product, a reactant, a solvent in a reaction, a use, a
property, etc. It is within the semantics of his
conceptual needs that he would like to use an index to
retrieve those documents he needs. He wants more than
documents, however, from the index. He wants the index
to direct him to those documents which are pertinent
to his problem. He wants the index to help him to
generate thoughts and to suggest new combinations.
He wants the index to help him in terms of his language,
logic, and semantics and through a generic or specific
approach, whichever occurs to him first. He wants the
ability to browse among the terms to discover the term
that is on the tip of his tongue or recessed in his
memory. These are the criteria an index must satisfy
if it is to be a creative medium of communication.
.X
117 1 688
159 1 688
257 1 688
429 1 688
489 1 688
493 1 688
498 1 688
501 1 688
582 1 688
583 1 688
653 1 688
655 1 688
688 8 688
693 1 688
707 1 688
723 1 688
730 1 688
796 1 688
797 1 688
798 1 688
801 1 688
802 1 688
833 2 688
1026 1 688
1405 1 688
1452 1 688
1452 1 688
.I 689
.T
The GREMAS System, an Integral Part of the IDC System for Chemical
Documentation
.A
Rossler, Sigrid
.A
Kolb, Arthur
.W
The Genealogical Retrieval by Magnetic Tapes Storage (GREMAS) system and the
potential it offers for searches are described.. The input and retrieval
procedures of the system are explained as well as the integration of the GREMAS
system into the IDC system - i.e., machine generation of the GREMAS coding from
topological input and of the superimposed bit code from the GREMAS coding..
.X
29 1 689
58 2 689
68 1 689
116 1 689
117 3 689
165 3 689
252 1 689
254 2 689
327 1 689
347 1 689
445 2 689
451 1 689
476 1 689
490 1 689
491 1 689
495 1 689
512 1 689
525 1 689
590 3 689
609 1 689
621 1 689
641 2 689
656 1 689
668 2 689
670 2 689
671 3 689
673 2 689
674 1 689
677 1 689
678 1 689
679 1 689
682 1 689
683 3 689
687 1 689
689 7 689
690 1 689
693 1 689
694 1 689
695 1 689
698 1 689
700 1 689
704 1 689
706 1 689
707 1 689
714 1 689
715 1 689
727 1 689
730 1 689
738 1 689
762 1 689
797 1 689
814 1 689
819 1 689
833 1 689
901 1 689
1026 1 689
1072 2 689
1077 2 689
1231 2 689
1292 1 689
1452 2 689
1452 2 689
.I 690
.T
Experience with the Mechanized Chemical and Biological
Information Retrieval System
.A
Jacobus, D.P.
Davidson, D.E.
Feldman, A.P.
Schafer, J.A.
.W
New computer methods have been developed in associations with the drug
development programs of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Experiences
with these systems are recounted. Special input devices and computer
programming have been developed for the input and retrieval of conventional
chemical structural diagrams. The costs, operation, and the advantages of this
system are discussed. Associated files of biological properties and inventory
control information have been created, which are searchable. The methods used
in creating consolidated listings of selected chemical compounds and associated
biological data are discussed.
.X
116 2 690
117 1 690
166 1 690
254 2 690
316 1 690
327 1 690
491 1 690
496 1 690
582 1 690
641 1 690
657 1 690
668 3 690
670 1 690
671 2 690
673 1 690
677 1 690
678 1 690
679 1 690
682 1 690
689 1 690
690 9 690
693 1 690
694 3 690
695 2 690
697 1 690
698 2 690
699 2 690
700 2 690
704 1 690
706 1 690
707 1 690
710 1 690
730 2 690
737 1 690
738 1 690
833 1 690
1012 1 690
1026 1 690
1072 1 690
1292 2 690
1293 1 690
1295 1 690
1296 1 690
1452 1 690
1452 1 690
.I 691
.T
Systems Requirements for Primary Information Systems
.A
Kuney, J.H.
Weisgerber, W.H.
.W
A selected sample of 281 readers of the Journal of Organic Chemistry has been
interviewed personally to obtain data on their reading patterns of the November
1968 issue. Approximately 35% of the individual subscribers to JOC had read
or looked through the journal within the first seven days of receipt. The
average reader claims to have read part or all of 14 articles out of the 81
available. At least 75% of every one of the 81 articles was read, ranging
from a low of 0.7% to a high of 10.2%. Structures or equations rated high as
a "noted" segment of an article. In addition to data on amount of reading of
the issue, respondents were asked about amount of time spent reading, other
journals read, and journals subscribed to. Correlations have been developed
between subject interest as stated by respondent and his actual reading pattern.
.X
91 1 691
429 1 691
513 1 691
582 1 691
588 1 691
589 1 691
603 1 691
613 1 691
614 1 691
618 1 691
657 1 691
685 2 691
686 3 691
691 5 691
721 2 691
722 1 691
724 1 691
725 3 691
765 1 691
770 1 691
776 1 691
958 1 691
987 1 691
988 1 691
1208 2 691
1209 1 691
1290 1 691
1293 1 691
1302 1 691
1302 1 691
.I 692
.T
Design and Operation of a Computer Search Center for Chemical Information
.A
Williams, M.E.
Schipma, P.B.
.W
The objective of the Computer Search Center (CSC) of the Information Sciences
section of IIT Research Institute (IITRI) is to provide a link between a wide
variety of users and the rapidly expanding information resources in machine-
readable form. Because none of the available computer search programs met
the criteria of the center, and because of the need to handle a variety of data
bases, new general purpose computer programs were written, and a tape format
was developed so that a wide variety of data bases can be searched by the same
computer program. The center was designed to provide current awareness and
retrospective search services from both document-type and data-type computerized
data files. The desire to develop transferable programs for use at many
installations prompted the adoption of the machine-independent compiler
language PL/1 and the use of IBM 360 series computers. The objective of
education and training led to the development of a "Search Manual" for profile
preparation, the development of a workbook in "Modern Techniques in Chemical
Information," the teaching of a new academic course, and the presentation of
seminars.
.X
120 1 692
124 1 692
127 1 692
128 1 692
129 1 692
135 1 692
190 1 692
191 1 692
197 1 692
211 1 692
214 1 692
218 1 692
243 1 692
244 1 692
245 1 692
291 1 692
307 1 692
327 1 692
330 1 692
378 1 692
450 1 692
451 1 692
452 1 692
459 2 692
468 1 692
484 1 692
492 1 692
508 1 692
511 1 692
512 1 692
514 1 692
518 1 692
520 1 692
523 1 692
524 1 692
525 1 692
526 1 692
529 1 692
530 1 692
534 1 692
546 1 692
553 1 692
575 1 692
579 1 692
594 1 692
599 1 692
603 1 692
604 1 692
606 1 692
609 1 692
610 1 692
611 1 692
612 1 692
621 1 692
625 1 692
626 1 692
630 2 692
636 1 692
637 1 692
642 1 692
648 1 692
650 1 692
692 6 692
695 1 692
696 1 692
698 1 692
699 1 692
703 2 692
705 1 692
708 1 692
726 1 692
727 1 692
728 1 692
731 1 692
732 2 692
733 1 692
734 1 692
736 1 692
738 1 692
739 1 692
740 1 692
741 1 692
742 1 692
743 1 692
744 1 692
755 1 692
820 1 692
826 1 692
827 1 692
879 1 692
883 1 692
925 1 692
1004 1 692
1035 1 692
1078 1 692
1089 1 692
1091 1 692
1207 1 692
1264 1 692
1297 1 692
1303 1 692
1356 1 692
1364 1 692
1368 1 692
1370 1 692
1372 1 692
1373 1 692
1374 1 692
1375 1 692
1376 1 692
1377 1 692
1402 1 692
1402 1 692
.I 693
.T
A Correlative Notation System for NMR Data
.A
Skolnik, Herman
.W
A new linear notation system which denotes carbon in terms of bounds and
attached hydrogen(s) is used to correlate proton groups in organic molecules
with chemical shifts.. The notation system is illustrated with acyclic and
cyclic examples, and the production of tables of NMR data via computer by
proton group vis-a-vis neighboring groups is demonstrated.. Tables of chemical
shifts in ascending order is a valuable by-product of the computerized system..
.X
116 1 693
117 1 693
254 1 693
327 1 693
641 1 693
668 1 693
669 1 693
670 2 693
671 1 693
673 2 693
677 1 693
678 1 693
679 1 693
682 1 693
688 1 693
689 1 693
690 1 693
693 6 693
694 1 693
695 1 693
698 1 693
700 1 693
704 1 693
706 1 693
707 1 693
730 1 693
738 1 693
833 4 693
1026 2 693
1072 1 693
1261 1 693
1292 1 693
1452 1 693
1452 1 693
.I 694
.T
Computer Generation of Wiswesser Line Notation
.A
Farrell, C.D.
Chauvenet, A.R.
Koniver, D.A.
.W
Computer programs developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) produce
uncontracted though otherwise canonical Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) for a
fairly broad class of compounds. An associated front end allows a chemist to
communicate with the programs by drawing structures on a Rand Tablet. The
WLN generation programs accept connection table input, either from a previously
existing file or generated from the Rand Tablet drawing. The programs recognize
situations which they cannot handle - the output is thus either correct WLN
or a message by which the programs acknowledge their limitations. In general,
correct WLN will be produced for any compound containing not more than one
nonbenzene ring. Work is under way to extend this to polycyclic fused ring
systems. The philosophy and concepts behind these programs are explained along
with the more interesting algorithmic results. The role of the WLN-generation
programs in a developing NIH chemical information system is briefly discussed.
The WLN programs are written in Fortran IV and have been developed on a
PDP-10 computer.
.X
116 1 694
117 1 694
254 1 694
316 1 694
327 1 694
641 1 694
668 1 694
670 1 694
671 1 694
673 1 694
674 1 694
677 1 694
678 1 694
679 1 694
682 2 694
689 1 694
690 3 694
693 1 694
694 7 694
695 4 694
697 2 694
698 4 694
700 1 694
704 1 694
706 1 694
707 1 694
730 1 694
738 1 694
833 1 694
1026 1 694
1072 1 694
1292 2 694
1452 3 694
1452 3 694
.I 695
.T
Interactive Searching of Chemical Files and Structural Diagram Generation
from Wiswesser Line Notation
.A
Feldman, R. J.
.A
Koniver, D. A.
.W
An interactive search and retrieval system for Weswesser Line Notation (WLN)
has been implemented.. The system employs bit screens, which are useful for
filtering a file.. The user can graphically specify a search request structure
and immediately receive graphic information as the result of the search.. Four
Fortran IV programs were developed to prepare bit screens for WLN files, input
the search request to generate the WLN, iteratively search the WLN bit screen
file, and generate a two-dimensional representation of the chemical structure
directly from the WLN..
.X
116 1 695
117 1 695
254 1 695
316 1 695
327 2 695
641 1 695
668 1 695
670 1 695
671 1 695
673 1 695
674 1 695
677 1 695
678 1 695
679 1 695
682 2 695
689 1 695
690 2 695
692 1 695
693 1 695
694 4 695
695 5 695
697 2 695
698 5 695
700 1 695
704 1 695
706 1 695
707 1 695
730 1 695
738 1 695
833 1 695
1026 1 695
1072 1 695
1292 1 695
1452 3 695
1452 3 695
.I 696
.T
Computerized Drug Information services
.A
Smith, Daniel R.
.A
Beauchamp, R. O. Jr.
.A
Garber, Josephine L.
.A
Daugherty, Marvel A.
.W
To compare computerized services in chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and
clinical medicine of pharmaceutical interest, equivalent profiles were run on
magnetic tape files of CA-Condensates, CBAC, Excerpta Medica, MEDLARS and
Ringdoc.. The results of these searches, which covered individual chemical
compounds used in pharmacology and medicine, are tabulated overlap of services,
relative speed of citing references, and unique areas of journal coverage..
.X
4 1 696
65 1 696
91 1 696
120 1 696
124 1 696
127 1 696
129 1 696
162 1 696
190 1 696
191 1 696
197 2 696
211 1 696
213 1 696
214 1 696
218 1 696
243 1 696
307 1 696
330 1 696
378 1 696
381 1 696
382 2 696
421 1 696
439 1 696
440 1 696
450 1 696
451 1 696
452 1 696
459 1 696
468 1 696
484 1 696
491 1 696
492 1 696
506 3 696
508 1 696
511 1 696
512 1 696
514 1 696
518 1 696
520 1 696
523 1 696
524 1 696
525 1 696
526 2 696
529 1 696
530 1 696
534 1 696
546 1 696
553 1 696
579 1 696
580 2 696
594 1 696
603 1 696
604 1 696
606 1 696
609 2 696
610 1 696
611 1 696
612 1 696
622 1 696
623 3 696
625 1 696
626 1 696
630 1 696
634 1 696
636 1 696
637 1 696
642 1 696
648 1 696
650 1 696
676 1 696
692 1 696
696 9 696
699 1 696
703 1 696
705 4 696
708 1 696
726 1 696
727 2 696
728 2 696
729 2 696
731 1 696
732 1 696
733 1 696
734 1 696
736 2 696
738 1 696
739 1 696
740 1 696
741 1 696
742 1 696
743 1 696
744 1 696
755 1 696
770 1 696
776 1 696
795 1 696
806 1 696
809 1 696
813 1 696
820 1 696
826 2 696
827 1 696
870 1 696
879 1 696
883 1 696
981 1 696
986 1 696
1004 1 696
1035 1 696
1078 1 696
1089 1 696
1091 1 696
1207 1 696
1264 1 696
1297 1 696
1298 1 696
1303 1 696
1356 1 696
1364 1 696
1368 1 696
1370 1 696
1372 1 696
1373 1 696
1374 1 696
1375 1 696
1376 1 696
1377 1 696
1396 1 696
1396 1 696
.I 697
.T
Computer Generation of Wiswesser Line Notation.
II. Polyfused, Perifused, and Chained Ring Structure
.A
Heller, Stephen R.
.A
Koniver, Deena A.
.W
The computer program for the generation of Weswesser Line Notation (WLN) has
been extended to include polyfused rings, methyl contraction rules, chain of
two ring systems, some perifused rings, some chelates, and some metallocences..
Salts and ions are also handled, but in a different manner than what is normally
found.. Multipliers are not used by the program.. The normal input for the WLN
generation is an easy input program using a Rand Tablet; however, teletype and
connection table input can also be used in most cases..
.X
75 1 697
316 1 697
568 1 697
674 2 697
679 1 697
682 1 697
687 1 697
690 1 697
694 2 697
695 2 697
697 5 697
698 2 697
700 1 697
726 1 697
1092 1 697
1452 3 697
1452 3 697
.I 698
.T
Encoding and Decoding WLN
.A
Miller, George A.
.W
This paper deals with the encoding and decoding of a Wiswesser Line Notation
(WLN).. This problem so far has been addressed only from the point of human..
This paper discusses the encoding and decoding with exactness suitable for a
computer, and is an outgrowth of a computer program now in operation at NIH
which automatically encodes and decodes WLN..
.X
116 1 698
117 1 698
254 1 698
316 1 698
327 2 698
641 1 698
668 1 698
670 1 698
671 1 698
673 1 698
674 1 698
677 1 698
678 1 698
679 1 698
682 2 698
689 1 698
690 2 698
692 1 698
693 1 698
694 4 698
695 5 698
697 2 698
698 5 698
700 1 698
704 1 698
706 1 698
707 1 698
730 1 698
738 1 698
833 1 698
1026 1 698
1072 1 698
1292 1 698
1452 3 698
1452 3 698
.I 699
.T
Search of CA Registry (1.25 Million Compounds) with the Topological Screens
System
.A
Milne, Margaret
.A
Lefkovitz, David
.A
Hill, Helen
.A
Powers, Ruth
.W
The TSS (Topological Screens System) for substructure search was applied to
the CAS Registry file of 1.25 million compounds, making it searchable on-line..
The TSS screens and the use of the screen indexes are described.. Statistics
on screen assignment are provided, and the strengths and weaknesses of the
system in general and in particular for a large file are discussed..
.X
18 1 699
116 1 699
124 1 699
125 1 699
127 1 699
129 1 699
145 1 699
190 1 699
191 1 699
197 1 699
211 2 699
214 1 699
218 1 699
243 1 699
307 1 699
330 1 699
378 2 699
440 1 699
450 1 699
451 1 699
452 2 699
453 1 699
459 1 699
467 1 699
468 2 699
484 1 699
492 1 699
495 1 699
506 1 699
508 2 699
511 2 699
512 2 699
514 2 699
517 1 699
518 1 699
520 2 699
521 1 699
523 2 699
524 2 699
525 1 699
526 2 699
528 1 699
529 1 699
530 1 699
534 1 699
546 1 699
553 1 699
576 1 699
579 1 699
580 1 699
594 1 699
603 1 699
604 2 699
606 1 699
609 2 699
610 1 699
611 1 699
612 2 699
619 1 699
622 1 699
623 1 699
625 1 699
626 1 699
629 1 699
630 1 699
631 1 699
632 1 699
633 1 699
636 1 699
637 1 699
642 1 699
643 1 699
644 1 699
648 1 699
650 1 699
670 1 699
671 1 699
690 2 699
692 1 699
696 1 699
699 7 699
700 3 699
702 1 699
703 1 699
705 2 699
707 2 699
708 3 699
710 2 699
723 1 699
726 2 699
727 2 699
728 2 699
729 1 699
730 1 699
731 2 699
732 1 699
733 1 699
734 1 699
736 1 699
737 2 699
738 2 699
739 1 699
740 1 699
741 1 699
742 2 699
743 1 699
744 1 699
754 1 699
755 1 699
812 1 699
813 1 699
814 1 699
820 2 699
822 1 699
826 1 699
827 1 699
866 1 699
870 1 699
873 1 699
879 1 699
883 1 699
1004 1 699
1035 1 699
1044 1 699
1078 2 699
1089 2 699
1091 2 699
1143 1 699
1207 1 699
1261 1 699
1264 2 699
1297 1 699
1302 1 699
1303 2 699
1356 1 699
1364 1 699
1366 1 699
1367 1 699
1368 2 699
1370 1 699
1372 1 699
1373 1 699
1374 1 699
1375 1 699
1376 1 699
1377 1 699
1396 1 699
1396 1 699
.I 700
.T
Strategic Considerations in the Design of a Screening System for
Substructure Searches of Chemical Structure Files
.A
Adamson, G.W.
Cowell, J.
Lynch, M.F.
McLure, A.H.W.
Town, W.G.
Yapp, A.M.
.W
A major problem in the design of screening systems for substructure searches
of chemical structure files is the development of a methodology for selection of
an optimal set of structural characteristics to act as screens. The set chosen
for a particular application will depend on the characteristics of the
collection, as well as on its size and growth rate. A strategy which takes
account of the disparate frequencies of the various species of fragments
in a data-base by use of differential, and, in part, hierarchical levels of
description is detailed. The distributions of a variety of structural
characteristics, including bond-centered, atom-centered, and ring fragments
in a 30,000-compound sample of the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry System
are summarized. Implementation of the approach, using primarily bond-centered
fragments, by means of simple and highly efficient computer programs, is
detailed.
.X
18 1 700
19 1 700
116 1 700
117 1 700
124 1 700
125 2 700
145 1 700
165 1 700
211 1 700
228 1 700
229 1 700
254 1 700
321 1 700
327 1 700
329 2 700
359 1 700
378 1 700
381 1 700
416 1 700
440 1 700
448 1 700
452 2 700
453 1 700
467 1 700
468 1 700
484 1 700
495 1 700
506 1 700
508 1 700
511 3 700
512 1 700
514 1 700
516 1 700
517 1 700
518 1 700
520 1 700
521 3 700
522 1 700
523 2 700
524 1 700
526 2 700
527 1 700
528 2 700
529 1 700
568 1 700
575 1 700
576 1 700
580 1 700
604 1 700
609 1 700
610 1 700
612 1 700
615 1 700
619 1 700
622 1 700
623 1 700
625 1 700
626 1 700
629 1 700
631 1 700
632 1 700
633 1 700
636 1 700
641 1 700
643 1 700
644 1 700
668 1 700
670 2 700
671 1 700
673 1 700
677 1 700
678 1 700
679 1 700
682 1 700
689 1 700
690 2 700
693 1 700
694 1 700
695 1 700
697 1 700
698 1 700
699 3 700
700 9 700
704 1 700
705 2 700
706 1 700
707 3 700
708 1 700
709 1 700
723 1 700
726 1 700
727 2 700
728 1 700
729 1 700
730 2 700
731 2 700
737 2 700
738 2 700
754 2 700
791 1 700
812 2 700
813 1 700
814 1 700
817 1 700
820 1 700
822 1 700
824 1 700
833 1 700
866 1 700
870 1 700
872 1 700
873 1 700
875 1 700
1026 1 700
1044 1 700
1072 1 700
1078 1 700
1089 1 700
1091 1 700
1092 1 700
1143 1 700
1196 1 700
1199 1 700
1264 1 700
1292 1 700
1302 1 700
1303 2 700
1327 1 700
1364 1 700
1366 2 700
1367 2 700
1368 2 700
1396 1 700
1452 2 700
1452 2 700
.I 701
.T
Chemical Abstracts Index Names for Chemical Substances in the Ninth
Collective Period (1972-1976)
.A
Donaldson, N.
Powell, W.H.
Rowlett, R.J.
White, R.W.
Yorka, K.V.
.W
Index names for chemical substances have been significantly revised by
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) for Volume 76 [January-June 1972, the first
volume of the Ninth Collective Period (1972-1976)] and subsequent volumes of
Chemical Abstracts. While remaining generally within the framework of IUPAC
and other existing nomenclature rules, the most systematic recommended names
have been chosen. These names are more easily derived from molecular structural
diagrams, and, therefore, are more quickly found by index users. Machine
editing of index names and translation of these names into structural
representations in the CAS computer-based information system are also aided
by the revisions. The index name revisions include (i) conversion of almost all
"trivial" or author terminology into more systematic names, (ii) simplification
of general name-selection rules, and (iii) elimination of special treatment for
certain classes of substances. Specific identifiable alloys, elementary
particles, enzymes, and mixtures of substances are now indexed like conventional
chemical substances. Difficulties encountered with generation of previous
Chemical Abstracts index names and indexing rules are described, and comparisons
are made of new and former index names for chemical compounds and substituent
radicals.
.X
677 2 701
701 5 701
709 1 701
738 1 701
738 1 701
.I 702
.T
The CA Integrated Subject File. II. Evaluation of Alternative Data Base
Organizations
.A
Zipperer, W.C.
Park, M.K.
Carmon, J.L.
.W
The relative retrieval performances of the CA Integrated Subject File (CAISF),
CA Condensates, and a Merged File created from these two data bases have been
measured. Retrieval performance is reported in terms of recall and precision
values as well as costs. The precision and recall retrieval failures - i.e.,
irrelevant documents and missed documents - have been analyzed for each data
base and characterized according to the five major types of failures: index
language, indexing, searching, clerical, and miscellaneous. Over-all analysis
of the performance suggests that an effective data base can be created by
augmenting the CA Condensates data base with Registry Numbers and some
representation of the CAISF General Subject concept headings, which results
in a file approximately half the size of the corresponding CAISF data base
and is suitable for search using existing retrieval system software.
.X
10 1 702
18 1 702
127 1 702
145 1 702
190 1 702
225 1 702
244 1 702
304 1 702
305 1 702
306 1 702
357 1 702
358 1 702
376 1 702
385 1 702
394 1 702
433 1 702
459 3 702
524 1 702
525 1 702
527 1 702
529 1 702
530 1 702
534 2 702
633 1 702
635 1 702
636 1 702
637 1 702
642 1 702
699 1 702
702 5 702
703 1 702
707 1 702
710 1 702
730 1 702
731 1 702
732 2 702
733 2 702
734 2 702
736 1 702
738 2 702
740 1 702
741 1 702
742 2 702
817 1 702
820 1 702
823 1 702
825 1 702
826 2 702
827 2 702
828 1 702
877 1 702
879 1 702
947 1 702
948 1 702
1017 1 702
1058 1 702
1146 1 702
1230 1 702
1257 1 702
1370 1 702
1372 1 702
1383 1 702
1390 1 702
1396 1 702
1448 1 702
1448 1 702
.I 703
.T
A Chemical Search System for a Small Computer
.A
Wilde, D.U.
Starke, A.C.
.W
The mechanization of chemical information retrieval systems until now has been
limited to those organizations that have access to extensive computer
facilities. Now, small, low-cost computers, such as IBM's 1130 or DEC's PDP-11,
are available with input/output capacities that make them suitable for SDI
and retrospective searching on any of the many commercially available data
bases. Such a machine, located at the New England Research Application Center
(NERAC), is described and the problems of using it for chemical information
retrieval are discussed. NERAC's SDI Chemical Search System is described,
and an example profile is used to illustrate its capabilities.
.X
18 1 703
124 1 703
127 2 703
129 1 703
145 1 703
190 1 703
191 1 703
197 1 703
211 1 703
214 1 703
218 1 703
243 1 703
307 1 703
330 1 703
357 1 703
376 1 703
378 1 703
450 1 703
451 1 703
452 1 703
459 2 703
468 1 703
484 1 703
492 1 703
508 1 703
511 1 703
512 1 703
514 1 703
518 1 703
520 1 703
523 1 703
524 2 703
525 2 703
526 1 703
527 1 703
529 2 703
530 2 703
534 2 703
546 1 703
553 1 703
563 1 703
579 1 703
594 1 703
603 1 703
604 1 703
606 1 703
609 1 703
610 1 703
611 1 703
612 1 703
625 1 703
626 1 703
630 1 703
633 1 703
635 1 703
636 2 703
637 2 703
642 2 703
648 1 703
650 1 703
692 2 703
696 1 703
699 1 703
702 1 703
703 5 703
705 1 703
708 1 703
726 1 703
727 1 703
728 1 703
730 1 703
731 1 703
732 3 703
733 2 703
734 2 703
736 2 703
738 1 703
739 2 703
740 1 703
741 1 703
742 1 703
743 1 703
744 1 703
755 1 703
820 1 703
826 2 703
827 2 703
877 1 703
879 2 703
883 1 703
1004 1 703
1035 1 703
1078 1 703
1089 1 703
1091 1 703
1207 1 703
1264 1 703
1297 1 703
1303 1 703
1356 1 703
1364 1 703
1368 1 703
1370 2 703
1372 2 703
1373 1 703
1374 1 703
1375 1 703
1376 1 703
1377 1 703
1383 1 703
1396 1 703
1396 1 703
.I 704
.T
Use of the IUPAC Notation in Computer Processing
of Information on Chemical Structures
.A
Dammers, H.F.
Polton, D.J.
.W
A computer-operated storage and retrieval system for chemical structures
based on the use of the IUPAC notation has been in operation at Shell
Research Limited, Sittingbourne, Kent, England, since 1965, involving a
file of nearly 50,000 compounds. Use of the IUPAC cipher has proved
advantageous as regards speed and cost of both input and searching. For
most searches, scanning of the information explicit in the cipher has proved
adequate. Our computer programs also enable conversion of ciphers into atom-
connection tables and generation of fragmentation codes. The integrated use
of these facilities and their merits relative to other approaches are discussed.
.X
29 1 704
68 1 704
69 1 704
116 1 704
117 1 704
150 1 704
175 1 704
254 1 704
261 1 704
327 1 704
346 1 704
347 1 704
371 1 704
382 1 704
458 1 704
465 1 704
476 1 704
477 1 704
478 1 704
479 1 704
480 2 704
484 1 704
485 1 704
566 1 704
641 1 704
668 1 704
669 1 704
670 1 704
671 1 704
673 2 704
675 1 704
677 1 704
678 2 704
679 1 704
680 1 704
681 1 704
682 3 704
689 1 704
690 1 704
693 1 704
694 1 704
695 1 704
698 1 704
700 1 704
704 7 704
706 1 704
707 1 704
716 1 704
717 1 704
730 1 704
738 1 704
781 1 704
833 1 704
1026 1 704
1072 1 704
1118 1 704
1175 1 704
1292 1 704
1452 3 704
1452 3 704
.I 705
.T
Comparative Searching of Computer Data Bases
.A
Beauchamp, R.O.
Daugherty, M.A.
Garber, J.L.
Myers, J.D.
.W
Methods for retrieval of information on chemical compounds utilizing several
computer data bases have been compared to determine scope of data base coverage.
Queries for a single chemical, N-ethyl-@-methyl-m-trifluoromethylphenethylamine
(fenfluramine) and generic chemicals (2-pyrrolidinones) were submitted to the
services for searching through the recent literature. Data bases employed
included MEDLARS, Excerpta Medica, CA Condensates, CBAC, Ringdoc, Current
Abstracts in Chemistry and Automatic New Structure Alert (ANSA). Preparation
of search questions is outlined and comparative results are reported indicating
the yield from each data base.
.X
4 1 705
18 1 705
65 1 705
120 1 705
124 2 705
125 2 705
127 1 705
129 1 705
145 1 705
162 1 705
165 1 705
190 1 705
191 1 705
197 2 705
211 2 705
214 1 705
218 1 705
243 1 705
307 1 705
330 1 705
378 2 705
381 1 705
382 1 705
440 1 705
448 1 705
450 1 705
451 1 705
452 3 705
453 1 705
459 1 705
467 1 705
468 2 705
484 2 705
492 1 705
495 1 705
506 3 705
508 2 705
511 3 705
512 2 705
514 2 705
516 1 705
517 1 705
518 2 705
520 2 705
521 2 705
522 1 705
523 3 705
524 2 705
525 1 705
526 3 705
527 1 705
528 2 705
529 2 705
530 1 705
534 1 705
546 1 705
553 1 705
575 1 705
576 1 705
579 1 705
580 2 705
594 1 705
603 1 705
604 2 705
606 1 705
609 2 705
610 2 705
611 1 705
612 2 705
615 1 705
619 1 705
622 2 705
623 2 705
625 2 705
626 2 705
629 1 705
630 1 705
631 1 705
632 1 705
633 1 705
634 1 705
636 2 705
637 1 705
642 1 705
648 1 705
650 1 705
692 1 705
696 4 705
699 2 705
700 2 705
703 1 705
705 6 705
707 2 705
708 1 705
723 1 705
726 2 705
727 3 705
728 3 705
729 3 705
730 1 705
731 2 705
732 1 705
733 1 705
734 1 705
736 2 705
738 1 705
739 1 705
740 1 705
741 1 705
742 1 705
743 1 705
744 1 705
754 2 705
755 1 705
770 1 705
776 1 705
795 1 705
812 2 705
813 1 705
814 1 705
817 1 705
820 2 705
822 1 705
824 1 705
826 2 705
827 1 705
866 1 705
870 1 705
873 1 705
875 1 705
879 1 705
883 1 705
981 1 705
1004 1 705
1035 1 705
1078 2 705
1089 2 705
1091 2 705
1143 1 705
1207 1 705
1264 2 705
1297 1 705
1302 1 705
1303 3 705
1327 1 705
1356 1 705
1364 2 705
1366 2 705
1367 2 705
1368 3 705
1370 1 705
1372 1 705
1373 1 705
1374 1 705
1375 1 705
1376 1 705
1377 1 705
1396 1 705
1396 1 705
.I 706
.T
A Graph-Theoretic Algorithm for Matching Chemical Structures
.A
Sussenguth, E.H., Jr.
.W
There are many chemical retrieval systems which
process the first type of request efficiently. Most of these
systems are also capable of handling certain fragment
requests; however, the fragments which can be processed
are frequently of a restricted nature. For example, in
retrieval systems which are based on linear ciphers, only
those fragments which are explicit in the cipher are
readily detected. To allow a completely general
specification of fragments it seems inevitable that a
detailed atom-by-atom comparison is required of the query
and library structures. A technique for making such detailed
comparisons is presented in this report. This technique
is novel in that it avoids the excessive backtracking ad
restarting required by other atom-by-atom matching
procedures.
Before giving the details of the proposed algorithm,
some definitions are reviewed and a brief example is
presented to illustrate the over-all concepts. Then the flow
diagram of the algorithm is explained in terms of additional
examples. Finally, the mechanization of the algorithm for
a digital computer is discussed.
This report is a condensed version of the original, which
gives a generalization and comprehensive description of
the algorithm, proofs of convergence and related topics,
and applications other than chemical retrieval systems.
.X
116 1 706
117 1 706
253 1 706
254 1 706
327 3 706
568 2 706
569 1 706
641 1 706
668 1 706
669 1 706
670 1 706
671 2 706
673 1 706
677 2 706
678 2 706
679 1 706
682 1 706
689 1 706
690 1 706
693 1 706
694 1 706
695 1 706
698 1 706
700 1 706
704 1 706
706 10 706
707 1 706
730 1 706
738 1 706
833 1 706
890 3 706
1026 2 706
1072 1 706
1092 1 706
1202 1 706
1292 2 706
1301 1 706
1444 1 706
1452 2 706
1452 2 706
.I 707
.T
French National Policy for Chemical Information and the DARC System
as a Potential Tool of This Policy
.A
Dubois, J. E.
.W
The incentive and the main lines of French policy on chemical information,
as well as their implementation, are described.. New governmental bodies have
been created aiming at seting up a national network for scientific and
technical information.. Among these, the CNIC (Centre National d'Information
Chemique) is in charge of the chemical field.. The DARC system is being
implemented as a tool of national policy for chemical information.. An
exhaustive chemical data processing system, it features topological encoding,
input, and retrieval methods which are described in this paper..
.X
18 1 707
116 1 707
117 2 707
124 1 707
125 2 707
145 1 707
165 1 707
211 1 707
254 1 707
327 1 707
378 1 707
381 1 707
440 1 707
448 1 707
452 2 707
453 1 707
467 1 707
468 1 707
484 1 707
495 1 707
506 1 707
508 1 707
511 2 707
512 1 707
514 1 707
516 1 707
517 1 707
518 1 707
520 1 707
521 2 707
522 1 707
523 2 707
524 1 707
526 2 707
527 1 707
528 2 707
529 1 707
575 1 707
576 1 707
580 1 707
604 1 707
609 1 707
610 1 707
612 1 707
615 1 707
619 1 707
622 1 707
623 1 707
625 1 707
626 1 707
629 1 707
631 1 707
632 1 707
633 1 707
636 1 707
641 1 707
668 1 707
670 1 707
671 1 707
673 1 707
677 1 707
678 1 707
679 1 707
682 1 707
688 1 707
689 1 707
690 1 707
693 1 707
694 1 707
695 1 707
698 1 707
699 2 707
700 3 707
702 1 707
704 1 707
705 2 707
706 1 707
707 5 707
710 1 707
723 1 707
726 1 707
727 2 707
728 1 707
729 1 707
730 2 707
731 1 707
738 2 707
742 1 707
754 2 707
812 2 707
813 1 707
814 1 707
817 1 707
820 1 707
822 1 707
824 1 707
833 1 707
866 1 707
870 1 707
873 1 707
875 1 707
1026 1 707
1072 1 707
1078 1 707
1089 1 707
1091 1 707
1143 1 707
1264 1 707
1292 1 707
1302 1 707
1303 2 707
1327 1 707
1364 1 707
1366 2 707
1367 2 707
1368 2 707
1396 1 707
1452 1 707
1452 1 707
.I 708
.T
An Efficient Design for Chemical Structure Searching. I. The Screens
.A
Feldman, Alfred
.A
Hodes, Louis
.W
A method has been developed for generating efficient screens for chemical
structures.. Fragments are generated by an algorithm under control of file
statistics.. The fragments obtained are normalized by weighting their code
patterns.. Superimposition of these codes yields the screen codes for the
structures..
.X
124 1 708
125 1 708
127 2 708
129 2 708
190 1 708
191 1 708
197 1 708
211 1 708
214 1 708
218 1 708
243 1 708
307 1 708
330 1 708
363 1 708
378 1 708
432 1 708
450 1 708
451 1 708
452 1 708
459 1 708
460 1 708
461 1 708
468 1 708
484 1 708
492 1 708
508 1 708
511 1 708
512 1 708
514 1 708
518 1 708
520 1 708
523 1 708
524 1 708
525 1 708
526 1 708
529 1 708
530 1 708
534 1 708
546 1 708
553 1 708
579 1 708
580 1 708
594 1 708
603 1 708
604 1 708
606 1 708
609 1 708
610 1 708
611 1 708
612 1 708
622 1 708
625 1 708
626 1 708
630 1 708
636 1 708
637 1 708
642 2 708
643 2 708
644 2 708
645 1 708
646 1 708
648 1 708
649 1 708
650 2 708
670 3 708
671 2 708
692 1 708
696 1 708
699 3 708
700 1 708
703 1 708
705 1 708
708 6 708
709 1 708
726 1 708
727 1 708
728 1 708
731 1 708
732 1 708
733 1 708
734 1 708
736 2 708
737 2 708
738 2 708
739 2 708
740 1 708
741 2 708
742 1 708
743 1 708
744 1 708
755 1 708
820 1 708
826 1 708
827 1 708
879 1 708
883 1 708
1004 1 708
1035 1 708
1044 1 708
1078 1 708
1089 1 708
1091 1 708
1207 1 708
1261 1 708
1264 1 708
1297 1 708
1303 1 708
1356 1 708
1364 1 708
1368 1 708
1370 1 708
1372 1 708
1373 1 708
1374 2 708
1375 1 708
1376 2 708
1377 1 708
1377 1 708
.I 709
.T
The Chemical Abstracts Service Chemical Registry System. I. General Design
.A
Dittmar, P.G.
Stobaugh, R.E.
Watson, C.E.
.W
The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Chemical Registry System is a computer-
based system that uniquely identifies chemical substances on the basis of
composition and structure. Since initial operation in 1964 as a stand-alone
input, storage, and retrieval system for structural representations of organic
chemical compounds, the scope of the CAS Registry System has steadily increased
to include all types of chemical substances and the entire system has been
integrated into CAS indexing operations. The third refinement of this system,
Registry III, which has been in operation for over a year, involves major
changes in Registry recods but no change in the basic algorithmic techniques
for registering chemical substances. The previous format for listing atoms
and bonds has been modified so that each ring system is now separately
identified, and this ring-system identifier is used in the record for each
substance that contains that ring. These modifications support CAS nomenclature
derivation and also a computer-based structure output system. The general
design of Registry III, which involves a structure record of cyclic and acyclic
segments, is presented.
.X
422 1 709
577 1 709
641 1 709
643 1 709
644 1 709
645 1 709
649 1 709
650 1 709
670 1 709
671 2 709
674 3 709
675 1 709
700 1 709
701 1 709
708 1 709
709 8 709
731 1 709
738 2 709
755 1 709
825 1 709
830 1 709
1261 1 709
1292 1 709
1292 1 709
.I 710
.T
An International Mass Spectral Search System (MSSS). V. A status Report
.A
Heller, Rachelle S.
.A
Milne, G. W. A.
.A
Feldmann, Richard J.
.A
Heller, Stephen R.
.W
The status of MSSS is described.. Problems and experiences that have been
encountered in three years of commmercial operation of this system are
reported and discussed..
.X
116 1 710
130 1 710
357 1 710
671 1 710
690 1 710
699 2 710
702 1 710
707 1 710
710 5 710
738 1 710
742 1 710
993 1 710
993 1 710
.I 711
.T
Development and Production of Chemical Titles, a Current Awareness Index
Publication Prepared with the Aid of a Computer
.A
Freeman, R.R.
Dysn, G.M.
.W
The introduction of Chemical titles in 1961 marked the
first publication produced almost entirely by computers
and other data-processing equipment. The success of this
innovation has generated many requests for more information
about it. With this in mind, we hope to encourage
other organizations to make use of this technique for
dissemination of information by presenting here a history
of Chemical titles' development coupled with a description
of its production.
.X
18 1 711
34 4 711
49 1 711
53 4 711
59 1 711
150 1 711
164 1 711
202 1 711
213 1 711
224 1 711
243 1 711
252 1 711
421 1 711
465 1 711
466 1 711
480 1 711
490 1 711
491 1 711
506 1 711
507 1 711
510 1 711
512 1 711
565 1 711
589 1 711
591 1 711
595 1 711
603 1 711
604 1 711
622 1 711
623 1 711
629 1 711
633 1 711
639 1 711
659 1 711
674 1 711
676 1 711
680 1 711
711 5 711
715 1 711
722 1 711
723 1 711
726 1 711
728 1 711
730 1 711
731 1 711
732 1 711
746 1 711
760 1 711
809 1 711
810 1 711
813 1 711
814 1 711
820 1 711
822 1 711
828 1 711
870 1 711
879 1 711
1091 1 711
1118 1 711
1195 1 711
1281 2 711
1283 1 711
1298 1 711
1299 1 711
1363 1 711
1366 1 711
1367 1 711
1368 1 711
1396 1 711
1396 1 711
.I 712
.T
Technical-Abstracting Fundamentals.
II. Writing Principles and Practices
.A
Weil, B.H.
Zarember, I.
Owen, H.
.W
Abstracts can serve their purpose best only if they are
carefully written to transmit important information to
readers quickly and accurately. This requires knowledge
of audience needs, habits, and desires; ability to identify
the key facts in the document; ability to organize these
facts, to present them in the order best suited to the
audience; and ability to write the abstracts clearly,
concisely, and in conformity with the style rules of the
medium involved. Some of these abilities are inborn, but
all can be learned by study, practice, and criticism.
.X
35 1 712
571 1 712
657 2 712
672 1 712
712 5 712
1054 1 712
1118 1 712
1124 1 712
1124 1 712
.I 713
.T
Patent Citation Indexing and the Notions of Novelty, Similarity,
and Relevance
.A
Garfield, Eugene
.W
The unique features of the "references cited" in U.S. patents are discussed
in relation to their use in the patent section of the Science Citation Index,
which adds a new dimension to patent searching.. Citation indexing provides a
new basis for clarifying the concepts of similarity, coupling, novelty, and
relevance..
.X
587 1 713
713 5 713
764 1 713
1277 1 713
1277 1 713
.I 714
.T
Weighted Term Search: A Computer Program for an Inverted Coordinate Index
on Magnetic Tape
.A
Matthews, F. W.
.A
Thomson, L.
.W
Ten to 15 years ago, much technical literature was accurately indexed
according to strict rules of classification.. Today, because of the large
amount of technical data written, it is no longer practical to apply the same
rigid indexing procedures.. We should therefore be concerned with new search
techniques which will allow us to handle input at the lower level we are forced
to accept.. This paper describes such a search technique..
.X
28 1 714
42 2 714
49 1 714
54 2 714
72 1 714
79 1 714
150 1 714
152 1 714
164 1 714
165 1 714
252 1 714
254 1 714
319 1 714
347 1 714
465 1 714
480 1 714
512 1 714
564 1 714
565 1 714
591 1 714
641 1 714
660 1 714
661 1 714
663 1 714
671 1 714
673 1 714
683 1 714
687 2 714
689 1 714
714 7 714
748 1 714
761 1 714
809 1 714
810 1 714
907 1 714
1089 1 714
1279 1 714
1394 1 714
1407 1 714
1452 1 714
1452 1 714
.I 715
.T
Articulation in the Generation of Subject Indexes by computer
.A
Armitage, J.E.
.W
A simple and logical model for the automatic generation of subject indexes
from title like phrases is described, and its advantages and disadvantages
are discussed. It is based on recent studies of the structure of articulated
subject indexes, such as those to Chemical Abstracts. The model employs the
prepositions and connectives of phrases of simple structure as articulating
points, and selects from all possible forms of entries those which lead to
optimal organization in an index. The technique is illustrated with part of an
index to a recent abstracting journal. The wide variety of
controls which can be exerted by the indexer and the program is discussed.
.X
34 1 715
51 1 715
53 2 715
69 1 715
71 1 715
77 1 715
79 1 715
117 1 715
165 1 715
168 1 715
175 1 715
176 1 715
252 1 715
257 1 715
315 1 715
382 1 715
445 1 715
448 1 715
476 1 715
480 4 715
483 1 715
484 1 715
486 1 715
488 1 715
491 1 715
493 1 715
503 1 715
507 1 715
509 1 715
510 1 715
512 1 715
517 1 715
520 1 715
522 1 715
525 1 715
527 1 715
528 1 715
531 1 715
565 2 715
566 1 715
581 1 715
590 1 715
596 1 715
603 1 715
608 1 715
621 1 715
633 1 715
659 1 715
668 1 715
670 1 715
671 1 715
674 2 715
680 1 715
683 1 715
689 1 715
711 1 715
715 7 715
746 1 715
754 1 715
790 1 715
797 2 715
798 1 715
805 1 715
809 1 715
810 1 715
812 1 715
813 1 715
814 1 715
817 1 715
819 1 715
824 1 715
825 1 715
894 1 715
1051 1 715
1077 1 715
1230 1 715
1231 1 715
1265 1 715
1294 1 715
1327 1 715
1393 1 715
1394 1 715
1419 1 715
1427 1 715
1427 1 715
.I 716
.T
Reading Behavior of Chemists
.A
Gushee, D.E.
.W
Most discussions about the future design of chemical information systems
emphasize the effects of computer speed on composition, storage, searching,
and retrieval. Little attention has been paid to the behavior of the
scientist (chemist) toward the learning process and the role of the literature
in that learning process. The ACS has gained some insight into this behavior
and thus urges caution before one leaps to the uncritical conclusion that
the literature as now constituted is dead but has not yet fallen over. What
seems more likely, when human behavior patterns are considered, is that the
new and the old will co-exist side by side for several generations, and that
the system's current emphasis on completeness will be replaced with selective
compression.
.X
24 1 716
32 1 716
62 1 716
65 1 716
66 1 716
75 1 716
76 1 716
137 2 716
150 1 716
210 1 716
255 2 716
278 1 716
279 1 716
280 1 716
347 1 716
355 1 716
371 1 716
382 1 716
386 1 716
395 1 716
398 1 716
465 1 716
480 1 716
592 1 716
658 1 716
681 1 716
682 1 716
704 1 716
716 5 716
717 1 716
735 1 716
748 1 716
782 1 716
788 1 716
789 1 716
837 1 716
925 1 716
1037 1 716
1045 1 716
1083 1 716
1087 1 716
1089 1 716
1298 1 716
1361 1 716
1400 1 716
1404 1 716
1404 1 716
.I 717
.T
Current Information Dissemination: Ideas and Practices
.A
Cooper, Marianne
.W
A detailed description and a tabulated summary of the salient feature of 17
current awareness information services are presented to illustrate various
approaches to handling the current information dissemination problem..
.X
59 1 717
63 1 717
64 1 717
83 1 717
150 1 717
175 2 717
245 1 717
347 1 717
355 1 717
369 1 717
371 1 717
374 1 717
382 1 717
465 1 717
480 1 717
481 1 717
482 1 717
681 1 717
682 1 717
704 1 717
716 1 717
717 5 717
718 1 717
719 1 717
763 1 717
781 1 717
783 1 717
834 1 717
835 1 717
848 1 717
849 1 717
850 1 717
851 1 717
852 1 717
922 1 717
925 1 717
980 1 717
981 1 717
982 1 717
1042 2 717
1051 2 717
1151 1 717
1410 1 717
1415 2 717
1426 1 717
1426 1 717
.I 718
.T
Critical Reviews: Introductory Remarks
.A
Henderson, Madeline M.
.W
Critical reviews are examined in terms of the quality and quantity of their
present production and the measure of their value and utility to scientists in
meeting information needs..The paper presented the viewpoint of user, sponsor,
author, and editor, and discuss present problems and possible future
solutions..
.X
59 1 718
63 1 718
175 1 718
347 1 718
355 2 718
481 1 718
482 1 718
717 1 718
718 5 718
719 4 718
958 1 718
980 1 718
1010 1 718
1042 1 718
1051 1 718
1094 1 718
1099 1 718
1102 1 718
1107 1 718
1179 1 718
1410 1 718
1415 1 718
1426 1 718
1426 1 718
.I 719
.T
Critical Reviews: The User's Point of View
.A
Herring, C.
.W
Scientists are worried about the "information explosion" and the amount of
published literature that could have a significant impact on their work. One
thing that can help is a condensation and evaluation of the published material.
This is the task of reviews, and without them, the other tools for dealing with
the information explosion will be inadequate. Suggestions are made on ways for
authors and editors to make their reviews more eccessible and more useful and on
the need for better education of users.
.X
59 1 719
63 1 719
175 1 719
347 1 719
355 2 719
481 1 719
482 1 719
717 1 719
718 4 719
719 5 719
958 2 719
980 1 719
1010 1 719
1042 1 719
1051 1 719
1094 1 719
1099 1 719
1102 1 719
1107 1 719
1179 1 719
1410 1 719
1415 1 719
1426 1 719
1426 1 719
.I 720
.T
A Selective Current-Awareness System Using Engineering Index's
Plastics Data Base. II. Performance
.A
Wagner, R.H.
.W
The operational performance over a 17-month period of the previously
described selective dissemination system is presented. Of the 21,000
notifications sent to about 20 users, 91% were evaluated; of these, 14%
were of "Document-Ordered Interest," 48% were "Of Interest," 27% were
"Marginal," and 11% were "Of No Interest." Recall data obtained from
about half the users over a period of eight months show the precision-
factor/recall-factor products are generally greater than 0.5. The
effect of iterative profile adjustments on precision-recall performance
is discussed. A comparison made with four other SDI systems shows a
relatively high level of performance for this system.
.X
13 1 720
59 1 720
71 1 720
72 1 720
73 1 720
74 1 720
75 2 720
76 1 720
77 1 720
78 1 720
79 1 720
81 1 720
82 1 720
83 1 720
86 1 720
121 1 720
153 1 720
156 1 720
211 1 720
212 1 720
213 1 720
245 1 720
277 1 720
279 1 720
280 1 720
465 1 720
466 1 720
486 1 720
720 5 720
748 1 720
785 1 720
786 1 720
787 1 720
788 1 720
789 1 720
791 1 720
914 1 720
925 1 720
984 1 720
1362 1 720
1363 1 720
1363 1 720
.I 721
.T
User Experiences with Primary Journals on 16-Mm Microfilm
.A
Starker, L.N.
.W
The availability of scientific journals on 16-mm film is a relatively new
phenomenon. User acceptance of this microfilm application has been greatly
improved by loading the file into cartridges and making use of motor-driven
reader-printers. This equipment permits rapid searching of the microfilm
and adds the convenience of on-the-spot hard-copy prints as needed. Of prime
importance are the economic advantages of these editions, since they allow many
special libraries to stretch greatly the space available to them for journal
housing. The economics of this approach are also discussed, as are the
reactions of the scientists and information personnel who use them.
.X
91 1 721
286 2 721
429 1 721
513 1 721
582 1 721
588 1 721
589 1 721
603 1 721
613 1 721
614 1 721
618 1 721
657 1 721
672 2 721
685 2 721
686 2 721
691 2 721
721 5 721
722 1 721
724 2 721
725 2 721
765 1 721
770 1 721
776 1 721
958 1 721
987 1 721
988 1 721
1014 2 721
1058 1 721
1208 2 721
1209 1 721
1290 1 721
1293 1 721
1302 1 721
1352 1 721
1352 1 721
.I 722
.T
Information Transfer Limitations of Titles of Chemical Documents
.A
Bottle, R.R.
Seeley, C.R.
.W
Some methods of estimating the minimum amounts of information in a document
not retrievable through its title are discussed. An analysis of the information
transferred by different types of keywords is helpful in planning search
strategies, e.g., 30% of chemical substances mentioned in journal articles
are not discernable in their titles even when broad class names are used
as synonyms. Patents have considerably less informative titles than journal
articles. In nuclear science, report titles are also less informative than
those of journal articles, but the proportion of reports with completely
uninformative titles is now only 10% of the 1957 value. Titles in chemistry
are more informative than those in most other fields, but the use of alerting
and other services based on titles requires a good understanding of the
underlying information transfer principles.
.X
18 1 722
34 1 722
38 2 722
49 1 722
52 2 722
53 1 722
59 1 722
88 1 722
89 1 722
91 1 722
150 2 722
164 1 722
202 1 722
213 1 722
224 1 722
243 1 722
384 1 722
421 1 722
429 3 722
465 1 722
466 1 722
490 1 722
491 1 722
506 1 722
507 1 722
510 2 722
512 1 722
513 2 722
560 1 722
582 3 722
588 1 722
589 4 722
591 1 722
595 1 722
603 4 722
604 1 722
613 1 722
614 1 722
618 1 722
622 1 722
623 1 722
629 1 722
633 1 722
639 1 722
657 1 722
659 1 722
676 1 722
685 1 722
686 1 722
691 1 722
711 1 722
721 1 722
722 7 722
723 1 722
724 1 722
725 1 722
726 1 722
728 1 722
730 1 722
731 1 722
732 1 722
770 1 722
776 1 722
809 1 722
810 1 722
813 1 722
814 1 722
820 1 722
822 1 722
828 1 722
830 1 722
870 1 722
879 1 722
958 1 722
987 1 722
988 1 722
1030 1 722
1091 1 722
1144 1 722
1195 2 722
1208 1 722
1256 1 722
1283 1 722
1293 1 722
1298 1 722
1299 1 722
1302 1 722
1363 1 722
1366 1 722
1367 1 722
1368 1 722
1396 1 722
1421 1 722
1421 1 722
.I 723
.T
The Development, Cost, and Impact of a Current Awareness Service in an
Industrial Town
.A
Bowman, C.M.
Brown, M.T.
.W
The development of a current awareness system in The Dow Chemical Company
has resulted in four established services, one based on internal information and
the other three on Chemical Abstracts. In addition several other services are
now being tried or considered. The operation of such a service is expensive,
but the willingness of the user to pay for it and responses to a survey indicate
that it is a useful and worthwhile tool to the scientist and engineer. The
use of such services also has a significant effect on other established
information services.
.X
18 2 723
34 1 723
49 1 723
53 1 723
59 1 723
74 1 723
83 1 723
125 1 723
145 1 723
161 1 723
164 1 723
197 1 723
202 1 723
211 1 723
213 1 723
224 1 723
243 1 723
245 1 723
273 1 723
279 1 723
288 1 723
331 1 723
375 1 723
378 1 723
381 2 723
408 1 723
421 1 723
440 1 723
445 1 723
452 1 723
453 1 723
454 1 723
465 1 723
466 1 723
467 1 723
468 1 723
472 1 723
490 3 723
491 1 723
495 1 723
496 1 723
503 1 723
506 3 723
507 2 723
508 1 723
510 1 723
511 1 723
512 2 723
514 1 723
517 1 723
520 1 723
521 1 723
523 1 723
524 1 723
526 1 723
528 1 723
554 1 723
576 1 723
579 1 723
580 1 723
591 3 723
592 1 723
593 1 723
594 1 723
595 2 723
596 1 723
597 1 723
599 1 723
600 1 723
603 2 723
604 3 723
606 1 723
609 1 723
612 1 723
619 1 723
622 2 723
623 2 723
629 2 723
631 1 723
632 1 723
633 2 723
639 1 723
659 1 723
676 1 723
688 1 723
699 1 723
700 1 723
705 1 723
707 1 723
711 1 723
722 1 723
723 7 723
724 2 723
726 2 723
727 1 723
728 2 723
729 1 723
730 3 723
731 2 723
732 1 723
754 1 723
801 1 723
805 1 723
806 1 723
809 1 723
810 1 723
812 1 723
813 2 723
814 2 723
820 2 723
822 2 723
828 1 723
834 1 723
836 1 723
860 1 723
866 2 723
867 1 723
870 2 723
873 1 723
879 1 723
925 1 723
956 1 723
957 1 723
976 1 723
989 1 723
1078 1 723
1089 1 723
1091 2 723
1143 1 723
1148 1 723
1227 1 723
1264 1 723
1283 1 723
1298 2 723
1299 2 723
1302 1 723
1303 1 723
1317 1 723
1327 1 723
1353 1 723
1359 1 723
1360 1 723
1363 1 723
1366 2 723
1367 2 723
1368 2 723
1396 2 723
1400 1 723
1405 1 723
1410 1 723
1424 1 723
1424 1 723
.I 724
.T
Document Access
.A
Weil, B.H.
.W
Long-range, copies of needed documents will be rapidly and inexpensively
supplied to users in libraries or at their desks by querying an electronic
network linking document sources (central libraries and publishers). In the
interim, local libraries will slowly progress through increased dependence
on local holdings of microfilm to development of and dependence on regional,
national, and discipline networks for access to most of the documents desired.
These developments will depend, however, on resolution of the copyright problem
by mechanisms that will fairly remunerate the copyright owners. As background,
and because radical change is not expected overnight, the paper also reviews
conventional and sophisticated storage systems, including microfilm, facsimile,
and video; copyright aspects; costs; need for speed; other user considerations;
and standards.
.X
74 1 724
83 1 724
91 1 724
161 1 724
197 1 724
245 1 724
273 1 724
279 1 724
288 1 724
331 1 724
375 1 724
381 1 724
408 1 724
429 1 724
445 1 724
454 1 724
472 1 724
490 1 724
496 1 724
503 1 724
506 1 724
507 1 724
513 1 724
554 1 724
579 1 724
582 1 724
588 1 724
589 1 724
591 2 724
592 1 724
593 1 724
594 1 724
595 1 724
596 1 724
597 1 724
599 1 724
600 1 724
603 2 724
604 1 724
606 1 724
613 1 724
614 1 724
618 1 724
657 1 724
672 1 724
685 1 724
686 1 724
691 1 724
721 2 724
722 1 724
723 2 724
724 6 724
725 1 724
801 1 724
805 1 724
806 1 724
834 1 724
836 1 724
860 1 724
866 1 724
867 1 724
925 1 724
956 1 724
957 1 724
958 1 724
976 1 724
987 1 724
988 1 724
989 1 724
1014 1 724
1082 1 724
1148 1 724
1208 1 724
1227 1 724
1290 1 724
1293 1 724
1298 1 724
1299 1 724
1302 1 724
1317 1 724
1327 1 724
1352 1 724
1353 1 724
1359 1 724
1360 1 724
1400 1 724
1405 1 724
1410 1 724
1424 1 724
1424 1 724
.I 725
.T
An Inquiry on New Forms of Primary Publications
.A
Moore, J.A.
.W
Some of the problems associated with present journal publications practices
are discussed. These are attributed to the fact that as the literature has
expanded, the needs of both authors and readers are no longer being met by
printing and distributing all of the material accepted to all subscribers.
A two-edition system is proposed, with short versions of papers in a broad
circulation issue and expanded versions, including full details and discussion,
in library-circulation microfilm editions. Reactions of chemists to such
a system are discussed. It is recommended that two-edition journals be
developed in a evolutionary way by increasing use of the ACS mcirofilm
editions for sections of articles and for supplementary documents to accompany
communications.
.X
91 2 725
375 1 725
406 1 725
429 1 725
513 2 725
582 1 725
588 1 725
589 1 725
603 1 725
607 1 725
613 1 725
614 1 725
618 1 725
657 1 725
685 3 725
686 4 725
691 3 725
721 2 725
722 1 725
724 1 725
725 6 725
765 1 725
770 1 725
776 1 725
958 1 725
987 1 725
988 1 725
1057 1 725
1208 2 725
1209 1 725
1290 2 725
1293 1 725
1302 1 725
1364 1 725
1364 1 725
.I 726
.T
Evaluation of the Database CA Condensates Compared with Chemical Titles
.A
Hansen, Inge Berg
.W
The performance of CA Condensates and Chemical Titles based on analysis of
precision and "relative recall CT/CC" for a collection of 46 search profiles
was studied over a period of one year.. Special emphasis was laid on the
function of the keyword phrases of CC and the users' attitude towards
literature categories not represented in CT.. The results are discussed in
terms of the value of the systems for Danish users seen from users' and the
documentalist's point of view..
.X
18 2 726
34 1 726
38 1 726
49 1 726
53 1 726
59 1 726
75 2 726
124 1 726
125 1 726
127 1 726
129 1 726
145 1 726
150 1 726
164 1 726
190 1 726
191 1 726
197 1 726
202 1 726
211 2 726
213 1 726
214 1 726
218 1 726
224 1 726
243 2 726
307 1 726
330 1 726
378 2 726
421 1 726
440 1 726
450 1 726
451 1 726
452 2 726
453 1 726
459 1 726
465 1 726
466 1 726
467 1 726
468 2 726
484 1 726
490 1 726
491 1 726
492 1 726
495 1 726
506 2 726
507 1 726
508 2 726
510 3 726
511 2 726
512 3 726
514 4 726
517 1 726
518 1 726
520 3 726
521 1 726
523 2 726
524 2 726
525 1 726
526 2 726
528 1 726
529 1 726
530 1 726
534 1 726
546 1 726
553 1 726
576 1 726
579 1 726
580 1 726
582 1 726
591 1 726
594 1 726
595 1 726
603 4 726
604 3 726
606 1 726
609 3 726
610 1 726
611 1 726
612 2 726
619 1 726
622 2 726
623 2 726
625 1 726
626 1 726
629 2 726
630 1 726
631 1 726
632 1 726
633 2 726
636 2 726
637 1 726
639 1 726
642 1 726
648 1 726
650 1 726
659 1 726
676 1 726
683 1 726
687 1 726
692 1 726
696 1 726
697 1 726
699 2 726
700 1 726
703 1 726
705 2 726
707 1 726
708 1 726
711 1 726
722 1 726
723 2 726
726 8 726
727 2 726
728 3 726
729 1 726
730 2 726
731 3 726
732 2 726
733 1 726
734 1 726
736 1 726
738 1 726
739 1 726
740 1 726
741 1 726
742 1 726
743 1 726
744 1 726
754 1 726
755 2 726
807 1 726
809 1 726
810 1 726
812 1 726
813 4 726
814 2 726
820 5 726
822 3 726
826 1 726
827 2 726
828 1 726
866 1 726
870 2 726
873 1 726
879 2 726
883 1 726
1004 1 726
1035 1 726
1078 2 726
1089 2 726
1091 4 726
1143 1 726
1207 1 726
1264 2 726
1283 1 726
1294 1 726
1297 1 726
1298 1 726
1299 1 726
1302 1 726
1303 2 726
1356 1 726
1363 1 726
1364 1 726
1366 2 726
1367 2 726
1368 3 726
1370 1 726
1372 1 726
1373 1 726
1374 1 726
1375 1 726
1376 1 726
1377 1 726
1396 2 726
1448 2 726
1448 2 726
.I 727
.T
Evaluation of Search Time for Two Computerized Information Retrieval
Systems at the University of Georgia
.A
Ware, Glenn O.
.A
Park, Margaret K.
.W
Two statistical models for estimating search time have been developed for
the CA Condensates data base using the University of Georgia Text Search
System.. Graphs showing the effect of data base size and number of search terms
on search time are presented.. Comparative timings between the Chemical
Abstracts Service search program and the University of Georgia search program
are made for the CA Condensates data base..
.X
18 1 727
91 1 727
124 2 727
125 2 727
127 1 727
129 1 727
145 1 727
165 1 727
190 1 727
191 1 727
197 1 727
211 2 727
214 1 727
218 1 727
243 1 727
307 1 727
330 1 727
378 2 727
381 1 727
421 1 727
439 1 727
440 2 727
448 1 727
450 1 727
451 1 727
452 3 727
453 1 727
459 1 727
467 1 727
468 2 727
484 2 727
490 1 727
491 1 727
492 1 727
495 2 727
506 1 727
508 2 727
511 3 727
512 3 727
514 2 727
516 1 727
517 1 727
518 2 727
520 2 727
521 2 727
522 1 727
523 3 727
524 2 727
525 1 727
526 3 727
527 1 727
528 2 727
529 2 727
530 1 727
534 1 727
546 1 727
553 1 727
575 1 727
576 1 727
579 1 727
580 2 727
594 1 727
603 1 727
604 2 727
606 1 727
609 3 727
610 2 727
611 1 727
612 2 727
615 1 727
619 1 727
622 1 727
623 1 727
625 2 727
626 2 727
629 1 727
630 1 727
631 1 727
632 1 727
633 1 727
636 2 727
637 1 727
642 1 727
648 1 727
650 1 727
689 1 727
692 1 727
696 2 727
699 2 727
700 2 727
703 1 727
705 3 727
707 2 727
708 1 727
723 1 727
726 2 727
727 5 727
728 2 727
729 1 727
730 1 727
731 2 727
732 1 727
733 1 727
734 1 727
736 1 727
738 1 727
739 1 727
740 1 727
741 1 727
742 1 727
743 1 727
744 1 727
754 2 727
755 1 727
809 1 727
812 2 727
813 2 727
814 1 727
817 1 727
820 2 727
822 1 727
824 1 727
826 1 727
827 1 727
866 1 727
870 2 727
873 1 727
875 1 727
879 1 727
883 1 727
1004 1 727
1035 1 727
1072 1 727
1078 2 727
1089 2 727
1091 2 727
1143 1 727
1207 1 727
1264 2 727
1297 1 727
1298 1 727
1302 1 727
1303 3 727
1327 1 727
1356 1 727
1364 2 727
1366 2 727
1367 2 727
1368 3 727
1370 1 727
1372 1 727
1373 1 727
1374 1 727
1375 1 727
1376 1 727
1377 1 727
1396 2 727
1396 2 727
.I 728
.T
User Assessment of Computer-Based Bibliographic Retrieval Services
.A
Carmon, J.L.
Park, M.K.
.W
The academic users of the bibliographic information dissemination center
were surveyed to determine the ways in which the search results were being
used, the impact which the services had had on professional activities such
as research and instruction, the interface between the computer-based
retrieval and the traditional form of library resources, and the effect of
document overlap between different data bases. The survey results indicate
that the dissemination services are being used by a large portion of the
faculty and the graduate students within the University System of Georgia,
with an average of 3 to 5 people seeing the bibliography from each search
question. Over 97% of the respondees indicated some or substantial
contribution to their professional activities, with the major contributions
being a savings or more efficient use of time and broadened subject
coverage. The users indicated several changes in library use habits as a
result of the computer-based searches, among them more direct access to the
primary literature and increased use of library resources as they had been
made aware of new sources and media - e.g., microforms. Percentage
responses on these and related topics are presented.
.X
4 1 728
18 2 728
34 1 728
49 1 728
53 1 728
59 1 728
65 1 728
124 2 728
125 1 728
127 1 728
129 1 728
145 1 728
162 1 728
164 1 728
190 1 728
191 2 728
197 1 728
202 1 728
211 2 728
213 1 728
214 1 728
218 1 728
224 1 728
243 2 728
307 1 728
312 1 728
330 1 728
378 2 728
421 1 728
440 1 728
450 1 728
451 1 728
452 2 728
453 1 728
459 2 728
465 1 728
466 1 728
467 1 728
468 2 728
475 1 728
484 1 728
490 1 728
491 1 728
492 1 728
495 1 728
506 2 728
507 1 728
508 2 728
510 1 728
511 2 728
512 3 728
514 3 728
517 1 728
518 1 728
520 2 728
521 1 728
523 2 728
524 2 728
525 1 728
526 2 728
528 1 728
529 1 728
530 1 728
532 1 728
533 1 728
534 1 728
546 1 728
553 1 728
576 1 728
579 1 728
580 2 728
591 1 728
594 3 728
595 1 728
602 1 728
603 2 728
604 4 728
606 1 728
609 2 728
610 1 728
611 2 728
612 2 728
619 1 728
622 3 728
623 2 728
625 1 728
626 1 728
629 2 728
630 1 728
631 1 728
632 1 728
633 2 728
636 1 728
637 1 728
639 1 728
642 1 728
648 1 728
650 1 728
659 1 728
676 1 728
692 1 728
696 2 728
699 2 728
700 1 728
703 1 728
705 3 728
707 1 728
708 1 728
711 1 728
722 1 728
723 2 728
726 3 728
727 2 728
728 7 728
729 2 728
730 2 728
731 3 728
732 2 728
733 2 728
734 1 728
736 1 728
738 1 728
739 1 728
740 1 728
741 1 728
742 1 728
743 1 728
744 1 728
754 1 728
755 1 728
770 1 728
776 1 728
791 1 728
809 1 728
810 1 728
812 1 728
813 2 728
814 2 728
820 3 728
822 2 728
826 1 728
827 1 728
828 1 728
866 1 728
870 2 728
873 1 728
879 2 728
883 1 728
981 1 728
1004 1 728
1035 1 728
1078 2 728
1089 2 728
1091 3 728
1143 1 728
1207 1 728
1264 2 728
1283 1 728
1284 1 728
1297 1 728
1298 1 728
1299 1 728
1302 1 728
1303 4 728
1356 1 728
1363 1 728
1364 1 728
1366 2 728
1367 2 728
1368 3 728
1370 1 728
1372 1 728
1373 1 728
1374 1 728
1375 1 728
1376 1 728
1377 1 728
1396 2 728
1396 2 728
.I 729
.T
An Indexing Coverage Study of Toxicological Literature
.A
Montgomery, R.R.
.W
A data base of 1873 citations dated 1960-1969 was obtained through an
author survey of the members of the Society of Toxicology. Coverage was
determined by checking the author index through a maximum of three years
after publication or through the end of the decade. Chemical Abstracts
consistently provided coverage of more than two-thirds of the 1960-1967
citations in the data base. Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts,
Index Medicus, and Science Citation Index each provided coverage of 79%
to 85% of the 215 citations dated 1966 and their combined coverage exceeded
98%. Excerpta Medica (Section IIC) and Chemical-Biological Activities
provided 43% and 58% coverage, respectively, of this same group of 215
citations.
.X
4 1 729
18 1 729
65 1 729
125 1 729
128 1 729
145 1 729
162 1 729
211 1 729
330 1 729
378 1 729
440 1 729
452 1 729
453 1 729
467 1 729
468 1 729
495 1 729
506 2 729
508 1 729
511 1 729
512 1 729
514 1 729
517 1 729
520 1 729
521 1 729
523 1 729
524 1 729
526 1 729
528 1 729
576 1 729
580 2 729
604 1 729
609 1 729
612 1 729
619 1 729
622 2 729
623 3 729
629 1 729
631 1 729
632 1 729
633 1 729
696 2 729
699 1 729
700 1 729
705 3 729
707 1 729
723 1 729
726 1 729
727 1 729
728 2 729
729 5 729
730 1 729
731 1 729
744 1 729
748 1 729
754 1 729
757 1 729
770 1 729
776 1 729
812 1 729
813 1 729
814 1 729
820 1 729
822 1 729
831 1 729
866 1 729
870 1 729
873 1 729
893 1 729
981 1 729
1078 1 729
1089 1 729
1091 1 729
1143 1 729
1264 1 729
1301 1 729
1302 1 729
1303 1 729
1366 1 729
1367 1 729
1368 1 729
1375 1 729
1376 1 729
1396 1 729
1396 1 729
.I 730
.T
The Status of Chemical Information
.A
Holm, B.E.
Howell, M.G.
Kennedy, H.E.
Kuney, J.H.
Rush, J.E.
.W
This report, a summary of the status of chemical information processing,
is the latest in the series prepared by the National Academy of Sciences-
National Research Council Committee on Chemical Information. The period
covered is 1969 to the present. The user, technological developments,
publications, services, the Federal government, academia, and industry
are the topics reviewed as related to chemical information. In addition
to present status, trends are evaluated, problems are stated, and
recommendations for action by appropriate bodies are included.
.X
18 4 730
34 1 730
49 1 730
53 1 730
59 1 730
116 1 730
117 1 730
125 1 730
127 2 730
129 1 730
145 3 730
164 1 730
202 1 730
211 1 730
213 1 730
224 1 730
243 1 730
254 2 730
327 1 730
357 1 730
376 2 730
378 1 730
421 1 730
440 1 730
452 1 730
453 1 730
459 2 730
465 1 730
466 1 730
467 1 730
468 1 730
490 1 730
491 1 730
495 1 730
506 2 730
507 1 730
508 1 730
510 1 730
511 1 730
512 2 730
514 1 730
517 1 730
520 1 730
521 1 730
523 1 730
524 2 730
525 1 730
526 1 730
527 1 730
528 1 730
529 1 730
530 1 730
534 1 730
576 1 730
580 1 730
591 1 730
595 1 730
603 1 730
604 2 730
609 1 730
612 1 730
619 1 730
622 2 730
623 2 730
629 2 730
631 1 730
632 1 730
633 3 730
635 1 730
636 1 730
637 1 730
639 1 730
641 1 730
642 1 730
659 1 730
668 2 730
670 1 730
671 1 730
673 1 730
676 1 730
677 1 730
678 1 730
679 1 730
682 1 730
688 1 730
689 1 730
690 2 730
693 1 730
694 1 730
695 1 730
698 1 730
699 1 730
700 2 730
702 1 730
703 1 730
704 1 730
705 1 730
706 1 730
707 2 730
711 1 730
722 1 730
723 3 730
726 2 730
727 1 730
728 2 730
729 1 730
730 7 730
731 2 730
732 2 730
733 1 730
734 1 730
736 1 730
738 1 730
754 1 730
809 1 730
810 1 730
812 1 730
813 2 730
814 2 730
820 2 730
822 2 730
826 1 730
827 1 730
828 1 730
833 1 730
866 1 730
870 2 730
873 1 730
877 1 730
879 2 730
1026 1 730
1072 1 730
1078 1 730
1089 1 730
1091 2 730
1143 2 730
1264 1 730
1283 1 730
1292 1 730
1298 1 730
1299 1 730
1302 1 730
1303 1 730
1363 1 730
1366 2 730
1367 2 730
1368 2 730
1370 1 730
1372 1 730
1383 1 730
1396 4 730
1452 1 730
1452 1 730
.I 731
.T
Evaluation of an SDI Service Based on the Index Chemicus Registry System
.A
Leggate, P.
Rossiter, B.N.
Rowland, J.F.B.
.W
The Index Chemicus Registry System (ICRS) is the
machine-readable equivalent of Current Abstracts in
Chemistry & Index Chemicus (CAC & IC). In an earlier
paper, we described the development of an experimental
selective-dissemination-of-information (SDI) service
based on these tapes. A detailed description of the
techniques of profile construction for searching a
Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) structure file is given in
this earlier paper. The present paper describes the evaluation
of the SDI service in terms both of quantitative measures
of retrieval performance, coverage and currency, and also of
user reactions to the service, as expressed in their replies
to a questionnaire. Failure analysis techniques were used to
identify the reasons for retrieval failures and possible
methods for improving retrieval performance. A fuller
description of the evaluation has been published in report
form.
.X
10 1 731
18 2 731
34 1 731
49 1 731
53 1 731
59 1 731
124 1 731
125 1 731
127 1 731
129 1 731
145 1 731
164 1 731
190 2 731
191 1 731
197 1 731
202 1 731
211 2 731
213 1 731
214 1 731
218 1 731
224 1 731
225 1 731
243 2 731
244 1 731
304 1 731
305 1 731
306 1 731
307 1 731
330 1 731
358 1 731
378 2 731
385 1 731
394 1 731
421 1 731
433 1 731
440 1 731
450 1 731
451 1 731
452 2 731
453 1 731
459 2 731
465 1 731
466 1 731
467 1 731
468 2 731
484 1 731
490 1 731
491 1 731
492 1 731
495 1 731
506 2 731
507 1 731
508 2 731
510 1 731
511 2 731
512 3 731
514 2 731
517 1 731
518 1 731
520 2 731
521 1 731
523 2 731
524 2 731
525 1 731
526 2 731
528 1 731
529 1 731
530 1 731
534 2 731
546 1 731
553 1 731
576 1 731
579 1 731
580 1 731
591 1 731
594 1 731
595 1 731
603 2 731
604 3 731
606 1 731
609 2 731
610 1 731
611 1 731
612 2 731
619 1 731
622 2 731
623 2 731
625 1 731
626 1 731
629 2 731
630 1 731
631 1 731
632 1 731
633 2 731
636 1 731
637 1 731
639 1 731
642 1 731
648 1 731
650 1 731
659 1 731
676 1 731
692 1 731
696 1 731
699 2 731
700 2 731
702 1 731
703 1 731
705 2 731
707 1 731
708 1 731
709 1 731
711 1 731
722 1 731
723 2 731
726 3 731
727 2 731
728 3 731
729 1 731
730 2 731
731 5 731
732 3 731
733 1 731
734 1 731
736 1 731
738 2 731
739 1 731
740 1 731
741 1 731
742 1 731
743 1 731
744 1 731
754 1 731
755 1 731
809 1 731
810 1 731
812 1 731
813 2 731
814 2 731
817 1 731
820 4 731
822 2 731
823 1 731
825 1 731
826 2 731
827 2 731
828 2 731
866 1 731
870 2 731
873 1 731
879 2 731
883 1 731
947 1 731
948 1 731
1004 1 731
1017 1 731
1035 1 731
1058 1 731
1078 2 731
1089 2 731
1091 3 731
1143 1 731
1146 1 731
1207 1 731
1230 1 731
1257 1 731
1264 2 731
1283 1 731
1297 1 731
1298 1 731
1299 1 731
1302 1 731
1303 2 731
1356 1 731
1363 1 731
1364 1 731
1366 2 731
1367 2 731
1368 3 731
1370 1 731
1372 1 731
1373 1 731
1374 1 731
1375 1 731
1376 1 731
1377 1 731
1390 1 731
1396 2 731
1396 2 731
.I 732
.T
Computer Search Center Statistics on Users and Data Bases
.A
Schipma, Peter B.
.W
Statistics gathered over five years of operation by IIT Research Institute's
Computer Search Center are summarized for profile terms and lists, use of
truncation modes, use of logic operators, some characteristics of CA
Condensates, etc..
.X
10 1 732
18 2 732
34 1 732
49 1 732
53 1 732
59 1 732
124 1 732
127 2 732
129 1 732
145 1 732
164 1 732
190 2 732
191 1 732
197 1 732
202 1 732
211 1 732
213 1 732
214 1 732
218 1 732
224 1 732
225 1 732
243 2 732
244 1 732
304 1 732
305 1 732
306 1 732
307 1 732
330 1 732
357 1 732
358 1 732
376 1 732
378 1 732
385 1 732
394 1 732
421 1 732
433 1 732
450 1 732
451 1 732
452 1 732
459 3 732
465 1 732
466 1 732
468 1 732
484 1 732
490 1 732
491 1 732
492 1 732
506 1 732
507 1 732
508 1 732
510 1 732
511 1 732
512 2 732
514 1 732
518 1 732
520 1 732
523 1 732
524 2 732
525 2 732
526 1 732
527 1 732
529 2 732
530 2 732
534 3 732
546 1 732
553 1 732
579 1 732
591 1 732
594 1 732
595 1 732
603 2 732
604 2 732
606 1 732
609 1 732
610 1 732
611 1 732
612 1 732
622 1 732
623 1 732
625 1 732
626 1 732
629 1 732
630 1 732
633 2 732
635 1 732
636 2 732
637 2 732
639 1 732
642 2 732
648 1 732
650 1 732
659 1 732
676 1 732
692 2 732
696 1 732
699 1 732
702 2 732
703 3 732
705 1 732
708 1 732
711 1 732
722 1 732
723 1 732
726 2 732
727 1 732
728 2 732
730 2 732
731 3 732
732 5 732
733 2 732
734 2 732
736 2 732
738 1 732
739 1 732
740 1 732
741 1 732
742 1 732
743 1 732
744 1 732
755 1 732
809 1 732
810 1 732
813 1 732
814 1 732
817 1 732
820 3 732
822 1 732
823 1 732
825 1 732
826 3 732
827 3 732
828 2 732
870 1 732
877 1 732
879 3 732
883 1 732
947 1 732
948 1 732
1004 1 732
1017 1 732
1035 1 732
1058 1 732
1078 1 732
1089 1 732
1091 2 732
1146 1 732
1207 1 732
1230 1 732
1257 1 732
1264 1 732
1283 1 732
1297 1 732
1298 1 732
1299 1 732
1303 1 732
1356 1 732
1363 1 732
1364 1 732
1366 1 732
1367 1 732
1368 2 732
1370 2 732
1372 2 732
1373 1 732
1374 1 732
1375 1 732
1376 1 732
1377 1 732
1383 1 732
1390 1 732
1396 2 732
1396 2 732
.I 733
.T
Profiling, the Key to Successful Information retrieval
.A
O'Dononue, C. H.
.W
A major tool employed to enter an information source is the search profile..
The development of an adequate profile depends upon the aids supplied by the
data bases.. These aids vary in their content and depth and their proper use is
essential for relevant information retrieval.. The data bases examined are CA
Condensates, Index Medicus, and BA data bases.. Several searches are presented
with a study of their comparative profiles..
.X
18 1 733
124 2 733
127 2 733
129 1 733
145 1 733
190 1 733
191 1 733
197 1 733
211 1 733
214 1 733
218 1 733
243 1 733
307 1 733
330 1 733
357 1 733
376 1 733
378 1 733
450 1 733
451 2 733
452 1 733
459 2 733
460 1 733
468 1 733
484 1 733
492 1 733
508 1 733
511 1 733
512 1 733
514 2 733
518 1 733
520 1 733
523 1 733
524 2 733
525 2 733
526 2 733
527 1 733
529 2 733
530 2 733
532 1 733
533 1 733
534 2 733
546 2 733
553 1 733
579 1 733
594 2 733
603 1 733
604 2 733
606 2 733
609 2 733
610 1 733
611 2 733
612 2 733
625 1 733
626 1 733
630 1 733
633 1 733
635 1 733
636 2 733
637 3 733
641 1 733
642 3 733
648 1 733
650 1 733
692 1 733
696 1 733
699 1 733
702 2 733
703 2 733
705 1 733
708 1 733
726 1 733
727 1 733
728 2 733
730 1 733
731 1 733
732 2 733
733 6 733
734 3 733
736 2 733
738 2 733
739 1 733
740 1 733
741 2 733
742 1 733
743 1 733
744 1 733
755 1 733
820 1 733
826 2 733
827 2 733
877 1 733
879 2 733
883 1 733
1004 1 733
1035 1 733
1078 1 733
1089 1 733
1091 1 733
1207 1 733
1264 1 733
1297 1 733
1303 2 733
1356 1 733
1364 1 733
1368 1 733
1370 2 733
1372 2 733
1373 1 733
1374 1 733
1375 1 733
1376 1 733
1377 2 733
1383 1 733
1396 1 733
1448 1 733
1448 1 733
.I 734
.T
On-Line Searching of Computer Data Bases
.A
Prewitt, Barbara G.
.W
The Research Library of Rohm and Haas Company has been searching a variety
of bibliographic data bases on-line for over one year.. A summary of our
experiences and the merits of on-line searching is presented.. A conference
call technique for driving a remote slave terminal is described..
.X
18 1 734
124 2 734
127 2 734
129 1 734
145 1 734
190 1 734
191 1 734
197 1 734
211 1 734
214 1 734
218 1 734
243 1 734
307 1 734
330 1 734
357 1 734
376 1 734
378 1 734
450 1 734
451 1 734
452 1 734
459 3 734
468 1 734
484 1 734
492 1 734
508 1 734
511 1 734
512 1 734
514 1 734
518 1 734
520 1 734
523 1 734
524 2 734
525 2 734
526 1 734
527 1 734
529 2 734
530 2 734
534 2 734
546 1 734
553 1 734
579 1 734
594 1 734
603 1 734
604 1 734
606 1 734
609 1 734
610 1 734
611 1 734
612 1 734
625 1 734
626 1 734
630 1 734
633 1 734
635 1 734
636 2 734
637 2 734
642 4 734
643 1 734
648 2 734
650 1 734
692 1 734
696 1 734
699 1 734
702 2 734
703 2 734
705 1 734
708 1 734
726 1 734
727 1 734
728 1 734
730 1 734
731 1 734
732 2 734
733 3 734
734 5 734
736 3 734
738 2 734
739 1 734
740 1 734
741 2 734
742 3 734
743 3 734
744 2 734
755 1 734
820 1 734
826 2 734
827 2 734
877 1 734
879 2 734
883 2 734
1004 1 734
1035 1 734
1078 1 734
1089 1 734
1091 1 734
1146 1 734
1207 1 734
1264 2 734
1297 1 734
1303 1 734
1356 1 734
1364 1 734
1368 1 734
1370 2 734
1372 2 734
1373 1 734
1374 3 734
1375 3 734
1376 2 734
1377 2 734
1383 1 734
1396 1 734
1448 1 734
1448 1 734
.I 735
.T
Journals Most Cited by Chemists and Chemical Engineers
.A
Barrett, R.L.
Barrett, M.A.
.W
The purpose of this paper is to present up-to-date
material to indicate some of the changes that have taken
place during and since World War II. For purposes of
comparison, the work of Patterson and Sheppard is
represented in abbreviated form in Tables 1 and 2. The
results of our own study are presented as Tables 3 and 4.
The reader can draw several obvious conclusions. About
half of all the citations in Tables 3 and 4 are to papers
published in the 1950's. This, in part, reflects the
present highly vigorous state of chemical investigation
and its rapid expansion in recent years. Another striking
fact is that in the Journal of the American Chemical
Society, 39.5% of the citations are to previous work
published in the journal itself. In Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, the percentage of self citations
is 21.3. To some extent this may result from the fact
that writers who habitually publish in a particular
journal tend to cite their own work. However, it seems
to reflect to a greater degree the dominance of these
journals in their respective fields. More than 38%
of the citations in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
are to various American Chemical Society publications.
In the Journal of the American Chemical Society more than
45% of the citations are to Society publications.
.X
33 1 735
36 1 735
37 1 735
41 1 735
76 1 735
89 3 735
97 1 735
102 1 735
111 1 735
112 1 735
163 1 735
183 2 735
184 2 735
193 2 735
198 3 735
199 1 735
201 1 735
203 1 735
204 1 735
210 1 735
225 1 735
255 1 735
269 1 735
373 1 735
379 1 735
473 1 735
543 1 735
545 1 735
552 2 735
587 1 735
588 1 735
592 1 735
605 1 735
613 1 735
614 2 735
616 1 735
638 2 735
685 1 735
716 1 735
735 7 735
747 1 735
750 1 735
753 1 735
766 2 735
767 1 735
775 2 735
782 1 735
784 3 735
788 1 735
789 1 735
793 1 735
800 1 735
808 1 735
821 1 735
828 1 735
905 1 735
907 1 735
952 1 735
953 1 735
977 1 735
983 1 735
1016 1 735
1023 1 735
1030 1 735
1055 2 735
1087 2 735
1089 1 735
1090 1 735
1135 1 735
1209 1 735
1210 1 735
1260 2 735
1275 4 735
1276 2 735
1278 1 735
1280 1 735
1283 1 735
1285 2 735
1286 1 735
1287 1 735
1290 1 735
1298 1 735
1302 3 735
1335 1 735
1355 1 735
1390 1 735
1397 2 735
1417 1 735
1428 1 735
1432 2 735
1432 2 735
.I 736
.T
Overview of the NAS/NRC Conference on Large Data Bases
.A
Williams, M.E.
.W
In 1971 the Committee on Chemical Information of the
National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council,
recognized the problem of large data bases and accordingly
created a subcommittee to investigate the problem and its
impact on chemical information.
The first task of the Large Data Base Subcommittee was
to survey organizations that generate and/or process large
data bases. Giering has indicated several different ways in
which one can view a data base as being large. It can be
large in terms of having a large number of entries or
records (or bibliographic references). It can be large in
the sense of having a large number of fields or data
elements, which implies a degree of complexity. It can be
thought of as large in the sense of having a large number
of searchable or selectable elements, and it also can be
large in the most readily understandable sense of having
a large number of characters in storage.
.X
18 1 736
120 1 736
124 2 736
125 1 736
127 3 736
129 2 736
145 1 736
190 1 736
191 1 736
197 2 736
211 1 736
214 1 736
218 1 736
243 1 736
307 1 736
330 1 736
357 1 736
363 1 736
376 1 736
378 1 736
382 1 736
432 1 736
450 1 736
451 1 736
452 1 736
459 3 736
460 1 736
461 1 736
468 1 736
484 1 736
492 1 736
506 1 736
508 1 736
511 1 736
512 1 736
514 1 736
518 1 736
520 1 736
523 1 736
524 2 736
525 2 736
526 1 736
527 1 736
529 2 736
530 2 736
534 2 736
546 1 736
553 1 736
579 1 736
580 1 736
594 1 736
603 1 736
604 1 736
606 1 736
609 1 736
610 1 736
611 1 736
612 1 736
622 1 736
625 1 736
626 1 736
630 1 736
633 1 736
634 1 736
635 1 736
636 2 736
637 2 736
642 4 736
643 2 736
644 1 736
645 1 736
646 1 736
648 2 736
649 1 736
650 2 736
692 1 736
696 2 736
699 1 736
702 1 736
703 2 736
705 2 736
708 2 736
726 1 736
727 1 736
728 1 736
730 1 736
731 1 736
732 2 736
733 2 736
734 3 736
736 5 736
737 1 736
738 2 736
739 2 736
740 1 736
741 2 736
742 2 736
743 2 736
744 1 736
755 1 736
795 1 736
820 1 736
826 3 736
827 2 736
877 1 736
879 2 736
883 2 736
1004 1 736
1035 1 736
1078 1 736
1089 1 736
1091 1 736
1146 1 736
1207 1 736
1264 1 736
1297 1 736
1303 1 736
1356 1 736
1364 1 736
1368 1 736
1370 2 736
1372 2 736
1373 1 736
1374 3 736
1375 2 736
1376 2 736
1377 1 736
1383 1 736
1396 1 736
1396 1 736
.I 737
.T
The Large Data Base File Structure Dilemma
.A
Lefkovitz, D.
.W
This paper first presents a brief tutorial on the principal random file
organization methods for handling two major applications - Transaction
oriented systems and Information storage and retrieval systems. It then
addresses a particular large data base dilemma, not satisfactorily
resolved by any of these methods, and which is currently under active
investigation. Two approaches to a solution are described. One is
called the hybrid inverted list; the other is based upon an old technique
called super-imposed coding. The former has been implemented and has
recently been installed in an operational system. Some statistics related
to file characteristics in this application are provided, but operational
cost and performance statistics are not yet available.
.X
62 1 737
125 1 737
127 2 737
129 1 737
310 1 737
318 1 737
363 2 737
409 1 737
432 1 737
460 1 737
461 1 737
462 1 737
580 1 737
604 1 737
622 1 737
642 1 737
643 2 737
644 2 737
645 1 737
646 1 737
649 1 737
650 1 737
670 1 737
690 1 737
699 2 737
700 2 737
708 2 737
736 1 737
737 5 737
738 1 737
739 1 737
741 1 737
853 1 737
875 1 737
883 1 737
1044 1 737
1274 1 737
1374 1 737
1376 1 737
1419 1 737
1419 1 737
.I 738
.T
Substructure Searching of Computer-Readable Chemical Abstracts
Service Ninth Collective Index Nomenclature Files
.A
Fisanick, W.
Mitchell, L.D.
Scott, J.A.
Vander Stouw, G.G.
.W
The increasing availability of computer-readable files of chemical
nomenclature and of programs for text searching has led to the development
of methods for performing substructure searches in which CA nomenclature
terms are used as search terms. Substructure searches on CA Index
nomenclature can often result in very high recall relative to topological
searches, as is shown by experimental results achieved on a variety of
searches. Many data bases which contain CA Index nomenclature also contain
nonsubstance data. Thus, searching of substance and nonsubstance data
can often be done within a single search of a file with both high recall
and relevancy. Profile construction aids prepared by CAS make it possible
for persons without sophisticated nomenclature backgrounds to construct
nomenclature profiles for many questions.
.X
116 1 738
117 1 738
124 1 738
125 1 738
127 2 738
129 2 738
190 1 738
191 1 738
197 1 738
211 1 738
214 1 738
218 1 738
243 1 738
254 1 738
307 1 738
327 1 738
330 1 738
363 1 738
378 1 738
432 1 738
450 1 738
451 1 738
452 1 738
459 1 738
460 1 738
461 1 738
468 1 738
484 1 738
492 1 738
508 1 738
511 1 738
512 1 738
514 1 738
518 1 738
520 1 738
523 1 738
524 1 738
525 1 738
526 1 738
529 1 738
530 1 738
534 1 738
546 1 738
553 1 738
579 1 738
580 1 738
594 1 738
603 1 738
604 1 738
606 1 738
609 1 738
610 1 738
611 1 738
612 1 738
622 1 738
625 1 738
626 1 738
630 1 738
636 1 738
637 1 738
641 1 738
642 2 738
643 1 738
644 1 738
645 1 738
646 1 738
648 1 738
649 1 738
650 2 738
668 1 738
670 1 738
671 1 738
673 1 738
677 1 738
678 1 738
679 1 738
682 1 738
689 1 738
690 1 738
692 1 738
693 1 738
694 1 738
695 1 738
696 1 738
698 1 738
699 2 738
700 2 738
701 1 738
702 2 738
703 1 738
704 1 738
705 1 738
706 1 738
707 2 738
708 2 738
709 2 738
710 1 738
726 1 738
727 1 738
728 1 738
730 1 738
731 2 738
732 1 738
733 2 738
734 2 738
736 2 738
737 1 738
738 8 738
739 2 738
740 1 738
741 3 738
742 2 738
743 1 738
744 1 738
755 1 738
820 1 738
826 1 738
827 1 738
833 1 738
879 1 738
883 1 738
1004 1 738
1026 1 738
1035 1 738
1072 1 738
1078 1 738
1089 1 738
1091 1 738
1207 1 738
1264 1 738
1292 1 738
1297 1 738
1303 1 738
1356 1 738
1364 1 738
1368 1 738
1370 1 738
1372 1 738
1373 1 738
1374 2 738
1375 1 738
1376 2 738
1377 1 738
1448 1 738
1452 1 738
1452 1 738
.I 739
.T
A Rapid Generalized Minicomputer Text Search System Incorporating Algebraic
Entry of Boolean Strategies
.A
Isenhour, T. L.
.A
Woodward, W. S.
.A
Lowry, S. R
.W
This paper presents a rapid and efficient generalized minicomputer text
searching system.. The system has been applied to Chemical Condensates and
enjoys search speeds comparable to services operating on large computer
systems.. Complete Boolean algebraic search strategy expressions may be used as
direct entries, and all forms of transaction are automatically processed..
Benchmark search speeds and results are presented for realistic profiles
serving varied research groups in a major university chemistry department..
.X
124 1 739
125 1 739
127 2 739
129 2 739
141 1 739
190 1 739
191 1 739
197 1 739
211 1 739
214 1 739
218 1 739
243 1 739
307 1 739
330 1 739
363 2 739
378 1 739
409 1 739
432 1 739
450 1 739
451 1 739
452 1 739
459 1 739
460 1 739
461 1 739
468 1 739
484 1 739
492 1 739
508 1 739
511 1 739
512 1 739
514 1 739
518 1 739
520 1 739
523 1 739
524 1 739
525 1 739
526 1 739
529 1 739
530 1 739
534 1 739
546 1 739
553 1 739
563 1 739
579 1 739
580 1 739
594 1 739
603 1 739
604 1 739
606 1 739
609 1 739
610 1 739
611 1 739
612 1 739
622 1 739
625 1 739
626 1 739
630 1 739
636 1 739
637 1 739
642 2 739
643 1 739
644 1 739
645 2 739
646 1 739
647 1 739
648 1 739
649 1 739
650 2 739
651 1 739
692 1 739
696 1 739
699 1 739
703 2 739
705 1 739
708 2 739
726 1 739
727 1 739
728 1 739
731 1 739
732 1 739
733 1 739
734 1 739
736 2 739
737 1 739
738 2 739
739 5 739
740 1 739
741 2 739
742 1 739
743 1 739
744 1 739
755 1 739
820 1 739
826 1 739
827 1 739
879 1 739
881 1 739
882 1 739
883 2 739
884 1 739
885 1 739
886 1 739
887 1 739
917 1 739
999 1 739
1000 1 739
1001 1 739
1002 1 739
1003 1 739
1004 2 739
1035 1 739
1078 1 739
1089 1 739
1091 1 739
1207 1 739
1264 1 739
1297 1 739
1303 1 739
1356 1 739
1364 1 739
1368 1 739
1370 1 739
1372 1 739
1373 1 739
1374 2 739
1375 2 739
1376 3 739
1377 1 739
1377 1 739
.I 740
.T
Searching CA Condensates On-Line vs. the CA Keyword Indexes
.A
Michaels, C. J.
.W
A study was conducted to compare the comprehensiveness of searches performed
using Systems Development Corporation's (SDC) Chemcon data base and keyword
indexes of Chemical Abstracts.. It was concluded that, in most cases, a
computer search yielded at least as many relevant references as did a manual
search.. However, in the case of very general search questions, results from
manual searches were much more satisfactory..
.X
124 1 740
125 1 740
127 1 740
129 1 740
190 1 740
191 1 740
197 1 740
211 1 740
214 1 740
218 1 740
243 1 740
307 2 740
330 1 740
378 1 740
447 1 740
450 1 740
451 1 740
452 1 740
459 2 740
468 1 740
484 1 740
492 1 740
508 1 740
511 1 740
512 1 740
514 1 740
518 1 740
520 1 740
523 1 740
524 1 740
525 1 740
526 1 740
529 1 740
530 1 740
534 1 740
546 1 740
553 1 740
579 1 740
594 1 740
603 1 740
604 1 740
606 1 740
609 1 740
610 1 740
611 2 740
612 1 740
625 1 740
626 1 740
630 1 740
636 1 740
637 1 740
642 1 740
648 1 740
650 1 740
692 1 740
696 1 740
699 1 740
702 1 740
703 1 740
705 1 740
708 1 740
726 1 740
727 1 740
728 1 740
731 1 740
732 1 740
733 1 740
734 1 740
736 1 740
738 1 740
739 1 740
740 5 740
741 3 740
742 3 740
743 2 740
744 1 740
755 1 740
820 1 740
826 1 740
827 1 740
879 1 740
883 1 740
1004 1 740
1035 1 740
1078 1 740
1089 1 740
1091 1 740
1207 1 740
1264 1 740
1297 1 740
1303 1 740
1356 1 740
1364 1 740
1368 1 740
1370 1 740
1372 1 740
1373 1 740
1374 2 740
1375 1 740
1376 2 740
1377 1 740
1377 1 740
.I 741
.T
Searching Chemical Abstracts vs. CA Condensates
.A
Buntrock, Robert E.
.W
As of March 1975, as much as four and one-half years of Chemical Abstracts
Indexes and on-line accessible Chemical Abstracts Condensates can be compared..
Although combined searches of both data bases are the most effective, examples
are shown in which it is more practical and efficient to search CA Condensates..
CHEMCON and CHEM7071, the on-line versions of CA Condensates loaded at System
Development Corp. (SDC), are compared with CA Indexes..
.X
124 1 741
125 1 741
127 2 741
129 2 741
190 1 741
191 1 741
197 1 741
211 1 741
214 1 741
218 1 741
243 1 741
307 1 741
330 1 741
363 1 741
378 1 741
432 1 741
447 1 741
450 1 741
451 1 741
452 1 741
459 1 741
460 1 741
461 1 741
468 1 741
484 1 741
492 1 741
508 1 741
511 1 741
512 1 741
514 1 741
518 1 741
520 1 741
523 1 741
524 1 741
525 1 741
526 1 741
529 1 741
530 1 741
534 1 741
546 1 741
553 1 741
579 1 741
580 1 741
594 1 741
603 1 741
604 1 741
606 1 741
609 1 741
610 1 741
611 1 741
612 1 741
622 1 741
625 1 741
626 1 741
630 1 741
636 1 741
637 1 741
642 3 741
643 1 741
644 1 741
645 1 741
646 1 741
648 1 741
649 1 741
650 2 741
692 1 741
696 1 741
699 1 741
702 1 741
703 1 741
705 1 741
708 2 741
726 1 741
727 1 741
728 1 741
731 1 741
732 1 741
733 2 741
734 2 741
736 2 741
737 1 741
738 3 741
739 2 741
740 3 741
741 6 741
742 2 741
743 1 741
744 1 741
755 1 741
820 1 741
826 1 741
827 1 741
879 1 741
883 1 741
1004 1 741
1035 1 741
1078 1 741
1089 1 741
1091 1 741
1207 1 741
1264 1 741
1297 1 741
1303 1 741
1356 1 741
1364 1 741
1368 1 741
1370 1 741
1372 1 741
1373 1 741
1374 3 741
1375 1 741
1376 2 741
1377 1 741
1448 1 741
1448 1 741
.I 742
.T
Searching the Chemical Abstracts Condensates Data Base
via Two On-Line Systems
.A
Prewitt, Barbara G.
.W
A comparison of the most used features of System Development Corporation's
ORBIT and Lockheed's DIALOG systems is made, especially in reference to
conducting searchers of Chemical Abstracts Condensates..Many of the operations
are similar in nature.. However the capabilities are sufficiently different
that an experienced searcher can select the system which gives the best
results..
.X
124 2 742
127 1 742
129 1 742
190 1 742
191 1 742
197 1 742
211 1 742
214 1 742
218 1 742
243 1 742
307 1 742
330 1 742
378 1 742
450 1 742
451 1 742
452 1 742
459 3 742
468 1 742
484 1 742
492 1 742
508 1 742
511 1 742
512 1 742
514 1 742
518 1 742
520 1 742
523 1 742
524 1 742
525 1 742
526 1 742
529 1 742
530 1 742
534 1 742
546 1 742
553 1 742
579 1 742
594 1 742
603 1 742
604 1 742
606 1 742
609 1 742
610 1 742
611 1 742
612 1 742
625 1 742
626 1 742
630 1 742
636 1 742
637 1 742
642 3 742
643 1 742
648 2 742
650 1 742
692 1 742
696 1 742
699 2 742
702 2 742
703 1 742
705 1 742
707 1 742
708 1 742
710 1 742
726 1 742
727 1 742
728 1 742
731 1 742
732 1 742
733 1 742
734 3 742
736 2 742
738 2 742
739 1 742
740 3 742
741 2 742
742 7 742
743 3 742
744 2 742
755 1 742
820 1 742
826 1 742
827 1 742
879 1 742
883 2 742
1004 1 742
1035 1 742
1078 1 742
1089 1 742
1091 1 742
1146 1 742
1207 1 742
1264 2 742
1297 1 742
1303 1 742
1356 1 742
1364 1 742
1368 1 742
1370 1 742
1372 1 742
1373 1 742
1374 3 742
1375 3 742
1376 2 742
1377 2 742
1377 2 742
.I 743
.T
A Survey of the Use of On-Line Computer-Based Scientific Search Services
by Academic Libraries
.A
Marshall, Doris B.
.W
To explore their use of on-line computer-based bibliographic search services,
a one-page questionnaire was sent to 100 academic libraries in the United
States having separate departmental chemistry or science libraries.. An attempt
was made to determine the background training of the persons performing the
searches, who the end users were, the growth trend, the funding, the data
bases used, and the value to the users.. Of the 73 replies, 49.3% indicated use
of such services, while 24.6% were planning to use them primarily by faculty
and graduate students.. Of those reporting, 83.3% used searchers with a
background in library or information science; 47.2% had a background in
scientific discipline..Two or more on-line services were used by 72.2%.. A
majority of respondents stated that the use paid all expenses or a portion of
the expenses.. The searches met the needs of the use most of the time in 83.3%
of the cases, and all of the time in 5.4%..
.X
124 2 743
125 1 743
127 1 743
129 1 743
190 2 743
191 2 743
197 1 743
211 1 743
214 1 743
218 1 743
243 1 743
307 2 743
330 1 743
378 1 743
450 1 743
451 1 743
452 1 743
459 2 743
468 1 743
484 1 743
492 1 743
508 1 743
511 1 743
512 1 743
514 2 743
518 1 743
520 1 743
523 1 743
524 1 743
525 1 743
526 1 743
529 1 743
530 1 743
534 1 743
546 1 743
547 1 743
553 1 743
579 1 743
594 1 743
603 1 743
604 1 743
606 1 743
609 1 743
610 1 743
611 2 743
612 1 743
625 1 743
626 1 743
630 1 743
636 1 743
637 1 743
642 3 743
643 1 743
648 3 743
650 1 743
692 1 743
696 1 743
699 1 743
703 1 743
705 1 743
708 1 743
726 1 743
727 1 743
728 1 743
731 1 743
732 1 743
733 1 743
734 3 743
736 2 743
738 1 743
739 1 743
740 2 743
741 1 743
742 3 743
743 5 743
744 2 743
755 1 743
820 1 743
826 1 743
827 1 743
879 1 743
883 2 743
1004 1 743
1035 1 743
1078 1 743
1089 1 743
1091 1 743
1146 1 743
1207 1 743
1264 2 743
1297 1 743
1303 2 743
1356 1 743
1364 1 743
1368 1 743
1370 1 743
1372 1 743
1373 1 743
1374 4 743
1375 3 743
1376 3 743
1377 2 743
1377 2 743
.I 744
.T
Semiconductor Journals
.A
Hawkins, Donald T.
.W
Using an on-line literature searching system, the number of papers in many
journals dealing with semiconductors was determined.. The journals are ranked
by the percentage of their contents devoted to semiconductors, and by the total
number of semiconductors papers are published.. Only four journals devote over
half of their contents to semiconductors papers.. Approximately half of the
19,646 papers (which were found in 91 journals) appeared in eight journals..
.X
124 1 744
127 1 744
128 1 744
129 1 744
190 1 744
191 1 744
197 1 744
211 1 744
214 1 744
218 1 744
243 1 744
307 1 744
330 2 744
359 1 744
378 2 744
450 1 744
451 1 744
452 1 744
459 1 744
468 1 744
484 1 744
492 1 744
508 1 744
511 1 744
512 1 744
514 1 744
518 1 744
520 1 744
523 1 744
524 1 744
525 1 744
526 1 744
529 1 744
530 1 744
534 1 744
546 1 744
553 1 744
579 1 744
594 1 744
603 1 744
604 1 744
606 1 744
609 1 744
610 1 744
611 1 744
612 1 744
618 2 744
623 1 744
625 1 744
626 1 744
630 1 744
635 2 744
636 1 744
637 1 744
642 3 744
648 1 744
650 1 744
692 1 744
696 1 744
699 1 744
703 1 744
705 1 744
708 1 744
726 1 744
727 1 744
728 1 744
729 1 744
731 1 744
732 1 744
733 1 744
734 2 744
736 1 744
738 1 744
739 1 744
740 1 744
741 1 744
742 2 744
743 2 744
744 7 744
748 2 744
755 1 744
757 1 744
787 1 744
820 1 744
826 1 744
827 1 744
831 1 744
879 1 744
883 1 744
893 1 744
1004 1 744
1016 1 744
1035 1 744
1078 1 744
1085 1 744
1089 1 744
1091 1 744
1207 1 744
1264 2 744
1297 1 744
1302 2 744
1303 1 744
1356 1 744
1364 1 744
1368 1 744
1370 1 744
1372 1 744
1373 1 744
1374 2 744
1375 3 744
1376 3 744
1377 3 744
1377 3 744
.I 745
.T
A Fuzzy-Set-Theoretic Interpretation of Linguistic Hedges
.A
Zadeh, L. A.
.W
A basic idea suggested in this paper is that a linguistic hedge such as very,
more or less, much, essentially, slightly, etc. may be viewed as an operator
which acts on the fuzzy set representing the meaning of its operand.. For
example, in the case of the composite term very tall man, the operator very acts
on the fuzzy meaning of the term tall man..
To represent a hedge as an operator, it is convenient to define several
elementary operations on fuzzy sets from which more complicated operations may
be built up by combination or composition.. In this way, an approximate
representation for a hedge can be expressed in terms of such operations as
complementation, intersection, concentration, dilation, contrast
intensification, fuzzification, accentuation, etc..
Two categories of hedges are considered.. In the case of hedges of Type I,
e.g., very, much, more or less, slightly, etc., the hedge can be approximated
by an operator acting on a single fuzzy set.. In the case of hedges of Type II,
e.g., technically, essentially, practically, etc., the effect of the hedge is
more complicated, requiring a description of the manner in which the components
of its operand are modified.. If, in addition, the characterization of a hedge
requires a consideration of a metric or proximity relation in the space of its
operand, then the hedge is said to be of Type IP or IIP, depending on whether it
falls into category I or II..
The approach is illustrated by constructing operator representations for
several relatively simple hedges such as very, more or less, much, slightly,
etc.. More complicated hedges whose effect is strongly context-dependent,
require the use of a fuzzy-algorithmic mode of characterization which is more
qualitative in nature than the approach described in the present paper..
.X
61 1 745
175 2 745
310 1 745
318 1 745
397 3 745
417 3 745
430 4 745
443 4 745
455 6 745
464 3 745
745 6 745
1204 3 745
1398 4 745
1427 3 745
1427 3 745
.I 746
.T
Subject Indexes and Automatic Document Retrieval
.A
Lynch, Michael F.
.W
Index entries from the subject indexes to CA can, in general, be converted
to 'normal' or title-like phrases by applying simple tests to the positions of
prepositions and conjunctions in the entries.. Other, more complex, entries can
be transformed after somewhat deeper analysis.. These manipulations are a
necessary preliminary step to the use of the subject-index language in
retrieval..A scheme is outlined for automatically compiling and editing subject
indexes by transforming descriptive phrases with regular structure and
vocabulary.. These transformations, based on the formal structure of language,
are shown to be admirably suited to computer manipulation..
.X
34 1 746
53 1 746
160 2 746
168 1 746
252 1 746
258 1 746
326 1 746
477 1 746
478 1 746
480 2 746
558 1 746
565 1 746
600 1 746
653 1 746
674 1 746
680 1 746
711 1 746
715 1 746
746 6 746
773 1 746
781 1 746
817 1 746
825 1 746
901 1 746
1215 2 746
1230 1 746
1394 1 746
1422 1 746
1422 1 746
.I 747
.T
The Law of Constant Citation for Scientific Literature
.A
Gomperts, M. C.
.W
In listing the literature concerning the subject of 'vibrating plates' the
following law was noticed:
Rj x aj,t = constant = 5x6
where Rj is the 'citation factor' for the year, j, and aj,t stands for the
total number of articles that have appeared up to and including year j..
'This 'citation law' is based on the remarkable fact that in more than 150
years the mean number of relevant citations per article per year has remained
constant, viz. 2x8, in spite of the fact that after 1950 three times as many
articles have been published as in the period before 1950..
.X
33 2 747
36 1 747
41 2 747
55 1 747
89 1 747
97 1 747
102 1 747
111 1 747
112 1 747
163 1 747
183 1 747
184 1 747
193 1 747
199 1 747
203 1 747
210 1 747
225 1 747
269 1 747
373 1 747
545 1 747
552 1 747
587 1 747
592 1 747
605 1 747
613 1 747
614 1 747
638 1 747
735 1 747
747 5 747
750 1 747
753 1 747
766 1 747
767 1 747
775 1 747
777 1 747
782 1 747
784 1 747
788 1 747
789 1 747
791 1 747
793 2 747
800 1 747
808 1 747
893 1 747
905 1 747
953 1 747
977 1 747
983 1 747
1016 1 747
1023 1 747
1030 1 747
1055 1 747
1085 1 747
1087 1 747
1090 1 747
1135 1 747
1200 1 747
1260 1 747
1275 1 747
1276 1 747
1278 1 747
1280 1 747
1285 3 747
1286 1 747
1287 1 747
1302 1 747
1335 1 747
1337 1 747
1338 1 747
1390 1 747
1397 1 747
1417 1 747
1428 1 747
1432 1 747
1432 1 747
.I 748
.T
The Derivation and Application of the Bradford-Zipf Distribution
.A
Brookes, B. C.
.W
Any statistical regularities found in documentation should be fully
exploited to produce estimates or predictions and to save documentalists work..
But present formulations of the Bradford distribution demand penetrating search
for peripheral papers and tedious computation in application.. The present
paper shows that the Bradford distribution is closely related to the Zipf
distribution.. It requires data on only the most productive journals, is
mathematically simple and amenable to graphical methods if a proposed idea of
the 'completeness' of a search is accepted.. For comparability of results,
certain conditions, which include a specified minimum level of productivity of
journals, need to be standardized.. A standard form is suggested..
It is found, however, that a modified form of the Bradford distribution is
required when Bradford-type collections of journals are merged into large
collections, when 'saturation' of the most productive journals occurs..
.X
19 1 748
24 1 748
31 1 748
33 1 748
36 1 748
37 1 748
39 1 748
40 1 748
44 1 748
47 1 748
48 1 748
49 1 748
54 1 748
55 2 748
57 2 748
62 1 748
65 1 748
66 1 748
71 1 748
72 1 748
73 1 748
74 1 748
75 2 748
76 2 748
77 1 748
78 1 748
79 1 748
81 2 748
82 1 748
83 1 748
86 1 748
88 1 748
97 1 748
102 2 748
103 2 748
128 1 748
137 1 748
153 1 748
156 1 748
162 1 748
167 2 748
181 1 748
184 1 748
189 1 748
193 1 748
195 1 748
201 2 748
203 1 748
204 1 748
205 1 748
206 1 748
207 1 748
208 1 748
210 2 748
211 1 748
212 1 748
217 1 748
219 1 748
221 1 748
225 1 748
233 4 748
245 1 748
253 1 748
267 2 748
277 1 748
278 1 748
279 2 748
280 2 748
313 1 748
314 1 748
330 1 748
359 10 748
373 1 748
377 1 748
378 1 748
379 5 748
386 1 748
395 3 748
398 1 748
415 1 748
416 1 748
465 1 748
475 1 748
480 1 748
486 1 748
505 3 748
515 1 748
560 1 748
573 3 748
587 1 748
614 3 748
616 1 748
618 2 748
623 1 748
625 1 748
632 1 748
634 1 748
635 3 748
638 2 748
651 1 748
658 1 748
667 2 748
714 1 748
716 1 748
720 1 748
729 1 748
744 2 748
748 31 748
749 1 748
750 1 748
751 7 748
753 1 748
756 2 748
757 2 748
759 3 748
764 1 748
765 8 748
767 3 748
775 1 748
777 1 748
778 13 748
782 2 748
785 1 748
786 3 748
787 6 748
788 2 748
789 2 748
791 8 748
792 2 748
793 2 748
800 3 748
804 2 748
805 1 748
811 1 748
821 1 748
831 2 748
837 1 748
889 2 748
891 1 748
893 5 748
905 1 748
925 3 748
948 1 748
952 3 748
953 1 748
983 1 748
984 1 748
1016 3 748
1019 2 748
1030 1 748
1061 1 748
1071 1 748
1081 2 748
1082 2 748
1083 7 748
1085 8 748
1086 5 748
1087 1 748
1090 1 748
1114 1 748
1122 1 748
1123 1 748
1173 1 748
1182 5 748
1200 1 748
1201 3 748
1203 1 748
1210 1 748
1254 1 748
1256 1 748
1260 1 748
1274 1 748
1275 2 748
1277 1 748
1278 3 748
1279 1 748
1280 1 748
1287 1 748
1301 1 748
1302 4 748
1304 1 748
1313 1 748
1338 1 748
1341 1 748
1344 1 748
1347 1 748
1361 1 748
1369 1 748
1373 1 748
1375 1 748
1376 1 748
1380 1 748
1400 1 748
1401 1 748
1404 1 748
1417 1 748
1418 4 748
1422 1 748
1428 1 748
1444 1 748
1444 1 748
.I 749
.T
Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics?
.A
Pritchard, A.
.W
The term statistical bibliography seems to have been first used by E.
Wyndham Hulme in 1922 when he delivered two lectures as the Sandars Reader
in bibliography at the University of Cambridge. Subsequently the lectures
were published as a book. Although the debt has never been explicitly
recognized by means of citations, Hulme anticipated modern work on the
history of science. He used the term to mean the illumination of the
processes of science and technology by means of counting documents. Hulme
both summarized the results of Cole and Eales and produced original work
on the growth of UK patents (relating these to social progress in the
UK) and on the changes displayed in the International Catalogue of
Scientific Literature (relating changes in subject and country production
of literature to international developments).
.X
19 1 749
37 1 749
39 2 749
40 1 749
47 1 749
88 1 749
97 1 749
102 1 749
103 1 749
162 2 749
233 1 749
253 1 749
313 1 749
359 1 749
377 1 749
379 2 749
395 1 749
505 1 749
560 1 749
573 1 749
583 1 749
618 1 749
632 2 749
635 1 749
667 1 749
748 1 749
749 6 749
751 1 749
764 1 749
765 2 749
770 1 749
777 1 749
778 1 749
782 1 749
804 1 749
805 1 749
893 2 749
914 1 749
952 1 749
1016 1 749
1061 1 749
1076 1 749
1085 1 749
1086 1 749
1087 1 749
1182 1 749
1200 1 749
1274 1 749
1277 1 749
1278 1 749
1280 1 749
1287 1 749
1301 1 749
1302 1 749
1304 1 749
1313 1 749
1338 1 749
1344 1 749
1347 1 749
1380 2 749
1428 2 749
1444 1 749
1444 1 749
.I 750
.T
The Effect of Growth on the Obsolescence of Semiconductor
Physics Literature
.A
Oliver, Merrill R.
.W
Semiconductor physics literature is studied in order to investigate recent
hypotheses relating obsolescence to the growth in periodical literature and the
growth in the number of contributing scientists.. The results indicate that
obsolescence remains constant and that the two growth rates are, within
experimental error, of equal magnitude for this subject over a five-year
period.. These results are seen to be inconsistent with the assumption that an
exponentially-growing literature possesses a constant utility..
.X
33 2 750
36 2 750
41 1 750
57 1 750
89 1 750
97 1 750
101 1 750
102 1 750
105 1 750
106 1 750
111 1 750
112 1 750
149 1 750
163 1 750
175 1 750
183 1 750
184 2 750
193 2 750
195 1 750
199 1 750
201 1 750
203 2 750
204 1 750
205 1 750
210 1 750
225 1 750
228 1 750
229 1 750
233 1 750
267 1 750
269 1 750
314 1 750
359 2 750
373 1 750
395 1 750
494 1 750
544 1 750
545 1 750
552 1 750
560 1 750
587 5 750
605 2 750
613 1 750
614 1 750
638 1 750
667 2 750
735 1 750
747 1 750
748 1 750
750 6 750
751 2 750
753 1 750
759 1 750
765 1 750
766 1 750
767 3 750
775 3 750
778 1 750
782 1 750
784 1 750
787 1 750
788 1 750
789 1 750
791 1 750
792 2 750
793 4 750
794 2 750
800 5 750
804 1 750
808 2 750
905 1 750
953 1 750
977 1 750
983 1 750
1016 1 750
1023 1 750
1030 1 750
1055 1 750
1063 1 750
1081 2 750
1082 2 750
1083 1 750
1085 2 750
1086 2 750
1087 1 750
1088 1 750
1090 1 750
1135 1 750
1201 1 750
1260 1 750
1275 1 750
1276 1 750
1278 2 750
1280 1 750
1282 1 750
1285 4 750
1286 2 750
1287 2 750
1302 1 750
1308 1 750
1312 1 750
1334 1 750
1335 1 750
1390 1 750
1397 1 750
1401 1 750
1417 2 750
1418 1 750
1428 1 750
1432 1 750
1432 1 750
.I 751
.T
The Ambiguity of Bradford's Law
.A
Wilkinson, Elizabeth A.
.W
Recent discussion of Bradford's law of scatter has been founded on two
formulations that are not mathematically equivalent.. A method of comparing the
two formulations against empirical data is developed, and the results using
four sets of existing data are discussed.. The results show that one particular
formulation is more consistent with the practical situation..
.X
19 1 751
33 1 751
36 1 751
37 1 751
39 1 751
40 1 751
47 1 751
55 2 751
57 1 751
62 1 751
88 1 751
97 1 751
102 1 751
103 1 751
149 1 751
175 1 751
184 1 751
193 1 751
195 1 751
201 1 751
203 1 751
204 1 751
205 1 751
228 1 751
229 1 751
233 2 751
253 1 751
267 2 751
313 1 751
359 7 751
361 1 751
377 1 751
379 1 751
395 2 751
494 1 751
505 2 751
515 1 751
560 1 751
573 4 751
587 2 751
614 1 751
616 1 751
618 1 751
632 1 751
635 1 751
638 1 751
651 1 751
667 2 751
748 7 751
749 1 751
750 2 751
751 15 751
759 2 751
764 1 751
765 8 751
767 1 751
777 1 751
778 9 751
782 1 751
786 1 751
787 1 751
791 3 751
792 3 751
793 2 751
800 2 751
804 3 751
805 1 751
811 1 751
893 1 751
925 1 751
948 1 751
952 1 751
983 1 751
1016 3 751
1019 1 751
1061 1 751
1081 1 751
1082 1 751
1083 3 751
1085 8 751
1086 5 751
1087 1 751
1090 1 751
1182 3 751
1200 1 751
1201 1 751
1274 1 751
1277 1 751
1278 2 751
1280 1 751
1282 1 751
1287 1 751
1301 1 751
1302 1 751
1304 1 751
1313 1 751
1338 1 751
1344 1 751
1347 1 751
1380 1 751
1401 1 751
1417 1 751
1418 2 751
1428 1 751
1444 1 751
1444 1 751
.I 752
.T
On the Inverse Relationship of Recall and Precision
.A
Cleverdon, C.W.
.W
It is now ten years since some slight experimental evidence was presented
which appeared to support the hypothesis that there was an inverse
relationship between recall and precision. The idea of this was certainly not
new; Fairthorne had more than implied it in his discussions on OBNA and
ABNO systems, i.e. Only-But-Not-All (high precision) and All-But-Not-
Only (high recall). However, it was one of the propositions arising from
Cranfield I which met with strong opposition and was quite rightly attacked.
In reply to the critical review by Swanson, I had to agree that the
simple hypothesis required modification. By the following year test results
coming from the experiments by Salton and from Cranfield II made
further modification necessary, and the hypothesis was finally put forward
to read as follows: 'Within a single system, assuming that a sequence of
subsearches for a particular question is made in the logical order of expected
decreasing precision, and the requirements are those stated in the question,
there is an inverse relationship between recall and precision, if the results
of a number of different searches are averaged. This, it will be noted, has
four qualifications to the basic statement.
.X
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57 1 752
73 3 752
75 1 752
79 1 752
134 1 752
146 1 752
157 1 752
175 2 752
194 1 752
224 1 752
274 1 752
298 1 752
315 1 752
381 2 752
382 1 752
389 3 752
390 4 752
419 1 752
441 1 752
445 1 752
447 1 752
449 1 752
456 1 752
458 2 752
468 1 752
509 1 752
514 3 752
518 1 752
531 1 752
554 1 752
575 2 752
577 2 752
579 1 752
591 1 752
595 2 752
599 1 752
603 1 752
615 2 752
619 1 752
620 1 752
621 1 752
625 3 752
630 1 752
634 1 752
639 1 752
643 1 752
644 2 752
646 1 752
649 2 752
652 1 752
660 2 752
752 11 752
754 1 752
780 5 752
785 4 752
795 1 752
806 1 752
812 3 752
820 1 752
822 2 752
824 1 752
827 1 752
829 2 752
830 1 752
895 2 752
907 1 752
956 1 752
1044 1 752
1091 1 752
1255 2 752
1282 4 752
1294 1 752
1307 1 752
1327 1 752
1327 1 752
.I 753
.T
Source of Citations and References for Analysis Purposes:
A Comparative Assessment
.A
Brittain, J. M.
.W
The uses to which analysis of bibliographical references and citations can
be put are categorized.. Five sources of references and citations are
identified, and their advantages and disadvantages for various purposes
assessed and compared.. Comparative studies of different sources are urged..
.X
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41 1 753
48 1 753
89 1 753
97 1 753
102 1 753
111 1 753
112 1 753
163 1 753
167 1 753
183 1 753
184 1 753
193 1 753
199 1 753
203 1 753
210 1 753
225 1 753
269 1 753
360 1 753
373 1 753
545 1 753
552 1 753
587 1 753
605 1 753
613 1 753
614 2 753
635 1 753
638 3 753
735 1 753
747 1 753
748 1 753
750 1 753
753 5 753
756 2 753
757 1 753
764 1 753
766 1 753
767 2 753
775 1 753
782 1 753
784 1 753
787 1 753
788 1 753
789 1 753
792 1 753
793 1 753
800 1 753
808 2 753
821 1 753
831 1 753
905 1 753
952 1 753
953 2 753
977 1 753
983 1 753
1016 1 753
1023 1 753
1030 1 753
1055 1 753
1083 2 753
1087 1 753
1088 1 753
1090 1 753
1135 1 753
1201 1 753
1210 1 753
1254 1 753
1256 1 753
1260 2 753
1275 2 753
1276 1 753
1278 2 753
1280 1 753
1285 1 753
1286 1 753
1287 1 753
1302 3 753
1335 1 753
1369 1 753
1373 1 753
1390 1 753
1397 1 753
1417 1 753
1418 1 753
1428 2 753
1432 1 753
1432 1 753
.I 754
.T
A Test for the Separation of Relevant and Non-Relevant Documents
in Experimental Retrieval Collections
.A
Van Rijsbergen, C. J.
.A
Jones, Sparck K.
.W
Many retrieval experiments are intended to discover ways of improving
performance, taking the results obtained with some particular technique as a
baseline.. The fact that substantial alterations to a system often have little
or no effect on particular collections is puzzling.. This may be due to the
initially poor separation of relevant and non-relevant documents.. The paper
presents a procedure for characterizing this separation for the collection,
which can be used to show whether proposed modifications of the base system are
likely to be useful..
.X
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51 1 754
57 1 754
61 1 754
69 1 754
71 1 754
73 1 754
77 1 754
79 1 754
124 1 754
125 2 754
145 1 754
165 1 754
168 1 754
175 2 754
176 1 754
211 1 754
274 2 754
315 1 754
320 1 754
378 1 754
381 1 754
382 1 754
389 1 754
390 2 754
440 1 754
445 1 754
448 2 754
449 1 754
452 2 754
453 1 754
458 1 754
459 1 754
467 1 754
468 1 754
480 1 754
483 1 754
484 2 754
486 1 754
488 1 754
491 1 754
493 1 754
495 1 754
503 1 754
506 1 754
507 1 754
508 1 754
509 2 754
510 1 754
511 2 754
512 2 754
514 1 754
516 1 754
517 2 754
518 1 754
520 2 754
521 2 754
522 2 754
523 2 754
524 1 754
526 3 754
527 2 754
528 3 754
529 1 754
531 1 754
546 1 754
565 1 754
566 1 754
575 1 754
576 1 754
577 1 754
579 1 754
580 1 754
581 1 754
596 1 754
603 1 754
604 1 754
606 1 754
608 1 754
609 1 754
610 1 754
612 1 754
615 1 754
619 1 754
622 1 754
623 1 754
625 2 754
626 2 754
629 1 754
631 1 754
632 1 754
633 2 754
634 1 754
636 1 754
643 1 754
644 1 754
649 1 754
652 1 754
659 1 754
660 1 754
699 1 754
700 2 754
705 2 754
707 2 754
715 1 754
723 1 754
726 1 754
727 2 754
728 1 754
729 1 754
730 1 754
731 1 754
752 1 754
754 6 754
780 1 754
785 1 754
790 1 754
805 1 754
809 1 754
810 1 754
812 4 754
813 2 754
814 3 754
817 2 754
820 1 754
822 1 754
824 2 754
825 1 754
826 1 754
829 2 754
830 1 754
866 1 754
870 1 754
873 1 754
875 1 754
894 1 754
895 1 754
1035 1 754
1044 1 754
1051 1 754
1078 1 754
1089 1 754
1091 1 754
1143 1 754
1264 1 754
1282 1 754
1294 1 754
1302 1 754
1303 2 754
1327 2 754
1364 1 754
1366 2 754
1367 2 754
1368 2 754
1396 1 754
1419 1 754
1427 1 754
1427 1 754
.I 755
.T
The Journal of Documentation
.A
Bhattacharyya, K.
.W
This paper examines the implications of the findings of evaluative tests
regarding the retrieval performance of natural language in various subject
fields. It suggests parallel investigations into the structure of natural
language, with particular reference to terminology, as used in the different
branches of basic science. The criteria for defining the terminological
consistency of a subject are formulated and a measure suggested for
determining the degree of terminological consistency.
The terminological and information structures of specific disciplines such
as, chemistry, physics, botany, zoology, and geology; the circumstances in
which terms originate; and the efforts made by the international scientific
community to standardize the terminology in their respective disciplines -
are examined in detail. This investigation shows why and how an artificially
created scientific language finds it impossible to keep pace with current
developments and thus points to the source of natural language.
.X
38 1 755
124 1 755
127 1 755
129 1 755
190 1 755
191 1 755
197 1 755
211 1 755
214 1 755
218 1 755
243 1 755
307 1 755
324 1 755
330 1 755
378 1 755
422 1 755
441 1 755
450 1 755
451 1 755
452 1 755
459 1 755
468 1 755
484 1 755
492 1 755
508 1 755
510 1 755
511 1 755
512 1 755
514 2 755
518 1 755
520 2 755
523 1 755
524 1 755
525 1 755
526 1 755
529 1 755
530 1 755
534 1 755
546 1 755
553 1 755
577 1 755
579 1 755
582 1 755
594 1 755
603 2 755
604 1 755
606 1 755
609 1 755
610 1 755
611 1 755
612 1 755
625 1 755
626 1 755
630 1 755
636 1 755
637 1 755
641 1 755
642 1 755
643 1 755
644 1 755
645 1 755
648 1 755
649 1 755
650 2 755
692 1 755
696 1 755
699 1 755
703 1 755
705 1 755
708 1 755
709 1 755
726 2 755
727 1 755
728 1 755
731 1 755
732 1 755
733 1 755
734 1 755
736 1 755
738 1 755
739 1 755
740 1 755
741 1 755
742 1 755
743 1 755
744 1 755
755 5 755
813 1 755
820 2 755
822 1 755
825 1 755
826 1 755
827 2 755
830 1 755
879 1 755
883 1 755
1004 1 755
1035 1 755
1078 1 755
1084 1 755
1089 1 755
1091 2 755
1207 1 755
1264 1 755
1297 1 755
1303 1 755
1356 1 755
1364 1 755
1368 1 755
1370 1 755
1372 1 755
1373 1 755
1374 1 755
1375 1 755
1376 1 755
1377 1 755
1448 1 755
1448 1 755
.I 756
.T
Optimization of Library Expenditure on Biochemical Journals
.A
Line, M.B.
.W
In a 1973 paper, Sengupta analysed references to biochemical journals in an
attempt to provide a guide for librarians with a limited budget. He not only
ranked journals by the absolute number of citations made to 1969 volumes, but
related the number of citations to the number of papers and even to the number
of words in each journal, as perhaps 'a better guide to selection of journals
for subscription than position in the ranking list.' (A similar procedure is
adopted in two more recent articles by Sengupta on physiology and microbiology
journals.)
.X
48 1 756
167 2 756
359 1 756
614 1 756
625 1 756
634 1 756
635 1 756
638 2 756
748 2 756
753 2 756
756 5 756
757 2 756
764 1 756
787 1 756
792 1 756
808 1 756
821 1 756
831 1 756
952 1 756
953 1 756
1083 1 756
1210 1 756
1254 1 756
1256 1 756
1260 1 756
1275 1 756
1278 1 756
1302 2 756
1369 1 756
1373 1 756
1418 1 756
1418 1 756
.I 757
.T
Citation Analyses as Indicators of the Use of Serials: A Comparison of
Ranked Title Lists Produced by Citation Counting and from Use Data
.A
Scales, Pauline A.
.W
Lists of journals ranked according to number of citations received are
frequently used as indicators of usefulness, but little research has been
carried out to test the validity of this hypothesis.. On comparing lists of
titles of journals ranked by citation counting with lists of the same journals,
ranked according to frequency of use (using data from a survey at the National
Lending Library), it was found that the rank order correlation between the two
was low.. This suggestions that ranked lists produced by analyses of citations
do not constitute valid guides for journal selection by libraries..
.X
48 1 757
128 1 757
167 1 757
330 1 757
393 1 757
614 1 757
623 1 757
635 1 757
638 1 757
729 1 757
744 1 757
748 2 757
753 1 757
756 2 757
757 7 757
787 1 757
792 1 757
821 1 757
831 3 757
893 1 757
952 1 757
953 1 757
1083 1 757
1210 1 757
1254 1 757
1256 1 757
1260 1 757
1275 1 757
1278 1 757
1302 1 757
1369 1 757
1373 1 757
1375 1 757
1376 1 757
1418 1 757
1418 1 757
.I 758
.T
A Scientific Theory of Classification and Indexing
and Its Practical Application
.A
Farradane, J. E. L.
.W
A classification is a theory of the structure of knowledge.. From a
discussion of the nature of truth, it is held that scientific knowledge is the
only knowledge which can be regarded as true.. The method of induction from
empirical data is therefore applied to the construction of a classification..
Items of knowledge are divided into uniquely definable terms, called isolates,
and the relations between them, called operators.. It is shown that only four
basic operators exist, expressing appurtenance, equivalence, reaction, and
causation; using symbols for these operators, all subjects can be analysed in a
linear form called an analet.. With the addition of the permissible permutations
of such analets, formed according to simple rules, alphabetical arrangement of
the first terms provides a complete, logical subject index.. Examples are given,
and possible difficulties are considered.. A classification can then be
constructed by selection of deductive relations, arranged in hierarchical form..
The nature of possible classifications is discussed.. It is claimed that such an
inductively constructed classification is the only true representation of the
structure of knowledge, and that these principles provide a simple technique
for accurately and fully indexing and classifying any given set of data, with
complete flexibility..
.X
160 1 758
258 1 758
259 1 758
476 1 758
477 1 758
478 2 758
480 2 758
516 2 758
542 1 758
758 5 758
785 1 758
1215 1 758
1231 1 758
1259 1 758
1391 2 758
1405 1 758
1405 1 758
.I 759
.T
A New Look at Reference Scattering
.A
Cole, P.F.
.W
It was first observed by Bradford that, for a large collection of journal
references on a given subject, most of the articles are derived from a small
proportion of the total titles. Bradford listed the journals concerned in order
of decreasing productivity and, by plotting the logarithms of the cumulative
totals of titles against the cumulative totals of relevant articles produced,
he obtained a straight line. (Similar results have been obtained by many later
workers. The pattern is illustrated by Table I which shows the distribution
of references among journal titles obtained by the author during a study of
literature usage in the petroleum industry.) On the basis of these results
Bradford then formulated a simple mathematical model to describe reference
scattering. Vickery later pointed out that this 'law of scattering' predicted
not a straight line but a curve. Kendall has now provided a more refined
statistical explanation of the straight line observed by Bradford.
.X
33 1 759
36 1 759
44 1 759
46 1 759
57 2 759
76 1 759
81 1 759
184 1 759
193 1 759
195 1 759
201 1 759
203 1 759
204 1 759
205 1 759
233 1 759
267 1 759
359 5 759
361 3 759
367 1 759
395 1 759
416 2 759
505 1 759
515 1 759
573 1 759
587 1 759
616 1 759
667 1 759
748 3 759
750 1 759
751 2 759
759 12 759
760 1 759
765 7 759
767 2 759
775 2 759
776 3 759
778 4 759
787 2 759
791 1 759
792 1 759
793 1 759
800 1 759
893 1 759
977 1 759
983 1 759
1016 1 759
1030 1 759
1076 1 759
1081 2 759
1082 2 759
1083 3 759
1085 2 759
1086 1 759
1090 1 759
1097 1 759
1098 1 759
1114 1 759
1122 1 759
1157 1 759
1170 2 759
1173 1 759
1182 4 759
1201 2 759
1226 1 759
1275 1 759
1278 1 759
1381 1 759
1401 1 759
1417 1 759
1418 1 759
1432 1 759
1432 1 759
.I 760
.T
The Foreign-Language Problem Facing Scientists and Technologists
in the United Kingdom - Report of a Recent Survey
.A
Wood, D. N.
.W
The foreign-language barrier facing British scientists is a function of a,
the amount and value of foreign scientific literature produced; b, the
linguistic ability of the people wishing to read it; and c, the availability
and effectiveness of translation services.. To obtain quantitative data on
these points the NLL has recently conducted a survey amongst scientists and
librarians in the United Kingdom and the present paper presents the more
important results..
The survey has shown that the language problem is of considerable magnitude
and is common to the majority of scientists and technologists.. The languages
creating the most difficulty are Russian, German, and Japanese.. It has also
indicated that local translation facilities are not particularly effective and
that, as far as national facilities are concerned, British scientists are
largely unaware of existing services which might help them to overcome their
difficulties..
The results of the investigation suggest a number of lines of action which
the appropriate authorities might follow.. The most important would seem to be
the publishing of a international index to translations and the creation within
the United Kingdom of a centralized Japanese translation service..
.X
2 1 760
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34 1 760
36 1 760
37 1 760
41 1 760
46 1 760
53 1 760
76 1 760
132 1 760
137 2 760
139 1 760
152 1 760
155 1 760
161 1 760
166 1 760
181 1 760
182 1 760
183 2 760
184 1 760
193 1 760
195 2 760
198 1 760
201 1 760
203 1 760
204 1 760
210 1 760
269 1 760
371 1 760
382 1 760
395 1 760
415 1 760
456 1 760
475 2 760
552 1 760
658 1 760
711 1 760
759 1 760
760 16 760
767 1 760
770 1 760
772 1 760
774 2 760
775 2 760
776 2 760
777 1 760
778 1 760
788 2 760
789 2 760
889 1 760
891 1 760
900 4 760
905 1 760
952 1 760
953 1 760
964 1 760
967 1 760
968 1 760
977 1 760
1009 1 760
1018 1 760
1019 1 760
1055 1 760
1056 1 760
1118 1 760
1240 1 760
1254 1 760
1281 1 760
1359 1 760
1397 1 760
1404 1 760
1417 1 760
1451 1 760
1451 1 760
.I 761
.T
Minimum Vocabularies in Information Indexing
.A
Moss, R.
.W
Words have no precision, though in information storage and retrieval we are
required to act as if they did.. We have, therefore, to impose certain
arbitrary conditions to reduce the element of personal interpretation..
'Meaning' must be remove from the indexing stage to that of vocabulary
construction.. Vocabularies can be reduced to a minimum, first to a core of
terms used in specialist science, and, following Russel, ultimately to
undefined terms symbolic of sense experience.. 'Basic English' has shown
similar minimizing to be feasible for a natural language.. The success of
Batten cards shown that the principle could be equally applicable to specialist
indexing vocabularies..
.X
42 1 761
119 1 761
149 1 761
152 1 761
258 1 761
388 1 761
458 1 761
558 1 761
714 1 761
761 5 761
907 1 761
1175 1 761
1309 1 761
1381 1 761
1394 1 761
1407 1 761
1407 1 761
.I 762
.T
Opening the Black Box of 'Relevance'
.A
Cuarda, Carlos A.
.A
Katter, Robert V.
.W
The purpose of this project was to identify variables thought to affect
relevance judgements and conduct a series of laboratory studies to determine
the effects of these variables on relevance judgements.. This paper discusses
the variable of 'implicit use orientations' - the particular attitude taken by
a subject (judge) about the intended use of a document.. One hundred and forty
judges rated each of nine abstracts for relevance to several short information
requirement statements.. The some judges then repeated the ratings, each
adopting (assuming) one of the fourteen use orientations described to them.. It
was found that the particular use orientation assumed by the judge has a marked
effect on relevance judgements.. It was also found that implicit use
orientations can be analysed in terms of their underlying structure and that
their study offers the possibility of discovering the conditions under which
one person can accurately simulate and use the implicit use orientations of
another..
Relevance judgements have been used as a basis of measures designed to
evaluate the effectiveness of information retrieval system.. This judgements
have usually been accepted at face value and have not been subjected to
critical scrutiny.. There is reason to believe, however, that as ordinarily
obtained, they may be unreliable and sensitive to a number of conditions of
measurement that have not been carefully controlled in previous evaluation
studies..
.X
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20 1 762
29 2 762
35 1 762
42 3 762
43 1 762
58 2 762
60 1 762
70 1 762
72 1 762
75 1 762
84 1 762
85 1 762
129 1 762
149 1 762
165 1 762
172 1 762
382 1 762
444 2 762
445 2 762
447 1 762
449 1 762
451 1 762
469 1 762
474 1 762
486 1 762
532 1 762
554 1 762
565 1 762
585 1 762
590 1 762
595 1 762
599 1 762
608 1 762
609 1 762
625 1 762
640 1 762
652 2 762
656 1 762
660 2 762
665 1 762
689 1 762
762 7 762
764 1 762
803 1 762
814 1 762
893 1 762
901 1 762
956 1 762
961 1 762
1016 1 762
1022 1 762
1030 1 762
1045 2 762
1077 1 762
1084 1 762
1195 1 762
1201 1 762
1231 1 762
1235 1 762
1268 1 762
1281 2 762
1285 1 762
1294 1 762
1294 1 762
.I 763
.T
Current Awareness Needs of Physicists: Results of an Anglo-American Study
.A
Keenan, Stella
.A
Slater, Margaret
.W
An outline of methods and summary of findings of a study of American,British
and Overseas physicists.. This project was conducted by Aslib Research
Department (acting for the Institution of Electrical Engineers) and the
American Institute of Physics.. It took place in 1966, the first year of
publication of Current Papers in Physics.. Aims were to assess the need for and
reactions to this new current awareness journal and suggestions for improvement,
and to obtain background information on the current awareness requirements of
the physics community..
.X
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210 1 763
355 1 763
717 1 763
763 6 763
772 1 763
788 1 763
986 1 763
1050 1 763
1095 2 763
1106 1 763
1155 1 763
1156 1 763
1158 1 763
1160 1 763
1254 1 763
1291 1 763
1404 1 763
1404 1 763
.I 764
.T
Progress in Documentation
.A
Line, M.B.
Sandison, A.
.W
The term 'obsolescence' occurs frequently in the literature of librarianship
and information science. In numerous papers we are told how most published
literature becomes obsolete within a measurable time, and that an item receives
half the uses it will ever receive ('half-life') in a few years. 'Obsolescence'
is however very rarely defined, and its validity, interest, and practical value
are often assumed rather than explained. Before reviewing studies on
'obsolescence', therefore, it is necessary to look at the concept and to
identify the reasons why it should be of interest.
.X
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19 1 764
29 1 764
35 1 764
37 1 764
39 1 764
40 1 764
41 1 764
42 1 764
43 1 764
47 2 764
58 1 764
70 1 764
73 1 764
84 1 764
88 1 764
97 1 764
102 1 764
103 1 764
106 1 764
111 1 764
113 1 764
115 1 764
207 1 764
225 1 764
233 1 764
234 2 764
245 1 764
253 1 764
313 1 764
359 1 764
364 1 764
365 1 764
377 2 764
379 1 764
395 1 764
444 1 764
445 1 764
447 1 764
449 1 764
474 1 764
486 1 764
505 1 764
519 1 764
532 1 764
545 1 764
560 1 764
573 1 764
587 2 764
614 1 764
618 1 764
625 1 764
632 2 764
635 1 764
638 4 764
660 1 764
667 1 764
713 1 764
748 1 764
749 1 764
751 1 764
753 1 764
756 1 764
762 1 764
764 12 764
765 1 764
777 1 764
778 1 764
780 1 764
782 1 764
804 1 764
805 1 764
808 1 764
811 2 764
816 2 764
818 1 764
823 1 764
824 1 764
829 1 764
842 1 764
893 2 764
895 1 764
925 1 764
944 1 764
948 1 764
952 1 764
1016 2 764
1023 1 764
1030 1 764
1045 1 764
1061 1 764
1084 1 764
1085 1 764
1086 1 764
1087 1 764
1091 1 764
1182 1 764
1195 1 764
1200 1 764
1201 1 764
1235 1 764
1257 1 764
1274 2 764
1277 1 764
1278 2 764
1280 2 764
1281 1 764
1285 2 764
1287 1 764
1301 2 764
1302 4 764
1304 1 764
1307 1 764
1313 2 764
1335 1 764
1338 1 764
1344 1 764
1347 1 764
1355 1 764
1369 1 764
1380 1 764
1428 1 764
1444 2 764
1444 2 764
.I 765
.T
Bradford's Law of Scattering
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.W
These authors collected a large number of references to a certain subject,
and arranged the periodicals in which the references occurred in order of
decreasing productivity. Thus for applied geophysics they found (loc. cit.,
p. 112) 1 periodical containing 93 references, 1 containing 86, 4 containing
16, 49 containing 2, and 169 containing only 1 reference. They then made
cumulative totals for the two sets of figures, so that in the T most productive
periodicals there occurred in all R references. Bradford then plotted log T
against R and his curves are reproduced as B and C in Fig. 1. An exactly
similar procedure for periodical references borrowed by Butterwick resulted
in curve A. In both A and B, after an initial steep rise (up to about R = 500),
the curves approximate to a straight line, R = a log T + b.
.X
19 1 765
33 1 765
36 1 765
37 1 765
39 1 765
40 1 765
44 1 765
47 1 765
57 2 765
62 2 765
76 1 765
81 1 765
88 1 765
97 1 765
102 1 765
103 1 765
128 1 765
129 1 765
130 1 765
167 1 765
184 1 765
193 1 765
195 1 765
201 1 765
203 1 765
204 1 765
205 1 765
223 1 765
225 1 765
233 3 765
234 1 765
253 1 765
267 2 765
280 1 765
313 1 765
359 9 765
361 1 765
377 1 765
379 2 765
382 1 765
393 1 765
395 2 765
416 3 765
468 1 765
494 1 765
505 2 765
515 1 765
560 1 765
573 3 765
587 1 765
614 1 765
616 1 765
618 1 765
632 1 765
635 1 765
638 1 765
639 1 765
646 1 765
647 1 765
651 2 765
667 2 765
685 1 765
686 1 765
691 1 765
721 1 765
725 1 765
748 8 765
749 2 765
750 1 765
751 8 765
759 7 765
764 1 765
765 23 765
767 1 765
770 1 765
776 2 765
777 1 765
778 12 765
782 1 765
786 2 765
787 2 765
791 4 765
792 1 765
793 2 765
800 2 765
804 1 765
805 1 765
811 1 765
818 1 765
822 1 765
823 1 765
827 1 765
893 2 765
925 2 765
943 1 765
944 1 765
948 1 765
952 1 765
983 1 765
1016 3 765
1019 1 765
1030 1 765
1061 1 765
1070 1 765
1076 1 765
1081 2 765
1082 2 765
1083 5 765
1084 1 765
1085 6 765
1086 2 765
1087 1 765
1090 1 765
1097 2 765
1098 1 765
1109 1 765
1114 2 765
1122 1 765
1157 1 765
1170 1 765
1172 2 765
1173 1 765
1182 5 765
1200 1 765
1201 3 765
1208 1 765
1209 1 765
1226 2 765
1274 2 765
1277 1 765
1278 2 765
1280 1 765
1285 1 765
1287 1 765
1290 1 765
1301 1 765
1302 1 765
1304 1 765
1313 1 765
1338 1 765
1344 1 765
1347 1 765
1374 1 765
1380 2 765
1381 1 765
1390 1 765
1401 2 765
1417 1 765
1418 1 765
1422 1 765
1428 1 765
1437 1 765
1444 1 765
1444 1 765
.I 766
.T
A National Loan Policy for Scientific Serials
.A
Urquhart, D.J.
Bunn, R.M.
.W
Elsewhere (1) a survey has been reported of the use of the serials in the
Science Museum Library. In brief this showed that where the Science
Museum Library's copy of a serial was frequently used, this serial was widely
held, and that the converse was true. In fact it appears that the use of the
Science Museum's copy of a periodical is a rough measure of the national
loan use of library copies.
.X
4 1 766
5 1 766
33 1 766
36 1 766
41 1 766
76 1 766
89 2 766
97 1 766
102 1 766
111 1 766
112 1 766
163 1 766
183 2 766
184 2 766
193 2 766
198 1 766
199 1 766
201 1 766
203 1 766
204 1 766
207 1 766
210 1 766
225 1 766
245 1 766
269 1 766
364 1 766
373 1 766
545 1 766
552 2 766
587 1 766
605 1 766
613 1 766
614 1 766
638 1 766
735 2 766
747 1 766
750 1 766
753 1 766
766 5 766
767 1 766
775 1 766
782 1 766
784 2 766
788 1 766
789 1 766
793 1 766
800 1 766
808 1 766
811 1 766
816 1 766
828 1 766
905 1 766
925 2 766
953 1 766
959 1 766
960 1 766
961 1 766
962 1 766
964 1 766
977 1 766
983 1 766
1016 1 766
1023 1 766
1030 1 766
1055 2 766
1087 1 766
1090 1 766
1135 1 766
1253 1 766
1260 1 766
1275 1 766
1276 1 766
1278 1 766
1280 1 766
1285 1 766
1286 1 766
1287 1 766
1302 1 766
1335 1 766
1390 1 766
1397 2 766
1400 1 766
1417 1 766
1428 1 766
1432 2 766
1432 2 766
.I 767
.T
Journal Usage Versus Age of Journal
.A
Cole, P.F.
.W
The effective planning of technical libraries would be greatly facilitated
if there were some theoretical basis which could be used to predict the
probable distribution by titles, and by age of journal, of future journal
demand. As a first step, the author has recently developed a general expression
for the distribution among journal titles of large groups of journal references.
In this present paper a relationship between usage and age of journal
is established and the application of this relationship to some library planning
problems is illustrated.
.X
14 1 767
31 2 767
33 3 767
36 3 767
41 2 767
46 2 767
57 1 767
89 1 767
97 1 767
102 1 767
106 2 767
111 1 767
112 1 767
132 1 767
137 1 767
163 1 767
181 1 767
182 1 767
183 3 767
184 3 767
189 1 767
193 4 767
195 2 767
198 1 767
199 1 767
201 3 767
203 2 767
204 1 767
205 1 767
210 1 767
221 1 767
225 1 767
233 1 767
237 1 767
267 1 767
269 3 767
272 1 767
314 2 767
359 3 767
360 1 767
367 1 767
373 1 767
395 2 767
415 2 767
545 1 767
552 1 767
587 3 767
605 1 767
613 1 767
614 1 767
638 1 767
667 1 767
735 1 767
747 1 767
748 3 767
750 3 767
751 1 767
753 2 767
759 2 767
760 1 767
765 1 767
766 1 767
767 12 767
772 1 767
774 1 767
775 2 767
778 3 767
782 1 767
784 1 767
787 2 767
788 1 767
789 2 767
791 2 767
792 1 767
793 3 767
794 1 767
800 4 767
808 1 767
891 1 767
905 3 767
952 3 767
953 2 767
964 1 767
968 1 767
977 3 767
983 2 767
1009 1 767
1016 1 767
1018 1 767
1019 1 767
1023 1 767
1030 3 767
1055 1 767
1071 1 767
1081 1 767
1082 1 767
1083 1 767
1085 1 767
1086 1 767
1087 1 767
1090 1 767
1135 1 767
1201 1 767
1203 1 767
1240 1 767
1260 1 767
1275 3 767
1276 1 767
1278 2 767
1280 2 767
1285 2 767
1286 1 767
1287 1 767
1302 2 767
1335 1 767
1352 2 767
1359 1 767
1390 1 767
1397 2 767
1401 1 767
1417 3 767
1418 1 767
1428 2 767
1432 1 767
1451 1 767
1451 1 767
.I 768
.T
Student Attitudes to the University Library. A Survey at Southampton University
.A
Line, M.B.
.W
A good deal is now known about the use made by students of university
libraries, notably from the surveys carried out by Leeds University
Library in 1957 and 1960. Statistics of use, however, will not by themselves
indicate how good a library is, whether as a bookstock, a building, or
an administrative department. How adequate is the bookstock? How fully
is it being exploited? How important are physical and personal elements?
These are questions librarians are continually asking themselves, but they
are also questions readers could be asked directly or indirectly.
.X
4 2 768
9 1 768
32 1 768
96 1 768
137 1 768
163 1 768
207 1 768
278 1 768
293 1 768
298 1 768
300 1 768
370 1 768
418 1 768
456 1 768
648 1 768
768 8 768
774 4 768
783 2 768
799 1 768
811 1 768
816 1 768
818 2 768
823 1 768
839 1 768
842 1 768
843 1 768
844 1 768
847 1 768
872 1 768
913 2 768
961 1 768
962 1 768
964 1 768
968 1 768
970 1 768
1068 1 768
1069 1 768
1070 1 768
1203 1 768
1214 1 768
1246 1 768
1263 2 768
1321 1 768
1401 1 768
1407 1 768
1434 1 768
1445 1 768
1445 1 768
.I 769
.T
Keywords and Clumps
.A
Needham, R.M.
Jones, K.S.
.W
Recent work at the Cambridge Language Research Unit has been
concerned with the development of automatic classification procedures for
information retrieval. This has taken the form of research into methods of
classification of keywords extracted from documents, with a view to using
the classes found for co-ordinate indexing of technical material. We cannot
claim to have solved this problem because the methods we have been able
to develop so far cannot be applied on a sufficiently large scale. We have,
however, made enough progress to make us feel that this a fruitful line of
research.
.X
26 1 769
45 1 769
50 1 769
131 1 769
174 2 769
175 1 769
310 1 769
328 1 769
382 1 769
389 2 769
419 1 769
422 1 769
454 1 769
479 2 769
483 1 769
485 2 769
562 1 769
564 2 769
565 1 769
660 1 769
661 2 769
662 2 769
663 2 769
664 1 769
769 7 769
780 1 769
785 1 769
966 1 769
1118 1 769
1144 1 769
1255 1 769
1327 1 769
1419 1 769
1419 1 769
.I 770
.T
Tests on Abstracts Journals
.A
Martyn, J.
Slater, M.
.W
The amount of scientific and technical information published
annually in the form of journal articles, conference papers, reports, theses,
patents, and books now greatly exceeds, in every field of interest, the
amount which may be scanned by a scientist wishing to keep himself completely
up to date in his own subject. For a scientist wishing to inform himself of
new developments in neighbouring subject-fields the problem is
even greater. Consequently, either the scientist reconciles himself to the
knowledge that he is not aware of all relevant information in his field or
he places increasingly more reliance on such bibliographic tools as are
available to guide him towards the relevant literature.
First among such tools is the abstracts journal.
.X
2 1 770
4 1 770
65 1 770
114 1 770
154 1 770
158 1 770
162 2 770
194 1 770
212 1 770
371 1 770
382 1 770
458 2 770
475 1 770
513 1 770
580 1 770
582 1 770
613 1 770
622 2 770
627 1 770
658 1 770
685 1 770
686 1 770
691 1 770
696 1 770
705 1 770
721 1 770
722 1 770
725 1 770
728 1 770
729 1 770
749 1 770
760 1 770
765 1 770
770 12 770
776 8 770
796 1 770
802 1 770
815 1 770
914 1 770
967 1 770
981 1 770
1030 1 770
1076 2 770
1097 1 770
1098 1 770
1157 1 770
1176 1 770
1208 1 770
1209 1 770
1290 1 770
1392 1 770
1404 1 770
1414 1 770
1431 1 770
1448 1 770
1448 1 770
.I 771
.T
Survey of Information Needs of Physicists and Chemists
.A
Aims, A.
.W
Scientific research is expensive and the practical application of its
results is even more expensive. Information services are relatively
inexpensive and, by constantly improving their scope and efficiency and
encouraging the scientist to make the best use of them, we can minimize
duplication and inefficiency in research and development. This is the
justification for the present survey and for all the work on user needs
which has preceded it.
.X
2 1 771
32 1 771
96 1 771
132 1 771
161 1 771
475 1 771
658 2 771
771 5 771
788 1 771
965 1 771
1095 1 771
1099 1 771
1102 1 771
1111 1 771
1151 1 771
1154 1 771
1158 1 771
1254 1 771
1321 1 771
1330 1 771
1361 1 771
1408 1 771
1446 1 771
1447 1 771
1447 1 771
.I 772
.T
Information Use Studies
Part 2 - Comparison of Some Recent Surveys
.A
Barnes, R.C.M.
.W
Information-use studies are vitally necessary in order to complement,
challenge, and sharpen informed intuitive judgements, but even the
broadest conclusions drawn from such studies need to be examined critically.
The conclusions or their generality may sometimes be invalidated by special
conditions in the survey sample, by the environment having been disturbed
by the survey, by the interpretation given to questions or observations, or
by the way the data has been analyzed. These same factors make direct
comparison of results from different surveys difficult, and make superficial
comparisons misleading. Some comparisons and conclusions are certainly much
less sound than the casual reader might suppose, particularly when results
have been compressed and taken out of their context in the original survey.
The difficulty of comparing information-use surveys is well illustrated by
the copious footnotes used by Menzel, Lieberman, and Dulchin in order to
qualify the significance of the results which they compare.
.X
14 1 772
41 1 772
132 2 772
137 2 772
147 1 772
161 2 772
237 1 772
272 1 772
456 1 772
624 1 772
760 1 772
763 1 772
767 1 772
772 6 772
900 1 772
952 1 772
965 1 772
1030 1 772
1095 1 772
1155 1 772
1156 1 772
1158 1 772
1160 1 772
1254 1 772
1275 1 772
1280 1 772
1353 1 772
1361 1 772
1361 1 772
.I 773
.T
A Computer_Aided Information Service for Nuclear Science and Technology
.A
Rolling, Loll N.
.W
The computerized information centre of the European Atomic Energy Community
has become operational.. A survey of its principal characteristics is given, and
the main problems that arose in the development phase of the system are
discussed.. The Euratom Thesaurus includes graphic representation of
relationships between indexing terms.. A dual vocabulary allows specific
indexing for high relevance and generic indexing for high recall.. Retrieval
strategy involves utilization of Boolean operators and frequency-of-occurrence
tables.. Recall ration can be determined graphically by a continuous approach
method.. Indexing consistency tests show that it pays to use subject
specialists.. User's needs are discussed in terms of subject coverage,
specificity, rapidity, and presentation.. The user service comprises
retrospective searches on request as well as customer profile service on
subscription.. There are three types of relevance, and various ways of bringing
system relevance to coincide with user relevance.. The Centre's budgetary
requirements are low, due to circumspect use of its computer, an IBM 360, model
40.. Its aims are centralization of documentation in the nuclear field and
international co-operation..
.X
39 1 773
50 1 773
54 1 773
151 1 773
326 1 773
446 1 773
473 1 773
474 1 773
485 1 773
503 1 773
504 1 773
572 1 773
616 1 773
632 1 773
746 1 773
773 8 773
798 1 773
958 1 773
966 1 773
1011 1 773
1118 1 773
1122 1 773
1123 1 773
1133 1 773
1141 1 773
1207 1 773
1226 1 773
1255 1 773
1282 1 773
1283 1 773
1426 1 773
1426 1 773
.I 774
.T
Student Attitudes to the University Library:
A Second Survey at Southampton University
.A
Line, Maurice B.
.A
Tidmarsh, Mavis
.W
In May 1965 a survey into student attitudes to the Library of Southampton
University was carried out by questionnaire with a sample of 322
undergraduates.. The aim was to assess the effect, if any, of the considerable
measures taken since the 1962 survey.. Uncontrolled factors, mainly related to
the rapid expansion of the University, may. however, have effected the results..
It appears that, except for social science students, there were few improvements
in attitudes and use, and that seminars had little measurable effect.. Possible
explanations for this are offered, and the place of reader services in a
university library discussed.. Other items covered by the survey include the use
of libraries in Halls of resinence and of Southampton Public Libraries, which in
both cases showed a sharp decline since 1962, the number and cost of books
bought by undergraduates, and their use of libraries in vacations..
.X
2 1 774
4 2 774
9 1 774
31 1 774
32 1 774
36 1 774
41 1 774
46 1 774
76 1 774
96 1 774
132 1 774
137 2 774
139 1 774
152 1 774
155 1 774
163 1 774
181 1 774
182 1 774
183 2 774
184 1 774
193 1 774
195 2 774
198 1 774
201 1 774
203 1 774
204 1 774
207 1 774
210 1 774
269 1 774
293 1 774
298 1 774
370 1 774
395 1 774
415 1 774
418 1 774
456 1 774
475 1 774
552 1 774
648 1 774
760 2 774
767 1 774
768 4 774
774 6 774
775 1 774
778 1 774
783 1 774
788 1 774
789 1 774
799 1 774
811 1 774
816 1 774
818 1 774
823 1 774
839 1 774
842 1 774
843 1 774
844 1 774
847 1 774
891 1 774
905 1 774
913 1 774
952 1 774
953 1 774
961 1 774
962 1 774
964 2 774
968 2 774
977 1 774
1009 1 774
1018 1 774
1019 1 774
1055 1 774
1056 1 774
1068 1 774
1069 1 774
1070 1 774
1203 1 774
1214 1 774
1240 1 774
1246 1 774
1321 1 774
1359 1 774
1397 1 774
1401 1 774
1407 1 774
1417 1 774
1445 1 774
1451 1 774
1451 1 774
.I 775
.T
The Citation Characteristics of Astronomical Research Literature
.A
Meadows, A. J.
.W
The citation characteristic of papers in the Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society (especially for the years 1963-5) have been examined as a
means of studying the usage of astronomical literature in the United Kingdom..
The decrease of usage with age has been investigated and the decay half-life
determined.. Particular attention has been paid to the immediacy affect, and
to its possible variation in different sub-fields of astronomy.. The citations
have also been separated according to journal of origin.. As a result of this
study, a quantitative estimate has been made of the titles and backruns that are
required to satisfy a given percentage of the demand for astronomical research
literature in the country..
.X
2 1 775
33 3 775
36 1 775
41 1 775
76 1 775
89 1 775
97 1 775
101 1 775
102 1 775
105 1 775
111 1 775
112 1 775
132 1 775
137 1 775
139 1 775
152 1 775
155 2 775
163 1 775
183 2 775
184 1 775
189 1 775
193 1 775
195 1 775
198 1 775
199 1 775
203 2 775
204 1 775
210 2 775
221 1 775
225 1 775
269 1 775
314 1 775
359 1 775
361 1 775
373 2 775
379 1 775
415 1 775
475 1 775
544 1 775
545 1 775
552 2 775
560 1 775
587 3 775
588 1 775
605 2 775
613 1 775
614 1 775
616 1 775
638 1 775
667 1 775
685 1 775
735 2 775
747 1 775
748 1 775
750 3 775
753 1 775
759 2 775
760 2 775
766 1 775
767 2 775
774 1 775
775 11 775
776 2 775
782 1 775
784 1 775
788 2 775
789 2 775
793 3 775
794 2 775
800 4 775
808 3 775
821 1 775
905 2 775
952 1 775
953 1 775
977 2 775
983 1 775
1016 1 775
1023 1 775
1030 1 775
1055 2 775
1056 1 775
1063 1 775
1071 1 775
1081 1 775
1082 1 775
1087 1 775
1088 1 775
1090 1 775
1135 1 775
1260 1 775
1275 4 775
1276 1 775
1278 1 775
1280 1 775
1285 5 775
1286 2 775
1287 3 775
1290 1 775
1302 3 775
1308 2 775
1312 1 775
1334 1 775
1335 1 775
1355 1 775
1390 1 775
1397 1 775
1417 1 775
1428 1 775
1432 2 775
1451 1 775
1451 1 775
.I 776
.T
Tests on Abstracts Journals: Coverage Overlap and Indexing
.A
Martyn, J.
.W
In a previous paper (J. Doc. 20 (4) 1964, 212-35) a series of tests on
the coverage, overlap, and indexing of abstracts journals were described.
Briefly, these were carried out by selecting recent, comprehensive
bibliographies on specific subjects, searching the appropriate abstracts
journals via the author indexes to determine the number of references given
in the bibliography that were abstracted, then consulting the subject
indexes to try to locate those references which are known to have been
abstracted. A further eight bibliographies have been studied, and the
results are reported here.
Our results are presented below in the following form:
1. Title of bibliography, source, content (number of journal references,
reports, etc.).
2. Abstracts journals consulted.
3. Coverage and multiple coverage. This is a bar-chart showing number of
references not abstracted, those covered once, twice, and so on.
4. Coverage by each abstracts journal, given as a bar-chart, the last column
showing coverage by all services combined. (Where bar-charts are given
they show coverages as percentages of the whole bibliography, actual
numbers of references being shown beneath the appropriate columns.
5. Taking each abstracts journal separately, we show the headings under
which references were found in the subject index. Some references we
were unable to locate, so there is often an apparent discrepancy with the
figures given in 4.
.X
2 1 776
4 1 776
65 2 776
158 1 776
162 1 776
359 1 776
361 1 776
371 1 776
382 1 776
458 1 776
475 1 776
513 2 776
545 1 776
580 1 776
582 2 776
591 1 776
613 1 776
622 1 776
658 1 776
685 1 776
686 1 776
691 1 776
696 1 776
705 1 776
721 1 776
722 1 776
725 1 776
728 1 776
729 1 776
759 3 776
760 2 776
765 2 776
770 8 776
775 2 776
776 16 776
782 1 776
815 1 776
967 1 776
981 1 776
1030 1 776
1076 1 776
1097 3 776
1098 2 776
1157 1 776
1176 2 776
1182 1 776
1208 1 776
1209 1 776
1275 1 776
1290 1 776
1404 1 776
1414 1 776
1432 1 776
1432 1 776
.I 777
.T
Estimates of the Number of Currently Available Scientific and Technical
Periodicals
.A
Barr, K. P.
.W
Published estimates of the number of scientific and technical periodicals
currently being published are analyzed.. A new estimates is put forward based
on the experience of the NLL in attempting to build up a comprehensive
collection of the world's scientific and technical periodical literature..
.X
19 1 777
37 2 777
39 1 777
40 2 777
47 1 777
55 1 777
88 1 777
97 1 777
102 1 777
103 1 777
233 1 777
253 2 777
313 1 777
359 1 777
377 1 777
379 1 777
395 1 777
505 1 777
560 1 777
573 1 777
592 1 777
618 2 777
622 1 777
632 1 777
635 1 777
667 1 777
747 1 777
748 1 777
749 1 777
751 1 777
760 1 777
764 1 777
765 1 777
777 6 777
778 1 777
782 1 777
791 1 777
804 1 777
805 1 777
893 2 777
952 1 777
1016 1 777
1061 1 777
1085 2 777
1086 1 777
1087 1 777
1172 1 777
1182 1 777
1200 2 777
1274 1 777
1275 1 777
1277 1 777
1278 1 777
1280 1 777
1285 1 777
1287 1 777
1301 2 777
1302 2 777
1304 1 777
1313 1 777
1337 1 777
1338 2 777
1344 1 777
1347 1 777
1380 2 777
1428 1 777
1444 1 777
1444 1 777
.I 778
.T
The Bradford Distribution
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
.W
The distribution of references in a collection of pertinent source documents
can be described and predicted by the relation F(x) = ln(1 + bx)/ln(1 + b) where
the parameter b is related to the subject field and the completeness of the
collection.. The model is used to predict the reference yield of abstracting
journals in a search for thermophysical property data.. It is used also to
explain differences among various literature studies of the past in terms of
differences in subject and comprehensiveness of search.. The model is derived
from S.C. Bradford's 'law of scattering' and is called the Bradford
Distribution..
.X
19 1 778
31 2 778
33 1 778
36 2 778
37 1 778
39 1 778
40 1 778
41 1 778
43 1 778
44 2 778
46 2 778
47 2 778
50 1 778
55 2 778
57 2 778
62 3 778
65 1 778
75 1 778
76 1 778
81 1 778
88 1 778
97 1 778
102 1 778
103 1 778
162 1 778
181 1 778
182 1 778
183 1 778
184 2 778
193 2 778
195 2 778
198 1 778
201 2 778
203 1 778
204 1 778
205 1 778
233 3 778
253 1 778
267 2 778
269 1 778
313 1 778
314 1 778
359 12 778
377 1 778
379 4 778
382 1 778
395 3 778
415 1 778
416 2 778
505 3 778
515 1 778
560 1 778
573 4 778
586 1 778
587 2 778
614 1 778
616 1 778
618 1 778
632 1 778
635 1 778
638 1 778
651 1 778
667 2 778
748 13 778
749 1 778
750 1 778
751 9 778
759 4 778
760 1 778
764 1 778
765 12 778
767 3 778
774 1 778
777 1 778
778 26 778
782 1 778
786 1 778
787 3 778
791 8 778
792 1 778
793 2 778
800 3 778
804 2 778
805 1 778
811 1 778
889 2 778
891 1 778
893 4 778
905 1 778
925 3 778
948 1 778
952 2 778
953 1 778
958 1 778
961 1 778
964 1 778
968 1 778
983 1 778
1009 1 778
1016 4 778
1018 1 778
1019 2 778
1061 1 778
1081 2 778
1082 2 778
1083 6 778
1084 1 778
1085 7 778
1086 6 778
1087 1 778
1090 1 778
1114 1 778
1122 1 778
1173 2 778
1182 6 778
1200 1 778
1201 4 778
1226 1 778
1240 1 778
1274 2 778
1277 1 778
1278 2 778
1280 1 778
1285 1 778
1287 1 778
1301 1 778
1302 1 778
1304 1 778
1313 1 778
1338 1 778
1344 1 778
1347 1 778
1359 1 778
1380 1 778
1397 1 778
1401 1 778
1417 2 778
1418 3 778
1428 1 778
1444 1 778
1451 1 778
1451 1 778
.I 779
.T
Evaluating the Economic Efficiency of a Document Retrieval System
.A
Lancaster, F. W.
.A
Climenson, W. D.
.W
A retrieval system may be evaluated strictly in terms of user satisfaction
(operating efficiency), or it may be evaluated from the point of view of
efficient means of satisfying user requirements (economic efficiency).. When
we consider the relationship between operating efficiency and economic
efficiency, we are faced with a whole series of possible trade-offs.. There
may be several alternative paths we can follow in order to serve user needs..
The problem is to determine the most economical path to follow.. Pay-off
factors, break-even points, and diminishing returns must be taken into
consideration.. This paper considers some of these factors in relation to various
parts of the complete retrieval system: the acquisition subsystem, the indexing
subsystem, the index language, the searching subsystem, and the equipment
subsystem..
.X
61 1 779
62 1 779
65 1 779
67 1 779
70 1 779
71 1 779
72 1 779
73 1 779
75 1 779
76 1 779
135 1 779
153 2 779
156 1 779
175 2 779
206 1 779
207 1 779
208 1 779
213 1 779
214 1 779
217 1 779
243 1 779
249 1 779
364 1 779
381 1 779
382 2 779
385 1 779
458 2 779
481 1 779
483 2 779
484 1 779
485 1 779
495 1 779
591 2 779
598 1 779
639 1 779
779 8 779
780 1 779
790 1 779
822 1 779
981 1 779
982 1 779
1055 1 779
1083 1 779
1086 1 779
1295 1 779
1297 1 779
1358 1 779
1402 1 779
1403 1 779
1410 1 779
1417 1 779
1417 1 779
.I 780
.T
The Measures of Information Retrieval Effectiveness proposed by Swets
.A
Brookes, B. C.
.W
Objective comparisons of the effectiveness of IR techniques are needed for
development of IR systems.. The measures proposed by Swets, which offer
important advantages, are analyzed and critically discussed.. Modifications of
the Swets measures, designed to increase their generality and to facilitate
their interpretation in terms of system variables, are proposed..
.X
50 1 780
54 1 780
57 1 780
61 1 780
67 1 780
69 1 780
70 1 780
71 1 780
72 1 780
73 8 780
75 1 780
79 1 780
131 1 780
134 2 780
135 1 780
146 1 780
175 4 780
206 1 780
207 1 780
208 1 780
224 1 780
274 1 780
298 1 780
315 1 780
319 2 780
381 1 780
382 2 780
389 1 780
390 4 780
419 1 780
441 1 780
445 1 780
449 1 780
456 1 780
458 3 780
474 3 780
481 1 780
483 1 780
485 1 780
509 1 780
514 1 780
519 3 780
531 1 780
554 1 780
565 1 780
566 1 780
575 2 780
577 3 780
579 1 780
587 1 780
591 1 780
595 1 780
599 1 780
603 1 780
615 1 780
619 1 780
620 1 780
621 1 780
625 3 780
630 1 780
634 1 780
643 1 780
644 2 780
649 3 780
652 1 780
660 3 780
662 1 780
752 5 780
754 1 780
764 1 780
769 1 780
779 1 780
780 14 780
785 6 780
810 1 780
812 3 780
822 1 780
824 2 780
829 3 780
830 1 780
895 3 780
907 1 780
956 1 780
966 1 780
981 1 780
982 1 780
1091 1 780
1255 2 780
1279 1 780
1282 6 780
1294 1 780
1307 5 780
1358 1 780
1402 1 780
1410 1 780
1417 1 780
1422 1 780
1427 1 780
1427 1 780
.I 781
.T
A Study of Cross-Referencing
.A
Kochen, Manfred
.A
Tagliacozzo, Renata
.W
The problem of determining the optimal cross-reference structure for a given
index and for a given community of users is discussed.. A ross-reference
structure is represented as a graph in which the nodes are index terms and the
links are relations between index terms.. In order to clarify the concept of
'level of cross-referencing' the characteristics of cross-referencing structure
are studied.. Some measures of cross-reference distributions are suggested as a
means of comparing the cross-referencing levels of subject indexes..
Types of relations linking the terms of cross-references in existing indexes
and thesauri are examined.. The implications of the study for the construction
and testing on indexes and thesauri are discussed..
.X
29 1 781
52 1 781
64 1 781
68 1 781
69 1 781
75 1 781
81 1 781
82 1 781
86 1 781
149 1 781
151 1 781
160 1 781
175 2 781
194 1 781
245 1 781
261 1 781
346 1 781
374 1 781
382 1 781
454 1 781
458 1 781
476 1 781
477 3 781
478 1 781
479 1 781
480 2 781
484 1 781
485 1 781
486 1 781
501 1 781
502 1 781
504 1 781
558 1 781
566 1 781
600 1 781
653 2 781
680 1 781
704 1 781
717 1 781
746 1 781
781 9 781
783 1 781
795 1 781
799 1 781
802 1 781
817 1 781
825 1 781
834 1 781
835 1 781
848 1 781
849 1 781
850 1 781
851 1 781
852 1 781
901 1 781
922 1 781
925 1 781
981 1 781
982 1 781
1024 1 781
1042 1 781
1051 1 781
1054 1 781
1118 1 781
1145 1 781
1175 1 781
1215 1 781
1227 1 781
1255 1 781
1394 1 781
1414 1 781
1415 1 781
1422 1 781
1422 1 781
.I 782
.T
Statistics of Scientific and Technical Articles
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.W
A new estimate of the number of currently published scientific and
technical periodicals has been put forward by K.P. Barr of the National
Lending Library. It may be of interest to supplement this with some figures
on the number and distribution of articles within these periodicals. These
figures are derived from a survey undertaken at the NLL early in 1964.
.X
19 1 782
24 1 782
33 1 782
36 1 782
37 1 782
39 1 782
40 2 782
41 1 782
47 1 782
62 1 782
65 1 782
66 1 782
75 1 782
76 1 782
88 1 782
89 1 782
97 2 782
102 2 782
103 1 782
111 1 782
112 1 782
137 1 782
150 1 782
163 1 782
183 1 782
184 1 782
193 1 782
199 1 782
203 1 782
210 2 782
225 1 782
233 1 782
253 1 782
269 1 782
278 1 782
279 1 782
280 1 782
313 1 782
359 1 782
373 1 782
377 1 782
379 1 782
386 1 782
395 2 782
398 1 782
465 1 782
505 1 782
545 1 782
552 1 782
560 1 782
573 1 782
587 1 782
605 1 782
613 1 782
614 1 782
618 1 782
632 1 782
635 1 782
638 1 782
658 1 782
667 1 782
716 1 782
735 1 782
747 1 782
748 2 782
749 1 782
750 1 782
751 1 782
753 1 782
764 1 782
765 1 782
766 1 782
767 1 782
775 1 782
776 1 782
777 1 782
778 1 782
782 7 782
784 1 782
788 2 782
789 2 782
793 1 782
800 1 782
804 1 782
805 1 782
808 1 782
837 1 782
893 1 782
905 1 782
925 1 782
952 1 782
953 1 782
977 1 782
983 1 782
1016 2 782
1023 1 782
1030 1 782
1055 1 782
1061 1 782
1083 1 782
1085 1 782
1086 1 782
1087 2 782
1089 1 782
1090 1 782
1135 1 782
1151 1 782
1182 1 782
1200 1 782
1260 1 782
1274 1 782
1275 1 782
1276 1 782
1277 1 782
1278 2 782
1280 2 782
1285 1 782
1286 1 782
1287 2 782
1301 1 782
1302 2 782
1304 1 782
1313 1 782
1335 1 782
1338 1 782
1344 1 782
1347 1 782
1361 1 782
1380 1 782
1390 1 782
1397 1 782
1400 1 782
1404 1 782
1417 1 782
1428 2 782
1432 1 782
1444 1 782
1444 1 782
.I 783
.T
Author Versus Title: A Comparative Survey of the Accuracy of the Information
Which the User Brings to the Library Catalogue
.A
Ayres, F. H.
.A
German, Janice
.A
Loukes, N.
.A
Searle, R. H.
.W
Details are given of a survey carried out in a large scientific special
library on the comparative accuracy of the author and title information which
the user brings to the catalogue.. The sample was restricted to requests for
book material.. The results are analyzed in detail and show the title to be
more accurate.. Some suggestions are made for extending this type of survey..
.X
4 1 783
9 1 783
13 1 783
32 1 783
64 1 783
66 1 783
96 1 783
132 1 783
137 1 783
152 1 783
163 1 783
175 1 783
184 1 783
207 1 783
245 1 783
274 1 783
276 2 783
374 1 783
456 1 783
475 1 783
655 2 783
664 1 783
717 1 783
768 2 783
774 1 783
781 1 783
783 10 783
799 2 783
811 2 783
816 1 783
834 1 783
835 1 783
837 1 783
839 1 783
848 1 783
849 1 783
850 1 783
851 1 783
852 1 783
872 1 783
907 1 783
913 2 783
922 1 783
925 1 783
961 1 783
962 1 783
963 1 783
964 1 783
968 2 783
970 1 783
981 1 783
982 1 783
1042 1 783
1051 1 783
1068 1 783
1203 1 783
1321 1 783
1407 1 783
1415 1 783
1434 1 783
1445 3 783
1445 3 783
.I 784
.T
Documentation Notes
.A
Cawkell, A.E.
.W
I would suggest three possible reasons for the constant average number of
references per article. Firstly, on average, articles more than fifteen years
old rarely get cited as they are rendered obsolete by the rate of advance. The
net increase per annum of 'citeable articles' is not as large as might otherwise
be expected.
Secondly many relatively small specialized subject areas, each tending to
have its own literature and 'internal' citation practices, are hiving off from
the classical areas, because of the specialized nature of modern science.
Thirdly it seems that the 'building blocks' of an article can on average
be adequately specified (regardless of the volume of published information)
by reference to about eleven items of the prior art relating to the main
theme, associated concepts and methods, and general background.
.X
33 2 784
36 1 784
39 1 784
41 1 784
48 1 784
76 1 784
89 4 784
97 1 784
102 1 784
111 1 784
112 1 784
113 1 784
163 1 784
183 2 784
184 2 784
193 2 784
198 1 784
199 1 784
201 1 784
203 1 784
204 1 784
210 1 784
225 1 784
233 1 784
269 1 784
373 1 784
545 1 784
552 2 784
587 1 784
605 1 784
613 1 784
614 1 784
632 1 784
638 1 784
735 3 784
747 1 784
750 1 784
753 1 784
766 2 784
767 1 784
775 1 784
782 1 784
784 5 784
788 1 784
789 1 784
793 1 784
800 1 784
808 1 784
828 1 784
905 1 784
953 1 784
977 1 784
983 1 784
1016 1 784
1023 1 784
1030 1 784
1055 2 784
1082 1 784
1087 1 784
1090 1 784
1135 1 784
1260 1 784
1273 1 784
1275 2 784
1276 1 784
1278 1 784
1280 1 784
1283 1 784
1285 2 784
1286 2 784
1287 2 784
1302 2 784
1335 2 784
1338 1 784
1341 2 784
1346 1 784
1347 1 784
1390 1 784
1397 2 784
1417 1 784
1428 1 784
1432 2 784
1444 1 784
1444 1 784
.I 785
.T
The Parametric Description of Retrieval Tests
Part I: The Basic Parameters
.A
Robertson, S.E.
.W
Some parameters and techniques in use for describing the results of tests
on IR systems are analysed.. Several considerations outside the score of the
usual 2x2 table are relevant to the choice of parameters.. In particular, a
variable which produces a 'performance curve' of a system corresponds to an
extension of the 2x2 table.. Also, the statistical relationships between
parameters are all-important.. It is considered that precision is not such a
useful measure of performance (in conjunction with recall) as fallout.. A more
powerful alternative to Cleverdon's 'inevitable inverse relationship between
recall and precision' is proposed and justified, namely that the recall-fallout
graph is convex..
.X
28 1 785
50 1 785
54 1 785
57 1 785
58 1 785
71 1 785
72 1 785
73 6 785
74 1 785
75 1 785
77 1 785
78 1 785
79 1 785
81 1 785
82 1 785
83 1 785
86 1 785
114 1 785
131 1 785
134 3 785
146 1 785
149 1 785
153 1 785
156 1 785
157 1 785
174 1 785
175 2 785
176 1 785
194 1 785
211 1 785
212 1 785
245 1 785
274 1 785
277 1 785
279 1 785
280 1 785
319 2 785
381 2 785
382 1 785
389 2 785
390 4 785
422 1 785
445 2 785
449 1 785
451 1 785
458 2 785
468 1 785
474 2 785
478 1 785
486 1 785
489 1 785
509 1 785
514 1 785
516 1 785
518 1 785
519 1 785
562 1 785
564 1 785
565 3 785
566 2 785
570 1 785
577 1 785
595 1 785
615 1 785
625 2 785
634 1 785
643 1 785
644 1 785
646 1 785
649 1 785
652 1 785
660 3 785
720 1 785
748 1 785
752 4 785
754 1 785
758 1 785
769 1 785
780 6 785
785 22 785
786 1 785
787 1 785
788 1 785
789 1 785
791 1 785
810 1 785
812 1 785
820 1 785
822 1 785
827 1 785
829 2 785
830 1 785
895 2 785
925 1 785
966 1 785
984 1 785
1044 1 785
1054 1 785
1091 1 785
1131 1 785
1154 1 785
1218 1 785
1255 3 785
1279 1 785
1282 5 785
1307 3 785
1327 1 785
1422 1 785
1427 1 785
1427 1 785
.I 786
.T
Documentation Notes
.A
Zipf, Library
.W
A recent article by Kozachkov and Khursin, entitled 'The basic probability
distribution in information flow systems', describes the fundamental similarity
of a number of known statistical regularities in the flow of information.. They
propose a basic model, called the 'hyperbolic ladder' and relate it, in
particular, to work in linguistics by Zipf, in documentation by Bradford, and
in the science of science by Lotka.. The purpose of this note is to speculate
further on the relevance of Zipf's law in librarianship..
.X
4 1 786
33 1 786
71 1 786
72 1 786
73 1 786
74 1 786
75 1 786
77 1 786
78 1 786
79 1 786
81 2 786
82 1 786
83 1 786
86 1 786
153 1 786
156 1 786
211 1 786
212 1 786
233 1 786
245 1 786
267 1 786
277 1 786
279 1 786
280 1 786
486 1 786
614 1 786
638 1 786
651 1 786
720 1 786
748 3 786
751 1 786
765 2 786
778 1 786
785 1 786
786 5 786
787 1 786
788 1 786
789 1 786
791 3 786
793 1 786
800 1 786
811 1 786
840 1 786
925 4 786
948 1 786
983 1 786
984 1 786
1019 1 786
1030 1 786
1401 1 786
1417 1 786
1422 1 786
1422 1 786
.I 787
.T
The Complete Bradford - Zipf 'bibliograph'
.A
Brookes, B.C.
.W
This technical note summarizes the outcome of recent analyses of
empirical data which have enabled the general form of the Bradford-Zipf
distribution to be elucidated.
.X
36 1 787
44 1 787
48 1 787
57 2 787
71 1 787
72 1 787
73 1 787
74 1 787
75 1 787
76 1 787
77 1 787
78 1 787
79 1 787
81 2 787
82 1 787
83 1 787
86 1 787
153 1 787
156 1 787
167 1 787
184 1 787
193 1 787
195 1 787
201 1 787
203 1 787
204 1 787
205 1 787
211 1 787
212 1 787
233 1 787
245 1 787
267 1 787
277 1 787
279 1 787
280 1 787
314 1 787
359 5 787
378 1 787
395 1 787
416 1 787
486 1 787
494 1 787
515 1 787
587 1 787
614 1 787
618 1 787
635 2 787
638 1 787
667 1 787
720 1 787
744 1 787
748 6 787
750 1 787
751 1 787
753 1 787
756 1 787
757 1 787
759 2 787
765 2 787
767 2 787
778 3 787
785 1 787
786 1 787
787 10 787
788 2 787
789 1 787
791 3 787
792 3 787
793 1 787
800 2 787
821 1 787
831 1 787
840 2 787
893 1 787
925 2 787
952 1 787
953 1 787
984 1 787
1016 1 787
1081 2 787
1082 2 787
1083 3 787
1085 3 787
1086 1 787
1201 2 787
1210 1 787
1254 1 787
1256 1 787
1260 1 787
1275 1 787
1278 2 787
1302 2 787
1317 1 787
1365 1 787
1369 1 787
1373 1 787
1400 1 787
1401 1 787
1417 1 787
1418 2 787
1418 2 787
.I 788
.T
The Use of Social Science Periodical Literature
.A
Wood, D. N.
.A
Bower, C. A.
.W
The paper presents the results of a survey of the use of social science
periodicals carried out at the National Lending Library during a period of four
weeks in 1968..
Three-quarters of the requests came from universities and industrial
organizations and over 90% of the requests were for English language
publications.. Over a fifth of the requests were for seventeen titles.. There
were marked variations in the subject matter requested by different types of
organizations and although the overall 'half-life' of the literature proved to
be 3 1/2 years this figure varied considerably from one subject to another..
Concerning the sources of references, it was discovered that compared with
scientists and technologists social scientists make relatively little use of
abstracting and indexing publications..
Appendixes include a copy of the questionnaire used in the survey, a list of
title requested six or more times, and a list of abstracting and indexing
publications cited five or more times as sources of references..
.X
2 1 788
10 1 788
24 1 788
33 1 788
36 1 788
41 1 788
62 1 788
65 1 788
66 1 788
71 1 788
72 1 788
73 1 788
74 1 788
75 2 788
76 2 788
77 1 788
78 1 788
79 1 788
81 1 788
82 1 788
83 1 788
86 1 788
89 1 788
97 1 788
102 1 788
110 1 788
111 2 788
112 1 788
132 1 788
137 2 788
139 1 788
147 1 788
152 1 788
153 1 788
155 2 788
156 1 788
163 1 788
183 2 788
184 1 788
193 1 788
195 1 788
199 1 788
203 2 788
204 1 788
210 5 788
211 1 788
212 1 788
225 1 788
245 1 788
269 1 788
277 1 788
278 1 788
279 2 788
280 2 788
355 1 788
359 1 788
373 1 788
386 1 788
395 1 788
398 1 788
475 2 788
486 1 788
545 2 788
552 2 788
587 1 788
605 1 788
613 1 788
614 1 788
638 1 788
658 2 788
716 1 788
720 1 788
735 1 788
747 1 788
748 2 788
750 1 788
753 1 788
760 2 788
763 1 788
766 1 788
767 1 788
771 1 788
774 1 788
775 2 788
782 2 788
784 1 788
785 1 788
786 1 788
787 2 788
788 18 788
789 7 788
791 1 788
793 1 788
800 1 788
808 1 788
837 1 788
840 1 788
905 1 788
925 2 788
953 1 788
977 2 788
983 1 788
984 1 788
986 1 788
1016 1 788
1023 1 788
1030 1 788
1050 1 788
1055 3 788
1056 1 788
1083 1 788
1085 1 788
1087 1 788
1090 1 788
1135 1 788
1254 2 788
1260 1 788
1275 2 788
1276 1 788
1278 1 788
1280 1 788
1285 1 788
1286 1 788
1287 1 788
1291 1 788
1302 1 788
1335 1 788
1361 1 788
1390 2 788
1397 1 788
1400 1 788
1404 2 788
1417 1 788
1428 1 788
1432 1 788
1451 2 788
1451 2 788
.I 789
.T
Social Science Literature Use in the UK as Indicated by Citations
.A
Earle, Penelope
.A
Vickery, Brian
.W
A sample of citations made in 1965 United Kingdom social science literature
has been analyzed according to subject, bibliographic form, country of origin,
language, and date, and comparisons made with citations from science and
technology literature.. The relative size of the outputs of and demands for
literature in these fields are estimated, and the subject distribution of
citation within social science.. The interrelations between source and cited
subject are discussed.. Use as indicated by citation is compared with use
measured by loan demand on the National Lending Library..
.X
2 1 789
24 1 789
33 2 789
36 1 789
41 1 789
62 1 789
65 1 789
66 1 789
71 1 789
72 1 789
73 1 789
74 1 789
75 2 789
76 2 789
77 1 789
78 1 789
79 1 789
81 1 789
82 1 789
83 1 789
86 1 789
89 1 789
97 1 789
102 1 789
110 1 789
111 2 789
112 1 789
132 1 789
137 2 789
139 1 789
152 1 789
153 1 789
155 1 789
156 1 789
163 1 789
183 2 789
184 1 789
193 1 789
195 1 789
198 1 789
199 1 789
203 2 789
204 1 789
210 3 789
211 1 789
212 1 789
225 1 789
245 1 789
269 1 789
277 1 789
278 1 789
279 2 789
280 2 789
361 1 789
373 1 789
386 1 789
395 1 789
398 1 789
475 1 789
486 1 789
545 3 789
552 2 789
587 1 789
605 1 789
613 1 789
614 1 789
616 1 789
632 1 789
635 1 789
638 1 789
658 1 789
716 1 789
720 1 789
735 1 789
747 1 789
748 2 789
750 1 789
753 1 789
760 2 789
766 1 789
767 2 789
774 1 789
775 2 789
782 2 789
784 1 789
785 1 789
786 1 789
787 1 789
788 7 789
789 13 789
791 1 789
793 1 789
795 1 789
800 1 789
808 1 789
837 1 789
905 1 789
925 2 789
953 1 789
977 2 789
983 1 789
984 1 789
1016 1 789
1023 1 789
1030 1 789
1055 2 789
1056 1 789
1083 1 789
1087 1 789
1090 1 789
1122 1 789
1135 1 789
1172 1 789
1174 1 789
1176 1 789
1250 1 789
1260 1 789
1275 3 789
1276 1 789
1278 1 789
1280 1 789
1285 1 789
1286 1 789
1287 1 789
1302 2 789
1335 1 789
1361 1 789
1390 1 789
1397 1 789
1400 1 789
1404 1 789
1417 1 789
1422 1 789
1428 1 789
1432 1 789
1444 1 789
1451 2 789
1451 2 789
.I 790
.T
Computer Indexing of Medical Articles - Project Medico
.A
Artandi, Susan
.W
An automatic indexing method is described in which index tags for documents
are generated by the computer.. The computer scans the text of periodical
articles and automatically assigns to them index terms with their respective
weights on the basis of explicitly defined text characteristics.. A machine
file of document references with their associated index terms is automatically
produced which can be searched on a co-ordinate basis for the retrieval of
specified drug-related information..
.X
51 1 790
65 1 790
68 1 790
69 1 790
71 1 790
75 1 790
76 1 790
77 3 790
78 1 790
79 3 790
156 1 790
168 2 790
175 1 790
176 1 790
213 1 790
214 1 790
315 1 790
317 1 790
320 1 790
382 2 790
420 1 790
448 1 790
480 1 790
483 1 790
484 1 790
486 1 790
488 2 790
489 1 790
491 1 790
493 2 790
495 1 790
498 1 790
499 1 790
503 1 790
507 1 790
509 1 790
510 1 790
512 1 790
517 1 790
520 1 790
522 1 790
527 1 790
528 1 790
531 1 790
565 1 790
566 1 790
570 1 790
572 1 790
574 1 790
581 2 790
595 1 790
596 1 790
603 1 790
608 1 790
633 1 790
659 2 790
715 1 790
754 1 790
779 1 790
790 5 790
805 1 790
809 1 790
810 1 790
812 1 790
813 1 790
814 1 790
817 1 790
819 1 790
824 1 790
825 1 790
830 1 790
894 1 790
1051 1 790
1055 1 790
1083 1 790
1086 1 790
1118 1 790
1124 1 790
1131 1 790
1294 2 790
1295 1 790
1297 1 790
1327 1 790
1382 1 790
1419 1 790
1427 1 790
1443 1 790
1443 1 790
.I 791
.T
Progress in Documentation
Empirical Hyperbolic Distributions (Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbrot)
for Bibliometric Description and Prediction
.A
Fairthorne, R.A.
.W
Since 1960, and especially during the past three years, many papers have
appeared about particular manifestations and applications of a certain class
of empirical laws to a field that may be labelled conveniently 'Bibliometrics'.
This term, resuscitated by Alan Pritchard (see page 348), denotes,
in my paraphrase, quantitative treatment of the properties of recorded
discourse and behaviour appertaining to it.
In this field the law cited is usually that named after Bradford or
Zipf according to whether the interest is in vocabulary or periodical
literature or physical access, in the rate of diminishing returns, or in the
cumulative yield from a given input. The behaviour is hyperbolic; that is,
the product of fixed powers of the variables is constant. This type of
behaviour has been observed for a century or so in fields ranging from
meteorology to economics, and has given rise to many particular explanations
appropriate to the particular fields. Thus it has received many names
according to its exponents, in both senses of that word.
.X
4 1 791
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65 1 791
71 1 791
72 1 791
73 1 791
74 1 791
75 2 791
77 1 791
78 1 791
79 1 791
81 1 791
82 1 791
83 1 791
86 1 791
102 1 791
103 1 791
123 1 791
131 1 791
153 1 791
156 1 791
162 1 791
184 1 791
193 1 791
195 1 791
201 1 791
203 1 791
204 1 791
205 1 791
207 1 791
211 1 791
212 1 791
222 1 791
223 1 791
233 2 791
245 1 791
267 2 791
277 1 791
279 1 791
280 1 791
296 1 791
297 1 791
298 1 791
300 1 791
301 1 791
302 1 791
309 1 791
314 1 791
329 3 791
358 1 791
359 6 791
364 1 791
379 1 791
395 1 791
416 3 791
450 1 791
477 1 791
486 1 791
505 1 791
511 2 791
515 1 791
521 1 791
535 1 791
565 1 791
567 1 791
573 1 791
586 1 791
587 1 791
592 2 791
614 1 791
625 1 791
629 1 791
631 1 791
634 2 791
638 1 791
651 1 791
665 1 791
667 1 791
700 1 791
720 1 791
728 1 791
747 1 791
748 8 791
750 1 791
751 3 791
759 1 791
765 4 791
767 2 791
777 1 791
778 8 791
785 1 791
786 3 791
787 3 791
788 1 791
789 1 791
791 24 791
792 1 791
793 2 791
800 3 791
804 1 791
811 2 791
816 1 791
818 1 791
823 1 791
843 1 791
844 1 791
846 1 791
852 1 791
872 1 791
875 1 791
893 4 791
894 1 791
915 1 791
925 3 791
948 1 791
958 1 791
961 1 791
962 1 791
964 1 791
970 1 791
983 1 791
984 1 791
994 1 791
1015 1 791
1019 2 791
1030 3 791
1037 1 791
1081 1 791
1082 1 791
1083 4 791
1085 5 791
1086 3 791
1087 1 791
1182 2 791
1196 1 791
1200 1 791
1201 2 791
1242 1 791
1247 1 791
1268 1 791
1278 1 791
1285 2 791
1337 1 791
1338 1 791
1341 1 791
1354 1 791
1386 1 791
1401 1 791
1417 1 791
1418 1 791
1422 1 791
1422 1 791
.I 792
.T
Photocopies v. Periodicals
Cost-Effectiveness in the Special Library
.A
Brookes, B. C.
.W
Evidence provided by the Dainton Report indicates that special libraries in
the UK are far from fully exploiting the photocopying services provided by the
national libraries.. As these photocopying services are legally obliged to
operate at cost, they offer significant economies to any special library which
exploits them systematically..
This paper describes a simple graphical method of estimating the savings
that can be made, or the extended subject coverage that can be obtained at no
additional cost, by substituting photocopies for relevant papers in the
peripheral periodicals relating to any well-defined scientific or technical
subject..
Though photocopying charges must be realistic, the confident exploitation of
the national photocopying services depends on the avoidance of arbitrary jumps in
photocopying charges..
.X
36 1 792
48 1 792
55 1 792
57 1 792
83 1 792
147 1 792
149 1 792
153 1 792
167 2 792
175 1 792
184 1 792
193 1 792
195 1 792
201 1 792
203 1 792
204 1 792
205 1 792
222 2 792
223 1 792
228 1 792
229 1 792
233 1 792
245 1 792
255 1 792
267 2 792
359 2 792
361 1 792
395 1 792
494 4 792
515 3 792
587 4 792
614 1 792
635 1 792
638 1 792
667 1 792
748 2 792
750 2 792
751 3 792
753 1 792
756 1 792
757 1 792
759 1 792
765 1 792
767 1 792
778 1 792
787 3 792
791 1 792
792 13 792
793 2 792
794 1 792
800 2 792
804 1 792
815 1 792
821 1 792
823 1 792
831 2 792
840 3 792
841 1 792
842 1 792
925 3 792
945 1 792
948 1 792
952 1 792
953 1 792
1081 1 792
1082 1 792
1083 2 792
1085 3 792
1086 2 792
1201 1 792
1210 1 792
1219 1 792
1254 1 792
1256 1 792
1260 1 792
1275 1 792
1278 2 792
1282 1 792
1302 1 792
1317 1 792
1324 1 792
1365 2 792
1369 1 792
1373 1 792
1400 1 792
1401 2 792
1416 1 792
1417 2 792
1418 2 792
1418 2 792
.I 793
.T
The 'Half-Life' of Periodical Literature:
Apparent and Real Obsolescence
.A
Line, M.B.
.W
The expression 'half-life', borrowed from physics, has appeared
quite frequently in the literature on documentation since 1960, when an
article by Burton and Kebler on The 'half-life' of some scientific and technical
literatures was published, although it had certainly been used previously.
Burton and Kebler point out that literature becomes obsolescent rather than
disintegrating (as in its original meaning), so that 'half-life' means 'half the
active life', and this is commonly understood as meaning the time during
which one-half of the currently active literature was published. Numerous
studies have been carried out, mainly by the analysis of citations, to establish
obsolescence rates of the literature of different subjects. Bourne points out
that different studies have given widely different results, so that many of the
'half-life' figures reported are not valid beyond the particular sample of
literature or users surveyed; certainly they cannot be used as accurate
measures for discriminating between different subject-fields.
.X
33 4 793
36 2 793
41 1 793
48 1 793
57 1 793
88 1 793
89 1 793
97 1 793
102 2 793
103 1 793
104 1 793
106 3 793
110 1 793
111 4 793
112 3 793
113 2 793
155 1 793
163 1 793
170 1 793
183 1 793
184 2 793
193 2 793
195 1 793
199 1 793
201 1 793
203 2 793
204 1 793
205 1 793
210 1 793
225 1 793
233 1 793
267 2 793
269 1 793
314 1 793
359 1 793
373 1 793
395 1 793
456 2 793
545 2 793
552 1 793
560 1 793
587 7 793
588 1 793
605 1 793
613 1 793
614 4 793
638 2 793
651 1 793
667 1 793
735 1 793
747 2 793
748 2 793
750 4 793
751 2 793
753 1 793
759 1 793
765 2 793
766 1 793
767 3 793
775 3 793
778 2 793
782 1 793
784 1 793
786 1 793
787 1 793
788 1 793
789 1 793
791 2 793
792 2 793
793 16 793
794 5 793
800 9 793
808 4 793
811 1 793
905 1 793
925 1 793
948 1 793
953 1 793
977 1 793
983 2 793
1010 1 793
1016 1 793
1019 1 793
1023 1 793
1030 1 793
1055 1 793
1062 1 793
1081 1 793
1082 1 793
1083 1 793
1085 1 793
1086 2 793
1087 2 793
1090 3 793
1135 1 793
1201 1 793
1222 1 793
1260 1 793
1275 1 793
1276 1 793
1278 2 793
1280 1 793
1285 5 793
1286 1 793
1287 3 793
1291 1 793
1302 1 793
1308 1 793
1335 2 793
1340 1 793
1344 1 793
1346 1 793
1347 1 793
1390 1 793
1397 1 793
1401 1 793
1417 2 793
1418 1 793
1428 1 793
1432 1 793
1432 1 793
.I 794
.T
'Half-Life'
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.B
V. 26
1970
.W
The first diagram below gives a schematic view of a subject literature that
is growing exponentially with time - the number of items published per
year doubles in five years. Each square of the paper represents a published
item.
The marks on the diagram represent current uses of the literature (say,
citations made or items borrowed this year). The inked squares are actual
uses. The dots are hypothetical uses - those that would occur if every
published item had an equal chance of being used (in fact, every fifth item is
dotted).
.X
33 1 794
106 1 794
155 1 794
314 1 794
587 5 794
750 2 794
767 1 794
775 2 794
792 1 794
793 5 794
794 5 794
800 5 794
808 2 794
1222 1 794
1285 3 794
1287 1 794
1308 1 794
1308 1 794
.I 795
.T
Progress in Documentation
.A
Cleverdon, C.
.W
Thirty years or more ago, a favoured question in examination papers
for librarians was some variation on the theme 'Compare the merits of a
classified catalogue and an alphabetical subject catalogue'. This was a
subject which it was possible to write on or to discuss at great length,
advancing a number of theoretical arguments or opinions expressed by pundits,
without ever stating a single demonstratable fact. When, in the early 1950's,
various people, such as Taube and Mooers, proposed new techniques for
indexing, the reaction from the traditionally-minded was such that it
appeared there was to be a repetition of all the old arguments. In an
editorial in American Documentation in 1955, Perry expressed a viewpoint,
shared by many others, when he wrote:
Cautious and searching evaluation of all experimental results is
essential in rating the efficiency of documentation systems. May
the age-old controversies that arose from the conventional concepts
of classification not be reborn in the mechanized searching systems
of the future. There is hope for the avoidance of such errors if
we will but regard documentation systems as useful devices, the
benefits of which must be determined, not by polemics, but by the
intelligent measurement of such benefits in relation to needs and
costs. The machines of the future can make us free, but only if we
are willing to subject them, and ourselves, to the most rigid
intellectual discipline.
.X
38 1 795
72 2 795
84 1 795
120 1 795
149 1 795
160 1 795
197 1 795
382 2 795
486 1 795
488 1 795
489 1 795
490 1 795
491 1 795
492 1 795
493 1 795
494 1 795
495 1 795
496 1 795
497 1 795
499 1 795
500 1 795
506 1 795
558 1 795
565 1 795
572 1 795
581 1 795
583 1 795
584 1 795
586 1 795
625 1 795
628 1 795
633 1 795
634 1 795
643 1 795
659 2 795
696 1 795
705 1 795
736 1 795
752 1 795
781 1 795
789 1 795
795 8 795
796 1 795
798 1 795
801 1 795
814 1 795
824 1 795
826 1 795
901 1 795
902 1 795
906 1 795
907 1 795
986 1 795
1089 1 795
1202 1 795
1209 1 795
1218 1 795
1250 1 795
1255 1 795
1289 1 795
1294 2 795
1414 1 795
1422 1 795
1422 1 795
.I 796
.T
Switching Languages for Indexing
.A
Coates, E. J.
.W
The paper describes some properties of simple interconversion devices which
enable material initially subject indexed by a particular indexing system to be
made available to other institutions using different indexing languages in such
a form as to be readily integrated into their indexes.. Reference is made to the
outline Intermediate Lexicon which is the germinal form of a switching language
for the field of information science.. Difficulties and problems in effecting
satisfactory information transfer through such an interconversion scheme are
explored, and suggestions made for the lines upon which further research needs
to be undertaken.. The author was the Classification Research Group
representative on the international working party concerned with the
Intermediate Lexicon..
.X
16 1 796
114 1 796
154 2 796
159 1 796
194 1 796
212 1 796
257 1 796
429 1 796
458 1 796
489 1 796
493 1 796
498 1 796
501 1 796
582 1 796
583 1 796
627 1 796
653 1 796
655 1 796
688 1 796
770 1 796
795 1 796
796 6 796
797 1 796
798 2 796
801 1 796
802 4 796
838 1 796
902 1 796
906 1 796
907 1 796
914 1 796
989 1 796
1089 1 796
1209 1 796
1289 1 796
1294 1 796
1392 1 796
1405 1 796
1431 2 796
1448 1 796
1448 1 796
.I 797
.T
Progress in Documentation
.A
Mills, J.
.W
Classification is so fundamental and pervasive an activity that care
is needed to define its scope when discussing a particular application, such
as information retrieval.
Retrieval from an information store (a 'library') of those items relevant
to a request involves locating a particular class (describing what we think
we want) and then, if necessary, adjusting this class - broadening it to find
more material or narrowing it if the initial response proves excessive. This
implies recognition of the relations between the classes, and the whole
operation is often referred to neatly as 'locating and relating'. Assuming
that we examine only a limited set of documents (those most likely to be
relevant) the operation is entirely one of classification - the recognition of
particular classes and their relations. The fact that the instrument we use to
assist this operation may display quasi-classificatory features (e.g.,
alphabetical sequence) or may consist largely of our own brain box and memory
store should not hide this otherwise obvious fact.
.X
117 1 797
159 2 797
165 1 797
257 2 797
260 1 797
348 1 797
429 1 797
445 1 797
476 1 797
489 1 797
493 1 797
498 1 797
501 1 797
525 1 797
582 1 797
583 2 797
585 1 797
590 1 797
621 1 797
653 1 797
655 2 797
668 1 797
670 1 797
671 1 797
674 1 797
683 1 797
688 1 797
689 1 797
715 2 797
796 1 797
797 5 797
798 3 797
799 1 797
801 2 797
802 1 797
819 1 797
858 1 797
859 1 797
861 1 797
989 1 797
1077 1 797
1230 1 797
1231 1 797
1265 1 797
1393 1 797
1394 1 797
1405 1 797
1405 1 797
.I 798
.T
The Thesaurofacet: A Multipurpose Retrieval Language Tool
.A
Aitchison, Jean
.W
A description is given of the English Electric 'Thesaurofacet', a faceted
classification and thesaurus covering engineering and related scientific,
technical, and management subjects.. A novel feature of the system is the
integration of the classification schedules and thesaurus.. Each term appears
both in the thesaurus and in the schedules.. In the schedules the term is
displayed in the most appropriate facet and hierarchy: the thesaurus supplements
this information by indicating alternative hierarchies and other relationships
which cut across the classified arrangement.. The thesaurus also controls word
forms and synonyms and acts as the alphabetical index to the class numbers..
The resulting tool is multipurpose, as easily applicable to shelf arrangement
and conventional classified card catalogues as to co-ordinate indexing and
computerized retrieval systems.. The reasons are given for modifying certain
traditional facet techniques, including the choice of traditional disciplines
for main classes, the lack of a 'built-in' preferred order, and the use, in
certain instances, of enumeration rather than synthesis to express multi-term
concepts.. Methods of application of the Thesaurofacet in pre-coordinate and
post-coordinate systems are discussed and brief account is given of the
techniques employed in its compilation..
.X
151 2 798
159 2 798
257 2 798
348 1 798
429 1 798
489 1 798
493 1 798
498 1 798
501 1 798
504 1 798
582 1 798
583 2 798
585 1 798
653 1 798
655 2 798
688 1 798
715 1 798
773 1 798
795 1 798
796 2 798
797 3 798
798 7 798
799 1 798
801 1 798
802 1 798
858 1 798
859 1 798
861 1 798
902 1 798
906 1 798
907 1 798
1089 1 798
1118 3 798
1122 1 798
1123 1 798
1133 1 798
1141 1 798
1163 1 798
1175 1 798
1209 1 798
1226 1 798
1230 1 798
1265 1 798
1289 1 798
1294 1 798
1393 1 798
1394 1 798
1405 1 798
1405 1 798
.I 799
.T
Access and Recognition: from User's Data to Cataloque Entries
.A
Tagliacozzo, Renata
.A
Rosenberg, Lawrence
.A
Kochen, Manfred
.W
Patterns of searching in library catalogues were analysed,using the data
from a large survey of the use of three university library and one public
library catalogues.. 'Known-item' searches were the object of the study..
Success or failure of the search was correlated to degree of correctness and
completeness of the searcher's information about title and author of the item
that he wished to locate.. Factors involved in searching strategies were
discussed.. The double role played by both the title and the author as a way of
access to the catalogue and as a means for identifying the right entry was
examined..
.X
4 1 799
9 1 799
32 1 799
33 1 799
36 1 799
52 1 799
63 1 799
75 1 799
81 1 799
82 1 799
90 1 799
96 1 799
137 1 799
159 1 799
161 1 799
163 1 799
175 1 799
183 1 799
184 1 799
193 1 799
199 1 799
201 1 799
202 1 799
203 1 799
204 1 799
205 1 799
207 1 799
209 1 799
212 1 799
217 1 799
220 1 799
222 1 799
246 1 799
265 1 799
284 1 799
286 1 799
294 1 799
331 1 799
348 2 799
389 1 799
390 1 799
456 1 799
487 1 799
502 1 799
543 1 799
579 1 799
583 1 799
585 1 799
588 1 799
596 1 799
600 1 799
601 1 799
613 1 799
624 1 799
655 1 799
768 1 799
774 1 799
781 1 799
783 2 799
797 1 799
798 1 799
799 7 799
800 1 799
805 1 799
807 1 799
808 1 799
811 1 799
816 1 799
858 1 799
859 1 799
861 1 799
863 1 799
864 1 799
913 1 799
919 1 799
920 1 799
922 1 799
956 1 799
959 1 799
961 1 799
962 1 799
963 1 799
964 1 799
968 1 799
987 1 799
988 1 799
989 1 799
1068 1 799
1151 1 799
1152 1 799
1203 1 799
1265 1 799
1294 1 799
1321 1 799
1327 1 799
1407 1 799
1445 2 799
1445 2 799
.I 800
.T
The Growth, Utility, and Obsolescence of Scientific Periodical Literature
.A
Brookes, B. C.
.W
Line's recently proposed technique for correcting the 'apparent' half-life
to allow for the rate of growth of the literature and Vickery's critical
analysis of the proposal are both further analyzed.. Using the concept of
utility and considering the sampling variances involved, the paper shows that
Line's technique is both questionable and impractical, and that a further
factor - the growth of the number of contributors - needs to be allowed for in
Vickery's analysis.. A collaborative empirical investigation is proposed..
.X
33 5 800
36 3 800
41 1 800
57 1 800
89 1 800
90 1 800
97 1 800
101 1 800
102 1 800
105 1 800
106 2 800
111 1 800
112 1 800
155 1 800
161 1 800
163 1 800
183 2 800
184 3 800
193 3 800
195 1 800
199 2 800
201 2 800
202 1 800
203 3 800
204 2 800
205 2 800
209 1 800
210 1 800
212 1 800
217 1 800
220 1 800
222 1 800
225 1 800
233 1 800
267 2 800
269 1 800
284 1 800
286 1 800
294 1 800
314 2 800
359 2 800
373 1 800
395 1 800
543 1 800
544 1 800
545 1 800
552 1 800
560 1 800
587 7 800
588 1 800
605 2 800
613 2 800
614 2 800
624 1 800
638 2 800
651 1 800
667 2 800
735 1 800
747 1 800
748 3 800
750 5 800
751 2 800
753 1 800
759 1 800
765 2 800
766 1 800
767 4 800
775 4 800
778 3 800
782 1 800
784 1 800
786 1 800
787 2 800
788 1 800
789 1 800
791 3 800
792 2 800
793 9 800
794 5 800
799 1 800
800 13 800
808 4 800
811 1 800
905 1 800
925 1 800
948 1 800
953 1 800
959 1 800
977 1 800
983 2 800
1016 1 800
1019 1 800
1023 1 800
1030 1 800
1055 1 800
1063 1 800
1081 2 800
1082 2 800
1083 2 800
1085 2 800
1086 1 800
1087 1 800
1088 2 800
1090 1 800
1135 1 800
1151 1 800
1201 2 800
1222 1 800
1260 1 800
1275 1 800
1276 1 800
1278 2 800
1280 1 800
1285 5 800
1286 2 800
1287 3 800
1302 1 800
1308 2 800
1312 1 800
1334 1 800
1335 1 800
1390 1 800
1397 1 800
1401 1 800
1417 2 800
1418 1 800
1428 1 800
1432 1 800
1432 1 800
.I 801
.T
UDC User Profiles as Developed for a Computer-Based SDI Service
in the Iron and Steel Industry
.A
McCash, W. H.
.A
Carmichael, J. J.
.W
Extension of the Selective Dissemination of Information system required the
adoption of computer-based techniques.. The indexing language adopted is UDC
and it was necessary to construct user profiles based on the classification..
Profiles have been compiled for individual clients of the service, for works
within the British Steel Corporation, and for broad fields of activity within
the iron and steel industry.. Use of the service has shown that UDC provides a
satisfactory basis for profile compilation.. The majority of profiles so far
constructed have relevance of over 95%, based on user assessment.. Possible
future developments in the compilation of the profiles are considered..
.X
2 1 801
38 1 801
84 1 801
152 1 801
159 1 801
161 1 801
197 1 801
257 1 801
260 1 801
375 1 801
429 1 801
445 1 801
454 1 801
472 1 801
488 1 801
489 2 801
490 1 801
491 2 801
492 1 801
493 2 801
494 1 801
495 1 801
496 1 801
497 1 801
498 1 801
499 1 801
500 1 801
501 1 801
503 1 801
506 1 801
507 1 801
554 1 801
579 1 801
581 1 801
582 1 801
583 2 801
584 1 801
586 1 801
591 1 801
593 1 801
594 1 801
595 1 801
596 1 801
597 1 801
599 1 801
600 1 801
603 1 801
604 1 801
606 1 801
653 1 801
655 1 801
659 1 801
688 1 801
723 1 801
724 1 801
795 1 801
796 1 801
797 2 801
798 1 801
801 6 801
802 1 801
805 1 801
806 1 801
814 1 801
836 1 801
866 1 801
867 1 801
956 1 801
986 1 801
989 2 801
1126 1 801
1294 1 801
1298 1 801
1299 1 801
1327 1 801
1405 2 801
1405 2 801
.I 802
.T
Feasibility Study of a Scheme for Reconciling Thesauri
Covering a Common Subject
.A
Neville, H. H.
.W
The feasibility is examined of devising a scheme for operating a joint
keyword system in a given subject area using several independently compiled
thesauri.. It is suggested that if the individual keywords of each
participating thesaurus represent indentifiable concepts, and these concepts are
given unique code numbers, then the code numbers enable the keywords of any
participating thesaurus to be converted into the appropriate keywords of any
other participant.. Incompatibilities between keywords systems arise from
differences in the selection and form of keywords.. Eleven types of
incompatibility are identified and a method of reconciliation is proposed for
each.. The types of incompatibility that can arise in a single language include
those that arise between one language and another, so that a multilingual joint
system presents no additional problems..
.X
16 1 802
114 1 802
148 1 802
151 1 802
154 2 802
159 1 802
194 1 802
212 1 802
257 1 802
333 1 802
346 1 802
429 1 802
449 1 802
454 1 802
458 1 802
477 1 802
489 1 802
493 1 802
498 1 802
501 2 802
504 1 802
530 1 802
553 1 802
582 1 802
583 1 802
627 1 802
628 1 802
653 2 802
655 1 802
688 1 802
770 1 802
781 1 802
796 4 802
797 1 802
798 1 802
801 1 802
802 7 802
819 1 802
838 1 802
874 1 802
877 1 802
878 1 802
940 1 802
941 1 802
989 1 802
992 1 802
993 1 802
995 1 802
1079 1 802
1216 1 802
1392 1 802
1405 1 802
1421 1 802
1431 2 802
1434 1 802
1435 1 802
1436 1 802
1448 1 802
1448 1 802
.I 803
.T
Progress in Documentation
.A
Foskett, D.J.
.W
The term 'informatics' was first advanced formally by the Director
of Viniti, A.I. Mikhailov, and his colleagues A.I. Chernyi and R.S.
Gilyarevskii, in their paper Informatics - new name for the theory of Scientific
Information published at the end of 1966. An English translation was
circularized in the beginning of 1967. As the authors state in this paper,
they are not the first to use this term, and they quote a review by Professor
J.G. Dorfmann of their own book Fundamentals of Scientific Information in
which Dorfmann criticizes the use of other terminology, such as 'documentation',
'documentalistics', 'information science', and so on.
Their definition is as stated above but they are careful to add the rider that
Informatics does not investigate the specific content of scientific information,
only the structure and properties. In their paper they also advance definitions
for 'information', 'scientific information', 'scientific information activity',
'information officer', and 'information scientist'. They have backed up their
proposal by changing the title of their own book for its second edition, and
the title of the information science fascicule of the Referativnyi Zhurnal,
which is now called Informatiki.
.X
3 1 803
15 1 803
20 1 803
42 1 803
60 1 803
85 2 803
129 1 803
152 1 803
172 1 803
228 1 803
313 1 803
345 1 803
361 1 803
447 1 803
449 1 803
456 1 803
457 1 803
469 1 803
505 1 803
574 1 803
585 2 803
599 2 803
607 1 803
625 1 803
640 1 803
652 1 803
665 2 803
762 1 803
803 7 803
911 1 803
1022 2 803
1045 1 803
1082 1 803
1218 1 803
1268 1 803
1309 2 803
1319 1 803
1386 1 803
1386 1 803
.I 804
.T
Several Law Relations in Science Bibliography - A Self-Consistent
Interpretation
.A
Naranan, S.
.W
Several power law relations are found to occur in bibliographic studies of
scientific journals, articles, and citations.. These can be interpreted in a
self-consistent manner in terms of growth parameters of articles, journals, and
citations.. Similar models have been proposed earlier in physical, biological,
and behavioral sciences..
.X
19 1 804
37 1 804
39 1 804
40 1 804
47 1 804
88 1 804
97 1 804
102 1 804
103 1 804
123 1 804
131 1 804
149 1 804
175 1 804
228 1 804
229 1 804
233 1 804
253 1 804
313 1 804
359 3 804
377 1 804
379 1 804
395 1 804
494 1 804
505 1 804
560 1 804
573 1 804
587 1 804
618 1 804
632 1 804
634 1 804
635 1 804
667 1 804
748 2 804
749 1 804
750 1 804
751 3 804
764 1 804
765 1 804
777 1 804
778 2 804
782 1 804
791 1 804
792 1 804
804 5 804
805 1 804
893 2 804
952 1 804
1016 1 804
1019 1 804
1037 1 804
1061 1 804
1085 3 804
1086 2 804
1087 1 804
1182 2 804
1200 1 804
1274 1 804
1277 1 804
1278 1 804
1280 1 804
1282 1 804
1287 1 804
1301 1 804
1302 2 804
1304 1 804
1313 1 804
1338 1 804
1344 1 804
1347 1 804
1380 1 804
1418 1 804
1428 1 804
1444 1 804
1444 1 804
.I 805
.T
Automatic Indexing Using Bibliographic Citations
.A
Salton, G.
.W
Bibliographic citations attached to technical documents have been used
variously to refer to related items in the literature, to confer importance to
a given piece of writing, and to serve as supplementary indications of document
content..In the present study, citations are used directly to identify document
content, and an attempt is made to evaluate their effectiveness in a retrieval
environment.. It is shown that the use of bibliographic citations in addition
to the normal keyword-type indicators produces improved retrieval performance,
and that in some circumstances, citations are more effective for retrieval
purposes than other more conventional terms and concepts..
.X
19 1 805
37 1 805
39 2 805
40 1 805
47 1 805
51 1 805
63 1 805
69 1 805
71 1 805
77 1 805
79 1 805
88 1 805
97 1 805
102 1 805
103 1 805
161 1 805
168 1 805
175 3 805
176 1 805
197 1 805
233 1 805
253 1 805
313 1 805
315 1 805
348 1 805
359 1 805
375 1 805
377 1 805
379 1 805
382 1 805
389 1 805
390 1 805
395 1 805
445 1 805
448 1 805
454 1 805
472 1 805
480 1 805
483 1 805
484 1 805
486 1 805
487 1 805
488 1 805
491 2 805
493 1 805
502 1 805
503 3 805
505 1 805
506 1 805
507 2 805
509 1 805
510 1 805
512 1 805
517 1 805
520 1 805
522 1 805
527 1 805
528 1 805
531 1 805
554 1 805
560 1 805
565 1 805
566 1 805
573 1 805
579 2 805
581 1 805
591 1 805
593 1 805
594 1 805
595 1 805
596 3 805
597 1 805
599 1 805
600 2 805
601 1 805
603 2 805
604 1 805
606 1 805
608 1 805
618 1 805
632 1 805
633 1 805
635 1 805
659 1 805
667 1 805
676 1 805
687 1 805
715 1 805
723 1 805
724 1 805
748 1 805
749 1 805
751 1 805
754 1 805
764 1 805
765 1 805
777 1 805
778 1 805
782 1 805
790 1 805
799 1 805
801 1 805
804 1 805
805 7 805
806 1 805
807 1 805
809 1 805
810 1 805
812 1 805
813 1 805
814 1 805
817 1 805
824 1 805
825 1 805
836 1 805
863 1 805
864 1 805
866 1 805
867 1 805
893 1 805
894 1 805
952 1 805
956 2 805
963 1 805
987 1 805
988 1 805
989 2 805
1016 1 805
1051 1 805
1061 1 805
1085 1 805
1086 1 805
1087 2 805
1152 1 805
1182 1 805
1200 1 805
1265 1 805
1274 1 805
1277 1 805
1278 1 805
1280 1 805
1285 2 805
1287 2 805
1294 2 805
1298 1 805
1299 1 805
1301 1 805
1302 2 805
1304 1 805
1313 1 805
1327 3 805
1338 1 805
1344 1 805
1347 1 805
1362 1 805
1380 1 805
1405 1 805
1419 1 805
1427 1 805
1428 1 805
1444 1 805
1444 1 805
.I 806
.T
The Extension on Users' Literature Awareness as a Measure of Retrieval
Performance, and Its Application to MEDLARS
.A
Miller, William L.
.W
The performance of a retrieval system with a file of only a few hundred
references can be measured by assessing the relevance of each reference to each
of a number of queries.. A suitable measure of retrieval performance is then the
Recall ratio - the fraction of the relevant references that are retrieved by the
system.. When the file is large this method of measuring performance is not
practicable, and Recall cannot be measured although it can be estimated.. A
number of estimation procedures are examined and found unsatisfactory.. Another
measure of retrieval performance is the Extension ratio which is approximately
the ratio of the quantity of known relevant references before and after putting
a query to the retrieval system.. The properties of this measure are examined
and it is applied to 315 MEDLARS searches..
.X
75 1 806
161 1 806
197 1 806
375 1 806
445 1 806
447 1 806
454 1 806
472 1 806
503 1 806
506 1 806
507 1 806
514 1 806
526 1 806
554 1 806
579 1 806
591 1 806
593 1 806
594 1 806
595 1 806
596 1 806
597 1 806
599 1 806
600 1 806
603 1 806
604 1 806
606 1 806
623 1 806
639 1 806
660 1 806
696 1 806
723 1 806
724 1 806
752 1 806
801 1 806
805 1 806
806 5 806
836 1 806
866 1 806
867 1 806
956 1 806
989 1 806
1298 1 806
1299 1 806
1327 1 806
1405 1 806
1405 1 806
.I 807
.T
Free Text Word Retrieval and Scientist Indexing:
Performance Profile and Costs
.A
Hersey, D. F.
.A
Foster, W. R.
.A
Stalder, E. W.
.A
Carlson, W. T.
.W
Comparative performance profiles were determined, by two independent
scientific information centres, for on-line retrieval by means of (a) free text
words and (b) subject indexing codes, from a data base of 4,600 descriptions of
in-going research projects in four broad subject areas.. Altogether, thirty-nine
questions that users had previously asked of the Science Information Exchange
(SIE) of the Smithsonian Institution, and that were in the four subjects areas,
were employed by SIE staff scientists, and twelve of these were independently
used by staff members of the Biological Science Communication Project (BSCP) of
the George Washington University.. Results of the two studies showed average
recall values 30-40% higher, and relevance values 15-20% higher, for subject
index code use as compared with text word use.. Advantages and disadvantages of
both approaches are discussed..
.X
63 1 807
150 1 807
175 2 807
348 1 807
382 1 807
389 1 807
390 1 807
487 1 807
501 1 807
502 1 807
510 1 807
565 1 807
566 1 807
579 1 807
596 1 807
600 1 807
601 1 807
603 1 807
726 1 807
799 1 807
805 1 807
807 8 807
813 1 807
820 1 807
863 1 807
864 1 807
956 1 807
963 1 807
987 1 807
988 1 807
989 1 807
1152 1 807
1265 1 807
1294 2 807
1298 1 807
1327 2 807
1448 1 807
1448 1 807
.I 808
.T
The Use of Older Literature and Its Obsolescence
.A
Sandison, A.
.W
Terminalogy and parameters for describing the relation between figures for
the use of library literature and for its age are discussed.. Unless a
correction for growth is applied, half-life fails a simple test of suitability,
as do Brookes's aging and utility factors.. Results based on cumulated data
have other important disadvantages.. Relative 'use-per-item' figures are
satisfactory.. The need to relate terminology more closely to the facts they
represent is stressed: item-consultation decay rate, and 50% consultation
probability age are suggested and defined.. In the context of citation studies,
item-citation decay rate and 50% citation probability age are equivalent and
avoid similar objections..
In data from NRLSI, item-consultation decay rates are only approximately
exponential.. Different rates are demonstrated for updating and basic searches,
for academic and other types of readers, and for types of literature.. For some
historical searches negative decay rates were found in the NRLSI and BML..
.X
33 3 808
36 2 808
41 1 808
76 1 808
89 1 808
90 1 808
97 1 808
102 1 808
111 1 808
112 1 808
155 1 808
161 1 808
163 1 808
183 2 808
184 2 808
193 2 808
199 2 808
201 1 808
202 1 808
203 2 808
204 1 808
205 1 808
209 1 808
210 1 808
212 1 808
217 1 808
220 1 808
222 1 808
225 1 808
269 1 808
284 1 808
286 1 808
294 1 808
314 1 808
373 1 808
543 1 808
545 1 808
552 1 808
587 3 808
588 1 808
605 1 808
613 2 808
614 2 808
624 1 808
638 2 808
735 1 808
747 1 808
750 2 808
753 2 808
756 1 808
764 1 808
766 1 808
767 1 808
775 3 808
782 1 808
784 1 808
788 1 808
789 1 808
793 4 808
794 2 808
799 1 808
800 4 808
808 8 808
905 1 808
953 1 808
959 1 808
977 1 808
983 1 808
1016 1 808
1023 1 808
1030 1 808
1055 1 808
1087 1 808
1090 2 808
1097 1 808
1098 1 808
1109 1 808
1111 1 808
1123 2 808
1125 1 808
1135 1 808
1151 1 808
1172 1 808
1174 1 808
1260 1 808
1275 1 808
1276 1 808
1278 1 808
1280 1 808
1285 4 808
1286 1 808
1287 2 808
1302 2 808
1308 1 808
1335 1 808
1390 1 808
1397 1 808
1417 1 808
1428 1 808
1432 1 808
1432 1 808
.I 809
.T
A Single Computer-Based System for Both Current Awareness and Retrospective
Search: Operating Experience with ASSASSIN
.A
Clough, C. R.
.A
Bramwell, K. M.
.W
ASSASSIN as designed and operated by ICI Agricultural Division, provides from
a single paper tape input a current awareness service by SDI and a retrospective
search both by a weighted term machine search and printed KWOC-type indexes..
Programs for producing structured thesauri are part of the package.. Input is in
the form of abstracts from both published and internal source..
The system has operated for more than a year at the Agricultural Division and
is currently in use at five other locations.. Flexibility of the package is
demonstrated by the variety of applications..
This paper outlines the various applications and shows how a single package
may be used complete, or in part, or with modification.. Machine costs are given
for the major application..
The system was designed with the possible input of externally produced
machine readable data in mind.. The intended application of the package in
conjunction with tapes such as those of the Institute for Scientific Information
source and Chemical Abstracts Condensates is outlined..
.X
18 1 809
34 1 809
49 1 809
51 1 809
53 1 809
59 1 809
69 1 809
71 1 809
77 1 809
79 1 809
91 1 809
164 2 809
168 1 809
175 1 809
176 1 809
202 1 809
213 1 809
224 1 809
243 1 809
315 1 809
382 1 809
421 2 809
439 1 809
440 1 809
448 1 809
465 1 809
466 1 809
480 1 809
483 1 809
484 1 809
486 1 809
488 1 809
490 1 809
491 2 809
493 1 809
503 1 809
506 1 809
507 2 809
509 1 809
510 2 809
512 3 809
517 1 809
520 1 809
522 1 809
527 1 809
528 1 809
531 1 809
565 1 809
566 1 809
580 1 809
581 1 809
591 2 809
595 1 809
596 1 809
603 2 809
604 1 809
608 1 809
609 1 809
622 1 809
623 1 809
629 1 809
633 2 809
639 1 809
659 2 809
676 1 809
687 1 809
696 1 809
711 1 809
714 1 809
715 1 809
722 1 809
723 1 809
726 1 809
727 1 809
728 1 809
730 1 809
731 1 809
732 1 809
754 1 809
790 1 809
805 1 809
809 5 809
810 2 809
812 1 809
813 3 809
814 2 809
817 1 809
820 1 809
822 1 809
824 1 809
825 1 809
828 1 809
870 2 809
879 1 809
894 1 809
1051 1 809
1089 1 809
1091 1 809
1283 1 809
1294 1 809
1298 2 809
1299 1 809
1327 1 809
1363 1 809
1366 1 809
1367 1 809
1368 1 809
1396 2 809
1419 1 809
1427 1 809
1427 1 809
.I 810
.T
A Probabilistic Search Strategy for MEDLARS
.A
Miller, William L.
.W
One technique for searching a Co-ordinate Index is to compare each reference
with a Boolean expression of index terms.. This divides the file into retrieved
and not-retrieved references.. An alternative is to assign each reference score
calculated from its index terms and to retrieve the N highest scoring
references in the file.. This scoring technique has several advantages in
theory, and it performed slightly better in a retrieval test with N equal to
the number of references retrieved by the corresponding Boolean search.. In the
test a minimum value of N = 10 was used, and when less then this number of
references matched the Boolean search requirement, the Scoring technique
successfully widened the score of the search and retrieved twice as many
relevant references as the Boolean searches..
.X
18 1 810
34 1 810
49 1 810
51 1 810
53 1 810
54 2 810
57 1 810
59 1 810
69 1 810
71 1 810
73 1 810
75 1 810
77 2 810
79 2 810
150 1 810
164 1 810
168 1 810
175 3 810
176 2 810
202 1 810
213 1 810
224 1 810
243 1 810
315 1 810
319 2 810
329 1 810
382 1 810
421 1 810
448 2 810
465 1 810
466 2 810
471 1 810
480 1 810
483 1 810
484 1 810
486 1 810
488 1 810
490 1 810
491 2 810
493 1 810
503 1 810
506 1 810
507 2 810
509 2 810
510 2 810
512 2 810
517 1 810
518 1 810
519 1 810
520 1 810
522 1 810
527 1 810
528 1 810
531 3 810
565 4 810
566 1 810
572 1 810
581 1 810
591 1 810
595 2 810
596 2 810
603 2 810
604 1 810
608 2 810
619 1 810
622 1 810
623 1 810
625 2 810
629 1 810
633 2 810
634 1 810
639 1 810
659 3 810
660 3 810
676 1 810
711 1 810
714 1 810
715 1 810
722 1 810
723 1 810
726 1 810
728 1 810
730 1 810
731 1 810
732 1 810
754 1 810
780 1 810
785 1 810
790 1 810
805 1 810
809 2 810
810 10 810
812 5 810
813 3 810
814 5 810
817 2 810
820 1 810
822 1 810
824 1 810
825 1 810
828 1 810
870 2 810
879 1 810
894 4 810
928 1 810
960 1 810
963 1 810
990 1 810
991 1 810
1051 1 810
1091 1 810
1219 1 810
1255 1 810
1283 1 810
1294 2 810
1298 1 810
1299 1 810
1307 1 810
1327 2 810
1363 1 810
1366 1 810
1367 1 810
1368 1 810
1396 1 810
1413 1 810
1419 1 810
1427 2 810
1445 1 810
1445 1 810
.I 811
.T
Measuring Readers' Failure at the Shelf
.A
Urquhart, John A.
.A
Schofield, J. L.
.W
This paper is concerned with the availability of books known to be held by
the Library.. It outlines a simple survey method whereby readers record the
non-availability of books which they are looking for.. The survey has already
been installed at four university libraries, but the results from only one
library are considered here.. These results show how a librarian can find out
the degree of non-availability or failure in any particular area of the library,
the causes of failure, and even the particular items which are in heavy demand
and not available..
They also provide information on the degree of co-operation by the readers,
the number of titles failing once, twice, three times etc., the overlap of
demand for popular books by different groups of borrowers, the waiting time for
books that failed, the pattern of demand for particular books over a period of
time, the relationship between failure and recall, the correlation of failure
from one term to the next, and the relative use of books inside and outside the
library..
From the results it was possible to recommend certain changes in library
procedure which should have reduced failure, and to compare the titles of books
failing in the Main Library with the holdings of a departmental library.. The
time spent on the survey and the total cost of the survey are also given..
.X
4 2 811
5 2 811
9 2 811
32 1 811
33 1 811
96 1 811
115 1 811
137 1 811
163 1 811
207 7 811
217 1 811
222 1 811
223 1 811
234 3 811
245 2 811
267 1 811
296 1 811
297 1 811
298 1 811
300 1 811
301 1 811
302 1 811
358 1 811
364 3 811
365 1 811
456 1 811
502 3 811
515 1 811
535 1 811
614 1 811
625 1 811
629 1 811
631 1 811
634 1 811
638 2 811
651 1 811
748 1 811
751 1 811
764 2 811
765 1 811
766 1 811
768 1 811
774 1 811
778 1 811
783 2 811
786 1 811
791 2 811
793 1 811
799 1 811
800 1 811
811 14 811
816 7 811
818 2 811
823 2 811
842 2 811
843 1 811
844 1 811
846 1 811
913 1 811
915 1 811
925 4 811
944 1 811
948 3 811
959 1 811
960 1 811
961 3 811
962 3 811
963 3 811
964 3 811
968 1 811
983 1 811
994 3 811
1015 1 811
1019 1 811
1023 1 811
1068 1 811
1203 1 811
1242 1 811
1247 1 811
1257 1 811
1268 1 811
1321 1 811
1354 1 811
1400 1 811
1407 1 811
1445 1 811
1445 1 811
.I 812
.T
A Statistical Interpretation of Term Specificity
and Its Application in Retrieval
.A
Sparck-Jones, K.
.W
The exhaustivity of document descriptions and the specificity of index terms
are usually regarded as independent.. It is suggested that specificity should be
interpreted statistically, as a function of term use rather than of term
meaning.. The effect on retrieval of variations in term specificity are
examined, experiments with three test collections showing in particular that
frequently-occurring terms are required for good overall performance.. It is
argued that terms should be weighted according to collection frequency, so that
matches on less frequent, more specific, terms are of greater value than matches
on frequent terms.. Results for the test collections show that considerable
improvements in performance are obtained with this very simple procedure..
.X
18 1 812
26 1 812
51 2 812
57 3 812
69 1 812
71 1 812
73 2 812
75 2 812
77 1 812
79 2 812
124 1 812
125 2 812
145 1 812
165 1 812
168 1 812
175 1 812
176 3 812
211 1 812
274 1 812
315 2 812
329 1 812
378 1 812
381 1 812
382 1 812
389 1 812
390 1 812
419 3 812
440 1 812
441 1 812
445 1 812
448 2 812
449 1 812
452 2 812
453 1 812
466 1 812
467 1 812
468 1 812
480 1 812
483 1 812
484 2 812
486 1 812
488 1 812
491 1 812
493 1 812
495 1 812
503 1 812
506 1 812
507 1 812
508 1 812
509 2 812
510 1 812
511 2 812
512 2 812
514 1 812
516 1 812
517 2 812
518 2 812
520 2 812
521 2 812
522 2 812
523 2 812
524 1 812
526 2 812
527 2 812
528 3 812
529 1 812
531 5 812
565 4 812
566 2 812
572 1 812
575 2 812
576 1 812
577 3 812
580 1 812
581 1 812
595 1 812
596 2 812
603 1 812
604 1 812
608 2 812
609 1 812
610 1 812
612 1 812
615 1 812
619 2 812
622 1 812
623 1 812
625 3 812
626 1 812
629 1 812
631 1 812
632 1 812
633 2 812
634 2 812
636 1 812
643 1 812
644 2 812
649 2 812
652 1 812
659 2 812
660 3 812
662 1 812
699 1 812
700 2 812
705 2 812
707 2 812
715 1 812
723 1 812
726 1 812
727 2 812
728 1 812
729 1 812
730 1 812
731 1 812
752 3 812
754 4 812
780 3 812
785 1 812
790 1 812
805 1 812
809 1 812
810 5 812
812 15 812
813 3 812
814 5 812
817 3 812
820 1 812
822 1 812
824 5 812
825 1 812
829 1 812
830 1 812
866 1 812
870 2 812
873 1 812
875 1 812
894 3 812
895 1 812
928 1 812
956 1 812
963 1 812
990 1 812
991 1 812
1051 1 812
1078 1 812
1089 1 812
1091 1 812
1143 1 812
1255 1 812
1264 1 812
1282 2 812
1294 2 812
1302 1 812
1303 2 812
1307 1 812
1327 4 812
1364 1 812
1366 2 812
1367 2 812
1368 2 812
1396 1 812
1413 1 812
1419 1 812
1427 1 812
1445 1 812
1445 1 812
.I 813
.T
Comparative Efficiency of Searching Titles, Abstracts, and Terms
in a Free-Text Data Base
.A
Barcer, F. H.
.A
Veal, D. C.
.A
Wyatt, B. K.
.W
The choice of the suitable data base for providing an information service is
governed by factors of coverage, performance, and cost.. The cost of the data
base to subscribers is a known quantity, and the coverage is decided by the data
base producers..
This paper describes an investigation into the relative performance of the
four major Chemical Abstracts Service magnetic tape data-base, Chemical Titles
(CT), which contains the titles of citations only, Chemical Abstracts
Condensates (CAC), which contains titles enriched with keyword phrases,
Chemical-Biological Activities (CBAC),and Polymer Science and Technology (POST),
both of which contain full digests in addition to titles..
The performance was measured in terms of the relative currency of the four
data-bases, on the retrieval efficiency of profiles searched against them..
Fifty questions from industrial and government research organizations were used
in the experiment.. Search profiles corresponding to these questions were
constructed for searching against each database, output was assessed for
relevance by users, and profile performance figures (precision and recall
ratios) were calculated for each profile.. The overall retrieval efficiency of
profiles searched against data-bases containing titles only,
titles-plus-keywords, and titles-plus-digests, was calculated, and these results
are presented..
.X
18 2 813
34 1 813
38 1 813
49 1 813
51 1 813
53 1 813
57 1 813
59 1 813
69 1 813
71 1 813
75 1 813
77 1 813
79 1 813
91 1 813
125 1 813
145 1 813
150 1 813
164 2 813
168 1 813
175 1 813
176 2 813
202 1 813
211 1 813
213 1 813
224 1 813
243 1 813
315 1 813
329 1 813
378 1 813
382 1 813
421 2 813
439 1 813
440 2 813
448 1 813
452 1 813
453 1 813
465 1 813
466 1 813
467 2 813
468 1 813
480 1 813
483 1 813
484 1 813
486 1 813
488 1 813
490 2 813
491 3 813
493 1 813
495 1 813
503 1 813
506 3 813
507 2 813
508 1 813
509 1 813
510 4 813
511 1 813
512 3 813
514 2 813
517 2 813
520 3 813
521 1 813
522 1 813
523 1 813
524 1 813
526 1 813
527 1 813
528 2 813
531 1 813
565 2 813
566 1 813
572 1 813
576 1 813
580 2 813
581 1 813
582 1 813
591 1 813
595 2 813
596 2 813
603 5 813
604 2 813
608 2 813
609 3 813
612 1 813
619 2 813
622 2 813
623 2 813
629 2 813
631 1 813
632 1 813
633 3 813
639 1 813
659 2 813
676 1 813
696 1 813
699 1 813
700 1 813
705 1 813
707 1 813
711 1 813
715 1 813
722 1 813
723 2 813
726 4 813
727 2 813
728 2 813
729 1 813
730 2 813
731 2 813
732 1 813
754 2 813
755 1 813
790 1 813
805 1 813
807 1 813
809 3 813
810 3 813
812 3 813
813 9 813
814 5 813
817 1 813
820 4 813
822 3 813
824 1 813
825 1 813
827 1 813
828 1 813
866 1 813
870 4 813
873 1 813
879 1 813
894 2 813
928 1 813
963 1 813
990 1 813
991 1 813
1051 1 813
1078 1 813
1089 1 813
1091 4 813
1143 1 813
1255 1 813
1264 1 813
1283 1 813
1294 1 813
1298 2 813
1299 1 813
1302 1 813
1303 1 813
1327 1 813
1363 1 813
1366 2 813
1367 2 813
1368 2 813
1396 3 813
1413 1 813
1419 1 813
1427 1 813
1445 1 813
1448 2 813
1448 2 813
.I 814
.T
Towards Automatic Profile Construction
.A
Barker, F.H.
Veal, D.C.
Wyatt, B.K.
.W
This paper describes part of the Chemical Abstracts Condensate
Evaluation (CAC Evaluation) carried out by the United Kingdom
Chemical Information Service (UKCIS).
The work described was designed to test the feasibility of using
automatic or semi-automatic methods to replace or reduce the
intellectual effort involved in retrieving information from machine
readable stores, particularly those using natural language.
.X
18 2 814
29 1 814
34 1 814
49 1 814
51 1 814
53 1 814
57 1 814
58 1 814
59 1 814
61 1 814
69 1 814
71 1 814
72 1 814
75 1 814
77 1 814
79 1 814
125 1 814
145 1 814
164 2 814
165 1 814
168 1 814
175 1 814
176 2 814
202 1 814
211 1 814
213 1 814
224 1 814
243 1 814
274 1 814
315 1 814
320 1 814
329 1 814
378 1 814
382 1 814
421 1 814
440 1 814
445 1 814
448 1 814
451 1 814
452 1 814
453 1 814
458 1 814
459 1 814
465 1 814
466 2 814
467 2 814
468 1 814
480 1 814
483 1 814
484 1 814
486 1 814
488 1 814
490 2 814
491 4 814
493 1 814
495 1 814
503 1 814
506 3 814
507 2 814
508 1 814
509 1 814
510 2 814
511 1 814
512 3 814
514 1 814
517 2 814
518 1 814
520 2 814
521 1 814
522 1 814
523 1 814
524 1 814
526 2 814
527 1 814
528 2 814
531 3 814
546 1 814
565 3 814
566 1 814
572 1 814
576 1 814
579 1 814
580 1 814
581 1 814
590 1 814
591 1 814
595 2 814
596 2 814
603 2 814
604 2 814
606 1 814
608 2 814
609 3 814
612 1 814
619 2 814
622 2 814
623 2 814
625 1 814
626 1 814
629 2 814
631 1 814
632 1 814
633 4 814
634 1 814
639 1 814
643 1 814
656 1 814
659 3 814
676 1 814
689 1 814
699 1 814
700 1 814
705 1 814
707 1 814
711 1 814
715 1 814
722 1 814
723 2 814
726 2 814
727 1 814
728 2 814
729 1 814
730 2 814
731 2 814
732 1 814
754 3 814
762 1 814
790 1 814
795 1 814
801 1 814
805 1 814
809 2 814
810 5 814
812 5 814
813 5 814
814 11 814
817 2 814
820 2 814
822 2 814
824 2 814
825 1 814
826 1 814
828 1 814
866 1 814
870 3 814
873 1 814
879 1 814
894 3 814
901 2 814
928 1 814
963 1 814
990 1 814
991 1 814
1035 1 814
1051 1 814
1077 1 814
1078 1 814
1089 1 814
1091 2 814
1126 1 814
1143 1 814
1231 1 814
1255 1 814
1264 1 814
1283 1 814
1294 1 814
1298 1 814
1299 1 814
1302 1 814
1303 1 814
1327 2 814
1363 1 814
1366 2 814
1367 2 814
1368 2 814
1396 2 814
1413 1 814
1419 1 814
1427 1 814
1445 1 814
1445 1 814
.I 815
.T
Standard Times for Information Systems:
A Method for Data Collection and Analysis
.A
Wilkin, A. P.
.A
Reynolds, R.
.A
Robertson, S. E.
.W
With a view of obtaining a set of standard times for information system
operations, Aslib Research Department is developing and testing methods for
collecting and analyzing data on the time taken to perform certain operations..
The current state of development of these methods is described.. Data collection
is by a self-recording (diary) method, completed at the time of performing the
operation.. The major problem is one of identifying, describing, and analyzing
the effect of the various factors which might affect the time.. First results
indicate that it is possible to explain a large proportion of the variations in
individual times by taking account of a sufficient number of variables..
.X
2 1 815
5 1 815
90 2 815
91 1 815
158 2 815
222 2 815
223 2 815
231 1 815
261 1 815
295 1 815
299 1 815
334 1 815
354 1 815
368 1 815
435 1 815
496 1 815
608 1 815
610 1 815
615 1 815
617 1 815
620 1 815
770 1 815
776 1 815
792 1 815
815 7 815
842 1 815
938 1 815
939 1 815
945 1 815
957 1 815
991 1 815
992 1 815
1023 1 815
1219 1 815
1221 1 815
1227 1 815
1318 1 815
1365 2 815
1390 2 815
1414 1 815
1414 1 815
.I 816
.T
Measuring Readers' Failure at the Shelf in Three University Libraries
.A
Urquhart, John A.
.A
Schofield, J. L.
.W
This paper continues the reporting of the Unit's work on a method of
investigating how often readers fail to find what they are looking for on the
shelves, why they fail, and what particular books they fail to find..
The method used is a slight modification of the earlier one - readers were
asked to record on a slip provided the details of the book or periodical they
were looking for, or subject area they were looking in, their academic status,
and the date, and then to place the slip in an adjoining box.. Fron analysis of
these 'failure' slips it was possible to determine the cause of the reader's
failure, the individual book the reader was looking for, and the pattern of
failure for different groups of volumes..
A new development was surveys of samples of readers, carried out during the
fortnight of peak demand.. Answers to these surveys provided information on the
effect or failure on a reader's work, what action he took after failing, whether
he found adequate substitutes, how many books he found by browsing, and what
proportion of the books he consulted he borrowed.. Some of these answers could be
checked by a direct count of the books used in, and borrowed from, the library..
The investigations were carried out in three University libraries, each with
its own characteristic library structure and teaching patterns.. These
differences were reflected in the results obtained..
It is hoped that the methods of investigation used can be employed by
librarians to investigate the effectiveness of some of the services in their own
libraries..
.X
4 2 816
5 2 816
9 2 816
32 1 816
96 1 816
115 1 816
137 1 816
163 1 816
207 4 816
208 1 816
217 1 816
222 2 816
223 2 816
234 2 816
245 2 816
296 1 816
297 1 816
298 1 816
300 1 816
301 1 816
302 1 816
358 1 816
364 3 816
365 1 816
456 1 816
515 1 816
535 1 816
591 1 816
625 1 816
629 1 816
631 1 816
634 1 816
638 1 816
764 2 816
766 1 816
768 1 816
774 1 816
783 1 816
791 1 816
799 1 816
811 7 816
816 8 816
818 2 816
823 2 816
842 2 816
843 1 816
844 1 816
846 1 816
913 1 816
915 1 816
925 2 816
944 1 816
948 1 816
959 1 816
960 1 816
961 3 816
962 4 816
964 4 816
968 1 816
994 2 816
1015 1 816
1023 1 816
1068 1 816
1203 1 816
1242 1 816
1247 1 816
1257 1 816
1268 1 816
1321 1 816
1354 1 816
1400 1 816
1407 1 816
1445 1 816
1445 1 816
.I 817
.T
The Aberrystwyth Index Languages Test
.A
Keen, Michael E.
.W
Reports a laboratory comparision of the effectiveness and efficiency of five
index languages in the subject area of library and information science; three
post-co-ordinate languages, Compressed Term, Uncontrolled, and Hierarchically
Structured, and two pre-co-ordinate ones, Hierarchically Structures and
Relational Indexing.. Eight test comparisons were made, and factors studied
were index language specificity and linkage, indexing specificity and
exhaustivity, method of co-ordination, the precision devices of partitioning
and relational operators, and the provision of context in the search file..
Full details of the test and retrieval results are presented..
.X
10 1 817
51 1 817
69 1 817
71 1 817
77 1 817
79 1 817
86 2 817
124 1 817
125 1 817
160 1 817
165 1 817
168 2 817
175 1 817
176 1 817
190 1 817
194 1 817
225 1 817
244 1 817
258 1 817
304 1 817
305 1 817
306 1 817
315 1 817
327 1 817
358 1 817
381 1 817
382 1 817
385 1 817
389 1 817
394 1 817
433 1 817
448 2 817
452 1 817
459 1 817
466 1 817
480 2 817
483 1 817
484 2 817
486 1 817
488 1 817
491 1 817
493 1 817
503 1 817
507 1 817
509 1 817
510 1 817
511 1 817
512 1 817
516 1 817
517 1 817
518 1 817
520 1 817
521 1 817
522 2 817
523 1 817
526 1 817
527 2 817
528 2 817
529 1 817
531 2 817
534 1 817
565 1 817
566 1 817
575 1 817
581 1 817
596 1 817
603 1 817
608 1 817
610 1 817
615 1 817
619 1 817
625 1 817
626 1 817
633 1 817
636 1 817
659 1 817
700 1 817
702 1 817
705 1 817
707 1 817
715 1 817
727 1 817
731 1 817
732 1 817
746 1 817
754 2 817
781 1 817
790 1 817
805 1 817
809 1 817
810 2 817
812 3 817
813 1 817
814 2 817
817 12 817
820 1 817
822 1 817
823 1 817
824 2 817
825 4 817
826 1 817
827 1 817
828 1 817
875 1 817
894 2 817
947 1 817
948 1 817
1017 1 817
1024 1 817
1051 1 817
1054 1 817
1058 1 817
1146 1 817
1215 2 817
1230 2 817
1257 1 817
1294 1 817
1303 1 817
1327 3 817
1364 2 817
1366 1 817
1367 1 817
1368 1 817
1390 1 817
1419 1 817
1427 1 817
1427 1 817
.I 818
.T
Progress in Documentation:
Research in User Behaviour in University Libraries
.A
Ford, G.
.W
The task of the librarian is to achieve his library's objectives. A
simplistic statement, perhaps, but it is rare that a library's objectives
are defined in any terms other than the broadest - for example, 'to meet
the needs of its users'. In fact, the definition of objectives in any
service organization is likely to be an iterative process, but the
explicit commitment to users' needs (however mystical this concept may
be) requires the librarian to examine users' behaviour as a first step
to determining policy. Since a complete state-of-the-art in user
behaviour would fill a substantial book, this survey is restricted to
drawing together some threads of research of potential application in
university libraries. Methodological problems are not discussed here,
since these are adequately reviewed elsewhere.
.X
5 1 818
9 1 818
115 1 818
128 1 818
129 1 818
130 1 818
167 1 818
207 1 818
222 1 818
223 2 818
225 1 818
234 2 818
245 1 818
280 1 818
296 1 818
297 1 818
298 1 818
300 2 818
301 1 818
302 1 818
358 1 818
364 2 818
365 1 818
370 2 818
393 1 818
439 1 818
468 1 818
494 1 818
515 1 818
528 1 818
535 1 818
614 1 818
624 1 818
625 1 818
629 1 818
631 1 818
634 1 818
639 1 818
646 1 818
647 1 818
648 1 818
651 1 818
764 1 818
765 1 818
768 2 818
774 1 818
791 1 818
811 2 818
816 2 818
818 8 818
822 1 818
823 3 818
827 1 818
839 1 818
842 1 818
843 2 818
844 1 818
845 1 818
846 1 818
847 2 818
915 1 818
925 2 818
943 1 818
944 2 818
948 1 818
961 2 818
962 1 818
964 1 818
994 1 818
1015 1 818
1020 1 818
1023 1 818
1070 1 818
1085 1 818
1242 1 818
1246 1 818
1247 1 818
1253 1 818
1257 1 818
1268 1 818
1354 1 818
1374 1 818
1390 1 818
1401 2 818
1437 1 818
1437 1 818
.I 819
.T
Document Analysis and Linguistic Theory
.A
Gardin, Lean-Claude
.W
In this presentation I shell be concerned with only one aspect of information
science and its relation with linguistics: namely document analysis..
'Document analysis' is here understood in following sense: the extraction
of meaning of documents - in the present case written documents.. We could
define the latter without reference to the usual distinction between 'scientific
literature' (the object of document analysis in information science) and other
kinds of texts - historical records, myths, folklore, sacred writings, etc.)..
Indeed, one of my theses in that there is little hope of understanding the kind
of intellectual operations involved in the analysis of scientific documents, or
questions pertaining to them other than through a study of textual analysis in
general, as carried out in many disciplines - history, sociology, cultural
anthropology, exegesis. etc. (Gardin, 1969).. For the purpose of this
presentation, however, I shall concentrate on the handling of scientific
documents in the first, narrower sense, and only refer to other categories of
texts in so far as they have been submitted to analytical processes of a
comparable nature..
.X
117 1 819
146 1 819
165 1 819
168 1 819
333 1 819
445 1 819
449 1 819
476 1 819
498 1 819
525 1 819
530 1 819
553 1 819
572 1 819
574 1 819
590 1 819
621 1 819
628 1 819
668 1 819
670 1 819
671 1 819
674 1 819
683 1 819
689 1 819
715 1 819
790 1 819
797 1 819
802 1 819
819 5 819
830 1 819
874 1 819
877 1 819
878 1 819
940 1 819
941 1 819
992 1 819
993 1 819
995 1 819
1024 1 819
1027 1 819
1077 1 819
1079 1 819
1215 1 819
1216 1 819
1231 2 819
1421 1 819
1434 1 819
1435 1 819
1436 1 819
1443 1 819
1443 1 819
.I 820
.T
Studies to Compare Retrieval Using Titles with that Using Index Terms.
SDI from 'Nuclear Science Abstracts'
.A
Olive, G.
.A
Terry, J. E.
.A
Datta, S.
.W
A Selective dissemination of Information service based on computer scanning
of Nuclear Science Abstracts tapes has operated at Harwell since October 1968..
Users' interest profiles are constructed using Euratom index terms and NSA
subject categories assigned to each item in NSA..
The performance of the mechanized SDI service has been compared with that of
the pre-existing current awareness service which is based on visual scanning of
journals and reports by information staff.. The visual service was found to be
providing an important service of good currency and high precision, about 85%,
to a limited number of users.. the mechanized service is less selective and of
lower precision, approximately 50%, but can be expanded more readily..
In order to compare the effectiveness of Euratom index terms and words on
titles for computer SDI matching, an experiment was set up in which sixty
users of the mechanized service assessed NSA document notifications which were
generated by matching either index terms and subject categories, or words in
titles and subject categories, without being aware of the method of matching..
Over 10,000 document assessments, fron six issues of NSA were returned.. The
average precision was 45.6% for index terms and 47.3% for title words.. Index
terms retrieved more documents, in the ratio 1.13:1, but both systems missed
many relevant documents retrieved by the other.. Index terms retrieved only 58%
of the relevant documents selected by titles.. The converse ratio was 51%..
No significant effects of document types or subject on the relative
effectiveness of two matching systems were found, but when the results were
analyzed by title length it appeared that for titles longer than about 100
characters title words gave recall equal to that of index terms, though with a
lower precision..
A detailed study of samples of items found by visual scanning but missed by
computer matching or found by one computer method but not by the other, was made
to identify reasons for failure..
.X
10 1 820
18 2 820
28 1 820
34 1 820
38 1 820
49 1 820
53 1 820
59 1 820
86 1 820
124 1 820
125 1 820
127 1 820
129 1 820
145 1 820
150 1 820
157 1 820
164 1 820
175 1 820
190 2 820
191 1 820
197 1 820
202 1 820
211 2 820
213 1 820
214 1 820
218 1 820
224 1 820
225 1 820
243 2 820
244 1 820
304 1 820
305 1 820
306 1 820
307 1 820
330 1 820
358 1 820
378 2 820
381 1 820
382 1 820
385 1 820
389 2 820
390 1 820
394 1 820
421 1 820
433 1 820
440 1 820
450 1 820
451 1 820
452 2 820
453 1 820
459 2 820
465 1 820
466 1 820
467 1 820
468 3 820
484 1 820
490 1 820
491 1 820
492 1 820
495 1 820
506 2 820
507 1 820
508 2 820
510 3 820
511 2 820
512 3 820
514 5 820
517 1 820
518 2 820
520 4 820
521 1 820
523 2 820
524 2 820
525 1 820
526 2 820
528 1 820
529 1 820
530 1 820
534 2 820
546 1 820
553 1 820
570 1 820
576 2 820
579 1 820
580 1 820
582 1 820
586 1 820
589 1 820
591 1 820
594 1 820
595 2 820
603 4 820
604 3 820
606 1 820
608 1 820
609 2 820
610 1 820
611 1 820
612 2 820
615 1 820
619 1 820
622 2 820
623 2 820
625 1 820
626 1 820
629 2 820
630 1 820
631 1 820
632 1 820
633 2 820
636 2 820
637 1 820
639 1 820
642 1 820
643 1 820
646 1 820
648 1 820
650 1 820
659 2 820
676 1 820
692 1 820
696 1 820
699 2 820
700 1 820
702 1 820
703 1 820
705 2 820
707 1 820
708 1 820
711 1 820
722 1 820
723 2 820
726 5 820
727 2 820
728 3 820
729 1 820
730 2 820
731 4 820
732 3 820
733 1 820
734 1 820
736 1 820
738 1 820
739 1 820
740 1 820
741 1 820
742 1 820
743 1 820
744 1 820
752 1 820
754 1 820
755 2 820
785 1 820
807 1 820
809 1 820
810 1 820
812 1 820
813 4 820
814 2 820
817 1 820
820 9 820
822 4 820
823 1 820
825 1 820
826 2 820
827 4 820
828 2 820
829 1 820
866 1 820
870 2 820
873 1 820
879 2 820
883 1 820
894 1 820
895 1 820
947 1 820
948 1 820
1004 1 820
1017 1 820
1035 1 820
1058 1 820
1078 2 820
1089 2 820
1091 5 820
1143 1 820
1146 1 820
1207 1 820
1230 1 820
1257 1 820
1264 2 820
1282 1 820
1283 1 820
1297 1 820
1298 1 820
1299 1 820
1302 1 820
1303 2 820
1313 1 820
1327 1 820
1356 1 820
1363 1 820
1364 1 820
1366 2 820
1367 2 820
1368 3 820
1370 1 820
1372 1 820
1373 1 820
1374 1 820
1375 1 820
1376 1 820
1377 1 820
1390 1 820
1396 2 820
1419 1 820
1448 2 820
1448 2 820
.I 821
.T
Recent Growth of the Literature of Biochemistry
and Changes in Ranking of Periodicals
.A
Sengupta, I. N.
.W
The ideas and techniques of physics have been systematically applied to the
study of living matter since the 1950s and 1960s.. As a result a rapid and
large increase has taken place in the research activity in this field and
biophysics and molecular biology have emerged as important areas of study.. The
consequent enormous growth of literature in the field has created great
difficulties in tracking out the significant literature of the subject.. To
cope with this unprecedented growth of literature, a ranking list of periodicals
in this field has been prepared on the basis of citations in the Annual review
of biochemistry for 1968, 1969, and 1970.. This list is expected to reflect the
impact of literature on the progress of biochemical knowledge more accurately
than the list prepared by Henkle in 1938.. The present list brings out the
predominant position of biochemical research in the total scientific effort
today, and the increasing bias of cognate disciplines towards biochemical
methodologies.. A method of analysis of the number of citations in relation to
size of the journal concerned and average length of the papers published has been
developed and applied in this study.. The analysis yields three parameters which
should be useful in assessing the actual scientific interest of a journal in
relation to the number of paper published, compactness of the information
content, and the scientific value of the paper in relation to compactness of
presentation..
The results of the present study have been discussed in relation to
Bradford's Law of Scattering and an extension of the Law has been suggested,
namely, that during phases of rapid and vigorous growth of knowledge in a
scientific disciplines, articles of interest to that discipline appear in
increasing numbers in periodicals distant from that field.. It is expected that
the present ranking list will enable librarians and other professional workers
in the field of biochemistry to select journals from the viewpoint of their
significance to the active areas or present day biochemical research..
.X
48 1 821
167 1 821
189 1 821
193 1 821
195 1 821
196 1 821
198 1 821
201 2 821
219 1 821
379 1 821
588 1 821
614 2 821
616 1 821
635 1 821
638 2 821
685 1 821
735 1 821
748 1 821
753 1 821
756 1 821
757 1 821
775 1 821
787 1 821
792 1 821
821 5 821
831 1 821
905 1 821
952 1 821
953 1 821
1083 1 821
1210 1 821
1254 1 821
1256 1 821
1260 1 821
1275 3 821
1278 1 821
1290 1 821
1302 3 821
1352 1 821
1355 2 821
1369 2 821
1373 1 821
1397 1 821
1418 1 821
1418 1 821
.I 822
.T
A Cost Survey of Mechanized Information Systems
.A
Vickers, P. H.
.W
In the course of the survey covered by this paper, cost data were collected
by visiting eighteen operational computer-based systems in Europe and the USA,
using a structured cost analysis scheme.. The sample included data-base
producers and self-contained systems that both create, and provide services
from, a data base..
From the data obtained, unit costs have been derived for most operations,
and the factors contributing to variations in the figures are discussed..
Analysis of the data has shown that costs are affected more significantly by
factors such as system management, salary variations, and productivity of staff,
than by technical factors such as depth of indexing, data preparation methods,
or computer programming..
The total operating budgets of most of the systems have also been analysed to
show the overall pattern of cost distribution, including overheads..
.X
18 2 822
28 1 822
34 1 822
38 1 822
49 1 822
53 1 822
59 1 822
125 1 822
128 1 822
129 1 822
130 1 822
141 1 822
145 1 822
157 1 822
164 2 822
167 1 822
172 1 822
175 1 822
178 1 822
202 1 822
211 1 822
213 1 822
223 1 822
224 2 822
225 1 822
234 1 822
243 1 822
244 1 822
280 1 822
298 1 822
299 1 822
365 1 822
374 1 822
378 1 822
381 4 822
389 1 822
393 1 822
419 1 822
421 1 822
440 1 822
452 1 822
453 1 822
456 1 822
458 1 822
465 1 822
466 1 822
467 1 822
468 3 822
481 1 822
490 1 822
491 2 822
494 1 822
495 1 822
506 2 822
507 2 822
508 1 822
510 2 822
511 1 822
512 2 822
514 4 822
517 1 822
518 1 822
520 3 822
521 1 822
523 2 822
524 1 822
526 1 822
528 1 822
529 1 822
554 1 822
575 1 822
576 1 822
579 1 822
580 1 822
582 1 822
591 3 822
595 3 822
599 1 822
603 3 822
604 2 822
609 1 822
612 1 822
615 2 822
619 2 822
620 1 822
621 1 822
622 2 822
623 3 822
625 1 822
629 2 822
630 2 822
631 1 822
632 1 822
633 2 822
639 3 822
646 2 822
647 1 822
651 1 822
659 1 822
676 1 822
699 1 822
700 1 822
705 1 822
707 1 822
711 1 822
722 1 822
723 2 822
726 3 822
727 1 822
728 2 822
729 1 822
730 2 822
731 2 822
732 1 822
752 2 822
754 1 822
755 1 822
765 1 822
779 1 822
780 1 822
785 1 822
809 1 822
810 1 822
812 1 822
813 3 822
814 2 822
817 1 822
818 1 822
820 4 822
822 14 822
823 1 822
827 3 822
828 1 822
829 1 822
854 1 822
866 1 822
870 2 822
871 1 822
872 1 822
873 2 822
874 1 822
875 1 822
876 1 822
877 1 822
878 1 822
879 2 822
880 1 822
892 1 822
895 1 822
907 2 822
925 1 822
940 1 822
941 1 822
943 1 822
944 1 822
990 1 822
994 1 822
997 1 822
998 1 822
1070 1 822
1078 1 822
1079 1 822
1085 1 822
1089 1 822
1091 4 822
1143 2 822
1230 1 822
1257 1 822
1264 1 822
1282 1 822
1283 1 822
1298 1 822
1299 1 822
1302 1 822
1303 2 822
1363 1 822
1366 2 822
1367 2 822
1368 2 822
1374 1 822
1390 1 822
1396 3 822
1401 1 822
1435 1 822
1436 1 822
1437 1 822
1448 1 822
1448 1 822
.I 823
.T
Progress in Documentation:
Measuring the Goodness of Library Services:
A General Framework for Considering Quantitative Measures
.A
Orr, R.H.
.W
The literature of the last few decades reflects a steadily increasing
concern with quantitative assessment of libraries and their services. This
concern is both the result of, and a reaction to, growing pressures from
within and without the library profession to adopt the tools of the
management sciences. The pressures are generated by many factors including
the success of these tools in other fields and their adoption by the
organizations supporting libraries, the increasingly explicit character
of competition for funds at all levels, and the complexity and critical
nature of decisions on the host of new options being created by technology
and by formalization of library networks.
.X
4 1 823
5 1 823
9 1 823
10 1 823
115 1 823
126 1 823
128 2 823
129 1 823
130 1 823
158 1 823
167 1 823
190 1 823
207 1 823
222 2 823
223 2 823
225 2 823
234 2 823
244 1 823
245 1 823
249 1 823
267 1 823
280 1 823
292 1 823
293 1 823
296 1 823
297 1 823
298 2 823
300 1 823
301 1 823
302 1 823
304 1 823
305 1 823
306 1 823
358 2 823
364 2 823
365 1 823
385 1 823
393 1 823
394 1 823
418 1 823
433 1 823
449 1 823
459 1 823
468 1 823
494 2 823
515 2 823
525 1 823
526 1 823
533 1 823
534 1 823
535 1 823
560 1 823
574 1 823
587 1 823
616 1 823
625 1 823
629 1 823
631 1 823
634 1 823
639 1 823
640 1 823
646 2 823
647 2 823
651 1 823
652 1 823
702 1 823
731 1 823
732 1 823
764 1 823
765 1 823
768 1 823
774 1 823
791 1 823
792 1 823
811 2 823
816 2 823
817 1 823
818 3 823
820 1 823
822 1 823
823 9 823
825 1 823
826 1 823
827 3 823
828 1 823
840 1 823
841 1 823
842 3 823
843 2 823
844 2 823
846 1 823
888 1 823
915 1 823
919 1 823
925 4 823
943 1 823
944 2 823
947 1 823
948 4 823
961 1 823
962 1 823
964 1 823
994 1 823
1003 1 823
1015 1 823
1017 1 823
1023 1 823
1058 1 823
1069 1 823
1070 2 823
1085 1 823
1146 1 823
1214 1 823
1219 1 823
1230 1 823
1242 2 823
1247 1 823
1257 2 823
1268 1 823
1291 1 823
1305 1 823
1306 1 823
1313 1 823
1315 1 823
1317 1 823
1324 1 823
1340 1 823
1354 1 823
1374 1 823
1390 2 823
1401 2 823
1416 1 823
1417 1 823
1437 1 823
1445 1 823
1445 1 823
.I 824
.T
On the Specification of Term Values in Automatic Indexing
.A
Salton, G.
.A
Yang, C. S.
.W
The existing practice in automatic indexing is reviewed, and it is shown
that the standard theories for the specification of term values (or weights)
are not adequate.. New techniques are introduced for the assignment of weights
to index terms, based on the characteristics of individual document
collections.. The effectiveness of some of the proposed methods is evaluated..
.X
26 1 824
51 2 824
69 1 824
71 1 824
72 1 824
73 1 824
75 1 824
77 1 824
79 2 824
124 1 824
125 1 824
165 1 824
168 1 824
175 1 824
176 2 824
315 2 824
381 1 824
382 1 824
419 2 824
441 1 824
448 2 824
452 1 824
480 1 824
483 1 824
484 2 824
486 1 824
488 1 824
491 1 824
493 1 824
503 1 824
507 1 824
509 1 824
510 1 824
511 1 824
512 1 824
516 1 824
517 1 824
518 1 824
519 1 824
520 1 824
521 1 824
522 2 824
523 1 824
526 1 824
527 2 824
528 2 824
529 1 824
530 1 824
531 3 824
565 3 824
566 2 824
575 2 824
577 3 824
581 1 824
587 1 824
596 1 824
603 1 824
608 1 824
610 1 824
615 1 824
625 1 824
626 1 824
633 2 824
636 1 824
643 2 824
644 1 824
649 1 824
659 3 824
660 2 824
662 1 824
700 1 824
705 1 824
707 1 824
715 1 824
727 1 824
752 1 824
754 2 824
764 1 824
780 2 824
790 1 824
795 1 824
805 1 824
809 1 824
810 1 824
812 5 824
813 1 824
814 2 824
817 2 824
824 10 824
825 2 824
829 1 824
875 1 824
880 1 824
894 1 824
895 1 824
901 1 824
956 1 824
1051 1 824
1061 1 824
1091 1 824
1135 1 824
1144 1 824
1146 1 824
1215 1 824
1282 1 824
1294 3 824
1303 1 824
1307 1 824
1327 3 824
1364 1 824
1366 1 824
1367 1 824
1368 1 824
1419 1 824
1427 1 824
1441 1 824
1441 1 824
.I 825
.T
Progress in Documentation:
The Development of Precis:
A Theoretical and Technical History
.A
Austin, D.
.W
Before starting to trace the development of PRECIS to its
theoretical beginnings I shall describe the system briefly in its present
form. This will serve not only as an introduction for those who are not
familiar with the system, but will also help to explain the relevance of
some of the historical sections which follow, in which we shall see how a
machine-produced alphabetical indexing system, based on a syntax derived
from a study of natural language, developed out of research into
principles for a new general classification.
PRECIS, or the PREserved Context Indexing System, differs in some
respects from traditional alphabetical indexes and lists of subject headings.
Like the system developed by Coates for the British Technology Index,
PRECIS consists essentially of a set of working procedures, not a prescribed
list of terms or phrases. The system is firmly based upon the concept of an
open-ended vocabulary, which means that terms can be admitted into the
index at any time, as soon as they have been encountered in literature.
Once a term has been admitted, its relationships with other terms are
handled in two different ways, distinguished as the syntactical and the
semantic sides of the system.
.X
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510 1 825
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517 1 825
520 1 825
522 1 825
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530 1 825
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534 1 825
565 1 825
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577 1 825
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596 1 825
603 1 825
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633 1 825
641 1 825
643 1 825
644 1 825
645 1 825
649 1 825
650 1 825
652 1 825
659 1 825
702 1 825
709 1 825
715 1 825
731 1 825
732 1 825
746 1 825
754 1 825
755 1 825
781 1 825
790 1 825
805 1 825
809 1 825
810 1 825
812 1 825
813 1 825
814 1 825
817 4 825
820 1 825
823 1 825
824 2 825
825 19 825
826 1 825
827 1 825
828 1 825
830 1 825
856 1 825
880 1 825
883 1 825
886 1 825
888 1 825
894 1 825
901 1 825
913 1 825
930 1 825
941 1 825
943 1 825
947 1 825
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963 1 825
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988 1 825
997 2 825
1004 1 825
1017 1 825
1024 2 825
1051 1 825
1054 1 825
1058 1 825
1061 1 825
1079 1 825
1146 2 825
1215 7 825
1216 2 825
1230 3 825
1257 2 825
1258 1 825
1266 1 825
1294 1 825
1327 1 825
1390 1 825
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1395 1 825
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1441 2 825
1441 2 825
.I 826
.T
User Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Cleverdon, C.W.
.W
While Fairthorne may not have been the first person to recognize it,
certainly, for this author, Fairthorne was the first to make explicit the
fundamental problems of information retrieval systems, namely the clash
between OBNA and ABNO (Only-But-Not-All and All-But-Not-Only).
Although it was not until 1958 that the terms occur in Fairthorne's
writings, the concept had been discussed in many meetings of the AGARD
Documentation Panel and elsewhere. Originally it was considered that to meet
these two requirements, it might be necessary to have two separate systems,
and the test of the UNITERM system in 1954 was based on the hypothesis
that a 'Marshalling' system (e.g. U.D.C.) was fundamentally different from
a 'Retrieval' system (e.g. UNITERM). While the idea persisted in this form
for some time, it gradually evolved into the inverse relationship of recall
and precision, which is to say that while it is possible to obtain, of the
relevant documents, All-But-Not-Only, or alternatively to obtain Only-But-
Not-All, it is not possible to obtain All and Only.
.X
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129 1 826
145 1 826
190 3 826
191 1 826
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211 1 826
214 1 826
218 1 826
225 1 826
243 1 826
244 1 826
274 1 826
304 1 826
305 1 826
306 1 826
307 1 826
320 1 826
330 1 826
332 1 826
357 1 826
358 1 826
376 1 826
378 1 826
382 1 826
385 1 826
394 1 826
433 1 826
450 1 826
451 1 826
452 1 826
458 1 826
459 7 826
468 1 826
484 2 826
492 1 826
506 1 826
508 2 826
511 1 826
512 1 826
514 1 826
518 1 826
520 1 826
523 2 826
524 2 826
525 2 826
526 3 826
527 1 826
528 1 826
529 2 826
530 2 826
532 1 826
534 4 826
546 3 826
553 1 826
579 3 826
594 2 826
603 1 826
604 1 826
606 3 826
609 1 826
610 1 826
611 1 826
612 1 826
625 3 826
626 3 826
630 1 826
633 1 826
634 1 826
635 1 826
636 2 826
637 3 826
642 2 826
646 3 826
648 1 826
650 1 826
692 1 826
696 2 826
699 1 826
702 2 826
703 2 826
705 2 826
708 1 826
726 1 826
727 1 826
728 1 826
730 1 826
731 2 826
732 3 826
733 2 826
734 2 826
736 3 826
738 1 826
739 1 826
740 1 826
741 1 826
742 1 826
743 1 826
744 1 826
754 1 826
755 1 826
795 1 826
814 1 826
817 1 826
820 2 826
823 1 826
825 1 826
826 9 826
827 4 826
828 1 826
830 1 826
877 1 826
879 3 826
883 2 826
885 1 826
947 1 826
948 1 826
1004 1 826
1017 1 826
1035 2 826
1058 1 826
1078 1 826
1089 1 826
1091 1 826
1146 1 826
1207 1 826
1230 1 826
1257 1 826
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1264 1 826
1297 1 826
1303 1 826
1356 2 826
1357 1 826
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1373 1 826
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1377 2 826
1383 1 826
1390 1 826
1396 1 826
1405 1 826
1427 1 826
1427 1 826
.I 827
.T
The Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Farradane, J.
.W
Methods of testing systems in practice and in theory are critically
reviewed. Some new theoretical considerations are advanced.
.X
10 1 827
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785 1 827
813 1 827
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919 1 827
925 1 827
943 1 827
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1004 1 827
1017 1 827
1035 1 827
1058 1 827
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1078 1 827
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1146 1 827
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1230 1 827
1257 1 827
1264 1 827
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1297 1 827
1303 1 827
1315 1 827
1340 1 827
1356 1 827
1364 1 827
1368 1 827
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1372 2 827
1373 1 827
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1375 1 827
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1390 2 827
1396 1 827
1401 1 827
1437 1 827
1445 1 827
1448 1 827
1448 1 827
.I 828
.T
A Study of Current Awareness Publications in the Neurosciences
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
Mailed questionnaires were used to study the use of two printed current
awareness devices in specialized areas of the neurosciences, one manually
prepared and the other a product of MEDLARS. The study determined who
uses each publication, how much, for what purpose, and with what degree of
success. A major purpose was to discover how valuable the publications are
to users and what impact they have had on their own research or professional
practice as well as on their information seeking behaviour. Comparisons
are made between the results for the two publications. Some conclusions are
drawn on information seeking behaviour in the neuroscience community and
on requirements for effective current awareness services in this field.
.X
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385 1 828
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510 1 828
512 1 828
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879 1 828
947 1 828
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1058 1 828
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1146 1 828
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.I 829
.T
Foundation of Evaluation
.A
Van Rijsbergen, C.J.
.W
The mathematical theory of measurement is used to construct a framework
for the evaluation of information retrieval strategies. The model arrived at
is based on precision and recall. After a detailed examination of the kind of
conditions the model can be expected to satisfy a plausible measure of
effectiveness is derived. Finally, a number of other measures are shown to be
special cases of it.
.X
28 1 829
57 1 829
73 3 829
157 1 829
175 2 829
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381 1 829
389 2 829
390 2 829
445 1 829
449 1 829
468 1 829
509 1 829
514 1 829
518 1 829
519 2 829
577 1 829
587 1 829
595 1 829
615 1 829
625 1 829
634 1 829
643 1 829
644 1 829
646 1 829
649 2 829
652 1 829
660 1 829
752 2 829
754 2 829
764 1 829
780 3 829
785 2 829
812 1 829
820 1 829
822 1 829
824 1 829
827 1 829
829 5 829
830 1 829
895 4 829
1044 1 829
1091 2 829
1282 2 829
1307 2 829
1307 2 829
.I 830
.T
Progress in Documentation
.A
Jones, K.s.
.W
This article reviews the state of the art in automatic indexing, that is,
automatic techniques for analyzing and characterizing documents, for
manipulating their descriptions in searching, and for generating the index
language used for these purposes. It concentrates on the literature from
1968 to 1973. Section I defines the topic and its context. Sections II and III
consider work in syntax and semantics respectively in detail. Section IV
comments on 'indirect' indexing. Section V briefly surveys operating
mechanized systems. In Section VI major experiments in automatic indexing
are reviewed, and Section VII attempts an overall conclusion on the current
state of automatic indexing techniques.
.X
38 1 830
52 1 830
57 1 830
73 1 830
150 1 830
175 1 830
176 1 830
274 1 830
332 1 830
390 1 830
422 1 830
445 1 830
446 1 830
449 1 830
484 1 830
499 1 830
500 1 830
508 1 830
517 1 830
522 1 830
523 1 830
526 1 830
527 1 830
528 1 830
534 1 830
546 1 830
572 1 830
574 1 830
576 1 830
577 2 830
579 1 830
589 1 830
594 1 830
603 1 830
606 1 830
625 1 830
626 1 830
634 1 830
637 1 830
641 1 830
643 2 830
644 2 830
645 1 830
649 2 830
650 1 830
652 1 830
660 1 830
709 1 830
722 1 830
752 1 830
754 1 830
755 1 830
780 1 830
785 1 830
790 1 830
812 1 830
819 1 830
825 1 830
826 1 830
829 1 830
830 7 830
895 1 830
1144 1 830
1195 1 830
1282 1 830
1374 1 830
1421 1 830
1427 1 830
1427 1 830
.I 831
.T
The Effect of a Large-Scale Photocopying Service on Journal Sales
.A
Line, Maurice B.
.A
Wood, D. N.
.W
The proposition is examined that large-scale photocopying, such as that
practised by the British Library Lending Division, affects the sales of
journals.. There is little evidence of a reduction in journal circulation
figures.. In spite of large increases in journal prices (which have risen much
faster, in terms of cost per page, than the Retail Price Index), university
libraries have, since the NLLST was established, devoted an increasingly high
proportion of their budgets to journals, though recent financial pressures are
now forcing cancellation.. An extensive survey of demand for journals at BLLD
shows a heavy concentration on a relatively small number of titles, most of them
well established journals, widely held by libraries and with large
circulations.. The demand for in-print issues of the average journal is small..
It is concluded, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, that economic
difficulties experienced by journals publishers and the increased demand on the
BLLD are unrelated, though both owe something to the economic pressures on
libraries..
.X
10 1 831
48 1 831
128 1 831
167 2 831
198 1 831
330 1 831
393 1 831
614 1 831
623 1 831
635 1 831
638 1 831
729 1 831
744 1 831
748 2 831
753 1 831
756 1 831
757 3 831
787 1 831
792 2 831
821 1 831
831 9 831
888 1 831
893 1 831
952 1 831
953 1 831
1083 1 831
1210 1 831
1241 1 831
1254 1 831
1256 1 831
1260 1 831
1275 1 831
1278 1 831
1302 1 831
1369 1 831
1373 1 831
1375 1 831
1376 1 831
1390 1 831
1418 1 831
1418 1 831
.I 832
.T
The Status of 'Practicum' in Graduate Library Schools
.A
Grotzinger, L.
.W
The early schools were dedicated to practical work as a
necessary component of every program; this fact is
heavily documented in numerous commentaries on the time.
As this century progressed, however, this pioneer
preoccupation came under strong criticism and by the
1930's and in more recent decades, an equally strong
documentation attacks the earlier curricula. Now, in
the 1970's amid the many questions raised about the
relevance of contemporary library education, there
appears to be a revival in the use of field experiences.
.X
832 5 832
1423 1 832
1423 1 832
.I 833
.T
A New Linear Notation System Based on Combinations of Carbon and Hydrogen
.A
Skolnic, Herman
.W
A new linear notation system is described which was designed to have a
one-to-one correspondence with the chemical structures represented by the
notations.. Each notation is unique and unambiguous, yet simple and compatible
with computer input and output characters.. The symbols used in the notation
system denote carbon in terms of bounds and attached hydrogen(s).. The notation
system is illustrated with acyclic, carbocyclic, and heterocyclic examples..
.X
116 1 833
117 1 833
254 1 833
327 1 833
641 1 833
668 1 833
669 1 833
670 1 833
671 1 833
673 2 833
677 1 833
678 1 833
679 1 833
682 1 833
688 2 833
689 1 833
690 1 833
693 4 833
694 1 833
695 1 833
698 1 833
700 1 833
704 1 833
706 1 833
707 1 833
730 1 833
738 1 833
833 6 833
1026 2 833
1072 1 833
1261 2 833
1292 1 833
1452 2 833
1452 2 833
.I 834
.T
Costs of Library Catalog Cards Produced by Computer
.A
Kilgour, F.G.
.W
Production costs of 79,831 cards are analyzed. Cards were
produced by four variants of the Columbia-Harvard-Yale procedure
employing an IBM 870 Document Writer and an IBM 1401 computer.
Costs per card ranged from 8.8 to 9.8 cents for completed cards.
.X
64 1 834
74 1 834
83 1 834
175 1 834
245 2 834
273 1 834
279 1 834
288 1 834
331 2 834
348 1 834
374 1 834
381 1 834
408 1 834
490 1 834
496 1 834
591 1 834
592 1 834
717 1 834
723 1 834
724 1 834
781 1 834
783 1 834
834 5 834
835 1 834
848 2 834
849 1 834
850 1 834
851 1 834
852 1 834
860 2 834
922 2 834
925 2 834
957 1 834
974 1 834
976 1 834
981 1 834
982 1 834
984 2 834
1042 1 834
1051 1 834
1148 1 834
1227 1 834
1317 1 834
1353 1 834
1359 2 834
1360 1 834
1400 1 834
1410 1 834
1415 1 834
1424 1 834
1424 1 834
.I 835
.T
Compression Word Coding Techniques for Information Retrieval
.A
Nugent, William R.
.W
A description and comparison is presented of four compression techniques for
word coding having application to information retrieval.. The emphasis on
codes useful in creating directories to large data files.. It is further shown
how differing application objectives lead to differing measures of optimality
for codes, though compression may be a common quality..
.X
19 1 835
24 1 835
64 1 835
175 1 835
228 2 835
245 1 835
281 2 835
318 1 835
321 2 835
324 1 835
329 1 835
331 1 835
374 1 835
416 2 835
442 2 835
450 2 835
495 2 835
511 2 835
524 2 835
563 4 835
565 1 835
567 1 835
717 1 835
781 1 835
783 1 835
834 1 835
835 10 835
836 1 835
848 1 835
849 2 835
850 2 835
851 10 835
852 1 835
862 4 835
867 1 835
875 1 835
907 1 835
922 1 835
925 1 835
981 1 835
982 1 835
1042 1 835
1051 1 835
1053 1 835
1194 2 835
1196 1 835
1197 3 835
1199 2 835
1415 1 835
1415 1 835
.I 836
.T
Entry/Title Compression Code Access to Machine Readable Bibliographic Files
.A
Newman, William L.
.A
Buchinski, Edwin J.
.W
An entry/title compression code is proposed which will fulfill the following
requirements at the Library, University of Saskatchewan: 1) entry/title access
to MARC tapes; 2) entry/title access to the acquisitions and cataloguing
in-process file; and 3) entry/title duplicate order edit within the
acquisitions and cataloguing in-process file.. The study which produced the
code and applications for the code are discussed..
.X
161 1 836
197 1 836
235 1 836
289 1 836
291 1 836
375 1 836
445 1 836
454 1 836
472 1 836
503 1 836
506 1 836
507 1 836
548 1 836
554 1 836
579 1 836
591 1 836
593 1 836
594 2 836
595 1 836
596 1 836
597 2 836
598 1 836
599 1 836
600 1 836
601 1 836
603 1 836
604 1 836
606 1 836
723 1 836
724 1 836
801 1 836
805 1 836
806 1 836
835 1 836
836 7 836
851 3 836
862 1 836
863 1 836
864 1 836
865 1 836
866 2 836
867 1 836
868 2 836
869 1 836
897 1 836
916 1 836
936 1 836
956 1 836
989 1 836
991 1 836
1052 1 836
1196 3 836
1197 2 836
1248 1 836
1298 1 836
1299 1 836
1327 1 836
1405 1 836
1405 1 836
.I 837
.T
Information Requirements in the Social Sciences:
Some Preliminary Considerations
.A
Line, Maurice B.
.W
Information requirements in the social sciences are almost entirely
unexplored.. I shall argue that exploration is desirable; discuss some of the
reasons why this is so; attempt an analysis of the factors to be investigated;
and consider some possible methods of investigation.. This article is an early
by-product of the Investigation into Information Requirements of the Social
Sciences, being carried out by two researchers under my direction,and supported
by the Office for Scientific and Technical Information.. It is based on the
Report on the Preliminary Stage, presented to OSTI in April, 1968..
.X
13 1 837
24 1 837
62 1 837
65 1 837
66 2 837
75 1 837
76 1 837
137 1 837
152 1 837
210 1 837
278 1 837
279 1 837
280 1 837
325 1 837
386 1 837
395 1 837
398 1 837
456 1 837
475 1 837
482 1 837
658 1 837
664 1 837
716 1 837
748 1 837
782 1 837
783 1 837
788 1 837
789 1 837
837 5 837
839 1 837
900 1 837
907 1 837
925 1 837
968 1 837
1083 1 837
1361 1 837
1400 1 837
1404 1 837
1404 1 837
.I 838
.T
Prospects for a New General Classification
.A
Austin, Derec
.W
In traditional classification schemes, the universe of knowledge is broken down
into self-contained disciplines which are further analysed to the point at which
a particular concept is decated.. This leads to problems of:
(a) currency: keeping the scheme in line with new discoveries..
(b) hospitality: allowing room for insertion of new subjects..
(c) cross-classification: a concept may be considered in such a way that it
fits as logically into one discipline as another..
Machine retrieval is also hampered by the fact that any individual concept is
notated differently, depending on where in the scheme it appears..
The approach now considered is from an organized universe of concepts, every
concept being set down only once in an appropriate vocabulary, where it acquires
the notation which identifies it wherever it is used.. It has been found that
all the concepts present in any compound subject can be handled as though they
belong to one of two basic concept types, using either Entitles or Attributes..
In classing, these concepts are identified, and notation is selected from
appropriate schedules.. Subjects are then built according to formal rules, the
final class number incorporating operators which convey the fundamental
relationships between concepts..
Fron this viewpoint, the Rules and Operators of the proposed system can be
seen as the grammar of an IR language, and the schedules of Entitles and
Attributes as its vocabulary..
.X
16 1 838
30 1 838
71 1 838
75 2 838
77 1 838
78 1 838
79 1 838
80 1 838
81 1 838
82 1 838
83 1 838
154 4 838
159 1 838
212 1 838
247 1 838
257 2 838
476 1 838
477 3 838
581 1 838
653 2 838
666 1 838
796 1 838
802 1 838
838 9 838
853 1 838
898 2 838
989 1 838
1074 2 838
1075 2 838
1259 2 838
1391 4 838
1393 1 838
1395 1 838
1402 2 838
1429 4 838
1430 4 838
1431 2 838
1431 2 838
.I 839
.T
Information Services in University Libraries
.A
Line, M.B.
.W
Development in university libraries in recent years in reader services,
instruction in library use and subject specialization go only a small way
to meeting the problems created by the "information explosion." Reasons
why more dynamic and personal information services for scientists and
social scientists should be developed include the limitations in researchers'
present use of libraries and information, the preference of users for informal
channels of communication, increasing pressures on the time of university
teachers, and problems associated with computer retrieval systems. Specialist
posts of information officer should be created as part of the library services,
but with functions distinct from those of the librarian; difficulties that
may arise with their location and operation are discussed. The cost of
information services in depth is heavy, but it may be possible to develop
them within the existing budget by a reallocation of funds and staff duties.
.X
2 1 839
13 1 839
66 1 839
152 1 839
243 1 839
370 1 839
371 1 839
475 1 839
648 1 839
664 1 839
768 1 839
774 1 839
783 1 839
818 1 839
837 1 839
839 7 839
845 2 839
847 1 839
907 1 839
968 1 839
1246 1 839
1246 1 839
.I 840
.T
The Viability of Branch Libraries
.A
Brookes, B. C.
.W
A simple model of a two-stage hierarchical library system is described.. The
model indicates, in terms of "user costs" and library "viability", how the
branch library should be stocked.. The most significant factor used in the
analysis is shown to be the ratio of the two actual user costs, rather than the
actual costs themselves.. It is shown that the viability level of stock
provision of the branch library is determined by this ratio..
.X
81 1 840
222 1 840
267 1 840
494 3 840
515 3 840
587 1 840
786 1 840
787 2 840
788 1 840
792 3 840
823 1 840
840 5 840
925 4 840
948 1 840
1085 1 840
1219 1 840
1324 1 840
1365 2 840
1400 1 840
1401 2 840
1416 1 840
1417 2 840
1417 2 840
.I 841
.T
Work Study in Libraries
.A
Gilchrist, Alan
.W
A brief review of the principal work study techniques is given.. It is
suggested that these techniques are applicable to libraries and librarians and
will become increasingly useful as the problems of increased work loads become
more severe.. Data concerning standard times and performances would be useful
for system design and planning, providing such data is put in its proper
context and particularly if it is used to improve effectiveness as well as
efficiency..
.X
74 1 841
83 1 841
152 1 841
153 1 841
158 3 841
245 1 841
249 1 841
292 1 841
792 1 841
823 1 841
841 8 841
842 2 841
925 1 841
948 1 841
1242 1 841
1317 2 841
1401 1 841
1401 1 841
.I 842
.T
Administrative Effectiveness: Times and Costs of Library Operations
.A
Smith, G. C. K.
Schofield, J. L.
.W
The kinds of information needed by managing librarians to make correct
decisions are considered, with emphasis on the value of current data on the
exceptional situation.. Management information in a library is of greatest use
in comparison, either internally, or with data from other libraries.. A simple,
standard method of recording and costing is urged, so that librarians may
readily identify procedures requiring improvement..
Development of the present costing method is traced from its original state
as a simple management information system based on exception reporting (i.e.
reporting the exceptions which occur in any particular survey), through a pilot
study in a large university library, to its full installation in two further
university libraries.. The method of analyzing the raw data is described, and
examples of the tables are given, together with brief background information on
the libraries concerned..
After a note on the limitations of the present costing method and of unit
costs in general, unit times and costs are given for numerous operations in
both the libraries surveyed, covering both reader and technical services.. There
is agreement between results of several American studies and those of the
present investigation.. For further comparison, the information on times and
salaries has been used in conjunction with a standard civil service costing
procedure..
.X
4 1 842
5 1 842
83 1 842
115 1 842
153 1 842
158 1 842
234 1 842
245 2 842
249 1 842
292 1 842
293 1 842
298 1 842
311 1 842
364 1 842
365 1 842
418 1 842
764 1 842
768 1 842
774 1 842
792 1 842
811 2 842
815 1 842
816 2 842
818 1 842
823 3 842
841 2 842
842 9 842
843 1 842
844 1 842
925 2 842
944 1 842
948 2 842
994 1 842
1023 1 842
1069 1 842
1070 1 842
1214 1 842
1232 1 842
1236 1 842
1242 1 842
1257 1 842
1317 2 842
1400 1 842
1401 1 842
1401 1 842
.I 843
.T
Subject Specialisation in Academic Libraries:
some preliminary observations on role conflict and organizational stress
.A
Guttsman, W.L.
.W
The library of the University of East Anglia has been organized on the basis
of subject specialization, a system which the author believes to be applicable
to small and medium-sized universities. A comparison of university structure
and university library structure shows how the system can bring about
organizational strains and conflict situations in respect of career patterns
of senior staff members. The need to recognize academic considerations for
library promotions is stressed and a case made out for the fullest involvement
of all senior library staff in policy-making.
.X
4 1 843
9 1 843
207 1 843
222 1 843
223 1 843
268 1 843
293 1 843
296 1 843
297 1 843
298 2 843
300 1 843
301 1 843
302 1 843
303 1 843
358 1 843
364 1 843
418 1 843
515 1 843
535 1 843
559 1 843
625 1 843
629 1 843
631 1 843
634 1 843
768 1 843
774 1 843
791 1 843
811 1 843
816 1 843
818 2 843
823 2 843
842 1 843
843 6 843
844 4 843
845 1 843
846 1 843
915 1 843
961 2 843
962 1 843
964 1 843
985 1 843
994 1 843
1015 1 843
1020 2 843
1021 1 843
1069 1 843
1070 1 843
1214 1 843
1233 1 843
1242 1 843
1247 1 843
1253 1 843
1268 1 843
1354 1 843
1401 1 843
1424 1 843
1424 1 843
.I 844
.T
Graduates in Academic Libraries: a survey of past students of the Post-
Graduate School of Librarianship and Information Studies, Sheffield
University, 1964/65 - 1970/71
.A
Roberts, N.
.W
The Sheffield "Follow-up" Study revealed that an overwhelming majority
of graduates of the Post-Graduate School of Librarianship and Information
Science are satisfied with their work and working situations. Some of the
factors relating to job satisfaction/dissatisfaction are examined together
with job mobility and "drop-out" rates.
.X
4 1 844
9 1 844
207 1 844
222 1 844
223 1 844
293 1 844
296 1 844
297 1 844
298 2 844
300 1 844
301 1 844
302 1 844
358 1 844
364 1 844
371 1 844
418 1 844
515 1 844
535 1 844
559 1 844
625 1 844
629 1 844
631 1 844
634 1 844
768 1 844
774 1 844
791 1 844
811 1 844
816 1 844
818 1 844
823 2 844
842 1 844
843 4 844
844 5 844
846 1 844
915 1 844
961 1 844
962 1 844
964 1 844
994 1 844
1015 1 844
1020 1 844
1069 1 844
1070 1 844
1214 1 844
1233 1 844
1242 1 844
1247 1 844
1268 1 844
1354 1 844
1424 1 844
1424 1 844
.I 845
.T
A Personalized Service to Academic Researchers:
the Experimental Information Service in the Social
Sciences at the University of Bath
.A
Evans, S.M.
Line, M.B.
.W
Between 1969 and 1971 Bath University Library experimented with a personalized
information service to social science researchers at the Universities of Bath
and Bristol. The principal service offered was a manual current awareness
service, based mainly on the scanning of primary and abstracting journals.
The service was evaluated by feedback slips returned by clients for each
reference notified, and by a questionnaire at the end of the experiment. The
relevance performance was good, and few references had been seen before; some
precision could have been sacrificed to ensure comprehensive recall. The whole
service was rated highly by nearly all users and considered to be a high
priority among the various possible claims on university resources. Those
who had the closest contact with the information officers had the best
scores on most aspects evaluated and rated the service most highly. Some
general observations on the place and value of an information service in a
university library are given in conclusion.
.X
224 2 845
300 1 845
818 1 845
828 1 845
839 2 845
843 1 845
845 7 845
961 1 845
1020 1 845
1253 1 845
1372 1 845
1374 1 845
1401 1 845
1401 1 845
.I 846
.T
Jesse Shera and the Theory of Bibliography
.A
Brookes, B.C.
.W
Twenty years ago Jesse Shera suggested that there was a need for a more
analytical study of bibliography which might help to bridge library and
information services. Little note was taken of this proposal at the time
but developments have since occurred and are here briefly reported. It is
argued that Shera's "macrobibliography" or "social epistemology" provides
not only a subject for theoretical study but that it will also be needed
for the rational design of library and information systems and networks of
the near future.
.X
3 1 846
9 1 846
207 1 846
222 1 846
223 1 846
296 1 846
297 1 846
298 1 846
300 1 846
301 1 846
302 1 846
358 1 846
364 1 846
515 1 846
535 1 846
625 1 846
629 1 846
631 1 846
634 1 846
791 1 846
811 1 846
816 1 846
818 1 846
823 1 846
843 1 846
844 1 846
846 5 846
911 1 846
915 1 846
961 1 846
962 1 846
964 1 846
994 1 846
1015 1 846
1242 1 846
1247 1 846
1268 1 846
1354 1 846
1354 1 846
.I 847
.T
Library Instruction and the Development of the Individual
.A
Hills, P. J.
.W
The purpose of a university education is defined here as the need to guide
the student towards becoming a self-directing individual.. This paper examines
this purpose in terms of student needs and the awareness of both academic and
library staff.. Psychological principles of learning as applied to this purpose
are considered together with the use of audio-visual methods.. The paper ends
with a consideration of some present practical constraints and the possibilities
for future action..
.X
370 3 847
648 1 847
768 1 847
774 1 847
818 2 847
839 1 847
847 6 847
1068 1 847
1246 2 847
1246 2 847
.I 848
.T
A Book Catalog at Stanford
.A
Johnson, Richard D.
.W
Description of a system for the production of a book catalog for an
undergraduate library, using an IBM 1401 Computer (12K storage, 4 tape drives),
an expanded print chain on the 1403 Printer, and an 029 Card Punch for input..
Described are the conversion of cataloging information into machine readable
form, the machine record produced, the computer programs employed, and printing
of the catalog.. The catalog, issued annually, is in three parts: an author
title catalog, a subject catalog, and a shelf list.. Cumulative supplements are
issued quarterly.. A central idea in the depiction of entries in the catalog is
the abandonment of the main entry concept.. The alphabetical arrangement of
entries is discussed: sort keys employed, filing order observed, symbols
employed to alter this order, and problems encountered.. Cost factors involved
in the preparation of the catalog are summarized..
.X
64 1 848
175 1 848
235 1 848
245 1 848
246 1 848
326 1 848
331 1 848
374 1 848
601 1 848
717 1 848
781 1 848
783 1 848
834 2 848
835 1 848
848 7 848
849 1 848
850 1 848
851 1 848
852 1 848
874 1 848
880 1 848
922 3 848
925 1 848
974 1 848
981 1 848
982 1 848
984 1 848
1042 1 848
1051 1 848
1152 1 848
1359 1 848
1415 1 848
1415 1 848
.I 849
.T
The Development and Administration of automated systems
in Academic Libraries
.A
De Gennardo, Richard
.W
The first part of this paper considers three general approaches to the
development of an automation program in a large research library.. The library
may decide simply to wait for developments; it may attempt to develop a total
or integrated system from the start; or it may adopt an evolutionary approach
leading to an integrated system.. Outside consultants,it is suggested, will
become increasingly important.. The second part of the paper deals with
important elements in any program regardless of the approach.. These include
the building of a capability to do automation work, staffing, equipment,
organizational structure, selection of projects, and costs..
.X
24 1 849
64 1 849
175 1 849
177 1 849
200 1 849
245 1 849
281 1 849
287 1 849
289 1 849
294 1 849
348 1 849
374 1 849
406 1 849
408 1 849
717 1 849
781 1 849
783 1 849
834 1 849
835 2 849
848 1 849
849 9 849
850 3 849
851 2 849
852 1 849
897 2 849
907 1 849
916 1 849
922 1 849
925 1 849
974 1 849
979 1 849
981 1 849
982 1 849
1007 1 849
1042 1 849
1051 1 849
1415 1 849
1415 1 849
.I 850
.T
Bell Laboratories' Library Real-Time Loan System (BELLREL)
.A
Kennedy, R. A.
.W
Bell Telephone laboratories has established an on-line circulation system
linking two terminals in each of its three largest libraries to a central
computer.. Objectives include improved service through computer pooling of
collections, immediate reporting on publication availability or a borrower's
record, automatic reserve follow-up; reduced labor; and increased management
information.. Loans, returns, reserves and many queries are handled in real
time.. Input may be keyboard only or combined with card reading, to handle all
publications with borrower present or absent.. BELLREL is now being used for
some 1500 transactions per day..
.X
24 1 850
53 1 850
64 1 850
175 1 850
200 1 850
211 1 850
245 1 850
281 2 850
294 1 850
374 1 850
408 1 850
481 1 850
686 1 850
717 1 850
781 1 850
783 1 850
834 1 850
835 2 850
848 1 850
849 3 850
850 9 850
851 2 850
852 1 850
897 1 850
907 1 850
922 1 850
925 1 850
979 1 850
980 1 850
981 1 850
982 1 850
1011 1 850
1042 1 850
1051 2 850
1080 1 850
1415 1 850
1415 1 850
.I 851
.T
Bibliographic Retrieval from Bibliographic Input; The Hypothesis and
Construction of a Test
.A
Ruecking, Frederick H. Jr.
.W
A study of problems associated with bibliographic retrieval using
unverified input data supplied by requesters.. A code derived from compression
of title and author information to four, four-character abbreviations each was
used for retrieval tests on an IBM 1401 computer.. Retrieval accuracy was
98.67%..
.X
19 1 851
24 1 851
64 1 851
119 1 851
175 1 851
228 2 851
245 1 851
281 2 851
287 1 851
318 1 851
321 2 851
324 1 851
329 1 851
331 1 851
348 1 851
374 1 851
408 1 851
416 2 851
442 2 851
450 2 851
495 2 851
511 2 851
524 2 851
554 1 851
563 4 851
565 1 851
567 1 851
584 1 851
601 1 851
654 1 851
717 1 851
781 1 851
783 1 851
834 1 851
835 10 851
836 3 851
848 1 851
849 2 851
850 2 851
851 19 851
852 1 851
856 1 851
857 1 851
858 1 851
859 1 851
860 1 851
861 1 851
862 6 851
863 1 851
867 1 851
868 1 851
869 1 851
875 1 851
907 1 851
922 1 851
925 1 851
981 2 851
982 1 851
984 1 851
1011 1 851
1012 1 851
1013 2 851
1035 1 851
1042 1 851
1051 1 851
1053 1 851
1194 2 851
1196 3 851
1197 6 851
1199 2 851
1415 1 851
1445 1 851
1445 1 851
.I 852
.T
MARC II and COBOL
.A
Avram, Henriette D.
Droz, Julius R.
.W
A description of the machine processing of MARC II records using COBOL for
an application on the Library of Congress System 360/30.. Emphasis is on the
manipulation by COBOL of highly complex variable length MARC records containing
variable length fields..
.X
24 1 852
64 1 852
75 1 852
78 1 852
80 1 852
159 1 852
175 1 852
177 1 852
178 1 852
245 1 852
281 1 852
309 1 852
336 1 852
374 1 852
416 1 852
432 1 852
477 1 852
717 1 852
781 1 852
783 1 852
791 1 852
834 1 852
835 1 852
848 1 852
849 1 852
850 1 852
851 1 852
852 7 852
853 1 852
854 2 852
855 1 852
857 1 852
858 1 852
859 1 852
861 1 852
922 1 852
925 1 852
970 2 852
981 1 852
982 1 852
984 1 852
1011 1 852
1042 1 852
1043 1 852
1051 1 852
1252 1 852
1415 1 852
1415 1 852
.I 853
.T
A Fast Algorithm for Automatic Classification
.A
Dattola, R. T.
.W
An economical classification process of order n log n (for n elements),
which does not employ n-square procedures.. Conversion proofs are given and
possible information retrieval applications are discussed..
.X
24 1 853
28 1 853
30 1 853
45 1 853
62 1 853
71 1 853
75 2 853
77 1 853
78 2 853
79 1 853
80 2 853
81 1 853
82 1 853
83 1 853
154 1 853
177 1 853
179 1 853
212 1 853
247 1 853
281 1 853
310 1 853
318 1 853
336 1 853
363 1 853
409 1 853
462 1 853
464 1 853
486 1 853
487 1 853
509 1 853
564 1 853
566 1 853
581 1 853
604 1 853
666 1 853
737 1 853
838 1 853
852 1 853
853 5 853
854 1 853
855 1 853
875 1 853
883 1 853
984 1 853
1011 1 853
1117 1 853
1140 1 853
1274 1 853
1393 1 853
1419 1 853
1431 1 853
1431 1 853
.I 854
.T
Library Network Analysis and Planning (Lib-Nat)
.A
Duggan, Maryann
.W
A preliminary report on planning for network design undertaken by the
Reference Round Table of the Texas Library Association and the State Advisory
Council to Library services and Construction Act Title III Texas Program..
Necessary components of a network are discussed, and network transactions of
eighteen Dallas area libraries analyzed using a methodology and quantitative
measures developed for this project..
.X
24 1 854
75 1 854
78 1 854
80 1 854
141 1 854
159 1 854
177 1 854
178 1 854
244 1 854
281 1 854
299 1 854
336 1 854
365 1 854
529 1 854
630 1 854
822 1 854
852 2 854
853 1 854
854 6 854
855 1 854
857 1 854
858 2 854
859 1 854
861 1 854
871 1 854
872 1 854
873 1 854
874 1 854
875 1 854
876 1 854
877 1 854
878 1 854
879 1 854
880 2 854
892 1 854
940 1 854
941 1 854
970 1 854
984 1 854
990 1 854
994 1 854
997 1 854
998 1 854
1011 1 854
1043 1 854
1079 1 854
1143 1 854
1230 1 854
1252 1 854
1257 1 854
1303 1 854
1396 1 854
1435 1 854
1436 1 854
1436 1 854
.I 855
.T
The MARC Sort Program
.A
Rather, John .
Pennington, Jerry G.
.W
Describes the characteristics, performance, and potential of SKED (Sort-Key
Edit), a generalized computer program for creating sort keys for MARC II
records at the user's option.. SKED and a modification of the IBM S/360 DOS
tape sort/merge program form the basis for a comprehensive program for
arranging catalog by computer..
.X
24 1 855
75 1 855
78 1 855
80 1 855
119 1 855
122 2 855
177 1 855
214 1 855
218 1 855
250 1 855
281 1 855
336 2 855
340 1 855
348 1 855
375 1 855
654 3 855
852 1 855
853 1 855
854 1 855
855 7 855
856 1 855
903 1 855
907 1 855
908 1 855
972 1 855
984 1 855
986 1 855
1011 3 855
1012 1 855
1188 1 855
1379 1 855
1385 1 855
1385 1 855
.I 856
.T
Concept of an On-Line Computerized Library Catalog
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
A concept for mechanized descriptive cataloging is presented, together
with four areas of research programs to be undertaken..
.X
172 1 856
287 1 856
316 1 856
324 1 856
336 1 856
348 1 856
365 1 856
408 1 856
442 1 856
453 1 856
511 1 856
554 1 856
584 1 856
652 1 856
654 2 856
825 1 856
851 1 856
855 1 856
856 6 856
857 1 856
858 1 856
859 1 856
860 1 856
861 1 856
862 1 856
868 1 856
886 1 856
888 1 856
913 1 856
943 1 856
963 1 856
1004 1 856
1011 1 856
1012 1 856
1013 1 856
1035 1 856
1196 1 856
1257 1 856
1258 1 856
1433 1 856
1441 1 856
1445 1 856
1445 1 856
.I 857
.T
Teaching with MARC Tapes
.A
Atherton, Pauline
Tessier, Judith
.W
A computer based laboratory for library science students to use in class
assignments and for independent projects has been developed and used for one
year at Syracuse University.. MARC Pilot Project tapes formed the data base..
Different computer programs and various samples of the MARC file (48,000
records, approx.) were used for search and retrieval operations.. Data bases,
programs, and seven different class assignments are described and evaluated for
their impact on library education in general and individual students and faculty
in particular..
.X
159 1 857
178 1 857
243 1 857
287 1 857
348 1 857
408 1 857
554 1 857
584 1 857
654 1 857
851 1 857
852 1 857
854 1 857
856 1 857
857 6 857
858 2 857
859 2 857
860 1 857
861 2 857
862 1 857
970 1 857
1012 1 857
1013 1 857
1035 1 857
1043 1 857
1252 1 857
1415 1 857
1445 1 857
1445 1 857
.I 858
.T
The RECON Pilot Project: A Progress Report
.A
Avram, Henriette D.
.W
A synthesis of the progress report submitted by the Library of Congress to
the Council on Library Resources under an Officer's Grant to initiate the RECON
Pilot Project that gives an overview of the project and the progress made from
August-November 1969 in the following areas: training, selection of material to
be converted, investigation of input devices, and format recognition..
.X
159 2 858
178 1 858
287 1 858
348 2 858
408 1 858
554 1 858
583 1 858
584 1 858
585 1 858
654 1 858
655 1 858
797 1 858
798 1 858
799 1 858
851 1 858
852 1 858
854 2 858
856 1 858
857 2 858
858 7 858
859 3 858
860 1 858
861 5 858
862 1 858
863 1 858
970 1 858
1012 1 858
1013 1 858
1035 1 858
1043 1 858
1252 1 858
1445 1 858
1445 1 858
.I 859
.T
Comparisons of LC Proofslip and MARC Tape Arrival Dates at the University
of Chicago Library
.A
Payne, Charles T.
McGee, Robert S.
.W
A comparison of arrival dates of 5020 LC proofslips and corresponding MARC
magnetic tape records that four-fifths of the MARC records were received the
same week as, or earlier than, the proofslips..
.X
159 2 859
178 1 859
287 1 859
348 3 859
382 1 859
408 1 859
554 1 859
582 1 859
583 1 859
584 1 859
585 1 859
654 1 859
655 1 859
797 1 859
798 1 859
799 1 859
851 1 859
852 1 859
854 1 859
856 1 859
857 2 859
858 3 859
859 5 859
860 1 859
861 3 859
862 1 859
970 1 859
1012 1 859
1013 1 859
1035 1 859
1043 1 859
1252 1 859
1362 1 859
1363 1 859
1415 1 859
1445 1 859
1445 1 859
.I 860
.T
Standardized Costs for Automated Library Systems
.A
Jacob, Mary Ellen L.
.W
Costs of the automated library systems as currently given in published
reports tend to be misleading and confusing.. It is necessary to have a clear
understanding of how they were derived before any comparisons can be made..
Clearly defined costs in terms of time units are more meaningful than straight
dollar costs and can be used as one means of comparison among various system
designs and as guidelines for the design of new systems..
.X
74 1 860
83 1 860
245 1 860
273 1 860
279 1 860
287 1 860
288 1 860
331 1 860
348 1 860
381 1 860
408 2 860
490 1 860
496 1 860
554 1 860
584 1 860
591 1 860
592 1 860
654 1 860
723 1 860
724 1 860
834 2 860
851 1 860
856 1 860
857 1 860
858 1 860
859 1 860
860 5 860
861 1 860
862 1 860
925 1 860
957 1 860
976 1 860
984 1 860
1012 1 860
1013 1 860
1035 1 860
1148 1 860
1227 1 860
1317 1 860
1353 1 860
1359 1 860
1360 1 860
1400 1 860
1410 1 860
1424 1 860
1445 1 860
1445 1 860
.I 861
.T
The RECON Pilot Project: A Progress Report November 1969 - April 1970
.A
Avram, Henriette D.
Guiles, Kay D.
Maruyama, Lenore S.
.W
A synthesis of the second progress report submitted by the Library of
Congress to the Council on Library Resources under a grant for the RECON Pilot
Project.. An overview of the progress made from November 1969 to April 1970 in
the following areas: production,Official Catalog comparison,format recognition,
research titles, microfilming, investigation of input devices.. In addition, the
status of the tasks assigned to the RECON Woking Task Force are briefly
described..
.X
16 1 861
159 2 861
178 1 861
287 1 861
348 2 861
408 1 861
554 1 861
583 1 861
584 1 861
585 1 861
654 1 861
655 1 861
797 1 861
798 1 861
799 1 861
851 1 861
852 1 861
854 1 861
856 1 861
857 2 861
858 5 861
859 3 861
860 1 861
861 6 861
862 1 861
863 2 861
970 1 861
1012 1 861
1013 1 861
1035 1 861
1043 1 861
1252 1 861
1445 1 861
1445 1 861
.I 862
.T
An Algorithm for Variable-Length Proper-Name Compression
.A
Dolby, James L.
.W
Viable on-line search systems require reasonable capabilities to
automatically detect (and hopefully correct) variations between request
format and stored format.. An important requirement is the solution of the
problem of matching proper names, not only because both input specifications
and storage specifications are subject ot error, but also because various
transliteration schemes exist and can provide variant proper name forms in
the same data base.. This paper reviews several proper name matching schemes
and provides an updated version of these schemes which tests out nicely on
the proper name equivalence classes of a suburban telephone book.. An
appendix lists the corpus of names used for algorithm test.
.X
19 1 862
228 2 862
287 1 862
318 1 862
321 2 862
324 1 862
329 1 862
348 1 862
408 1 862
416 2 862
442 2 862
450 2 862
495 2 862
511 2 862
524 2 862
554 1 862
563 2 862
565 1 862
567 1 862
584 1 862
601 1 862
654 1 862
835 4 862
836 1 862
851 6 862
856 1 862
857 1 862
858 1 862
859 1 862
860 1 862
861 1 862
862 6 862
863 1 862
867 1 862
875 1 862
981 1 862
984 1 862
1012 1 862
1013 2 862
1035 1 862
1053 1 862
1194 2 862
1196 1 862
1197 2 862
1199 2 862
1445 1 862
1445 1 862
.I 863
.T
RECON Pilot Project: A Progress Report, April-September 1970
.A
Avram, Henriette D
Maruyama, Lenore S.
.W
A synopsis of the third progress report on the RECON Pilot Project
submitted by the Library of Congress to the Council on Library Resources..
An overview is given of the progress made from April through September 1970
in the following areas: RECON production, format recognition, research
titles, microfilming, and investigation of input devices. In addition, the
status of the tasks assigned to the RECON Working Task Force are briefly
described..
.X
16 2 863
63 1 863
175 1 863
235 2 863
250 1 863
289 2 863
291 1 863
348 1 863
389 1 863
390 1 863
404 1 863
487 1 863
502 1 863
548 1 863
579 1 863
594 1 863
596 1 863
597 1 863
598 1 863
600 1 863
601 3 863
799 1 863
805 1 863
807 1 863
836 1 863
851 1 863
858 1 863
861 2 863
862 1 863
863 6 863
864 3 863
865 1 863
866 1 863
868 1 863
897 2 863
916 1 863
936 1 863
956 1 863
963 1 863
981 1 863
984 1 863
987 1 863
988 1 863
989 1 863
1013 1 863
1052 1 863
1152 2 863
1197 1 863
1248 1 863
1265 1 863
1294 1 863
1327 1 863
1392 1 863
1392 1 863
.I 864
.T
Monocle
.A
Chauveinc, Marc
.W
A new processing format, based on MARC II and some of BNB's elaborations of
MARC II.. It further enlarges MARC II to encompass French cataloging practices
and filing arrangements in French catalogs..
.X
16 1 864
63 1 864
175 1 864
235 2 864
250 1 864
289 2 864
291 1 864
348 1 864
389 1 864
390 1 864
404 1 864
487 1 864
502 1 864
548 1 864
579 1 864
594 1 864
596 1 864
597 1 864
598 1 864
600 1 864
601 2 864
799 1 864
805 1 864
807 1 864
836 1 864
863 3 864
864 5 864
865 1 864
866 1 864
868 1 864
897 2 864
916 1 864
936 1 864
956 1 864
963 1 864
987 1 864
988 1 864
989 1 864
1042 1 864
1052 1 864
1152 2 864
1248 1 864
1265 1 864
1294 1 864
1327 1 864
1392 1 864
1392 1 864
.I 865
.T
Scope: A Cost Analysis of an Automated Serials Record System
.A
Koenig, Michael E.
Finlay, Alexander C.
Cushman, Joann G.
Detmer, James M.
.W
A computerized serials record and control system developed in 1968/69 for the
Technical Information Department of Pfizer Inc. is described and subjected to a
cost analysis.. This cost analysis is conducted in the context of an investment
decision, using the concept of net present value, a method not previously used
in library literature.. The cost analysis reveals a positive net present value
and a system life break-even requirement of seven years at a 10% cost of
capital.. This demonstrates that such an automated system can be economically
justifiable in a library of relatively modest size (approx. 1,100 serial and
periodical titles).. It may be that the break-even point in terms of collection
size required for successful automation of serial records is smaller than has
been assumed to date..
.X
235 1 865
288 2 865
289 2 865
291 2 865
292 1 865
295 1 865
408 1 865
548 1 865
591 1 865
594 1 865
597 1 865
598 1 865
601 1 865
836 1 865
863 1 865
864 1 865
865 5 865
866 1 865
868 1 865
897 1 865
915 1 865
916 1 865
925 1 865
936 1 865
938 1 865
957 1 865
959 1 865
960 1 865
961 1 865
962 1 865
972 1 865
984 1 865
1052 1 865
1248 1 865
1353 1 865
1400 1 865
1401 1 865
1401 1 865
.I 866
.T
A MARC II - Based Program for Retrieval and Dissemination
.A
Mauerhoff, Georg R.
Smith, Richard G.
.W
Subscriptions to the Library of Congress' MARC tapes number approximately
sixty.. The use to which the weekly tapes have been put have been minimal in the
area of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) and current awareness..
This paper reviews work that has been performed on batched retrieval/
dissemination and provides a description of a highly flexible cooperative SDI
system developed by the Library, University of Saskatchewan, and the National
Science Library.. The system will permit searching over all subject areas
represented by the English language monographic literature on MARC..
.X
18 1 866
125 1 866
145 1 866
161 1 866
197 1 866
211 1 866
218 1 866
235 1 866
243 2 866
253 1 866
289 1 866
291 1 866
375 2 866
378 1 866
408 1 866
440 1 866
445 1 866
452 1 866
453 1 866
454 1 866
467 1 866
468 1 866
472 1 866
492 1 866
495 1 866
497 1 866
503 1 866
506 3 866
507 2 866
508 2 866
510 1 866
511 1 866
512 1 866
514 1 866
517 1 866
520 1 866
521 1 866
523 1 866
524 1 866
526 1 866
528 1 866
548 2 866
554 1 866
576 1 866
579 1 866
580 1 866
591 1 866
593 1 866
594 3 866
595 1 866
596 1 866
597 2 866
598 1 866
599 1 866
600 1 866
601 2 866
603 1 866
604 3 866
606 1 866
607 1 866
609 1 866
612 1 866
619 1 866
622 1 866
623 1 866
629 1 866
631 1 866
632 1 866
633 1 866
699 1 866
700 1 866
705 1 866
707 1 866
723 2 866
724 1 866
726 1 866
727 1 866
728 1 866
729 1 866
730 1 866
731 1 866
754 1 866
801 1 866
805 1 866
806 1 866
812 1 866
813 1 866
814 1 866
820 1 866
822 1 866
836 2 866
863 1 866
864 1 866
865 1 866
866 5 866
867 2 866
868 1 866
870 1 866
873 1 866
897 1 866
916 1 866
936 1 866
956 1 866
989 1 866
1042 1 866
1052 1 866
1078 1 866
1087 1 866
1089 1 866
1091 1 866
1143 1 866
1248 1 866
1264 1 866
1298 1 866
1299 1 866
1302 1 866
1303 1 866
1327 2 866
1362 1 866
1366 1 866
1367 1 866
1368 1 866
1396 1 866
1405 1 866
1405 1 866
.I 867
.T
An Algorithm for Compaction of Alphanumeric Data
.A
Schieber, William D.
Thomas, George W.
.W
Description of a technique for compressing data to be placed in computer
auxiliary storage.. The technique operates on the principle of taking two
alphabetic characters frequently used in combination and replacing them with
one unused special character code.. Such one-for-two replacement has enabled
the ILO to achieve a rate of compression of 43.5% on a data base of
approximately 40,000 bibliographic records..
.X
161 1 867
197 1 867
218 1 867
228 2 867
229 1 867
243 1 867
253 1 867
318 1 867
321 1 867
329 1 867
375 2 867
408 1 867
416 1 867
442 2 867
445 1 867
450 1 867
454 1 867
472 1 867
492 1 867
497 1 867
503 1 867
506 2 867
507 2 867
508 1 867
510 1 867
511 1 867
524 1 867
536 1 867
548 1 867
554 1 867
579 1 867
591 1 867
593 1 867
594 2 867
595 1 867
596 1 867
597 1 867
599 1 867
600 1 867
601 1 867
603 1 867
604 2 867
606 1 867
607 1 867
620 1 867
723 1 867
724 1 867
801 1 867
805 1 867
806 1 867
835 1 867
836 1 867
851 1 867
862 1 867
866 2 867
867 6 867
869 1 867
875 1 867
956 1 867
989 1 867
1042 1 867
1087 1 867
1193 1 867
1194 1 867
1196 1 867
1199 1 867
1298 1 867
1299 1 867
1327 2 867
1405 1 867
1405 1 867
.I 868
.T
Title-Only Entries Retrieved by Use of Truncated Search Keys
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
Long, Philip L.
Liederman, Eugene B.
Landgraf, Alan L.
.W
An experiment testing utility of truncated search keys as inquiry terms in
an on-line system was performed on a file of 16,792 title-only bibliographic
entries.. Use of a 3,3 key yields eight or fewer entries 99.0% of the time..
.X
90 2 868
235 1 868
289 1 868
291 1 868
348 1 868
548 1 868
594 1 868
597 1 868
598 1 868
601 1 868
836 2 868
851 1 868
856 1 868
863 1 868
864 1 868
865 1 868
866 1 868
868 12 868
869 6 868
871 4 868
872 3 868
876 2 868
897 2 868
916 1 868
936 1 868
1052 1 868
1196 9 868
1197 4 868
1248 1 868
1248 1 868
.I 869
.T
A Truncated Search Key Title Index
.A
Long, Philip L.
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
An experiment showing that 3, 1, 1, 1 search keys derived from titles are
sufficiently specific to be an efficient computerized, interactive index to a
file of 135,938 MARC II records..
.X
90 1 869
318 1 869
620 1 869
836 1 869
851 1 869
867 1 869
868 6 869
869 8 869
871 4 869
872 2 869
875 1 869
876 3 869
897 1 869
1193 1 869
1196 7 869
1197 2 869
1197 2 869
.I 870
.T
Selective Dissemination of MARC: A User Evaluation
.A
Buhr, Lorne R.
.W
After outlining the terms of reference of an investigation of user reaction
to the selective dissemination of MARC records, a summary of the types of users
is given.. User response is analyzed and interpreted in the light of recent
developments at the Library of Congress.. Implications for the future of SDI of
MARC in a university setting conclude the paper..
.X
18 2 870
34 1 870
49 1 870
53 1 870
57 1 870
59 1 870
75 1 870
91 1 870
125 1 870
145 1 870
164 1 870
176 1 870
202 1 870
211 1 870
213 2 870
224 2 870
243 1 870
329 1 870
378 1 870
382 1 870
421 2 870
439 1 870
440 2 870
452 1 870
453 1 870
465 1 870
466 1 870
467 1 870
468 1 870
490 1 870
491 1 870
495 1 870
506 2 870
507 1 870
508 1 870
510 1 870
511 1 870
512 2 870
514 1 870
517 1 870
520 1 870
521 1 870
523 1 870
524 1 870
526 1 870
528 1 870
565 1 870
572 1 870
576 1 870
580 2 870
591 1 870
595 2 870
596 1 870
603 1 870
604 2 870
608 1 870
609 2 870
612 1 870
619 2 870
622 2 870
623 2 870
629 2 870
631 1 870
632 1 870
633 2 870
639 1 870
659 1 870
676 1 870
696 1 870
699 1 870
700 1 870
705 1 870
707 1 870
711 1 870
722 1 870
723 2 870
726 2 870
727 2 870
728 2 870
729 1 870
730 2 870
731 2 870
732 1 870
754 1 870
809 2 870
810 2 870
812 2 870
813 4 870
814 3 870
820 2 870
822 2 870
828 1 870
866 1 870
870 5 870
873 1 870
879 1 870
894 1 870
928 1 870
963 1 870
990 1 870
991 1 870
1078 1 870
1089 1 870
1091 2 870
1143 1 870
1255 1 870
1264 1 870
1283 1 870
1298 2 870
1299 1 870
1302 1 870
1303 1 870
1363 1 870
1366 2 870
1367 2 870
1368 2 870
1396 3 870
1413 1 870
1445 1 870
1445 1 870
.I 871
.T
Analysis of Search Key Retrieval on a Large Bibliographic File
.A
Guthrie, Gerry D.
Slifko, Steven D.
.W
Two research keys (4,5 and 3,3) are analyzed using a probability formula on
a bibliographic file of 857,725 records.. Assuming random requests by record
permits the creation of a predictive model which more closely approximates
the actual behavior of a search and retrieval system as determined by a usage
survey..
.X
141 1 871
244 1 871
299 1 871
365 1 871
529 1 871
630 1 871
822 1 871
854 1 871
868 4 871
869 4 871
871 6 871
872 2 871
873 1 871
874 1 871
875 1 871
876 3 871
877 1 871
878 1 871
879 1 871
880 1 871
892 1 871
940 1 871
941 1 871
990 1 871
994 1 871
997 1 871
998 1 871
1079 1 871
1143 1 871
1196 3 871
1197 1 871
1230 1 871
1257 1 871
1303 1 871
1396 1 871
1435 1 871
1436 1 871
1436 1 871
.I 872
.T
The Shared Cataloging System of the Ohio College Library Center
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
Long, Philip L.
Landgraf, Alan L.
Wyckoff, John A.
.W
Development and implementation of an off-line catalog card production system
and on-line shared cataloging system are described.. In off-line production,
average cost per card for 529,893 catalog cards in finished form and
alphabetized for filing was 6.57c.. An account is given of system design and
equipment selection for the on-line system.. File organization and programs are
described, and the on-line cataloging system is discussed.. The system is easy
to use, efficient, reliable, and cost beneficial..
.X
90 1 872
119 2 872
122 1 872
141 1 872
244 1 872
249 1 872
250 1 872
295 1 872
299 1 872
329 1 872
348 1 872
359 1 872
361 1 872
365 2 872
394 2 872
400 1 872
416 1 872
431 1 872
453 1 872
511 1 872
526 1 872
528 1 872
529 1 872
612 1 872
617 1 872
620 1 872
630 1 872
700 1 872
768 1 872
783 1 872
791 1 872
822 1 872
854 1 872
868 3 872
869 2 872
871 2 872
872 21 872
873 1 872
874 2 872
875 1 872
876 2 872
877 1 872
878 1 872
879 1 872
880 1 872
882 1 872
884 2 872
885 1 872
887 1 872
892 1 872
913 1 872
939 1 872
940 3 872
941 2 872
970 1 872
981 1 872
990 1 872
994 1 872
996 1 872
997 2 872
998 1 872
1011 1 872
1013 1 872
1079 1 872
1080 1 872
1143 2 872
1196 4 872
1197 1 872
1230 1 872
1247 3 872
1257 2 872
1264 1 872
1303 1 872
1367 1 872
1390 1 872
1396 1 872
1410 1 872
1434 1 872
1435 3 872
1436 3 872
1441 1 872
1441 1 872
.I 873
.T
Content Designators for Machine-Readable Records: A Working Paper
.A
Avram, Henriette D.
Guiles, Kay D.
.W
Under the auspices of the International Federation of Library Association's
Committees on Cataloging and Mechanization, an International Working Group on
Content Designators was formed to attempt to resolve the differences in the
content designators assigned by national agencies to their machine-readable
bibliographic records..
All working papers emanating from the IFLA Working Group will be submitted
to the International Standards Organization Technical Committee 46, Subcommittee
4, Working Group on Content Designators..
Prior to any attempt to standardize the content designators for the
international exchange of bibliographic data in machine-readable form, it is
necessary to agree on certain basic points from which all future work will be
derived.. This first working paper is a statement of: 1) the obstacles that
presently exist which prevent the effective international interchange of
bibliographic data in machine-readable form; 2) the score of concern for the
IFLA Working Group; and 3) the definition of terms included in the broader term
"content designators"..
If an international standard format can be derived, it would greatly
facilitate the use in this country of machine-readable bibliographic records
issued by other national agencies.. It should also contribute significantly to
the expansion of MARC to other languages by the Library of Congress..
.X
18 1 873
121 1 873
125 1 873
141 2 873
145 1 873
211 1 873
244 1 873
299 2 873
333 1 873
365 1 873
378 1 873
440 1 873
452 1 873
453 1 873
467 1 873
468 1 873
495 1 873
506 1 873
508 1 873
511 1 873
512 1 873
514 1 873
517 1 873
520 1 873
521 1 873
522 1 873
523 1 873
524 1 873
526 1 873
528 1 873
529 1 873
530 1 873
541 1 873
576 1 873
580 1 873
604 1 873
609 1 873
612 1 873
619 1 873
622 1 873
623 1 873
627 1 873
628 1 873
629 1 873
630 1 873
631 1 873
632 1 873
633 1 873
699 1 873
700 1 873
705 1 873
707 1 873
723 1 873
726 1 873
727 1 873
728 1 873
729 1 873
730 1 873
731 1 873
754 1 873
812 1 873
813 1 873
814 1 873
820 1 873
822 2 873
854 1 873
866 1 873
870 1 873
871 1 873
872 1 873
873 5 873
874 2 873
875 2 873
876 2 873
877 1 873
878 1 873
879 1 873
880 1 873
881 1 873
892 2 873
919 1 873
920 1 873
921 1 873
940 1 873
941 2 873
990 1 873
994 2 873
995 1 873
996 1 873
997 2 873
998 2 873
1042 1 873
1078 1 873
1079 2 873
1089 1 873
1091 1 873
1143 2 873
1153 1 873
1189 1 873
1230 1 873
1251 1 873
1257 1 873
1264 1 873
1302 1 873
1303 2 873
1351 1 873
1366 1 873
1367 1 873
1368 1 873
1396 3 873
1420 1 873
1434 1 873
1435 2 873
1436 1 873
1441 1 873
1442 1 873
1442 1 873
.I 874
.T
The New York Public Library Automated Book Catalog Subsystem
.A
Malinconico, S. Michael
Rizzolo, James A.
.W
A comprehensive automated bibliographic control system has been developed by
the New York Public Library.. This system is unique in its use of an automated
authority system and highly sophisticated machine filing algorithms.. The
primary aim was the rigorous control of established forms and their
cross-reference structure.. The original impetus for creation of the system,
and its most highly visible product, is a photocomposed book catalog.. The
book catalog subsystem supplies automatic punctuation of condensed entries and
contains the ability to produce cumulation/supplement book catalogs in
installments without loss of control of the cross referencing structure..
.X
141 2 874
244 1 874
259 1 874
299 5 874
326 1 874
333 3 874
354 1 874
365 1 874
434 1 874
445 1 874
449 2 874
522 1 874
529 1 874
530 2 874
553 1 874
627 2 874
628 3 874
630 1 874
802 1 874
819 1 874
822 1 874
848 1 874
854 1 874
871 1 874
872 2 874
873 2 874
874 16 874
875 3 874
876 2 874
877 2 874
878 3 874
879 1 874
880 2 874
881 1 874
882 1 874
884 2 874
887 1 874
892 5 874
922 2 874
940 2 874
941 4 874
990 2 874
991 1 874
992 1 874
993 1 874
994 2 874
995 3 874
996 1 874
997 2 874
998 3 874
1079 4 874
1143 1 874
1153 1 874
1189 1 874
1215 1 874
1216 3 874
1230 1 874
1251 1 874
1255 1 874
1257 1 874
1265 1 874
1303 1 874
1351 2 874
1395 1 874
1396 2 874
1420 2 874
1421 1 874
1434 3 874
1435 4 874
1436 2 874
1441 1 874
1442 2 874
1448 1 874
1448 1 874
.I 875
.T
File Structure for an On-Line Catalog of One Million Titles
.A
Dimsdale, J. J.
.W
A description is given of the file organization and design of an on-line
catalog suitable for automation of a library of one million books.. A method of
virtual hash addressing allows rapid search of the indexes to the catalog
file.. Storage of textual material in a compressed form allows considerable
reduction in storage costs..
.X
19 1 875
44 1 875
57 1 875
62 1 875
124 1 875
125 1 875
141 2 875
165 1 875
228 1 875
244 1 875
299 3 875
310 1 875
318 3 875
321 1 875
324 1 875
329 3 875
333 2 875
363 1 875
365 1 875
381 1 875
409 1 875
416 2 875
442 2 875
448 1 875
450 3 875
452 1 875
462 1 875
484 1 875
495 2 875
511 4 875
516 1 875
518 1 875
521 2 875
522 2 875
523 1 875
524 1 875
526 1 875
527 1 875
528 1 875
529 2 875
530 1 875
563 1 875
565 2 875
567 2 875
575 1 875
604 1 875
610 1 875
615 1 875
620 1 875
625 1 875
626 1 875
627 2 875
628 2 875
630 1 875
636 1 875
700 1 875
705 1 875
707 1 875
727 1 875
737 1 875
754 1 875
791 1 875
812 1 875
817 1 875
822 1 875
824 1 875
835 1 875
851 1 875
853 1 875
854 1 875
862 1 875
867 1 875
869 1 875
871 1 875
872 1 875
873 2 875
874 3 875
875 9 875
876 2 875
877 1 875
878 1 875
879 1 875
880 1 875
883 1 875
892 3 875
894 1 875
940 1 875
941 3 875
990 1 875
994 2 875
995 2 875
996 1 875
997 2 875
998 2 875
1079 3 875
1143 1 875
1153 1 875
1189 1 875
1193 1 875
1194 1 875
1196 1 875
1199 2 875
1230 1 875
1251 1 875
1257 1 875
1274 1 875
1303 2 875
1327 1 875
1351 2 875
1364 1 875
1366 1 875
1367 1 875
1368 1 875
1396 2 875
1419 1 875
1420 2 875
1434 2 875
1435 3 875
1436 1 875
1442 2 875
1442 2 875
.I 876
.T
Catalog Records retrieved by Pesonal Author Using Derived Search Keys
.A
Landgraf, Alan L.
Kilgour, frederick G.
.W
This investigation shows that search keys derived from personal author
names possess a sufficient degree of distinctness to be employed in an
efficient computerized interactive index to a file MARC II catalog records
having 167,745 personal author entries..
.X
141 2 876
244 1 876
299 2 876
333 1 876
365 1 876
522 1 876
529 1 876
530 1 876
627 1 876
628 1 876
630 1 876
822 1 876
854 1 876
868 2 876
869 3 876
871 3 876
872 2 876
873 2 876
874 2 876
875 2 876
876 5 876
877 1 876
878 1 876
879 1 876
880 1 876
892 2 876
940 1 876
941 2 876
990 1 876
994 2 876
995 1 876
996 1 876
997 2 876
998 2 876
1079 2 876
1143 1 876
1153 1 876
1189 1 876
1196 2 876
1230 1 876
1251 1 876
1257 1 876
1303 1 876
1351 1 876
1396 2 876
1420 1 876
1434 1 876
1435 2 876
1436 1 876
1442 1 876
1442 1 876
.I 877
.T
Comparison of MARC Serials, NSDP, and ISBD-S
.A
Pulsifer, Josephine S.
.W
Briefly characterizes and compares the specifications for serial records of
the MAR Serials Distribution Service, the National Serials Data Program, and the
International Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials.. Both data
content and, where applicable, machine format are analyzed..
.X
18 1 877
127 1 877
141 1 877
145 1 877
244 1 877
299 1 877
333 1 877
357 1 877
365 1 877
376 1 877
449 1 877
459 1 877
524 1 877
525 1 877
527 1 877
529 2 877
530 2 877
534 1 877
541 1 877
553 1 877
628 1 877
630 1 877
633 1 877
635 1 877
636 1 877
637 1 877
642 1 877
702 1 877
703 1 877
730 1 877
732 1 877
733 1 877
734 1 877
736 1 877
802 1 877
819 1 877
822 1 877
826 1 877
827 1 877
854 1 877
871 1 877
872 1 877
873 1 877
874 2 877
875 1 877
876 1 877
877 6 877
878 4 877
879 2 877
880 1 877
892 1 877
904 1 877
919 1 877
920 1 877
921 1 877
940 2 877
941 2 877
990 1 877
992 1 877
993 1 877
994 1 877
995 1 877
997 1 877
998 1 877
999 1 877
1000 1 877
1001 1 877
1002 1 877
1003 1 877
1013 1 877
1079 2 877
1143 1 877
1216 1 877
1230 1 877
1257 1 877
1303 1 877
1370 1 877
1372 1 877
1383 1 877
1396 2 877
1421 1 877
1434 1 877
1435 2 877
1436 3 877
1436 3 877
.I 878
.T
The Ad Hoc Discussion Group on Serials Data Bases: Its History, Current
Position, and Future
.A
Anable, Richard
.W
The Ad Hoc Discussion Group on Serials Data Bases was formed as a
result of an informal meeting held during the American Library Association's
Conference in Las Vegas on June 26, 1973. Those in attendance were
primarily interested in the generation and maintenance of machine-readable
union files of serials. (This author's involvement in that meeting and
the later activities of the group stems from a contract between the
National Library of Canada and York University concerning an investigation
of the problems associated with machine-readable serials files.)
.X
141 1 878
244 1 878
299 2 878
333 1 878
365 1 878
449 1 878
529 1 878
530 1 878
541 1 878
553 1 878
628 1 878
630 1 878
802 1 878
819 1 878
822 1 878
854 1 878
871 1 878
872 1 878
873 1 878
874 3 878
875 1 878
876 1 878
877 4 878
878 6 878
879 1 878
880 1 878
892 1 878
904 1 878
919 1 878
920 1 878
921 1 878
940 2 878
941 2 878
990 1 878
992 1 878
993 1 878
994 1 878
995 1 878
997 1 878
998 1 878
999 1 878
1000 1 878
1001 1 878
1002 1 878
1003 1 878
1013 1 878
1079 2 878
1143 1 878
1216 1 878
1230 1 878
1257 1 878
1303 1 878
1396 1 878
1421 1 878
1434 1 878
1435 2 878
1436 4 878
1441 1 878
1441 1 878
.I 879
.T
Providing Bibliograhic Services From Machine-Radable Data Bases -
The Library's Role
.A
De Gennaro, Richard
.W
Libraries will play a key role in providing access to data bases, but not by
subscribing to tape services and establishing local processing centers as is
commonly assumed.. High costs and the nature of the demand will make this
approach unfeasible.. It is more likely that the library's reference staff will
develop the capability of serving as a broker between the local campus user and
the various regional or specialized retail distribution centers which exist or
will be established..
.X
18 2 879
34 1 879
49 1 879
53 1 879
59 1 879
124 1 879
127 2 879
129 1 879
141 1 879
145 1 879
152 1 879
164 1 879
190 1 879
191 1 879
197 1 879
202 1 879
211 1 879
213 1 879
214 1 879
218 1 879
224 1 879
243 2 879
244 1 879
299 1 879
307 1 879
330 1 879
357 2 879
365 1 879
376 1 879
378 1 879
421 1 879
450 1 879
451 1 879
452 1 879
459 4 879
465 1 879
466 1 879
468 1 879
484 1 879
490 1 879
491 1 879
492 1 879
506 1 879
507 1 879
508 1 879
510 1 879
511 1 879
512 2 879
514 1 879
518 1 879
520 1 879
523 1 879
524 2 879
525 2 879
526 2 879
527 1 879
529 3 879
530 2 879
534 2 879
546 1 879
553 1 879
579 1 879
591 1 879
594 1 879
595 1 879
603 2 879
604 2 879
606 1 879
609 1 879
610 1 879
611 2 879
612 2 879
622 1 879
623 1 879
625 1 879
626 1 879
629 1 879
630 2 879
633 2 879
635 1 879
636 2 879
637 2 879
639 1 879
642 2 879
646 1 879
648 1 879
650 1 879
659 1 879
676 1 879
692 1 879
696 1 879
699 1 879
702 1 879
703 2 879
705 1 879
708 1 879
711 1 879
722 1 879
723 1 879
726 2 879
727 1 879
728 2 879
730 2 879
731 2 879
732 3 879
733 2 879
734 2 879
736 2 879
738 1 879
739 1 879
740 1 879
741 1 879
742 1 879
743 1 879
744 1 879
755 1 879
809 1 879
810 1 879
813 1 879
814 1 879
820 2 879
822 2 879
826 3 879
827 2 879
828 1 879
854 1 879
870 1 879
871 1 879
872 1 879
873 1 879
874 1 879
875 1 879
876 1 879
877 2 879
878 1 879
879 7 879
880 1 879
883 2 879
885 1 879
892 1 879
940 1 879
941 1 879
942 1 879
990 1 879
994 1 879
997 1 879
998 1 879
1004 1 879
1035 1 879
1078 1 879
1079 1 879
1089 1 879
1091 2 879
1143 1 879
1207 1 879
1230 1 879
1257 1 879
1264 1 879
1283 1 879
1297 1 879
1298 1 879
1299 1 879
1303 2 879
1356 2 879
1363 1 879
1364 1 879
1366 1 879
1367 1 879
1368 3 879
1370 3 879
1372 3 879
1373 1 879
1374 2 879
1375 2 879
1376 2 879
1377 2 879
1383 1 879
1396 4 879
1435 1 879
1436 1 879
1436 1 879
.I 880
.T
BIBCON - A General Purpose Software System for MARC-Based Book Catalog
Production
.A
Gibson, Liz
.W
The BIBCON file management system, designed for use on IBM 360 system
equipment, performs two basic functions: (1) it creates MARC structured,
bibliographic records from untagged input data; (2) from these records it
produces page image output for book catalogs.. The system accepts data from
several different input devices and can produce a variety of output formats by
line printer, photocomposition, or computer output microform (COM)..
.X
141 1 880
244 1 880
299 1 880
326 1 880
365 1 880
529 1 880
530 1 880
630 1 880
822 1 880
824 1 880
825 1 880
848 1 880
854 2 880
871 1 880
872 1 880
873 1 880
874 2 880
875 1 880
876 1 880
877 1 880
878 1 880
879 1 880
880 5 880
892 1 880
922 1 880
940 1 880
941 1 880
990 2 880
994 1 880
997 1 880
998 1 880
1061 1 880
1079 1 880
1143 1 880
1146 1 880
1215 1 880
1230 1 880
1257 1 880
1303 1 880
1396 1 880
1435 1 880
1436 1 880
1441 1 880
1441 1 880
.I 881
.T
Impact of National Developments on Library Technical Services and Public
Services
.A
Fasana, Paul J.
.W
Several recently established national programs are evaluated from the point
of view of the practicing librarian.. It is essential that we be aware of the
consequences of adopting these programs, and that planners and librarians
communicate adequately..
.X
10 1 881
121 1 881
141 1 881
363 1 881
409 1 881
541 2 881
645 1 881
647 1 881
651 1 881
739 1 881
873 1 881
874 1 881
881 8 881
882 4 881
883 1 881
884 1 881
885 2 881
886 2 881
887 1 881
888 2 881
904 1 881
917 1 881
919 2 881
920 2 881
921 4 881
999 2 881
1000 2 881
1001 2 881
1002 2 881
1003 2 881
1004 2 881
1060 1 881
1216 1 881
1375 1 881
1376 1 881
1437 1 881
1441 1 881
1441 1 881
.I 882
.T
CONSER: An Update
.A
Anable, Richard
.W
The purposes of this paper are to explain what the CONSER Project is, to
answer some of the questions that have been raised concerning it, and to make
some general comments on the problems associated with this type of project..
This paper will not attempt to review in detail the history and operational
facets of the project since these are available elsewhere..
.X
141 1 882
363 1 882
409 1 882
645 1 882
647 1 882
651 1 882
739 1 882
872 1 882
874 1 882
881 4 882
882 8 882
883 1 882
884 2 882
885 2 882
886 2 882
887 1 882
888 2 882
904 2 882
917 1 882
921 2 882
998 1 882
999 3 882
1000 3 882
1001 3 882
1002 3 882
1003 3 882
1004 2 882
1060 1 882
1375 1 882
1376 1 882
1437 1 882
1437 1 882
.I 883
.T
MEDLARS II: A Third Generation Bibliographic Production System
.A
Katter, Robert V.
Pearson, Karl M.
.W
MEDLARS II, the replacement for the MEDLARS system used by the National
Library of Medicine over the past decade, incorporates a number of major
advances in the state of the art for massive information retrieval systems:
on-line access to a number of very large bibliographic files, an efficient
throughput figure, validation and mapping of inputs against authority files,
and modularity and parametric programming to provide the flexibility needed to
support future system enhancements.. Major MEDLARS II subsystems described are:
(1) specification maintenance, (2) input and release, (3) file maintenance,
(4) retrieval, (5) publication production, and (6) management reporting.. The
MEDLARS II retrieval subsystem (ELHILL) incorporated the results of the
experimental AIM-TWX service..
.X
62 1 883
92 1 883
124 2 883
127 1 883
129 1 883
141 1 883
190 1 883
191 1 883
197 1 883
211 1 883
214 1 883
218 1 883
243 1 883
246 1 883
307 1 883
310 1 883
318 1 883
330 1 883
363 2 883
378 1 883
409 2 883
450 1 883
451 1 883
452 2 883
459 3 883
462 1 883
468 1 883
484 1 883
492 1 883
508 1 883
511 1 883
512 1 883
514 1 883
518 1 883
520 1 883
523 1 883
524 1 883
525 1 883
526 1 883
529 1 883
530 1 883
534 1 883
546 1 883
553 1 883
579 1 883
594 1 883
603 1 883
604 2 883
606 1 883
609 1 883
610 1 883
611 1 883
612 1 883
625 1 883
626 1 883
630 1 883
636 1 883
637 1 883
642 2 883
643 1 883
645 1 883
646 1 883
647 1 883
648 2 883
650 1 883
651 1 883
692 1 883
696 1 883
699 1 883
703 1 883
705 1 883
708 1 883
726 1 883
727 1 883
728 1 883
731 1 883
732 1 883
733 1 883
734 2 883
736 2 883
737 1 883
738 1 883
739 2 883
740 1 883
741 1 883
742 2 883
743 2 883
744 1 883
755 1 883
820 1 883
825 1 883
826 2 883
827 1 883
853 1 883
875 1 883
879 2 883
881 1 883
882 1 883
883 7 883
884 1 883
885 2 883
886 1 883
887 1 883
917 1 883
930 1 883
941 1 883
950 1 883
978 1 883
988 1 883
997 1 883
999 1 883
1000 1 883
1001 1 883
1002 1 883
1003 1 883
1004 2 883
1035 1 883
1078 1 883
1079 1 883
1089 1 883
1091 1 883
1146 1 883
1207 1 883
1216 1 883
1223 1 883
1264 1 883
1274 1 883
1297 1 883
1303 1 883
1356 2 883
1364 1 883
1368 2 883
1370 2 883
1372 2 883
1373 1 883
1374 3 883
1375 4 883
1376 3 883
1377 2 883
1419 1 883
1419 1 883
.I 884
.T
The Washington Library Network's Computerized Bibliographic System
.A
Reed, Mary Jane Pobst
.W
The Washington Library Network is developing a computer-assisted
bibliographic system to speed and expand library operations throughout the
state.. Features include MARC format with all content designators, subject and
name authority files, sorting by LC rules, and stringent quality control..
Feature modules will add acquisition/accounting and circulation support..
On-line capabilities are currently under development..
This paper describes the present batch-mode cataloging support subsystem, its
history, operation, impacts, problems, costs.. Present Developmental efforts
toward on-line integrated acquisitions and cataloging support are indicated..
.X
141 1 884
354 1 884
363 1 884
400 1 884
409 1 884
645 1 884
647 1 884
651 1 884
739 1 884
872 2 884
874 2 884
881 1 884
882 2 884
883 1 884
884 5 884
885 2 884
886 1 884
887 3 884
892 1 884
917 1 884
998 1 884
999 1 884
1000 1 884
1001 1 884
1002 1 884
1003 1 884
1004 1 884
1375 1 884
1376 1 884
1395 1 884
1395 1 884
.I 885
.T
State of the Nation in Networking
.A
Butler, B.
.W
There is little so ephemeral as a "Current review" in an area so rapidly
changing as library networking. Yet this very characteristic of rapid change
makes valid the effort of providing an overview at a point in time.
The first task, then, is network definition and description, necessary
because a large number of library activities have been described as "networks"
and only a limited number are covered here. The chapter on "Library and
Information Networks" in volume seven of the Annual Review of Information
Science and Technology provides a "normative list" of "essential
characteristics":
1. A network's function is to marshal resources ... to accomplish results
beyond the ability of any one of its members.
2. A network has developed an organizational design and structure that
allows it to establish an identifiable domain....
3. It has a base in communications technology.
.X
115 1 885
123 1 885
141 1 885
335 1 885
342 1 885
363 1 885
400 1 885
409 1 885
434 1 885
459 2 885
505 1 885
594 1 885
598 1 885
643 1 885
644 1 885
645 2 885
646 1 885
647 1 885
651 1 885
739 1 885
826 1 885
872 1 885
879 1 885
881 2 885
882 2 885
883 2 885
884 2 885
885 9 885
886 1 885
887 2 885
888 1 885
917 1 885
921 1 885
947 1 885
972 1 885
999 1 885
1000 1 885
1001 1 885
1002 1 885
1003 1 885
1004 1 885
1016 1 885
1356 1 885
1368 1 885
1370 1 885
1372 1 885
1374 1 885
1375 2 885
1376 2 885
1377 1 885
1437 1 885
1437 1 885
.I 886
.T
Automated Alternatives to Card Catalogs: The Current State of Planning and
Implementation
.A
Bierman, Kenneth John
.W
The results of a study carried out under the auspices of the Council on
Library Resources are described.. The stated goal of this study was to
determine and analyze the current state of planning and implementation for
computer-generated replacements for the card catalog (book catalog, microimage
catalog, on-line catalog) for large collections (250,000 titles or more) and
selected smaller libraries (less than 250,000 titles) that had actually
implemented an alternative form of catalog..
.X
10 1 886
56 2 886
141 1 886
172 1 886
232 1 886
363 1 886
365 1 886
409 1 886
453 1 886
551 1 886
645 1 886
647 1 886
651 1 886
652 1 886
739 1 886
825 1 886
856 1 886
881 2 886
882 2 886
883 1 886
884 1 886
885 1 886
886 9 886
887 3 886
888 1 886
892 2 886
913 1 886
917 1 886
943 1 886
963 1 886
998 1 886
999 1 886
1000 1 886
1001 1 886
1002 1 886
1003 1 886
1004 2 886
1058 1 886
1059 1 886
1060 1 886
1229 1 886
1257 2 886
1258 1 886
1371 1 886
1375 1 886
1376 1 886
1433 1 886
1441 1 886
1441 1 886
.I 887
.T
COM Catalog Based on OCLC Records
.A
Meyer, Richard W.
Knapp, John F.
.W
The production of a COM catalog using OCLC records on magnetic tape is
outlined.. Standards developed within the library community as represented in
the MARK format have made this catalog possible.. A brief overview of the
procedures involved and of the catalog is presented..
.X
10 1 887
56 1 887
141 1 887
232 1 887
354 1 887
363 1 887
400 1 887
409 1 887
551 1 887
645 1 887
647 1 887
651 1 887
739 1 887
872 1 887
874 1 887
881 1 887
882 1 887
883 1 887
884 3 887
885 2 887
886 3 887
887 6 887
892 2 887
917 1 887
998 1 887
999 1 887
1000 1 887
1001 1 887
1002 1 887
1003 1 887
1004 1 887
1058 1 887
1059 1 887
1060 1 887
1371 1 887
1375 1 887
1376 1 887
1395 1 887
1395 1 887
.I 888
.T
Serials Data Control: Current Problems and Prospects
.A
Fasana, P.
.W
This paper will describe three areas of current serials activity which are
of importance to conventional libraries. I would like to do this in general
terms, eschewing details which only seem to serve to confuse. The three
areas are:
l. Standards. What they are, what impact they can have, what influence
they currently are having on serials processing.
2. Standards Setting Projects. I will attempt to describe and/or define
the almost incestuous intricacies of the National Serials Data Program
(NSDP), the International Serials Data System (ISDS), and CONSER
(CONversion of SERials).
3. Code Revision Activities. I will outline the influence that current
standards and projects are having on code revision activities.
My comments are to be considered within the context of conventional
libraries, primarily one wherein card catalogs still exist and manual processes
are the rule.
.X
128 1 888
172 1 888
342 1 888
365 1 888
453 1 888
560 1 888
646 1 888
647 1 888
652 2 888
823 1 888
825 1 888
827 1 888
831 1 888
856 1 888
881 2 888
882 2 888
885 1 888
886 1 888
888 6 888
904 1 888
913 1 888
919 1 888
921 1 888
943 1 888
963 1 888
999 1 888
1000 1 888
1001 2 888
1002 1 888
1003 2 888
1004 2 888
1060 1 888
1241 1 888
1257 1 888
1258 1 888
1291 1 888
1315 1 888
1340 1 888
1433 1 888
1437 1 888
1441 1 888
1445 1 888
1445 1 888
.I 889
.T
A Comprehensive Study Based on Physics Abstracts
.A
Keeman, S.
.W
The Documentation Research Project of the American Institute has been
engaged for some years in an effort to improve the various systems available
for the publication and dissemination of physics literature. Numerous
aspects of the problem have been studied and much information has been
obtained from the projects listed in the bibliography which appears on
the inside cover of this Report. Studies which resulted in the determination
of the indexing requirements of research physicists, new methods for the
content analysis and indexing of physics research papers, and better
production methods for journal indexes have formed the backbone of the work
which has as its ultimate objective the creation of a reference retrieval system
which is adequate for the physicists who will use it.
.X
55 1 889
147 1 889
161 1 889
201 1 889
203 1 889
373 1 889
379 2 889
560 1 889
614 1 889
748 2 889
760 1 889
778 2 889
889 6 889
977 1 889
1085 1 889
1118 1 889
1203 1 889
1256 1 889
1352 1 889
1397 1 889
1404 1 889
1418 1 889
1418 1 889
.I 890
.T
Pattern Recognition and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies..
Computer-Assisted Prediction of Antitumor Activity in Structurally Diverse
Drugs in an Experimental Mouse Brain Tumor System
.A
Chu, K. C.
Feldman, R. J.
Shapiro, M. B.
Hazard, G. F. Jr.
Geran, R. I.
.W
This paper reports the application of pattern recognition and substructural
analysis to the problem of predicting the antineoplastic activity of 24 test
compounds in an experimental mouse brain tumor system based on 138 structurally
diverse compounds tested in this tumor system.. The molecules were represented
by three types of substructural fragments, the augmented atom, the heteropath,
and the ring fragments.. Of the two pattern recognition methods used to predict
the activity of the test compounds the nearest neighbor method predicted 83%
correctly while the learning machine method predicted 92% correctly.. The test
structures and the important substructural fragments used in this study are
given and the implications of these results are discussed..
.X
254 2 890
327 3 890
568 4 890
706 3 890
890 5 890
1092 3 890
1202 1 890
1202 1 890
.I 891
.T
The Status and Needs of Medical School Libraries in the United States
.A
Bloomquist, H.
.W
This paper, prepared at the request of the National Library of Medicine, is
the result of a study of the status and needs of the libraries of 86 medical
schools and schools of basic medical sciences which are institutional members
of the Association of American Medical Libraries and are approved by the
American Medical Association. It is intended to summarize the impact of
changing experiments in medical research, education and practice on the
collections, serving housing, and staffs of medical school libraries.
.X
31 1 891
36 2 891
41 1 891
46 1 891
172 1 891
181 3 891
182 3 891
183 1 891
184 1 891
185 2 891
186 1 891
193 1 891
195 1 891
198 2 891
201 2 891
202 1 891
206 1 891
207 1 891
208 1 891
211 2 891
214 1 891
216 2 891
217 3 891
218 1 891
220 4 891
269 1 891
297 1 891
395 1 891
415 1 891
748 1 891
760 1 891
767 1 891
774 1 891
778 1 891
891 13 891
905 1 891
926 1 891
928 1 891
952 1 891
953 1 891
964 1 891
965 1 891
968 1 891
973 1 891
1009 1 891
1018 1 891
1019 1 891
1030 1 891
1147 1 891
1240 1 891
1275 1 891
1359 1 891
1390 1 891
1397 3 891
1417 1 891
1417 1 891
.I 892
.T
The Georgia Tech Library's Microfiche Catalog
.A
Roberts, Edward G.
Kennedy, John P.
.W
The Price Gilbert Memorial Library of the Georgia Institute of Technology has
reproduced its entire card catalog on microfiche, and is updating this basic
file with a bimonthly cumulated supplement produced by the Computer Output
Microfiche (COM) process.. The total catalog has been placed, with in
appropriate microfiche reader, in every academic and research department on
campus - thereby taking the chief bibliographic record of the library to the
faculty user.. Remote bibliographic access is complemented by a telephone
request and delivery service which provides delivery of requested books or
photocopies from the library to the faculty member..
.X
7 1 892
56 3 892
141 2 892
244 1 892
299 4 892
333 2 892
354 1 892
365 1 892
522 1 892
529 1 892
530 1 892
627 2 892
628 2 892
630 1 892
822 1 892
854 1 892
871 1 892
872 1 892
873 2 892
874 5 892
875 3 892
876 2 892
877 1 892
878 1 892
879 1 892
880 1 892
884 1 892
886 2 892
887 2 892
892 10 892
922 1 892
940 1 892
941 3 892
990 1 892
994 2 892
995 2 892
996 1 892
997 2 892
998 3 892
1079 3 892
1143 1 892
1153 1 892
1189 1 892
1229 2 892
1230 1 892
1251 1 892
1257 1 892
1303 1 892
1351 2 892
1371 1 892
1395 1 892
1396 2 892
1420 2 892
1434 2 892
1435 3 892
1436 1 892
1442 2 892
1442 2 892
.I 893
.T
The Frequency Distribution of Scientific Productivity.
.A
Lotka, A.J.
.W
It would be of interest to determine, if possible, the part which men
of different calibre contribute to the progress of science.
Considering first simple volume of production, a count was made of
the number of names, in the decennial index of Chemical Abstracts
1907-1916, against which appeared 1, 2, 3 . . . . entries. Names
of firms (e.g. Aktiengesellschaft, etc.) were omitted from reckoning,
since they represent the output, not of a single individual, but of an
unknown number of persons. The letters A and B of the alphabet
only were covered. These were treated both separately and in the
aggregate, with the results shown in the table and in figures 1 and 2
below.
.X
19 1 893
29 1 893
35 1 893
37 1 893
39 2 893
40 1 893
41 1 893
42 1 893
43 1 893
44 2 893
47 1 893
50 1 893
52 1 893
55 1 893
57 1 893
58 1 893
62 1 893
70 1 893
76 1 893
81 1 893
84 1 893
88 1 893
97 1 893
102 2 893
103 3 893
104 1 893
105 1 893
108 1 893
128 1 893
170 1 893
233 5 893
253 1 893
313 1 893
330 1 893
359 5 893
377 1 893
379 2 893
395 1 893
416 1 893
444 1 893
445 1 893
447 1 893
449 1 893
455 1 893
473 1 893
474 1 893
485 1 893
486 1 893
505 1 893
532 1 893
560 1 893
573 1 893
592 1 893
618 1 893
623 1 893
625 1 893
632 2 893
635 1 893
660 1 893
667 1 893
729 1 893
744 1 893
747 1 893
748 5 893
749 2 893
751 1 893
757 1 893
759 1 893
762 1 893
764 2 893
765 2 893
777 2 893
778 4 893
782 1 893
787 1 893
791 4 893
804 2 893
805 1 893
831 1 893
893 24 893
952 1 893
1016 2 893
1030 3 893
1045 1 893
1061 1 893
1081 1 893
1082 1 893
1083 2 893
1084 1 893
1085 4 893
1086 2 893
1087 2 893
1161 1 893
1173 1 893
1176 1 893
1182 2 893
1195 1 893
1200 3 893
1201 2 893
1235 1 893
1274 1 893
1277 1 893
1278 1 893
1280 1 893
1281 1 893
1285 4 893
1287 2 893
1301 1 893
1302 2 893
1304 1 893
1313 1 893
1334 1 893
1337 1 893
1338 2 893
1341 2 893
1342 1 893
1343 1 893
1344 1 893
1346 1 893
1347 1 893
1375 1 893
1376 1 893
1380 1 893
1428 2 893
1444 1 893
1444 1 893
.I 894
.T
An Experiment in Index Term Frequency
.A
Svenonius, Elaine
.W
This paper presents an experimental study of index-term frequency as a factor
in retrieval performance.. The frequency of an index term, or its "breadth" as
it is called here, is the number of postings made to the term in a given
collection.. The question is asked: Of index terms assigned to documents, which
function most effectively in retrieval, the most term or popular terms, or those
which are used relatively infrequently? The experiment is a retrieval experiment
and uses the Cranfield-Salton data.. Breadth of indexing is varied by
nonrandomly deleting terms from documents.. Retrieval output is evaluated using
the Expected Search Length measure of retrieval effectiveness as well as the
usual precision and recall.. The Wilcoxen Test is used to determine the
statistical significance of the different indexings.. The results show that the
"optimal" breadth of indexing is a variable, depending on user needs: if a few
documents are wanted or high precision is desired, then narrow terms are more
effective than broad ones; if, on the other hand, all or most relevant documents
are wanted, then broad terms are better.. An argument, however, can be made for
the quality of narrow terms, since when these terms are deleted precision never
improves, whereas deleting broad terms always results in a higher precision.. A
corollary experiment is carried out to compare two indexings of the same
average breadth where one indexing consists of
semantically appropriate terms - terms taken from the document title - and the
other consists of merely "reasonable" index terms.. The result suggest that
title-term indexing is qualifiedly superior..
.X
44 1 894
51 1 894
57 2 894
69 1 894
71 1 894
75 1 894
77 2 894
79 2 894
86 1 894
168 1 894
175 3 894
176 2 894
315 1 894
329 2 894
382 2 894
389 1 894
390 1 894
416 1 894
448 2 894
450 1 894
466 1 894
480 1 894
483 1 894
484 1 894
486 1 894
488 1 894
491 1 894
493 1 894
503 1 894
507 1 894
509 1 894
510 1 894
511 1 894
512 1 894
514 1 894
517 1 894
520 2 894
521 1 894
522 1 894
527 1 894
528 1 894
531 2 894
565 4 894
566 1 894
567 1 894
570 1 894
572 1 894
576 1 894
581 1 894
586 1 894
595 1 894
596 2 894
603 1 894
608 3 894
619 1 894
633 1 894
636 1 894
643 1 894
659 3 894
715 1 894
754 1 894
790 1 894
791 1 894
805 1 894
809 1 894
810 4 894
812 3 894
813 2 894
814 3 894
817 2 894
820 1 894
824 1 894
825 1 894
870 1 894
875 1 894
894 6 894
928 1 894
963 1 894
990 1 894
991 1 894
1051 1 894
1255 1 894
1294 2 894
1313 1 894
1327 2 894
1413 1 894
1419 2 894
1427 1 894
1445 1 894
1445 1 894
.I 895
.T
Design Equations for Retrieval System Based on the Swets Model
.A
Heine, M. H.
.W
Swets's theory of information retrieval allows the threads of document
weighting formulae, probabilistic measures of effectiveness, and management
theory to be woven into a coherent pattern.. Benefits of the theory are the
beginnings of a quantitative description of retrieval languages, a clear
distinction between retrieval 'systems' and 'language', a recognition that
retrieval performance can be tailored to suit individual needs in a systematic
way, and confirmation that question Generality is a pivotal feature of the
retrieval process.. The hypotheses involved are still in need of rigorous
experimental testing..
.X
28 1 895
57 1 895
73 3 895
157 1 895
175 1 895
274 1 895
381 1 895
389 1 895
390 1 895
445 1 895
449 1 895
468 1 895
514 1 895
518 1 895
519 2 895
577 1 895
587 1 895
595 1 895
615 1 895
625 1 895
634 1 895
643 1 895
644 1 895
646 1 895
649 2 895
652 1 895
660 1 895
752 2 895
754 1 895
764 1 895
780 3 895
785 2 895
812 1 895
820 1 895
822 1 895
824 1 895
827 1 895
829 4 895
830 1 895
895 6 895
1091 2 895
1282 2 895
1307 3 895
1307 3 895
.I 896
.T
Job Dimensions and Educational Needs in Librarianship
.A
Kertendick, T.T.
.W
This study was undertaken to meet more fully the demands for
improved and expanded training of library personnel, especially at the
middle and upper levels, occasioned by the rapidly changing roles and
functions of libraries as they try to adapt to the vast social, economic,
and technological changes currently in progress. The rise to a higher
level of required skills and competencies - often new - has brought about
an urgent need for improved training beyond the first professional
degree at the post-master's level. The basic purpose of this research is
curriculum development at the post-master's level that will equip the
middle- and upper-level personnel in libraries for the changes confronting
them. Although it would be possible to restructure the master's program
and add the courses that this study shows a need for, that alternative
has not been pursued for two reasons: a fairly stable master's curriculum
is widely accepted and institutionalized and, more important, the new
courses are designed for a different group of students - experienced
librarians.
.X
230 1 896
232 1 896
241 1 896
331 1 896
358 1 896
406 1 896
896 7 896
945 1 896
946 1 896
948 1 896
1005 1 896
1033 1 896
1079 1 896
1379 1 896
1403 1 896
1403 1 896
.I 897
.T
Shawnee Mission's On-Line Cataloging System
.A
Miller, Ellen W.
Hodges, B. J.
.W
An on_line cataloging pilot project for two elementary school is discussed..
The system components are 2740 terminals, upper-lower-case input, IBM's FASTER
generalized software package, and usual cards/labels output.. Reasons for
choosing FASTER, software and hardware features, operating procedures, system
performance and costs are detailed. Future expansion to cataloging 100,000
annual K-12 acquisitions, on-line circulation, retrospective conversion, and
union book catalogs is set forth..
.X
16 1 897
90 1 897
177 1 897
235 2 897
250 1 897
287 1 897
289 2 897
291 1 897
294 1 897
348 1 897
404 1 897
406 1 897
408 1 897
548 1 897
594 1 897
597 1 897
598 1 897
601 1 897
836 1 897
849 2 897
850 1 897
863 2 897
864 2 897
865 1 897
866 1 897
868 2 897
869 1 897
897 5 897
916 2 897
936 1 897
979 1 897
1007 1 897
1052 1 897
1152 1 897
1196 1 897
1248 1 897
1392 1 897
1392 1 897
.I 898
.T
Classification Systems
.A
Soergel, D.
.W
The field of documentation originated from the desire of librarians
to arrange the document collection by subject areas. Mono-Dicraredical
Classification systems were developed for this purpose which made it
possible in each case to find a single clearly defined category for each
bibliographic item. The development of modern science has brought about
two principal changes in the situation:
First it is no longer enough to simply provide for the retrieval
of complete bibliographic items as a unit, but rather one tends more and
more to request informational details that may be contained in the book.
Second, modern knowledge has become too complex and interdependent that it is
no longer possible to provide a single well-defined category for the books or
journal articles.
.X
154 1 898
165 1 898
477 2 898
530 1 898
621 1 898
641 1 898
653 1 898
838 2 898
898 6 898
1074 1 898
1075 1 898
1231 1 898
1259 1 898
1391 2 898
1402 1 898
1429 2 898
1430 2 898
1430 2 898
.I 899
.T
Technical Scientific Information and the Efficient Application of Science
.A
Mikhailov, A.
.W
The intense development of science and its immediate application in production
is one of the characteristic feelings of our time. The growth of the economy
now depends more and more on the speed of scientific research.
One of the main tasks of the five-year plan (1971-1975) is to develop in every
possible way basic and applied scientific research and to rapidly introduce their
results into the national economy.
The Directives of the 24th Congress of the CPSU emphasize the need to improve
scientific-technical information, and to guarantee the systematic transfer to
interested fields and institutions of information on scientific achievements
and progressive experimentation in the areas of technology, the organization of
production, and production management.
.X
899 6 899
1093 1 899
1094 1 899
1095 1 899
1104 1 899
1112 1 899
1178 1 899
1223 1 899
1223 1 899
.I 900
.T
The Language Barrier; a study in depth of the place of foreign language
materials in the research activity of the academic community
.A
Hutchins, W.J.
Pargeter, L.J.
Saunders, W.L.
.W
This volume presents the results of a detailed study of the
place of foreign language materials in University research.
In the course of our investigation, we accumulated a large
amount of data on the use of published information and of
library services by research workers and academic staff. Our
analyses have necessarily been limited by the specific aims of
the project, but we have been constantly aware that there are
many other possible analyses of the same material. For this
reason we have endeavoured to include in the Appendix as much
of this "raw" data as possible and to provide in the text itself,
when presenting our own analyses, as much detail as possible of
the methodology and other background information necessary for
any full evaluation.
.X
137 1 900
161 1 900
456 2 900
760 4 900
772 1 900
837 1 900
900 9 900
1254 1 900
1254 1 900
.I 901
.T
Language and Information Selected Essays on their Theory and Application
.A
Barhillel, Y.
.W
At one time or another many authors must have faced the dilemma of
whether to gather their articles published on a certain topic and republish
them as a collection of essays or whether to rework them into an entirely
new book. I decided in favor of the first course with regard to the articles
I had written during the last fifteen years on language and information,
in particular on the more technical and applied aspects, leaving for some
future occasion my papers on the philosophy of language.
.X
29 1 901
58 1 901
72 1 901
160 1 901
165 1 901
445 1 901
451 1 901
477 1 901
558 1 901
565 1 901
590 1 901
600 1 901
609 1 901
633 1 901
643 1 901
653 1 901
656 1 901
659 1 901
689 1 901
746 1 901
762 1 901
781 1 901
795 1 901
814 2 901
824 1 901
825 1 901
901 7 901
1077 1 901
1215 1 901
1231 1 901
1394 1 901
1422 1 901
1422 1 901
.I 902
.T
Language and Mind
.A
Chomsky, N.
.W
The three chapters of this book are somewhat elaborated versions of
three lectures, the Beckman lectures, that I delivered at the University
of California, at Berkeley, in January 1967. The first is an attempt to
evaluate past contributions to the study of mind that have been been based
on research and speculation regarding the nature of language. The second is
devoted to contemporary developments in linguistics that have a bearing on
the study of the mind. The third is a highly speculative discussion of
directions that the study of language and mind might take in coming years.
The three lectures, then, are concerned with the past, the present, and
the future.
.X
21 1 902
168 2 902
172 1 902
191 1 902
194 1 902
212 1 902
274 1 902
317 1 902
332 1 902
417 2 902
443 1 902
446 1 902
458 1 902
485 1 902
546 1 902
572 2 902
577 1 902
579 1 902
608 1 902
615 1 902
640 1 902
795 1 902
796 1 902
798 1 902
902 6 902
906 1 902
907 1 902
1033 1 902
1046 1 902
1084 1 902
1089 1 902
1209 1 902
1279 1 902
1289 1 902
1294 1 902
1310 1 902
1327 1 902
1386 1 902
1387 1 902
1399 2 902
1399 2 902
.I 903
.T
Development of the County Law Library
.A
Jurkins, J.
.W
Do you know that there are 3,071 counties and parishes and 59 county
equivalents in the United States, making a total of 3,130?
Do you know that only 39 states have statutory provisions for county law
libraries?
Do you know that seven states have no listing for county law libraries in
the American Association of Law Libraries 1968 Directory of Law Libraries?
Do you know that Los Angeles County, California, not only has the largest
county law library collection in the United States, but it also has seven
branch law libraries?
These four questions readily point out the simple fact that the growth and
development of county law libraries in the United States has been uneven,
without pattern or standards, not only on a State-to-State basis, but on a
county- to-county basis within a particular state. A survey of the 39 state
statutes relating to county law libraries reveals that there are no two states
that have exactly the same method for the establishment, administration,
financial support, or maintenance of a county law library.
.X
122 1 903
855 1 903
903 5 903
907 1 903
908 1 903
1011 1 903
1011 1 903
.I 904
.T
No Special Rules for Entry of Serials
.A
Carpenter, Michael
.W
One of the objectives of a library catalog is to enable one to determine
what books or publications by an author are in the library.. Establishment
of special rules of entry for serial publications which preclude attribution of
authorship defeats this objective.. The present rule 6 of the Anglo_American
Cataloging Rules are the Paris Principles are criticized in this regard.. In the
course of this criticism, it is shown that the presence of a generic title, the
presence of the name of a corporate body within the serial publication are not
valid criteria for determining authorship of a serial publication.. Furthermore,
using the form of publication produces unpredictable entries for serials..
Therefore, it is proposed that special rules for entry of serials be abolished,
that a serial be treated like any other work of corporate or personal authorship,
including compilations and works produced under editorial direction.. This will
have the added benefit of allowing consistent treatment of instances of
corporate and personal authorship..
.X
333 1 904
541 3 904
877 1 904
878 1 904
881 1 904
882 2 904
888 1 904
904 5 904
919 1 904
920 2 904
921 1 904
999 5 904
1000 4 904
1001 5 904
1002 5 904
1003 5 904
1004 1 904
1013 1 904
1060 1 904
1437 1 904
1437 1 904
.I 905
.T
Periodicals for the Small Bio-Medical and Clinical Library
.A
Hunt, J.W.
.W
Since the advent of periodical literature in the seventeenth
century well over ten thousand journals have been published in
the field of bio-medicine. Many of these have ceased publication;
others are only of local interest. Still, approximately two
thousand desirable periodicals in this field are being currently
released. As research and discovery are recorded in the journal
literature, the greatest asset of a scientific library is its
subscription list and periodical holdings. It therefore becomes
a major responsibility of such libraries to make this wealth of
experimental data available to their readers. When funds are
limited, the selection of a periodical collection that will best
serve the most urgent needs of the reader becomes of paramount
importance. A plan of highly selective purchasing must be adopted
to prevent the improper use of funds. Actual needs of the library
must be at hand to carry out such a plan.
.X
31 1 905
33 1 905
36 2 905
41 3 905
46 1 905
89 1 905
97 1 905
102 1 905
111 1 905
112 1 905
163 1 905
181 1 905
182 1 905
183 2 905
184 2 905
189 1 905
193 3 905
195 3 905
196 2 905
198 2 905
199 2 905
201 2 905
203 2 905
210 1 905
219 1 905
221 1 905
225 1 905
269 2 905
359 1 905
373 1 905
395 1 905
415 2 905
545 1 905
552 1 905
587 1 905
605 1 905
613 1 905
614 2 905
638 2 905
735 1 905
747 1 905
748 1 905
750 1 905
753 1 905
760 1 905
766 1 905
767 3 905
774 1 905
775 2 905
778 1 905
782 1 905
784 1 905
788 1 905
789 1 905
793 1 905
800 1 905
808 1 905
821 1 905
891 1 905
905 5 905
952 2 905
953 2 905
964 1 905
968 1 905
977 1 905
983 1 905
1009 1 905
1016 1 905
1018 1 905
1019 1 905
1023 1 905
1030 1 905
1055 1 905
1071 2 905
1087 1 905
1090 1 905
1135 1 905
1147 1 905
1240 1 905
1260 1 905
1275 4 905
1276 1 905
1278 1 905
1280 1 905
1285 1 905
1286 1 905
1287 1 905
1302 4 905
1335 1 905
1355 1 905
1359 1 905
1369 1 905
1390 1 905
1397 3 905
1417 2 905
1428 1 905
1432 1 905
1432 1 905
.I 906
.T
Libraries and Cultural Change
.A
Benge, R.C.
.W
This work is a contribution to the literature of librarianship and
some parts of it may interest a wider audience. The chapters consist
of a series of introductory explorations into several related fields.
Some of these areas are usually included in curricula for library
studies programmes, under a title such as "The library and the
community" or "The social background to libraries."
.X
795 1 906
796 1 906
798 1 906
902 1 906
906 6 906
907 1 906
1089 1 906
1209 1 906
1239 1 906
1289 1 906
1294 1 906
1294 1 906
.I 907
.T
Libraries of the Future
.A
Licklider, J.C.R.
.W
This report of research on concepts and problems of
"Libraries of the Future" records the result of a two-year
inquiry into the applicability of some of the newer
techniques for handling information to what goes at present
by the name of library work - i.e, the operations connected
with assembling information in recorded form and of
organizing and making it available for use.
.X
3 2 907
13 1 907
24 1 907
37 1 907
42 1 907
50 1 907
60 1 907
61 1 907
62 1 907
63 1 907
66 1 907
120 1 907
122 1 907
131 1 907
136 1 907
152 2 907
164 1 907
166 1 907
172 5 907
175 1 907
178 2 907
224 1 907
281 1 907
292 1 907
298 1 907
360 2 907
374 1 907
381 1 907
395 1 907
419 1 907
421 1 907
456 1 907
458 1 907
473 1 907
475 1 907
481 1 907
491 1 907
507 1 907
514 1 907
520 1 907
523 1 907
554 1 907
575 1 907
579 1 907
591 1 907
595 1 907
599 1 907
603 1 907
615 1 907
619 1 907
620 1 907
621 1 907
623 1 907
625 1 907
630 1 907
664 1 907
714 1 907
735 1 907
752 1 907
761 1 907
780 1 907
783 1 907
795 1 907
796 1 907
798 1 907
822 2 907
835 1 907
837 1 907
839 1 907
849 1 907
850 1 907
851 1 907
855 1 907
902 1 907
903 1 907
906 1 907
907 26 907
908 1 907
965 1 907
968 1 907
1011 1 907
1089 1 907
1115 1 907
1209 2 907
1212 1 907
1219 2 907
1255 1 907
1268 3 907
1286 1 907
1289 1 907
1294 1 907
1380 1 907
1394 1 907
1402 2 907
1407 1 907
1417 1 907
1418 1 907
1426 3 907
1446 1 907
1447 1 907
1447 1 907
.I 908
.T
Libraries at Large
.A
Knight, D.M.
.W
This book, Libraries at Large, is itself one tangible outcome of Advisory
Commission activity, representing the combined efforts of Duke University,
the R.R. Bowker Company, members of the Commission and its several study
groups, and many other diverse individuals within and without the library
world. The resultant theme is the same one that characterized the work of
our Commission from the beginning - namely, a concern that every individual
in our society be provided with library and informational services adequate
to his current and emerging needs. Confronting this goal requires a
recognition of inevitable change, and we have questioned status quo,
recognizing at the same time the differing pace and character requisite
for the implementation of designs in the adaptability to change. The
national interest demands simultaneous sympathy with people in pockets of
illiteracy and people in the vanguards of intellectual achievement.
.X
22 1 908
122 1 908
358 1 908
855 1 908
903 1 908
907 1 908
908 5 908
937 1 908
1005 1 908
1011 1 908
1056 1 908
1056 1 908
.I 909
.T
Libraries and Librarianship in the West: A Brief History
.A
Jackson, S.L.
.W
This book was written in an attempt to fill a gap. If one ignored the major
historical resources in other languages (which few United States students read),
notably the Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft, edited by Fritz Milkau and
others (2d ed., Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1952-1957; Registerband, 1965), it was
plain that the goodly company of works available did not meet all fundamental
needs. The most nearly comprehensive treatment was Elmer C. Johnson's A
History of Libraries in the Western World (Scarecrow, 1965), which remains in
its second edition (Scarecrow, 1970) solid and attractive reading but continues
as announced to cover only libraries. Its attention to librarianship is very
limited; numerous important theorists are not even mentioned. Furthermore,
the predominant organization by type of library hampers the analysis of
crosscurrents between libraries and life and thought, particularly the
development of the image of the library and librarian. The aim here has been
to tie it all together.
In the present offering, "the West" is used conventionally: European
civilization, with its Near Eastern ancestors and its Western Hemisphere
progeny. The limitation is practical. To try to "cover" even the West may
prove to be too much for one person; to go beyond would be rash. Yet an
understanding of those lands "beyond" would be most valuable to us all.
Let us hope that someone will try to provide it.
.X
8 1 909
20 1 909
171 1 909
909 6 909
918 1 909
1061 1 909
1453 1 909
1453 1 909
.I 910
.T
Libraries and Neighborhood Information Centers
.A
Kromes, C.L.
.W
It has been suggested by various librarians concerned with inner-city
service that the library serve as an informational and interpersonal link
between community residents and social agencies. The major question is
whether it is necessary to add another agency to the already overburdened
social service bureaucracy. The rationale for envisioning the library in
this role is twofold: (1) the library has achieved a reputation for
impartiality because it provides information on all sides of an issue and
is not committed to any particular action program, community service or
clientele; and (2) librarians are specifically trained to locate, organize,
update and disseminate information.
.X
248 1 910
340 1 910
376 1 910
431 1 910
910 5 910
935 1 910
939 1 910
1006 1 910
1017 1 910
1049 1 910
1145 2 910
1227 1 910
1236 1 910
1384 1 910
1396 1 910
1396 1 910
.I 911
.T
Libraries and the Organization of Knowledge
.A
Shera, J.H.
.W
From time to time, in the course of its historical development, a
professional activity enters a new stage. This usually takes place as the
culmination of a series of modifications to the practice of the art, arising
out of changes in the social situation in which the profession operates.
Skilled workers, sensitive to changing needs, alter or refine their practice
so that it develops in tune with the progress of society itself. Descriptive
accounts of new or improved methods appear in the literature; and, from
time to time, a leading thinker makes a new synthesis by combining these
explanations into a system, or theory, which gives a rational account
of what is going on, and so prepares the way forward.
This is what Dean Jesse H. Shera has set out to do in this collection of
his essays and addresses.
.X
3 1 911
111 1 911
112 1 911
113 1 911
146 1 911
199 1 911
231 1 911
352 1 911
360 1 911
361 1 911
383 1 911
457 1 911
458 1 911
487 1 911
665 1 911
803 1 911
846 1 911
911 9 911
966 1 911
1053 1 911
1073 1 911
1152 1 911
1231 1 911
1309 1 911
1393 1 911
1393 1 911
.I 912
.T
Libraries in Political Science
.A
Dosa, M.L.
.W
This study undertakes to document the process and the thinking
that led Leyh to his controversial professional-political activities
and his widely criticized writings in his later years. Every effort
has been made to present the documentary material and to analyze
Leyh's reactions to political and psychological pressures without
favoring any particular position. Neither a justification nor a
critique of Leyh's actions is intended.
.X
912 5 912
912 5 912
.I 913
.T
On the construction and care of white elephants
.A
Grose, M.W.
Line M.B.
.W
Although catalogue codes and standards have received much attention, there
has been very little fundamental questioning of cataloguing principles and
practice. Basic questions in need of investigation include: whether individual
libraries need catalogues of their own stock; how far printed bibliographies
could serve as a substitute; the functions catalogues are serving at present,
and the actual demands placed on them; the nature of users and non-users, and
the possible conflicts between the catalogue needs of librarians and
non-librarians; the psychological factors of approachability and usability;
whether standardization should over-rule local needs; whether catalogues
should be designed for use by readers at all; the functions of printed national
catalogues; the implications of increased co-operation and of the changing
functions of libraries; what a catalogue entry should contain and how it
should be arranged; and the possible administrative uses of catalogue data.
Mechanization has made these questions of great urgency.
.X
4 1 913
9 1 913
32 1 913
96 1 913
137 1 913
163 1 913
172 1 913
207 1 913
365 1 913
453 1 913
456 1 913
652 1 913
768 2 913
774 1 913
783 2 913
799 1 913
811 1 913
816 1 913
825 1 913
856 1 913
872 1 913
886 1 913
888 1 913
913 5 913
943 1 913
961 1 913
962 1 913
963 1 913
964 1 913
968 1 913
970 1 913
1004 1 913
1068 1 913
1203 1 913
1257 1 913
1258 1 913
1321 1 913
1407 1 913
1433 1 913
1434 1 913
1441 1 913
1445 1 913
1445 1 913
.I 914
.T
Library and information science abstracts
A new service for librarians and documentalists
.A
Edwards, T.
.W
A survey of the events leading to the decision to replace Library Science
Abstracts by a new service. Indicates the arrangement of LISA and how this
will differ from LSA. Gives a brief account of the working routines for the
new service.
.X
13 1 914
76 1 914
121 1 914
162 2 914
213 1 914
465 1 914
466 1 914
720 1 914
749 1 914
770 1 914
796 1 914
914 5 914
1076 1 914
1362 1 914
1363 1 914
1363 1 914
.I 915
.T
Library research at the University of Lancaster
.A
Mackenzie, A.G.
.W
Reference has been made to work done at the University of Lancaster in recent
issues of the RECORD: this article summarizes past, present and possible
future activities in this field.
.X
4 1 915
5 1 915
9 1 915
207 1 915
222 1 915
223 1 915
288 1 915
291 1 915
292 1 915
296 1 915
297 1 915
298 1 915
300 1 915
301 1 915
302 1 915
358 1 915
359 1 915
364 1 915
515 1 915
535 1 915
591 1 915
625 1 915
629 1 915
631 1 915
634 1 915
791 1 915
811 1 915
816 1 915
818 1 915
823 1 915
843 1 915
844 1 915
846 1 915
865 1 915
915 6 915
925 2 915
957 1 915
959 1 915
960 1 915
961 5 915
962 2 915
964 1 915
972 1 915
984 1 915
994 1 915
1015 1 915
1219 1 915
1242 1 915
1247 1 915
1268 1 915
1353 1 915
1354 1 915
1386 1 915
1400 1 915
1401 2 915
1401 2 915
.I 916
.T
Library Automation: Experience, Methodology, and Technology of the Library
as an Information System
.A
Heiliger, E.M.
.W
The goal of this book, Library Automation: Experience, Methodology,
and Technology of the Library as an Information System, is to
provide a perspective of the library functions that have been or
might be mechanized or automated, an outline of the methodology
of the systems approach, an overview of the technology available to
the library, and a projection of the prospects for library automation.
There is a concern in every library for the proper handling and
control of a veritable flood of material and for the prompt and
convenient fulfillment of service demands. That concern is matched by
excitement about the possibilities for effective use of the computers
and communications network in many library functions. Knowledge,
the library's stock-in-trade, is being generated at an unprecedented
rate and sought after with unprecedented intensity. Technology, the
driving force behind the library's problems and one hope for future
solution, is being advanced to unprecedented levels.
.X
119 1 916
177 1 916
178 1 916
214 1 916
235 1 916
241 1 916
287 2 916
289 1 916
291 1 916
348 1 916
406 2 916
408 3 916
548 1 916
594 1 916
597 1 916
598 1 916
601 1 916
836 1 916
849 1 916
863 1 916
864 1 916
865 1 916
866 1 916
868 1 916
897 2 916
916 5 916
925 1 916
936 1 916
959 1 916
960 1 916
962 1 916
979 1 916
986 1 916
1007 2 916
1012 1 916
1033 1 916
1052 1 916
1084 1 916
1248 1 916
1400 1 916
1400 1 916
.I 917
.T
Library Automation Systems
.A
Salmon, S.R.
.W
This book is intended as a reasonably comprehensive discussion
of library automation systems for the librarian without previous
knowledge or experience in the field, and for the intelligent layman.
Library automation systems, in the context of this work, are
combinations of electronic data processing machines and appropriate
programs and operating procedures, organized to work together in
carrying out, with a minimum of human intervention, some well-defined
library process. It is a field that many thoughtful observers feel
has reached a certain maturity, and so deserves to have its portrait
made.
.X
141 1 917
363 1 917
409 1 917
645 1 917
647 1 917
651 1 917
739 1 917
881 1 917
882 1 917
883 1 917
884 1 917
885 1 917
886 1 917
887 1 917
917 8 917
999 1 917
1000 1 917
1001 1 917
1002 1 917
1003 1 917
1004 1 917
1375 1 917
1376 1 917
1376 1 917
.I 918
.T
Library of Congress
.A
Goodrum, C.A.
.W
The book was built on interviews with the Library's middle
managers, on discussions with working specialists in the
various divisions, on conversations with and questionnaires
sent to out-of-Library users, and from my own observations
through almost twenty-five years in the Library's Congressional
Research Service. After the text was completed, it was read
by appropriate people in each department for factual content
and ultimately by the staff in the Librarian's Office for
their comment. At no point was there pressure to change text
or conclusions - although there were plenty of good-natured
suggestions on details, and nearly everyone urged a fuller
description of his own particular specialty!
.X
8 1 918
20 1 918
171 1 918
909 1 918
918 6 918
1061 1 918
1453 1 918
1453 1 918
.I 919
.T
ISBD(S) and Title Main Entry for Serials
.A
Spalding, C. S.
.W
The International Meeting of Cataloguing Experts,
convened in Copenhagen in 1969 under the auspices
of the IFLA Committee on Uniform Cataloguing
Rules (later Committee on Cataloguing), set in
motion the first major development in continuation
of the success achieved by the Paris International
Conference on Cataloguing Principles (1961) in the
matter of the principles and general rules for entry
and heading. Taking under consideration the study of
"Bibliographical Data in National Bibliography Entries"
prepared by Michael Gorman, the experts of
the Copenhagen meeting set up a working group, with
Jack Wells as chairman, charged with drafting an
international standard bibliographic description for
monographic publications. There was common
agreement that the objective was the development of
specifications for the necessary data elements, their
order of presentation, and the punctuation to delimit
them. These specifications should be designed to
satisfy the needs of national bibliographies, and,
with whatever judicious trimming might be desirable,
the needs of the libraries of the entire world. It was
further agreed that these bibliographic descriptions
were to be made quite independently of the heading
under which they might appear in listings. The working
group succeeded in its task and brought forth its
provisional ISBD(M) in 1971; the first standard
edition was published earlier this year. The success of
this standard is manifested by the continuing increase
in the number of countries that have adopted it.
.X
10 1 919
121 1 919
128 1 919
246 1 919
265 1 919
331 1 919
541 3 919
560 1 919
646 1 919
647 1 919
652 1 919
799 1 919
823 1 919
827 1 919
873 1 919
877 1 919
878 1 919
881 2 919
888 1 919
904 1 919
919 5 919
920 4 919
921 3 919
922 1 919
999 1 919
1000 1 919
1001 1 919
1002 1 919
1003 2 919
1013 1 919
1291 1 919
1315 1 919
1340 1 919
1441 1 919
1445 2 919
1445 2 919
.I 920
.T
Main Entry for Serials
.A
Howard, J.H.
.W
The nature of serials is such that, in both the ALA Cataloging Rules for
Author and Titles Entries and the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR),there
are special rules for choice of entry for serials that differ from the rules for
monographs. While the Statement of Principles Adopted at the International
Conference on Cataloging Principles (Paris Principles) leaves much room for
interpretation and controversy regarding serials, it also provides for special
rules for choice of entry.
.X
10 1 920
121 1 920
246 1 920
265 1 920
331 1 920
342 1 920
541 4 920
799 1 920
873 1 920
877 1 920
878 1 920
881 2 920
904 2 920
919 4 920
920 8 920
921 3 920
922 1 920
999 2 920
1000 1 920
1001 2 920
1002 2 920
1003 2 920
1013 1 920
1441 1 920
1445 1 920
1445 1 920
.I 921
.T
CONSER
Cooperative Conversion of Serials Project
.A
Upham, L.
.W
The final report from the Association of Research Libraries' ad hoc Committee
on Machine-Based Serials, written in January of this year, showed that of the
86 libraries which participated in the committee's survey of efforts in the
area of machine-readable serials files, 64 had files containing a total of
1,723,568 titles. Twenty-two libraries reported having no files and one library
indicated that it was in the process of converting its file. The cost of
converting these files is approximately $1,500,000, not to mention the
utilization of an incredible amount of duplicate conversion effort.
.X
10 1 921
121 1 921
541 3 921
873 1 921
877 1 921
878 1 921
881 4 921
882 2 921
885 1 921
888 1 921
904 1 921
919 3 921
920 3 921
921 5 921
999 1 921
1000 1 921
1001 1 921
1002 1 921
1003 1 921
1013 1 921
1441 1 921
1441 1 921
.I 922
.T
Library Catalogs: their preservation and maintenance by photographic
and automated techniques; a study
.A
Henderson, J.W.
.W
The major conclusions and recommendations of the study which follows are:
That the catalogs of The Research Libraries of the New York Public Library be
divided chronologically at the earliest possible date;
That the present (or retrospective) Public Catalog be reproduced
photographically in book form;
That the future (or prospective) catalogs be produced in a combination of
card and book form from a store of machine-readable data;
That a Central Serial Record be created to contain acquisition information,
cataloging and holdings data, and bindery records for all serial publications
in The Research Libraries.
.X
64 1 922
175 1 922
245 1 922
246 1 922
265 1 922
299 1 922
326 1 922
331 2 922
374 1 922
717 1 922
781 1 922
783 1 922
799 1 922
834 2 922
835 1 922
848 3 922
849 1 922
850 1 922
851 1 922
852 1 922
874 2 922
880 1 922
892 1 922
919 1 922
920 1 922
922 5 922
925 1 922
974 1 922
981 1 922
982 1 922
984 1 922
1042 1 922
1051 1 922
1359 1 922
1415 1 922
1445 1 922
1445 1 922
.I 923
.T
Library Education: an introductional survey
.A
Bone, L.E.
.W
Social structures have changed more quickly during
the last one hundred years than during any other equivalent
period in history. With these changes have come alternations
in the role of institutions of higher education. During
the Centennial Year we shall try to measure the need and
nature of further change and to evolve ideas that may
influence its direction.
In keeping with this idea, the Graduate School of Library Science
of the University of Illinois felt that this indeed was a time propitious
for holding an International Conference on Education for Librarianship.
The profession as a whole and library education in particular are still
quite young, but in less than one hundred years we have seen revolutionary
changes. Demands have been made on the world's libraries, and in turn on
the schools' training personnel for these libraries, almost too rapidly
for them to satisfy. It seemed logical for library education, therefore,
"to measure the need and nature of future change and to evolve ideas that
may influence its direction."
.X
339 1 923
371 1 923
387 1 923
923 5 923
924 1 923
954 1 923
1021 1 923
1403 1 923
1403 1 923
.I 924
.T
Library Education and Training
.A
Bonn, G.S.
.W
The Conference on Library Education and Training in
Developing Countries was arranged in order (1) to examine
more closely the present facilities, curricula, and programs
for training library workers in the developing countries
of the world closest to Hawaii, those in East and South
Asia; (2) to determine their short- and long-range needs
for trained library workers; and (3) to determine their
needs for additional library education and training facilities
and for revised curricula. In the light of this information
the Conference proposed to evaluate the assistance given
in recent years by American advisors and temporary library school
faculty in these countries, and then to ascertain the roles
that both local library schools and their counterparts in the
United States can play in serving the needs for trained
library workers in these and other developing countries.
.X
339 1 924
371 1 924
387 1 924
923 1 924
924 9 924
1403 1 924
1403 1 924
.I 925
.T
Library Effectiveness
.A
Morse, P.M.
.W
This book is an experiment - in several respects. The pressures of
rising publication, together with the dazzling potentialities of the
electronic computer, are forcing librarians to think more quantitatively
about their libraries than most of them ever have before and,
simultaneously, have aroused the interest of the computer expert and
the systems analyst in information storage and retrieval systems, of
which the library is still the most successful exemplar.
.X
4 3 925
5 2 925
24 1 925
31 1 925
33 2 925
46 2 925
62 1 925
64 1 925
65 1 925
66 1 925
71 1 925
72 1 925
73 1 925
74 2 925
75 2 925
76 1 925
77 1 925
78 1 925
79 1 925
81 2 925
82 1 925
83 2 925
86 1 925
115 1 925
120 1 925
128 2 925
129 1 925
130 1 925
135 1 925
137 1 925
152 1 925
153 1 925
156 1 925
158 1 925
167 1 925
175 2 925
178 1 925
206 2 925
207 4 925
208 2 925
210 1 925
211 1 925
212 1 925
222 1 925
223 1 925
225 1 925
234 3 925
244 1 925
245 10 925
249 2 925
266 1 925
267 4 925
269 1 925
270 1 925
272 1 925
273 2 925
277 2 925
278 2 925
279 4 925
280 4 925
282 1 925
285 1 925
287 1 925
288 2 925
290 2 925
291 3 925
292 2 925
296 1 925
301 1 925
302 1 925
331 3 925
336 1 925
350 1 925
359 1 925
364 2 925
365 1 925
374 1 925
381 1 925
386 1 925
393 1 925
395 1 925
398 1 925
402 1 925
406 1 925
408 3 925
418 1 925
459 1 925
468 1 925
470 1 925
486 1 925
490 1 925
494 4 925
496 1 925
502 1 925
515 3 925
575 1 925
587 1 925
591 2 925
592 1 925
599 1 925
614 2 925
621 1 925
630 1 925
638 2 925
639 1 925
646 1 925
647 1 925
651 2 925
658 1 925
692 1 925
716 1 925
717 1 925
720 1 925
723 1 925
724 1 925
748 3 925
751 1 925
764 1 925
765 2 925
766 2 925
778 3 925
781 1 925
782 1 925
783 1 925
785 1 925
786 4 925
787 2 925
788 2 925
789 2 925
791 3 925
792 3 925
793 1 925
800 1 925
811 4 925
816 2 925
818 2 925
822 1 925
823 4 925
827 1 925
834 2 925
835 1 925
837 1 925
840 4 925
841 1 925
842 2 925
848 1 925
849 1 925
850 1 925
851 1 925
852 1 925
860 1 925
865 1 925
915 2 925
916 1 925
922 1 925
925 54 925
943 1 925
944 2 925
948 6 925
957 2 925
959 3 925
960 4 925
961 5 925
962 3 925
963 2 925
964 2 925
972 1 925
976 2 925
981 2 925
982 2 925
983 1 925
984 2 925
1005 1 925
1007 1 925
1015 1 925
1018 1 925
1019 3 925
1023 1 925
1032 1 925
1033 1 925
1042 1 925
1051 1 925
1056 1 925
1069 1 925
1070 2 925
1080 1 925
1083 1 925
1085 1 925
1086 2 925
1144 1 925
1148 1 925
1184 1 925
1203 2 925
1205 1 925
1214 1 925
1219 2 925
1227 2 925
1242 1 925
1257 1 925
1317 7 925
1324 1 925
1353 2 925
1358 1 925
1359 2 925
1360 2 925
1361 1 925
1365 2 925
1374 1 925
1380 1 925
1390 1 925
1400 11 925
1401 5 925
1402 2 925
1404 1 925
1407 1 925
1410 1 925
1415 1 925
1416 4 925
1417 4 925
1424 1 925
1437 1 925
1454 1 925
1454 1 925
.I 926
.T
The Lending of Books to One Another by Libraries
.A
Green, S.S.
.W
It would add greatly to the usefulness of our reference libraries if an
agreement should be made to lend books to each other for short periods of time.
It happens not unfrequently that some book is called for by a reader, or that
in looking up the answer to a question a librarian has occasion to use a book
which he finds in the catalogue of another library, but which does not belong
to his own collection. The book, very likely, is one that can be replaced
if lost. But it would take time to get it through ordinary channels; it might
be necessary to send abroad for a copy or to wait to pick up one, if the book
is scarce. In such a case it would be a great convenience to be able to
borrow a book for a few days.
.X
249 1 926
431 1 926
891 1 926
926 5 926
927 2 926
1028 1 926
1397 1 926
1439 2 926
1439 2 926
.I 927
.T
Personal Relations Between Librarians and Readers
.A
Green, S.S.
.W
When scholars and persons of high social position come to a library,
they have confidence enough, in regard to the cordiality of their reception,
to make known their wishes without timidity or reserve.
Modest men in the humbler walks of life, and well-trained boys and girls,
need encouragement before they become ready to say freely what they want.
A hearty reception by a sympathizing friend, and the recognition of some one
at hand who will listen to inquiries, even although he may consider them
unimportant, make it easy for such persons to ask questions, and put them at
once on a home footing.
.X
274 1 927
353 1 927
926 2 927
927 5 927
1017 1 927
1028 1 927
1263 1 927
1357 1 927
1357 1 927
.I 928
.T
The Divided Catalog
.A
Elrod, J.M.
.W
As early as 1905 the divided catalog was being presented as a preferable
alternative to the dictionary catalog. Writing in 1958 Dorothy Grosser found
that the steady stream of papers on the subject began in 1938. She reported 21
articles based on actual experience with the divided catalog. A quick check of
her list discloses that all divided catalogs are not represented by articles.
She recorded nine opponents of the divided catalog and six better known
members of the profession reserving judgement. Lyle in his new edition of The
Administration of the College Library considers it "safer," rather than "wiser"
as in his earlier edition, to await further evidence. Faced at Central
Methodist College Library with a dictionary catalog which had outgrown its
cabinets and which was to be expanded, a survey of catalog user opinion
was undertaken to determine if some division of the catalog should be
considered. Some revision of the filing would be needed anyway because of
inconsistencies which had crept in, largely involving the inter-filing
of subject and title entries. The following questions were asked of all users
of the catalog during hours selected at random over several weeks:
1. Are you looking for a particular book or for books on a particular subject?
Were you looking under author, title, or subject?
2. What is your greatest difficulty in using the catalog?
3. How would you feel about having the subject cards in a separate file?
One hundred persons, approximately one tenth of the campus population, were
questioned; 93 per cent felt that they would prefer having subject cards in a
separate catalog, 5 per cent were opposed, and 2 per cent undecided. It must
be admitted that the prejudice of the person asking may have influenced the
way in which the question was answered - a similar survey made in 1954 by the
University of Toronto showed general support for the dictionary catalog.
.X
57 1 928
75 1 928
176 1 928
202 1 928
209 2 928
276 1 928
326 1 928
329 1 928
565 1 928
572 1 928
595 1 928
596 1 928
608 1 928
619 1 928
810 1 928
812 1 928
813 1 928
814 1 928
870 1 928
891 1 928
894 1 928
928 5 928
963 2 928
965 1 928
973 4 928
990 1 928
991 1 928
1255 1 928
1413 1 928
1445 1 928
1445 1 928
.I 929
.T
The Trading Stamp Mentality
.A
Stokes, R.
.W
A number of trips to the United States, to teach in library schools, have
inculcated in me a variety of views about the present state of American
library education. They are personal opinions - no more - but they come
from one who has seen much that he admires and who believes wholeheartedly
that the American spirit includes a firm resolution to change whatever
is inefficient or corrupt. Otherwise, 1776 would have no meaning. The
opinions do not stem directly from my experience in the five accredited
schools in which I have taught, but are strongly rooted in my general
observation of library education practice and my discussions with
members of the library profession.
.X
929 5 929
934 1 929
934 1 929
.I 930
.T
Top Priority for Cataloging-In-Source
.A
Wheeler, J.L.
.W
After a century of public library service and progress, public
libraries attract less than a third, perhaps only a quarter of the adult
population, either to read and borrow books, or to look up information.
But nearly 60 per cent of the population is over 21. Currently a few large city
libraries show slight decreases in annual circulation, the major measure
of their usefulness. Yet, nationally, circulation and the informational use
of public libraries have in general steadily increased, especially in the last
decade. Possibly because the number of public, college, university, and
special libraries doubled, from 13,676 reported in 1960, to 27,746 in 1968
(Publishers' Weekly, January 20, 1969). And there are more than that many
school libraries.
.X
92 1 930
246 1 930
249 1 930
825 1 930
883 1 930
930 8 930
931 1 930
941 1 930
950 1 930
978 1 930
987 1 930
988 2 930
997 1 930
1043 1 930
1079 1 930
1216 1 930
1393 1 930
1393 1 930
.I 931
.T
Backlog to Frontlog
.A
Scilken, M.H.
.W
A scheme for circulating nonfiction books without the help of the Library of
Congress.
.X
930 1 931
931 5 931
931 5 931
.I 932
.T
The Urban Library Dilemma
.A
Gaines, E.J.
.W
The American urban public library is in something of a dilemma. Relatively
secure in the affections of the populace, the library is nevertheless
frequently threatened by loss of income. The threats are cyclical and are
associated with the local tax picture, which at the present time is notably
obscure. The abortive attempts earlier this year to reduce appropriations for
the libraries in Newark and New York received widespread attention both because
the libraries are quite visible nationally and because the proposed cuts were
preposterously unmistakable. In the eye of the politician who must find that
tiny bit of safe water between the shoals of economy and those of service, the
library appears to be expendable ballast to be dumped in heavy weather. In 12
years in two city libraries, I have seen almost every budget year produce a
critical fight to prevent disaster from overtaking the library. I think the
experience is not uncommon. Only the most extraordinary efforts keep most
urban libraries from going under. Libraries seldom thrive; they survive.
Periods of calm and prosperity are rare for urban public libraries in the
richest nation in the world during this era of extraordinary national economic
success. The paradox invites some critical self-analysis.
.X
932 5 932
932 5 932
.I 933
.T
The Library Press
.A
Moon, E.
.W
The deadliest disease afflicting the library press is proliferation. The
kindest and most conservative estimate I am able to bring myself to make is
that there are at least three times as many library periodicals in this country
as we can afford or are necessary. Perhaps the most constructive single thing
that could be accomplished would be to persuade at least one in three
publishers of a library periodical to cease publication.
One might reasonably expect that librarians, who have done so much
public wailing about the publication explosion, would be among the chief
advocates and practitioners of birth control in the world of print. Instead
we find them cavorting as uninhibitedly in the king-size bed of printed
procreation as do the denizens of the Sodom and Gomorrah of science and
technology. Just about every library of any consequence (and some of little
consequence) and, almost without exception, every group or organization
within the loose boundaries of our profession, decides, virtually at the
moment of its birth, that it cannot survive without a publication of its
own - a newsletter, a journal, some regular calling card to announce its
presence to the world at large.
.X
162 1 933
171 1 933
398 1 933
933 6 933
1076 2 933
1275 1 933
1275 1 933
.I 934
.T
Library Education and the Public Library
.A
Garrison, G.
.W
A major and largely justifiable criticism of library education has always
been that it is too closely tied to present practices and that it trains
for current service instead of educating for growth and change. Unfortunately,
the picture many faculty members have of what today's
requirements for public library service are tends to be obsolete. Graduates
are thus doubly handicapped. Not only do we fail to educate, we fail
even to provide realistic training. At worst, we perpetuate the past and
train people for tasks that are no longer central to the concerns of public
libraries. Library education, like the public
library itself, will have to accelerate the pace of change or risk the fate of
oblivion. Institutions that can move with the times and maintain a position
of relevance to contemporary affairs will survive. Others will wither
away, disappear, or be replaced by more responsive agencies. There is no
shortage of prophets of doom for both the public library and for
graduate library education, but there are plenty of signs of life yet in both.
An article in the June 13, 1968 issue of The Reporter called "Dust Gathers
on the Public Library" summed up nicely the apparent slow decline and
loss of purpose of a once-revered institution (however, The Reporter is
dead - while the public library lives on).
.X
22 1 934
230 1 934
929 1 934
934 6 934
954 1 934
1423 1 934
1423 1 934
.I 935
.T
Crisis in Library Education
.A
Bundy, M.L.
.W
A battle is currently being waged at the University of Maryland School
of Library and Information Services; its outcome will influence the future
of the library profession. Because of the significance of this controversy,
this situation at Maryland is here brought to the attention of the
profession at large. Last fall, a group, with funding
from the Office of Education, brought into being an educational
program which is addressing the profession's most critical problems,
those central to its survival as a viable social institution: The library
profession's need to define and fulfill an important service function in the
public arena; its failure to make itself relevant to other than middle-class
interests in the culture; and its inavailability to contribute to the
alleviation of the severe social, economic, and other inequalities which exist
in the culture and which continue to deprive black Americans particularly of
even minimal life opportunities.
.X
376 1 935
910 1 935
935 6 935
1006 1 935
1049 1 935
1145 1 935
1227 1 935
1384 1 935
1396 1 935
1396 1 935
.I 936
.T
Along the Academic Way
.A
Mason, E.
.W
The invitation to apply for this
council on Library Resources
fellowship stated as one aim to
break administrators loose from
their desk to read, investigate, and
reach for broadening experiences
that might make them administrate
better.
The application listed seven targets of
study in the working context of university
research libraries: 1) Organizational
structures; 2) Management Techniques;
3) Program budgeting; 4) Use of machines,
including the computer; 5) Research
collection development; 6) Non-book
materials in the library; 7) Out-of-
building services.
.X
161 1 936
235 1 936
287 1 936
289 2 936
291 1 936
548 1 936
594 1 936
597 1 936
598 1 936
601 1 936
836 1 936
863 1 936
864 1 936
865 1 936
866 1 936
868 1 936
897 1 936
916 1 936
936 6 936
1052 1 936
1084 1 936
1248 1 936
1248 1 936
.I 937
.T
The Philadelphia Project
.A
Benford, J.Q.
.W
The objectives of the research were: 1) to determine actual requirements for
library resources by elementary and secondary grade students and to
evaluate existing library resources in terms both of student needs and national
standards, and 2) on the basis of this information to outline the respective
roles of the school libraries and the public libraries in providing needed
resources and in developing joint planning.
.X
161 1 937
295 1 937
300 1 937
340 1 937
358 2 937
433 1 937
624 1 937
631 1 937
908 1 937
937 5 937
946 1 937
1056 1 937
1373 1 937
1373 1 937
.I 938
.T
Library Cost Analysis: A Recipe
.A
Kountz, J.
.W
Unforgivably, time has passed since the days when the library's patron was
the local monarch and cost was no deterrent. Time's passage has replaced the
monarch with taxpayers or stockholders, and, concurrently, sensitivity to cost
has attained stellar importance. The causes for being unaware of costs
may stem from a variety of reasons, but they cannot, in all fairness to the
profession, belie an inability to perform the simple arithmetic of cost
accounting. What is suspected is a lack of the few
simple ground rules and the logical operations that bind them together, in
short - a recipe for cost accounting and analysis.
In the following is outlined one such set of ground rules and their related
procedural requirements, which have evolved and been applied with success
over the past few years. It is stressed that since this set represents the
findings of one library, it may not fully satisfy the specific requirements of
your own shop. Therefore, feel free to adopt the ground rules to your immediate
requirements. With regard to discipline, it is pretty much summed up in the
six steps and five resource requirements which follow. In addition to
identifying steps, requirements, and the mysterious ways of cost analysis,
these ingredients are blended together in a manner which will be meaningful
for your internal operations and may be significant for your library's future.
.X
90 1 938
231 1 938
249 1 938
250 1 938
261 1 938
288 1 938
289 1 938
295 2 938
299 1 938
334 1 938
354 1 938
365 1 938
408 1 938
608 1 938
610 1 938
617 1 938
620 1 938
815 1 938
865 1 938
938 5 938
939 1 938
959 1 938
974 1 938
984 1 938
991 1 938
992 1 938
1221 1 938
1317 1 938
1318 1 938
1352 1 938
1365 1 938
1390 1 938
1390 1 938
.I 939
.T
The Paradoxes of Library Cooperation
.A
Dougherty, R.M.
.W
The need for libraries to cooperate has long been recognized, as countless
articles written within the past decade will attest. Moreover, the necessity to
combine forces has never been as apparent as it is today. Because the cost of
self-sufficiency has become undeniably prohibitive, libraries can no longer
afford to act as free agents. Voluntary library
cooperation is no natural manifestation of social interaction. Rhetoric alone
is a impotent agent of change. In truth, cooperative programs succeed only
as long as each participant perceives the arrangement as beneficial to his
institution.
.X
90 1 939
207 1 939
231 1 939
261 1 939
295 1 939
299 1 939
334 1 939
340 2 939
354 1 939
361 1 939
431 2 939
549 1 939
608 1 939
610 1 939
617 1 939
620 1 939
815 1 939
872 1 939
910 1 939
938 1 939
939 5 939
940 1 939
941 1 939
955 1 939
991 1 939
992 1 939
996 1 939
1009 1 939
1080 1 939
1221 1 939
1236 1 939
1318 1 939
1365 1 939
1390 2 939
1424 1 939
1435 1 939
1436 1 939
1441 1 939
1441 1 939
.I 940
.T
ISBD
Its Origin, Rationale, and Implications
.A
Spaulding, C.S.
.W
A proper understanding of the International Standard Bibliographic
Description (ISBD), a standard promulgated by the International Federation of
Library Associations (IFLA), requires some knowledge of how it came into
existence, what reasoning prompted its development, ad what useful results can
be expected from its adoption. These matters will be dealt with below,
hopefully in sufficient detail to provide readers with a basis for teaching a
sound evaluation of the effect of this standard when applied to American
cataloging practice and in particular to LC cataloging and MARC tapes.
.X
119 1 940
122 1 940
141 1 940
244 1 940
299 1 940
333 2 940
361 1 940
365 2 940
394 1 940
449 1 940
453 1 940
526 1 940
528 1 940
529 1 940
530 1 940
541 1 940
553 1 940
612 1 940
628 1 940
630 1 940
802 1 940
819 1 940
822 1 940
854 1 940
871 1 940
872 3 940
873 1 940
874 2 940
875 1 940
876 1 940
877 2 940
878 2 940
879 1 940
880 1 940
892 1 940
939 1 940
940 6 940
941 4 940
950 1 940
978 1 940
990 1 940
992 1 940
993 1 940
994 1 940
995 1 940
996 2 940
997 1 940
998 1 940
1079 2 940
1080 1 940
1143 2 940
1216 1 940
1230 1 940
1247 1 940
1257 1 940
1264 1 940
1303 1 940
1367 1 940
1396 1 940
1421 1 940
1434 1 940
1435 4 940
1436 4 940
1441 1 940
1441 1 940
.I 941
.T
ISBD Standard or Secret?
.A
Swanson, G.
.W
The controversial ISBD will mean radical changes in descriptive cataloging
practice if put into operation, as planned, by the Library of Congress.
Users of LC catalog cards will require retraining: all reference librarians
will experience an immediate and continuing demand for explanation of the
new catalog cards to users; those large public and research libraries with
computer-based systems will require costly modifications of computer programs.
Yet the ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description) is destined
to be implemented by the Library of Congress with the sanction of ALA but
without even being considered by the recognized standards associations (ISO,
ANSI), to say nothing of the other professional and information industry
organizations.
.X
92 1 941
141 2 941
244 1 941
246 1 941
299 3 941
333 3 941
361 1 941
365 1 941
449 1 941
522 1 941
529 1 941
530 2 941
553 1 941
627 2 941
628 3 941
630 1 941
802 1 941
819 1 941
822 1 941
825 1 941
854 1 941
871 1 941
872 2 941
873 2 941
874 4 941
875 3 941
876 2 941
877 2 941
878 2 941
879 1 941
880 1 941
883 1 941
892 3 941
930 1 941
939 1 941
940 4 941
941 7 941
950 2 941
978 2 941
988 1 941
990 1 941
992 1 941
993 1 941
994 2 941
995 3 941
996 3 941
997 3 941
998 2 941
1079 5 941
1080 1 941
1143 1 941
1153 1 941
1189 1 941
1216 2 941
1230 1 941
1251 1 941
1257 1 941
1303 1 941
1351 2 941
1396 2 941
1420 2 941
1421 1 941
1434 3 941
1435 5 941
1436 3 941
1441 1 941
1442 2 941
1442 2 941
.I 942
.T
Pay Libraries & User Charges
.A
De Gennaro, R.
.W
The battle lines are being drawn for a great debate
over the emotionally and politically charged issue of how library
and information services are to be funded in the coming decades.
Most librarians will be on the side of "conservatism" and "democracy,"
favoring the continuation of traditional modes of tax-supported public
library service with information freely available to all
as a matter of right. Information industry people, publishers,
government officials, engineers, and even, perhaps, authors will be
on the side of "progress" and "profits," advocating a new concept of
for-profit or pay libraries, user charges, and information as a salable
commodity.
.X
10 1 942
145 1 942
152 1 942
167 1 942
234 1 942
304 1 942
306 1 942
338 1 942
526 1 942
551 1 942
646 1 942
647 1 942
651 1 942
879 1 942
942 8 942
943 1 942
944 1 942
947 1 942
948 1 942
1009 1 942
1017 1 942
1049 1 942
1206 1 942
1237 1 942
1258 1 942
1305 1 942
1306 1 942
1378 1 942
1390 1 942
1440 1 942
1450 1 942
1453 1 942
1453 1 942
.I 943
.T
Austerity, Technology, and Resource Sharing: Research Libraries Face the Future
.A
De Gennaro, R.
.W
During the last two decades academic libraries, in
parallel with their parent institutions, experienced the
greatest period of growth and affluence that they have
ever known. The watchword was "more" - more money,
more books and journals, more staff, more space, and
more technology. Many new research libraries were
created, and those that already existed experienced
unprecedented growth. Although libraries got more of
everything during those years, they still could not keep pace
with the growth of new fields of research, new doctoral
programs, and the increasing production of books and
journals. Two decades of affluence not only failed to help
solve the many problems that were brought on by
exponential growth - they exacerbated them.
.X
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115 1 943
128 1 943
129 1 943
130 1 943
167 1 943
172 1 943
183 1 943
192 1 943
196 1 943
215 1 943
219 1 943
221 1 943
223 1 943
225 1 943
232 1 943
234 2 943
277 1 943
280 1 943
290 1 943
304 1 943
306 1 943
338 1 943
365 1 943
393 1 943
415 1 943
453 1 943
468 1 943
494 1 943
639 1 943
646 2 943
647 2 943
651 2 943
652 1 943
765 1 943
818 1 943
822 1 943
823 1 943
825 1 943
827 1 943
856 1 943
886 1 943
888 1 943
913 1 943
925 1 943
942 1 943
943 9 943
944 3 943
948 1 943
963 1 943
1004 1 943
1017 1 943
1021 1 943
1023 2 943
1049 1 943
1070 1 943
1071 1 943
1085 1 943
1203 1 943
1206 1 943
1237 1 943
1257 1 943
1258 1 943
1302 1 943
1374 1 943
1378 1 943
1390 1 943
1401 1 943
1433 1 943
1437 1 943
1440 1 943
1441 1 943
1450 2 943
1453 1 943
1453 1 943
.I 944
.T
The View from the Tower of Babel
.A
Gore, D.
.W
A funny thing happened on the way
to the biggest building boom in library
history. Book collections grew faster
than the new space to hold them, so when
the boom was over the aggregate space
problem of academic libraries was a little
worse than it was at the beginning.
During the roughly eight-year span
of the rise and fall of the boom, some 570
new or expanded library buildings sprang
up on the campuses of four-year and
graduate institutions around the nation.
.X
5 1 944
115 3 944
128 1 944
129 1 944
130 1 944
167 1 944
183 1 944
192 1 944
196 1 944
215 1 944
219 1 944
221 1 944
223 1 944
225 1 944
234 3 944
245 1 944
280 1 944
304 1 944
306 1 944
338 1 944
364 1 944
365 1 944
393 1 944
415 1 944
468 1 944
494 1 944
639 1 944
646 2 944
647 2 944
651 2 944
764 1 944
765 1 944
811 1 944
816 1 944
818 2 944
822 1 944
823 2 944
827 1 944
842 1 944
925 2 944
942 1 944
943 3 944
944 5 944
948 2 944
1017 1 944
1023 1 944
1049 1 944
1070 1 944
1071 1 944
1085 1 944
1206 1 944
1237 1 944
1257 1 944
1302 1 944
1374 1 944
1378 1 944
1390 1 944
1401 1 944
1437 1 944
1440 1 944
1450 1 944
1453 1 944
1453 1 944
.I 945
.T
A Library Management Game: a report on a research project
.A
Brophy, P.
.W
Although the use of games in professional education has
become widespread only during the last decade, the method has
been used in a number of fields for many hundreds of years.
Its origins have been traced to simple war games, used in
military training when the "real thing" was either unavailable
or too dangerous. In more recent times, these games have
become more and more sophisticated, and many now use large
electronic computers to handle the complex calculations involved.
Since 1956, when the first well-developed management game was
introduced, the technique has spread rapidly into a
wide variety of disciplines and today it is used at all levels
of education, from primary school classes to courses for experienced
men and women. One of the main causes of this "game explosion" has been
the rapid development of sophisticated management techniques, such
as simulation and mathematical modelling, which have been made possible
by rapid advances in computer technology.
.X
222 1 945
223 1 945
291 1 945
792 1 945
815 1 945
896 1 945
945 6 945
961 1 945
982 1 945
1401 1 945
1401 1 945
.I 946
.T
Library Materials
.A
Lyman, H.H.
.W
The problem investigated by the research was the development
of standards for reading materials that would support the adult
new reader in the exercise of his new-found skill and build the habit
of regular use of the printed word. Bridging the gap between minimal
literacy skills and the reading habit was proposed as essential
to the purposes of the library program in helping the reader improve
has basic education skills, increase his employability, and develop
his potential as a citizen and gain personal satisfaction in his
many adult roles. The nature of library materials best designed
for this end required study in depth. The findings and conclusions
derived from the research project provide basic information about the
adult new reader and his reading, criteria for analysis of reading
materials, and a bibliography of materials. These products of the
study constitute a series of reading selection and guidance aids for
use by all persons working in this area of service -- librarians,
community workers, teachers, publishers, editors, and reading
specialists.
.X
161 1 946
232 1 946
239 2 946
241 1 946
295 1 946
300 1 946
331 1 946
358 5 946
406 1 946
433 1 946
624 1 946
631 1 946
896 1 946
937 1 946
946 9 946
948 1 946
1005 2 946
1018 2 946
1032 1 946
1033 1 946
1056 2 946
1079 1 946
1145 2 946
1227 1 946
1240 1 946
1373 1 946
1379 1 946
1403 1 946
1403 1 946
.I 947
.T
Library Networks
.A
Goldstein, S.
.W
The combination of computers and communications technology
is a development whose time has come for libraries in the U.S.
And despite missteps and false starts inevitable in adapting
the new technology for its use, libraries are now rapidly
expanding telecommunications networks to serve their need to
disseminate ever-expanding amounts of information in more
effective ways.
It makes a good deal of sense when one considers that the
library's function is to parcel out information, and that
information can be forwarded electronically as easily as it can
be mailed.
In fact, the logic of library networks is such that everyone
is hopping on the bandwagon -- consultants, systems analysts,
state agencies and a growing list of manufacturers that includes
Xerox and International Business Machines. Their initial efforts
are concentrated on what are basically bookkeeping tasks -- in
particular, the cataloging of new acquisitions. The Ohio college
Library Center, for example, provides its customers with entries
for their card catalog files; and because OCLC is the first and
most extensive of the networks, its approach is being closely
copied by the others.
.X
10 2 947
115 1 947
167 1 947
190 1 947
225 1 947
244 1 947
304 1 947
305 1 947
306 1 947
335 1 947
342 1 947
358 1 947
385 1 947
393 1 947
394 1 947
433 1 947
434 2 947
459 1 947
529 1 947
534 2 947
551 1 947
639 1 947
643 1 947
644 1 947
645 1 947
647 1 947
651 1 947
702 1 947
731 1 947
732 1 947
817 1 947
820 1 947
823 1 947
825 1 947
826 1 947
827 1 947
828 1 947
885 1 947
942 1 947
947 7 947
948 1 947
1017 1 947
1058 1 947
1059 1 947
1060 1 947
1146 1 947
1230 1 947
1257 1 947
1258 1 947
1305 1 947
1306 1 947
1374 1 947
1390 2 947
1437 1 947
1441 1 947
1441 1 947
.I 948
.T
Library Planning and Decision Making Systems
.A
Hamburg, M.
.W
The research project which produced this book concentrated on the problem
of the design and development of statistical information systems that would
provide quantitative information for effective management of university and
large public libraries. Since there is an inseparable need not only for
improved library statistical data systems but also for the above-mentioned
frameworks for rational planning and decision making, we have devoted
considerable effort to the development of analytical models that might assist
library administrators in making decisions that would maximize the flow of
benefits imparted to the communities the library serves. Some of the results of
this model-building effort are repored in these pages.
.X
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10 1 948
33 1 948
115 1 948
158 1 948
190 1 948
207 1 948
222 1 948
225 1 948
232 1 948
234 3 948
241 1 948
244 1 948
245 1 948
249 1 948
267 2 948
292 1 948
304 2 948
305 1 948
306 2 948
331 1 948
338 1 948
358 2 948
364 1 948
365 1 948
385 1 948
394 1 948
406 1 948
408 1 948
433 1 948
459 1 948
494 1 948
502 1 948
515 1 948
534 1 948
587 1 948
614 1 948
638 1 948
646 1 948
647 1 948
651 2 948
702 1 948
731 1 948
732 1 948
748 1 948
751 1 948
764 1 948
765 1 948
778 1 948
786 1 948
791 1 948
792 1 948
793 1 948
800 1 948
811 3 948
816 1 948
817 1 948
818 1 948
820 1 948
823 4 948
825 1 948
826 1 948
827 1 948
828 1 948
840 1 948
841 1 948
842 2 948
896 1 948
925 6 948
942 1 948
943 1 948
944 2 948
946 1 948
947 1 948
948 16 948
962 1 948
963 1 948
964 1 948
983 1 948
1017 2 948
1019 1 948
1023 1 948
1033 1 948
1049 1 948
1058 1 948
1079 1 948
1146 1 948
1206 1 948
1219 1 948
1230 1 948
1237 1 948
1242 1 948
1257 2 948
1317 1 948
1324 1 948
1378 1 948
1379 1 948
1390 1 948
1400 1 948
1401 1 948
1403 1 948
1416 1 948
1417 1 948
1440 1 948
1450 1 948
1453 1 948
1453 1 948
.I 949
.T
Library Practice in Hospitals
.A
Bloomquist, H.
.W
According to a National Hospital Panel Survey conducted by the American
Hospital Association in February 1970, 4,191 (72 percent) of the 5,820
community hospitals in the United States operated a library. This percentage
falls to 60 when only hospitals of less than 100-bed capacity are considered
(1,990 libraries in 3,318 hospitals). In the 4,191 libraries, one or more
full-time staff members were found in only 1,054 (25 percent). In even
fewer, 928, was there supervision of the library by a professional librarian.
Clearly there is a massive job to be done if these libraries are to perform
properly their functions of health education and patient care.
By "community hospital" we mean the nonfederal, short-term hospital
providing general and selected special services, the hospital located at some
distance from a large medical center and without teaching and research
programs, such as a nursing school or internships. Though the librarians
of more sophisticated teaching institutions may well profit from the study
of this book, it is written primarily for an audience of untrained, probably
newly employed, individuals who find themselves supervising the hospital's
library and do not know where to begin.
.X
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215 2 949
221 1 949
410 2 949
949 9 949
1071 4 949
1147 1 949
1147 1 949
.I 950
.T
The Crisis in Cataloging
.A
Osborn, A.D.
.W
A wise German librarian has linked the library administrator
and the cataloger as working for the common aim of economy
in work and cost coupled with better utilization of a library's
resources. This aim, he thinks, is expressed in various kinds of
cooperative work, of pooling interests, and of setting standards.
It is to be developed prudently, he says, with the objectives
setting limitations in such a way that more values will not be
destroyed than are created.
This ideal he set out in a chapter entitled "Tasks for the
future." There was a time, and not so very far back, when the
library administrator and the cataloger worked side by side. In
the more immediate past, however, the two have become separated,
so that their closer collaboration does need to be set down
as a task for the future, the immediate future at that.
Many new problems of administration have served to busy the
administrator, and most catalogers have had more work than
enough, with the result that administrators have come to know
less and less of cataloging, and catalogers have come to know
less and less about general library administration. The situation
now is that the administrator will be forced to pay more
attention to cataloging because it has become a major problem
field.
.X
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235 1 950
246 2 950
247 1 950
262 1 950
326 1 950
333 2 950
825 1 950
883 1 950
930 1 950
940 1 950
941 2 950
950 5 950
978 3 950
988 1 950
991 1 950
996 1 950
997 2 950
1000 1 950
1079 1 950
1153 1 950
1216 2 950
1266 1 950
1395 1 950
1441 1 950
1441 1 950
.I 951
.T
The Historical Background of Departmental and Collegiate Libraries
.A
Thompson, L.
.W
In spite of the great volume of material dealing with
departmental and collegiate libraries that has appeared in
library periodicals and books on university and college
library administration, there has been relatively little original
thought on the subject and virtually no historical treatment to
provide an adequate background for solution of problems which
have their roots in a former generation. Most of the literature
has been either repetition of the old arguments for and against
this type of library organization or statements of how this or
that institution has faced its peculiar problems. Except for
contemporary accounts of early American scholars describing the
attempts to transplant the German seminar library to American
soil and reports on a few large university libraries, there is no
account of the conditions which brought about and for many
years invigorated the departmental system. An evaluation of
trends in the history of departmental libraries over the last
three-quarters of a century should prove to be a valuable supplement
to other information in the hands of surveyors and administrators
who are interested in abolishing, establishing, continuing, or
amalgamating departmental libraries in a given institution.
.X
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297 1 951
298 1 951
304 1 951
951 5 951
952 1 951
1183 1 951
1339 1 951
1365 1 951
1365 1 951
.I 952
.T
Characteristics of the Research Literature Used by Chemists
and Physicists in the United States
.A
Fussler, H.H.
.W
The increasing growth and complexities of research libraries are natural
consequences of the growth of knowledge and the increasing complexity of
knowledge. Librarians have tried to amass more and
more knowledge in the form of books for the benefit of the diverse interests of
their clienteles. Their success in this activity has been reflected in the
increasing difficulties of identifying satisfactorily what they have. The
processes of cataloging, classifying, and related technical routines have
become increasingly complex and expensive. The processes
are of such a nature that the cost for adding each new item to a large library
is, on the average, potentially if not actually, higher than that for its
predecessor. The total proportion of the budgets of large research libraries
that is spent for the processing of material, as distinguished
from the costs of its purchase or its direct
servicing, is now such as to give librarians pause for fear a day may come when
nearly all the money available to large libraries will be spent in processing
material, and little will be left to service the collection or to buy new books!
.X
14 1 952
19 1 952
31 1 952
36 1 952
37 2 952
39 1 952
40 1 952
41 1 952
46 1 952
47 1 952
48 1 952
88 1 952
96 1 952
97 1 952
102 1 952
103 1 952
132 1 952
137 1 952
167 1 952
181 1 952
182 1 952
183 1 952
184 1 952
189 1 952
193 1 952
195 1 952
198 2 952
201 1 952
221 1 952
233 1 952
237 1 952
253 1 952
255 1 952
269 1 952
272 1 952
297 1 952
298 1 952
313 1 952
359 2 952
377 1 952
379 1 952
395 2 952
415 2 952
505 1 952
543 1 952
560 1 952
573 1 952
614 2 952
618 1 952
632 1 952
635 2 952
638 2 952
667 1 952
735 1 952
748 3 952
749 1 952
751 1 952
753 1 952
756 1 952
757 1 952
760 1 952
764 1 952
765 1 952
767 3 952
772 1 952
774 1 952
775 1 952
777 1 952
778 2 952
782 1 952
787 1 952
792 1 952
804 1 952
805 1 952
821 1 952
831 1 952
891 1 952
893 1 952
905 2 952
951 1 952
952 10 952
953 4 952
958 1 952
964 1 952
968 1 952
1009 1 952
1016 1 952
1018 1 952
1019 1 952
1030 1 952
1061 1 952
1071 1 952
1083 1 952
1085 1 952
1086 2 952
1087 1 952
1182 1 952
1200 1 952
1210 2 952
1235 1 952
1240 1 952
1254 1 952
1256 1 952
1260 3 952
1274 1 952
1275 6 952
1276 2 952
1277 1 952
1278 2 952
1280 2 952
1287 1 952
1301 1 952
1302 6 952
1304 1 952
1313 1 952
1338 1 952
1339 1 952
1344 1 952
1347 1 952
1359 1 952
1365 1 952
1369 1 952
1373 1 952
1380 1 952
1397 1 952
1417 1 952
1418 1 952
1428 1 952
1444 1 952
1444 1 952
.I 953
.T
Characteristics of the Research Literature Used by Chemists and
Physicists in The United States, Part II
.A
Fussler, H.H.
.W
This is the second of two papers dealing with the characteristics of the
literature used by research chemists and physicists in the United States.
The method of the study was fully outlined in th first article and will
therefore not be repeated here. The previous paper was devoted to a
discussion of the importance of the literature of various subject fields to
research in chemistry and physics. The remarks that follow are directed
primarily to a discussion of the temporal span of the literature, the principal
forms of the literature, the national origins of the literature used in the
United States, and some attention is devoted to the more important serial
titles.
.X
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41 2 953
46 1 953
48 1 953
89 1 953
97 1 953
102 1 953
111 1 953
112 1 953
163 1 953
167 1 953
181 1 953
182 1 953
183 2 953
184 2 953
193 2 953
195 1 953
198 1 953
199 1 953
201 1 953
203 1 953
210 1 953
225 1 953
255 1 953
269 2 953
373 1 953
395 1 953
415 1 953
545 1 953
552 1 953
587 1 953
605 1 953
613 1 953
614 2 953
635 1 953
638 2 953
735 1 953
747 1 953
748 1 953
750 1 953
753 2 953
756 1 953
757 1 953
760 1 953
766 1 953
767 2 953
774 1 953
775 1 953
778 1 953
782 1 953
784 1 953
787 1 953
788 1 953
789 1 953
792 1 953
793 1 953
800 1 953
808 1 953
821 1 953
831 1 953
891 1 953
905 2 953
952 4 953
953 5 953
958 1 953
964 1 953
968 1 953
977 1 953
983 1 953
1009 1 953
1016 1 953
1018 1 953
1019 1 953
1023 1 953
1030 1 953
1055 1 953
1083 1 953
1087 1 953
1090 1 953
1135 1 953
1210 1 953
1235 1 953
1240 1 953
1254 1 953
1256 1 953
1260 3 953
1275 3 953
1276 2 953
1278 2 953
1280 1 953
1285 1 953
1286 1 953
1287 1 953
1302 3 953
1335 1 953
1359 1 953
1369 1 953
1373 1 953
1390 1 953
1397 2 953
1417 2 953
1418 1 953
1428 1 953
1432 1 953
1432 1 953
.I 954
.T
The Librarian: From Occupation to Profession?
.A
Goode, W.J.
.W
An industrial society has an open class stratification system; it
offers some an opportunity to rise, but it offers no guarantee against
downward social mobility. Compared to other types of societies, this one
demands a wider variety of higher level skills and thus generates much
pressure against the forces that in all societies tend to keep the individual
in his original caste or class. Much of the resulting mobility is based on a
radical change which has taken place in the occupational structure of modern
industrial societies, one which neither Marx nor orthodox economists
anticipated, an expansion of the demand for professional and technical skills
of a high order.
Thus not only are individuals competing with one another in their efforts to
rise in the class system, but occupations, too, are engaged in the same
competition and may move up or down in power, prestige, or income.
.X
22 1 954
230 1 954
237 1 954
301 1 954
348 1 954
923 1 954
934 1 954
954 9 954
1056 1 954
1333 1 954
1423 1 954
1423 1 954
.I 955
.T
Interrelations among Special Librarys
.A
Budington, W.S.
.W
The present paper will first deal with some of the objectives, etiology, and
requirements of the library network as it overtakes and embraces co-operation.
Next, in this context of network development, a number of activities
involving special libraries will be reviewed by way of illustration and
example. The greatest proportion of special library interrelationships are,
on the surface at least, random and informal. We shall therefore concentrate
on such arrangements as have about them some measure of structure and intent.
Finally, we will deduce from these examples the performance and promise
which special libraries may offer to a total library network or information
system.
.X
24 1 955
74 1 955
75 1 955
119 2 955
122 2 955
336 1 955
340 1 955
431 1 955
684 1 955
939 1 955
955 5 955
967 1 955
982 1 955
1009 1 955
1011 2 955
1361 1 955
1390 1 955
1424 1 955
1451 1 955
1451 1 955
.I 956
.T
The Cranfield II Relevance Assessments: A Critical Evaluation
.A
Harter, Stephen P.
.W
The relevance assessments belonging to the Cranfield II document/query
collection are shown to be faulty, in the sense that "many" relevant documents
were not so identified by the Cranfield judges.. The implications of these
omissions for the evaluation of information retrieval experiments based on the
Cranfield collection are examined in detail..It is shown that numerical measures
of retrieval effectiveness may be greatly altered bu consideration of the
"missing" relevant documents and that a ranking of retrieval methods according
to order of performance may vary as well..
.X
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72 1 956
75 2 956
79 1 956
149 1 956
161 1 956
175 1 956
197 1 956
315 1 956
348 1 956
375 1 956
382 1 956
389 2 956
390 1 956
419 1 956
441 1 956
445 1 956
454 1 956
472 1 956
487 1 956
502 1 956
503 1 956
506 1 956
507 1 956
531 1 956
554 2 956
565 1 956
575 1 956
577 1 956
579 2 956
591 1 956
593 1 956
594 1 956
595 2 956
596 2 956
597 1 956
599 1 956
600 2 956
601 1 956
603 1 956
604 1 956
606 1 956
608 1 956
644 1 956
649 1 956
660 1 956
723 1 956
724 1 956
752 1 956
762 1 956
780 1 956
799 1 956
801 1 956
805 2 956
806 1 956
807 1 956
812 1 956
824 1 956
836 1 956
863 1 956
864 1 956
866 1 956
867 1 956
956 7 956
961 1 956
963 1 956
966 1 956
987 1 956
988 1 956
989 2 956
1152 1 956
1265 1 956
1282 1 956
1294 3 956
1298 1 956
1299 1 956
1327 3 956
1405 1 956
1405 1 956
.I 957
.T
An Economic Analysis of Library Benefits
.A
Goddard, Haynes C.
.W
Libraries find it increasingly necessary to use their limited resources in the
most efficient manner.. This requires the use of decision rules which permit
library resources to be directed to those activities which yield the highest
returns.. An effort is made to utilize part of welfare economics to suggest
which groups of library users will provide the greatest return to society..
An evaluation of the traditional library functions of education, information,
and leisure suggests that libraries should direct their resources toward
educational activities and not toward recreation when public monies are
involved.. A case can be made for subsidizing the library activities of
school-age children, other explicitly involved in education, disadvantages
minority groups and governmental officials and staff..
Since public and school libraries produce and distribute essentially the same
services, it is an uneconomic use of the communities' resources to maintain two
separate institutions, one of which imposes costs on the other as children are
forced to use public library facilities due to school library inadequacies..
.X
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74 1 957
83 1 957
90 1 957
91 1 957
158 1 957
222 1 957
223 1 957
245 1 957
273 1 957
279 1 957
288 2 957
291 1 957
292 1 957
331 1 957
368 1 957
381 1 957
408 1 957
435 1 957
490 1 957
496 1 957
591 2 957
592 1 957
615 1 957
723 1 957
724 1 957
815 1 957
834 1 957
860 1 957
865 1 957
915 1 957
925 2 957
957 5 957
959 2 957
960 1 957
961 1 957
962 2 957
972 1 957
976 1 957
984 1 957
1005 1 957
1018 1 957
1023 1 957
1148 1 957
1149 1 957
1219 1 957
1227 3 957
1317 1 957
1333 1 957
1353 2 957
1359 1 957
1360 1 957
1365 1 957
1390 1 957
1400 2 957
1401 1 957
1410 1 957
1424 1 957
1424 1 957
.I 958
.T
The Review Article: Its Characteristics and Problems
.A
Virgo, Julie A.
.W
The characteristics and problems associated with the review literature in the
sciences were examined.. Three major classes of review articles were identified:
(1) the annual review which aims to provide a systematic record of the
contributions made within the previous year, (2) the critical review which
selectively evaluates contributions to the solution of a common research problem,
and (3) data compilations which are concerned with facts and findings rather
than the opinions of the authors of papers from which the data are taken.. The
role and control of the review article in medicine was described.. Over the
past fifteen years, the ratio of review to nonreview articles in medicine has
been on the order of 1:38.. Possible solutions to a number of problems associated
with the review literature are discussed, such as the selection of articles for
review..Further examination of some critical questions relating to the production
and organization of reviews will have to be undertaken before the review, as a
means of bringing the most significant information to its users, will be
accepted as a reliable adjunct to the original publications..
.X
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43 1 958
47 1 958
50 2 958
65 1 958
75 1 958
91 1 958
326 1 958
429 1 958
446 1 958
473 1 958
485 1 958
503 1 958
513 1 958
572 1 958
582 1 958
586 1 958
588 1 958
589 1 958
603 1 958
613 1 958
614 1 958
616 1 958
618 1 958
632 1 958
657 1 958
685 1 958
686 1 958
691 1 958
718 1 958
719 2 958
721 1 958
722 1 958
724 1 958
725 1 958
773 1 958
778 1 958
791 1 958
952 1 958
953 1 958
958 7 958
987 1 958
988 1 958
1207 1 958
1208 1 958
1235 1 958
1283 1 958
1293 1 958
1302 1 958
1426 1 958
1426 1 958
.I 959
.T
Measures of Library Effectiveness
.A
Morse, Philip M.
.W
Mathematical models of library operations are presented, allowing managers to
estimate measures of effectiveness for a library.. These models describe the
amount of use made of resources by a user in a visit, the distribution of book
circulation in a collection, the dependence of circulation on time, and the
effect of multiple copies on user satisfaction.. Predictions are made on the
basis of the models of the consequence of breaking of central library into
branch libraries.. The effect, in terms of frustrated use, of removing the
least-used books from a collection is discussed, as are strategies for for
duplication.. The emphasis is on facilitating getting results from models; for
this purpose graphic techniques supplement the mathematical formulas..
.X
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5 1 959
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36 1 959
90 1 959
161 1 959
178 1 959
183 1 959
184 1 959
193 1 959
194 1 959
199 1 959
201 1 959
202 1 959
203 1 959
204 1 959
205 1 959
207 1 959
209 1 959
212 1 959
217 1 959
220 1 959
222 1 959
245 1 959
284 1 959
286 1 959
287 1 959
288 1 959
291 1 959
292 1 959
294 1 959
364 1 959
401 1 959
406 1 959
408 1 959
543 1 959
588 1 959
591 1 959
613 1 959
624 1 959
766 1 959
799 1 959
800 1 959
808 1 959
811 1 959
816 1 959
865 1 959
915 1 959
916 1 959
925 3 959
938 1 959
957 2 959
959 8 959
960 3 959
961 3 959
962 4 959
964 1 959
972 1 959
984 1 959
1005 1 959
1007 1 959
1018 1 959
1033 1 959
1149 1 959
1151 1 959
1333 1 959
1352 1 959
1353 1 959
1400 3 959
1401 1 959
1401 1 959
.I 960
.T
Library Operations Research: A Process of Discovery and Justification
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
.W
This article begins with a discussion of the broad role of operations research
(O.R.) in a society undergoing change.. The nature of O.R. terms in a library
environment is then considered.. The function of models in O.R. is analyzed, the
development of a model being contrasted with its formal presentation.. Criteria
for good models are suggested.. This article then focuses on storage models for
libraries, first considering the Dewey classification system from this
perspective and then summarizing more current research carried out under the
direction of the author with a grant from the National Science Foundation..
.X
4 1 960
5 1 960
175 1 960
178 1 960
207 1 960
245 1 960
287 1 960
288 1 960
291 2 960
292 1 960
364 1 960
406 1 960
408 1 960
471 1 960
591 1 960
660 1 960
766 1 960
810 1 960
811 1 960
816 1 960
865 1 960
915 1 960
916 1 960
925 4 960
957 1 960
959 3 960
960 6 960
961 3 960
962 3 960
964 1 960
972 1 960
984 1 960
1007 1 960
1033 1 960
1219 1 960
1353 1 960
1400 3 960
1401 1 960
1401 1 960
.I 961
.T
An Operations Research Study of a Variable Loan and Duplication Policy
at the University of Lancaster
.A
Buckland, Michael K.
.W
The Library Research Unit of the University of Lancaster used an Operations
Research (O.R.) approach to recommend changes in loan and duplication policies
in the university library.. The "variable" loan and duplication policy which was
developed is described and also the considerable impact of implementation..
Other libraries are now adopting this kind of policy.. The work is presented as
a case study in library O.R. .. The great importance of analyzing the structure
of problems is stressed and the nature and usefulness of models is described..
For the most useful results, suitable librarians should be included in the
research team..
.X
4 3 961
5 2 961
9 2 961
32 1 961
72 1 961
75 1 961
96 1 961
137 1 961
149 1 961
163 1 961
207 3 961
222 1 961
223 1 961
245 1 961
288 1 961
291 2 961
292 1 961
296 1 961
297 1 961
298 1 961
300 1 961
301 1 961
302 1 961
358 1 961
359 1 961
364 2 961
382 1 961
456 1 961
515 1 961
535 1 961
554 1 961
591 1 961
608 1 961
625 1 961
629 1 961
631 1 961
634 1 961
762 1 961
766 1 961
768 1 961
774 1 961
778 1 961
783 1 961
791 1 961
799 1 961
811 3 961
816 3 961
818 2 961
823 1 961
843 2 961
844 1 961
845 1 961
846 1 961
865 1 961
913 1 961
915 5 961
925 5 961
945 1 961
956 1 961
957 1 961
959 3 961
960 3 961
961 16 961
962 4 961
964 3 961
968 1 961
972 1 961
982 1 961
984 1 961
994 1 961
1015 1 961
1020 1 961
1068 1 961
1203 1 961
1242 1 961
1247 1 961
1253 1 961
1268 1 961
1294 1 961
1321 1 961
1353 1 961
1354 1 961
1400 2 961
1401 4 961
1407 1 961
1445 1 961
1451 1 961
1451 1 961
.I 962
.T
Library Objectiveness and Performance Measures and Their Use in Decision
Making
.A
Hamburg, Morris
.A
Ramist, Leonard E.
.A
Bommer, Michael R. W.
.W
For optimal allocations of limited funds, it is necessary for libraries to
develop measures of output.. Various forms of user exposure to documents are
discussed in an effort to develop such measures for public libraries.. It is
suggested that the actual method of accounting be used to compare such measures
with costs, and an illustrative computation is presented.. It is shown how size
of user population, amount of exposure, and costs for a given year can be
estimated..Similar techniques are suggested for evaluation of library programs..
This approach is then compared with current concepts of library standards.. The
paper concludes with suggestions for further research..
.X
4 2 962
5 1 962
9 2 962
32 1 962
96 1 962
137 1 962
163 1 962
178 2 962
206 1 962
207 3 962
208 1 962
217 1 962
222 2 962
223 2 962
245 2 962
287 1 962
288 1 962
291 1 962
292 1 962
296 1 962
297 1 962
298 1 962
300 1 962
301 1 962
302 1 962
358 1 962
364 2 962
406 1 962
408 2 962
456 1 962
515 1 962
535 1 962
591 3 962
625 1 962
629 1 962
631 1 962
634 1 962
766 1 962
768 1 962
774 1 962
783 1 962
791 1 962
799 1 962
811 3 962
816 4 962
818 1 962
823 1 962
843 1 962
844 1 962
846 1 962
865 1 962
913 1 962
915 2 962
916 1 962
925 3 962
948 1 962
957 2 962
959 4 962
960 3 962
961 4 962
962 10 962
964 4 962
968 1 962
972 1 962
976 1 962
984 1 962
994 1 962
1005 1 962
1007 1 962
1015 1 962
1018 1 962
1033 1 962
1068 1 962
1149 1 962
1203 1 962
1205 1 962
1242 1 962
1247 1 962
1268 1 962
1318 1 962
1321 1 962
1333 1 962
1353 1 962
1354 1 962
1400 4 962
1401 1 962
1407 1 962
1445 1 962
1445 1 962
.I 963
.T
Catalog use in a Large Research Library
.A
Lipetz, Ben_Ami
.W
Concern with the questions of when and how best to computerize the catalog of
a large research library, and how to improve an existing conventional catalog,
motivated a study of the utilization of the main catalog of the Yale University
Library.. The study was carefully designed to provide a representative sample of
catalog use.. Traffic through the catalog area was observed over a period of more
than a year.. A schedule of interviews with catalog users was based on observed
traffic volume by hour of day, day of week, and time of year.. More than 1,000
interviews were completed, using nonleading interviewing technique.. Information
was derived on the catalog user's objective, starting clues, and university
affiliation.. Search success was determined.. Follow-up studies were performed
on the catalog cards and the actual books identified in successful searches..
Reasons for search failure were determined for know-item searches.. Availability
and accuracy of different categories of search clues were ascertained.. Published
algorithms for searching computerized bibliographic files were evaluated..
Attention is given to the feasibility of automatic construction of computerized
catalogs.. Some of the available results are presented and discussed..
.X
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75 1 963
90 1 963
172 1 963
175 1 963
176 1 963
207 1 963
209 1 963
234 1 963
245 1 963
249 1 963
276 1 963
289 1 963
294 1 963
326 1 963
329 1 963
331 1 963
348 1 963
350 1 963
365 1 963
389 1 963
390 1 963
453 1 963
487 1 963
502 3 963
553 1 963
565 1 963
572 1 963
579 1 963
595 1 963
596 2 963
600 1 963
601 1 963
608 1 963
612 1 963
617 1 963
619 1 963
620 1 963
652 1 963
783 1 963
799 1 963
805 1 963
807 1 963
810 1 963
811 3 963
812 1 963
813 1 963
814 1 963
825 1 963
856 1 963
863 1 963
864 1 963
870 1 963
886 1 963
888 1 963
894 1 963
913 1 963
925 2 963
928 2 963
943 1 963
948 1 963
956 1 963
963 9 963
973 1 963
987 1 963
988 1 963
989 1 963
990 2 963
991 1 963
994 1 963
1004 1 963
1152 1 963
1221 1 963
1229 1 963
1255 1 963
1257 1 963
1258 1 963
1265 1 963
1294 1 963
1327 1 963
1400 1 963
1413 1 963
1433 1 963
1441 1 963
1445 1 963
1445 1 963
.I 964
.T
Efficiency Criteria for the Operation of Large Libraries
.A
Meier, R.L.
.W
It is rather surprising that behavioral scientists have not discovered
libraries much sooner in their search for institutional environments suited for
the testing of theoretical hypotheses. Librarians and their assistants respect
research and scholarship and are inclined to go far beyond the call of duty in
helping the investigator, even when they are skeptical (rightfully, in most
instances) of the usefulness of such research for the
improvement of their own organizations.
Data and related information are necessarily treated with greater precision and
discipline in libraries than in factories and most bureaucratic offices;
therefore, significant results can often be obtained
with smaller samples and in shorter periods
of observation. People working in libraries do not feel they should curtail
disclosures about basic processes. Elsewhere professional employees are
obligated to preserve trade secrets from competitors
or to suppress facts which might be considered scandalous by legislative
committees. At least as important to an investigator is the fact that one or
more libraries almost always lie close at hand - there could hardly be any
more convenient institution.
.X
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5 1 964
9 2 964
31 2 964
32 1 964
36 1 964
41 1 964
46 2 964
96 1 964
137 1 964
163 1 964
181 1 964
182 1 964
183 1 964
184 1 964
193 1 964
195 1 964
198 1 964
201 1 964
206 2 964
207 5 964
208 3 964
217 1 964
222 2 964
223 2 964
245 2 964
266 2 964
269 1 964
277 1 964
282 1 964
289 1 964
296 1 964
297 1 964
298 1 964
300 1 964
301 1 964
302 1 964
358 1 964
364 2 964
395 1 964
408 1 964
415 1 964
456 1 964
515 1 964
535 1 964
591 2 964
625 1 964
629 1 964
631 1 964
634 1 964
760 1 964
766 1 964
767 1 964
768 1 964
774 2 964
778 1 964
783 1 964
791 1 964
799 1 964
811 3 964
816 4 964
818 1 964
823 1 964
843 1 964
844 1 964
846 1 964
891 1 964
905 1 964
913 1 964
915 1 964
925 2 964
948 1 964
952 1 964
953 1 964
959 1 964
960 1 964
961 3 964
962 4 964
964 9 964
968 2 964
976 1 964
994 1 964
1005 1 964
1009 1 964
1015 1 964
1018 1 964
1019 1 964
1068 1 964
1203 1 964
1240 1 964
1242 1 964
1247 1 964
1268 1 964
1321 1 964
1354 1 964
1359 1 964
1397 1 964
1400 2 964
1407 1 964
1417 1 964
1445 1 964
1445 1 964
.I 965
.T
The Information Needs of Current Scientific Research
.A
Menzel, H.
.W
The information demands, or information needs, of current scientific
research are similar in many respects to the information needs in
other forms of scholarship. But this is not true in all cases, and the focus
of this paper is on the needs of the research scientists. In discussing the
information needs of the scientist, I shall not limit myself to those for
which library work is immediately relevant; in fact, a good part of this
paper will call attention to the importance of those aspects of scientific
communication that take place outside libraries and, indeed, outside
literature. (There are, of course, very few aspects of scientific communication
to which library work is not at least indirectly relevant.)
.X
41 1 965
50 1 965
131 1 965
132 1 965
147 1 965
202 1 965
395 1 965
771 1 965
772 1 965
891 1 965
907 1 965
928 1 965
965 6 965
973 1 965
1037 1 965
1099 1 965
1158 1 965
1187 1 965
1330 1 965
1408 1 965
1408 1 965
.I 966
.T
The Evidence Underlying the Cranfield Results
.A
Swanson, D.R.
.W
An indexing or classification system should be judged by the retrieval
results it produces, namely, the extent to which it brings
forth relevant material and rejects the
irrelevant. Thus, well-designed experiments should permit judging the relative
merits of different classification schemes. This notion, although self-evident,
had remarkably little impact on the field of
library science prior to the 1950's. During that decade, the first controlled
experiments on information retrieval were performed, and these mark a turning
point in the history of classification research. For the first time,
experimental procedure and the rules of scientific evidence became of critical
importance to indexing and classification. It is my purpose here to review some
aspects of the most notable of these experimental tests - the ASLIB
Cranfield Research Project.
.X
50 1 966
79 1 966
131 1 966
146 1 966
175 1 966
361 1 966
382 4 966
389 1 966
458 1 966
474 1 966
608 1 966
769 1 966
773 1 966
780 1 966
785 1 966
825 1 966
911 1 966
956 1 966
966 7 966
997 1 966
1053 1 966
1084 1 966
1216 1 966
1255 3 966
1266 1 966
1282 1 966
1361 1 966
1393 1 966
1395 1 966
1421 1 966
1421 1 966
.I 967
.T
On Improving Communication among Scientists
.A
Swanson, D.R.
.W
Libraries and information services of the twenty-first century almost
certainly will be the beneficiary, or perhaps the victim, of enormous
technological change. High-speed search by computers, microrecording
techniques, remote interrogation consoles, and great communication networks
will someday place the world's knowledge at our fingertips. It is inferred
by many that, through such a metamorphosis, we shall cure the
information ills of our age, bring order out of chaos, and somehow contain the
"information explosion" - or at least reduce it to a small conflagration.
.X
29 2 967
58 1 967
66 1 967
95 1 967
172 1 967
274 1 967
360 1 967
371 1 967
382 1 967
451 1 967
475 2 967
578 1 967
658 1 967
760 1 967
770 1 967
776 1 967
955 1 967
967 6 967
982 1 967
1038 1 967
1053 1 967
1094 1 967
1281 1 967
1358 1 967
1361 1 967
1404 1 967
1404 1 967
.I 968
.T
The Ecology of Privacy
.A
Sommer, R.
.W
The purpose of this article is to discuss the part played by
the library environment in regulating interaction between people.
.X
4 1 968
9 1 968
13 1 968
31 1 968
32 1 968
36 1 968
41 1 968
46 1 968
66 1 968
96 1 968
137 1 968
152 1 968
163 1 968
181 1 968
182 1 968
183 1 968
184 1 968
193 1 968
195 1 968
198 1 968
201 1 968
207 1 968
269 1 968
395 1 968
415 1 968
456 1 968
475 1 968
664 1 968
760 1 968
767 1 968
768 1 968
774 2 968
778 1 968
783 2 968
799 1 968
811 1 968
816 1 968
837 1 968
839 1 968
891 1 968
905 1 968
907 1 968
913 1 968
952 1 968
953 1 968
961 1 968
962 1 968
964 2 968
968 5 968
1009 1 968
1018 1 968
1019 1 968
1068 1 968
1203 1 968
1240 1 968
1321 1 968
1359 1 968
1397 1 968
1407 1 968
1417 1 968
1445 1 968
1445 1 968
.I 969
.T
Paper Deacidification: A Preliminary Repot
.A
Smith, R.D.
.W
The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach to a practical
treatment for the wet deacidification of paper in books stored in libraries.
.X
337 2 969
969 5 969
971 3 969
1211 1 969
1211 1 969
.I 970
.T
Fields of Information on Library of Congress Catalog Cards:
Analysis of a Random Sample, 1950-1964
.A
Avram, H.D.
Guiles, K.D.
Meade, G.T.
.W
The Information Systems Office (ISO) of the Library of Congress has as its
mission the development and implementation of the main automation
program for the Library and the co-ordination of all LC automation efforts.
One of the primary activities in this effort is a system-development
study concentrating on the central bibliographic operations, that is,
acquisitions, cataloging, reference, etc. This study is now in its early
stages, and it is too soon to predict the actual system that will evolve.
As an adjunct to this study an analysis of the potential uses of and
problems involved in the machine processing of cataloging data was begun. One
aspect of the analysis was the design of a preliminary machine-
readable catalog record. The results of this work are in a report issued by
the ISO as its "Planning Memorandum Number 3."
.X
159 1 970
178 1 970
206 1 970
208 1 970
309 1 970
408 1 970
416 1 970
477 1 970
502 1 970
768 1 970
783 1 970
791 1 970
852 2 970
854 1 970
857 1 970
858 1 970
859 1 970
861 1 970
872 1 970
913 1 970
970 5 970
976 1 970
1007 1 970
1043 1 970
1252 1 970
1317 1 970
1395 1 970
1434 1 970
1445 1 970
1445 1 970
.I 971
.T
Paper Impermanence as a Consequence of pH and Storage Conditions
.A
Smith, R.D.
.W
This article aims to provide some basic information, references to further
information, and a sense of proportion about the action of hydrogen ions and
storage conditions on paper. Other important causes of paper deterioration,
such as oxidative degradation, biological attack, photocatalyzed degradation,
and mechanical wear and tear, will not be considered at this time.
.X
337 1 971
969 3 971
971 6 971
1211 1 971
1211 1 971
.I 972
.T
Graph Model for Library Information Networks
.A
Korfhage, Robert R.
.A
Bhat, U. Narayan
.A
Nance, Richard E.
.W
The design and study of library information networks are enhanced by the use
of the concepts which have been developed by graph theorists.. In this paper we
expand upon this theme, proposing a general network structure which we believe
to be a good model for a wide variety of library and other information
networks.. The basic concepts from graph theory are illustrated with the aid of
a hypothetical Public Library Access Network (PLAN)..
.X
288 1 972
291 1 972
292 1 972
433 1 972
459 1 972
505 1 972
591 1 972
594 1 972
598 1 972
602 1 972
647 1 972
654 2 972
855 1 972
865 1 972
885 1 972
915 1 972
925 1 972
957 1 972
959 1 972
960 1 972
961 1 972
962 1 972
972 5 972
984 1 972
1353 1 972
1385 1 972
1400 1 972
1401 1 972
1401 1 972
.I 973
.T
The Divided Catalog: A Summary of the Literature
.A
Grosser, D.
.W
In the earliest item (1905) in the bibliography here presented, Fletcher
challenges the right of the dictionary catalog to be the overwhelmingly
predominant type of catalog in libraries. He questions its advocates' claim
that it best meets a library's needs. He advocates a divided catalog such as
the one at Amherst because, for one thing, the separate catalog
can more readily be used in conjunction with bibliographies in the subject
fields. We find a similar argument in the latest item in the bibliography
(Harris, 1957). Fletcher's article seems to have been followed by more
than thirty years of silence in the library journals on the subject
of the divided catalog. During that period there were probably some
divisions of catalogs at some libraries but, as Thom (q.v.) indicates, the
greatest period of such activity started in 1937. Our survey of the
literature on the divided catalog corroborates this since 1938 in the year
in which the steady stream of papers on the subject began.
.X
202 1 973
209 2 973
276 2 973
326 1 973
891 1 973
928 4 973
963 1 973
965 1 973
973 6 973
973 6 973
.I 974
.T
Cost Survey:
Cost of Ordering, Cataloging, and Preparations in Southern California
Libraries
.A
MacQuarrie, C.
.W
It was our original intention to include the cost of book selection with
the cost of ordering, as part of the total acquisition process. We also
attempted to get indirect costs, such as rent and utilities. Very few of
the libraries were able to supply these figures so we based our survey on direct
cost only. We found from the preliminary survey that book selection statistics
were extremely difficult to determine, since all the professional staff in the
libraries concerned participated in book selection, with the chief librarian
performing most of it. As a result, the cost of book selection was exceedingly
high and threw the cost of ordering out of proportion.
.X
249 1 974
250 1 974
331 1 974
365 1 974
408 1 974
834 1 974
848 1 974
849 1 974
922 1 974
938 1 974
974 5 974
984 2 974
997 1 974
1317 1 974
1359 1 974
1359 1 974
.I 975
.T
Why Allocate?
.A
Bach, H.
.W
Most academic librarians will no doubt agree with Lyle's
statement that the book fund is one of the most important items
in the library budget. Fewer academic librarians, however, are likely to
agree with the view that in their handling of the book budget, college
and university librarians for the most part have not been living up to
their professional responsibilities.
.X
275 1 975
277 1 975
279 1 975
282 1 975
288 1 975
305 1 975
975 5 975
976 1 975
1183 1 975
1360 1 975
1360 1 975
.I 976
.T
Cost Accounting for the Library
.A
Brutcher, C.
Gessford, G.
Rixford, E.
.W
Increasingly, librarians have felt the need for more accurate cost
data. The prime reason for this need has been in the development
and presentation of the budget which is the instrument used to determine
and obtain the funds for the library's forthcoming fiscal period.
Since libraries do not charge for the service they render their users,
they must derive the funds necessary for their operations and growth from
supporting bodies such as federal, state, or local governments, private
institutions, and industrial firms.
.X
27 1 976
74 1 976
83 1 976
178 1 976
206 3 976
207 1 976
208 2 976
245 3 976
266 1 976
273 1 976
277 1 976
279 2 976
282 1 976
288 2 976
331 1 976
381 1 976
408 4 976
490 1 976
496 1 976
591 2 976
592 1 976
723 1 976
724 1 976
834 1 976
860 1 976
925 2 976
957 1 976
962 1 976
964 1 976
970 1 976
975 1 976
976 7 976
1005 1 976
1007 1 976
1148 1 976
1183 1 976
1227 1 976
1317 2 976
1353 1 976
1359 1 976
1360 2 976
1400 3 976
1410 1 976
1424 1 976
1424 1 976
.I 977
.T
A Study of the Usage and Retention of Technical Periodicals
.A
Strain, P.M.
.W
Limited physical space expansion, an administrative
consideration in every library, becomes a stringent factor in the planning
of special libraries. While public and college libraries may have
several decades of growth possibility when they take possession of a
building or area, it is indeed a fortunate industrial library whose stacks are
not overcrowded after five years of establishment in new quarters. Industrial
floorspace is too greatly in demand to devote more effort to the
possible future growth of the library. Weeding or storage requirements,
therefore, are far more immediate considerations to the special industrial
library administrators than they are to administrators of other types of
libraries. The limits of expansion are usually apparent earliest in the
serials collections of industrial libraries because so much current
technical data is published first in scientific and technical periodicals.
These collections grow rapidly. This summarization of a recent study made
by one technical library in the area of space for use of technical journals
has potential for other libraries.
.X
2 1 977
31 1 977
33 2 977
36 1 977
41 1 977
46 1 977
76 1 977
89 1 977
97 1 977
102 1 977
111 1 977
112 1 977
132 1 977
137 1 977
139 1 977
152 1 977
155 1 977
163 1 977
183 3 977
184 1 977
193 2 977
195 1 977
199 1 977
201 3 977
203 4 977
204 1 977
205 1 977
210 2 977
225 1 977
269 2 977
367 1 977
373 3 977
475 1 977
545 1 977
552 2 977
587 1 977
605 1 977
613 1 977
614 2 977
638 2 977
735 1 977
747 1 977
750 1 977
753 1 977
759 1 977
760 1 977
766 1 977
767 3 977
774 1 977
775 2 977
782 1 977
784 1 977
788 2 977
789 2 977
793 1 977
800 1 977
808 1 977
889 1 977
905 1 977
953 1 977
977 7 977
983 2 977
1016 1 977
1023 1 977
1030 2 977
1055 2 977
1056 1 977
1087 1 977
1090 1 977
1135 1 977
1203 2 977
1256 1 977
1260 1 977
1275 1 977
1276 1 977
1278 1 977
1280 1 977
1285 1 977
1286 1 977
1287 1 977
1302 1 977
1335 1 977
1352 3 977
1369 1 977
1390 1 977
1397 2 977
1417 1 977
1428 1 977
1432 1 977
1451 2 977
1451 2 977
.I 978
.T
Remarks on LC Plans for Implementation of New Centralized Acquisitions and
Cataloging Program under Title IIC, Higher Education Act
.A
Cronin, J.w.
.W
The general purpose of my part in this program discussion is to report
to you on the new program of centralized acquisitions and cataloging
to be undertaken by the Library of Congress under authorization
granted under Title IIC of the Higher Education Act of 1965. By this
action, the Congress took two most important steps to aid libraries of
higher education in the United States: (1) it fully recognized for the
first time, the importance of granting Federal aid and assistance toward
solving the problem of cataloging in this country; and (2) it gave the
Library of Congress a clear mandate to provide new and unparalleled
services for the benefit of academic and research libraries of this country.
.X
92 1 978
200 1 978
246 1 978
262 1 978
825 1 978
883 1 978
930 1 978
940 1 978
941 2 978
950 3 978
978 5 978
988 1 978
996 1 978
997 1 978
1079 1 978
1216 1 978
1252 1 978
1252 1 978
.I 979
.T
Automated Acquisitions Procedures at the University of Michigan Library
.A
Dunlap, C.
.W
In June 1965, the Acquisitions Department of The University of
Michigan Library began using a computer-based system for ordering
books and other library materials. This is the beginning of an over-all
automated system for the Acquisitions Department and was designed
with the assistance of Robert O. Kindt, Systems Analyst from the
University's Office of Management Services. Preliminary work on the
automated system was begun in late 1963, and in September, 1964. Mr.
Kindt was assigned to the University Library on a full-time basis. After
the preliminary proposal was drafted, cost and feasibility studies were
made. Current (i.e., 1964) volume and costs were compared with anticipated
volume and costs in 1968 and 1975 for both manual and automated systems.
.X
64 1 979
177 1 979
200 2 979
211 1 979
281 1 979
287 1 979
348 1 979
406 1 979
408 3 979
849 1 979
850 1 979
897 1 979
916 1 979
979 5 979
1007 1 979
1051 1 979
1051 1 979
.I 980
.T
Facsimile Transmission in Libraries: A State of the Art Survey
.A
Schatz, S.
.W
Facsimile transmission is the rapid transmission of printed
pages from one point to another using electronic devices. All facsimile
transmission methods require converting the original picture into
an electrical impulse which is then transmitted over telephone lines,
private lines, microwave, or a combination of these communication
links. The receiving unit reconverts the electrical impulse into an exact
duplicate of the original document on a screen or in the form of a hard
copy.
.X
59 1 980
63 1 980
175 1 980
355 1 980
408 1 980
481 1 980
482 1 980
686 1 980
717 1 980
718 1 980
719 1 980
850 1 980
980 6 980
1042 1 980
1051 1 980
1410 3 980
1415 1 980
1426 1 980
1426 1 980
.I 981
.T
Statistics of Collection Overlap at the Libraries of the Six New
England State Universities
.A
Nugent, W.R.
.W
As part of a design study to specify a regional processing
center for the New England state university libraries, it was
required to know the percentage of collection overlap with respect to
each of the 30 ordered pairs of 6 libraries. Participating states were
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut. This overlap data was needed to predict the degree of
joint use of cataloging information and to estimate the efficiency of
collective reclassification.
The results revealed a high degree of commonality in the 6 collections,
showing, for example, that a random title from one library had
a 40% chance of being present in another randomly selected library.
When current imprint samples were tested, the figure rose to 47%.
Rhode Island's holdings were shown to be the collection of greatest
duplication elsewhere.
.X
4 1 981
61 1 981
64 1 981
65 1 981
67 1 981
70 1 981
71 1 981
72 1 981
73 1 981
135 1 981
162 1 981
175 2 981
206 1 981
207 1 981
208 1 981
245 1 981
249 2 981
250 1 981
271 1 981
282 1 981
290 1 981
295 1 981
374 1 981
382 1 981
394 1 981
458 1 981
481 1 981
483 1 981
485 1 981
580 1 981
601 1 981
622 1 981
696 1 981
705 1 981
717 1 981
728 1 981
729 1 981
770 1 981
776 1 981
779 1 981
780 1 981
781 1 981
783 1 981
834 1 981
835 1 981
848 1 981
849 1 981
850 1 981
851 2 981
852 1 981
862 1 981
863 1 981
872 1 981
922 1 981
925 2 981
981 11 981
982 2 981
984 1 981
1013 1 981
1042 1 981
1051 1 981
1197 1 981
1247 1 981
1257 1 981
1268 1 981
1358 1 981
1390 1 981
1402 1 981
1410 2 981
1415 1 981
1417 1 981
1417 1 981
.I 982
.T
Logical Flow Charts and Other New Techniques for the Administration
of Libraries and Information Centers
.A
Gull, C.D.
.W
The widespread introduction of electronic digital computer
systems for information processing has produced significant
advances in management theory and practice in recent years.
For example, two management devices, PERT and CPM, undeveloped
and impractical before computers, have been basic to the success
of our outer space program. It is perhaps overlate in library
development, but appropriate in this memorial to Miss Esther J.
Piercy, to explore the application of new management knowledge
and practice to the administration of libraries and information
centers, and to sketch some directions in which research could be
undertaken to benefit the management of information.
.X
61 1 982
64 1 982
67 1 982
70 1 982
71 1 982
72 1 982
73 1 982
135 1 982
175 2 982
206 1 982
207 1 982
208 1 982
245 2 982
291 1 982
374 1 982
382 1 982
458 1 982
481 1 982
483 1 982
485 1 982
717 1 982
779 1 982
780 1 982
781 1 982
783 1 982
834 1 982
835 1 982
848 1 982
849 1 982
850 1 982
851 1 982
852 1 982
922 1 982
925 2 982
945 1 982
955 1 982
961 1 982
967 1 982
981 2 982
982 5 982
1042 1 982
1051 1 982
1317 1 982
1358 2 982
1359 1 982
1360 1 982
1361 1 982
1400 1 982
1401 1 982
1402 2 982
1410 1 982
1415 1 982
1417 1 982
1417 1 982
.I 983
.T
Criteria for Weeding of Collections
.A
Cooper, Marianne
.W
Growing library collections have focused attention upon the need for selective
storage and weeding of the materials..Certain objective measures for determining
which items in a collection may be retired to storage are presented, and an
example of the use of such measures at Columbia University is described.. It is
concluded that the criteria for weeding and storage must be selected on the basis
of the goals of the institution in question and of the various patterns of use
in different disciplines..
.X
33 3 983
36 1 983
41 1 983
46 3 983
89 1 983
97 1 983
102 1 983
111 1 983
112 1 983
115 1 983
163 1 983
183 1 983
184 1 983
193 1 983
199 1 983
203 1 983
210 1 983
225 1 983
267 1 983
269 1 983
367 1 983
373 1 983
545 1 983
552 1 983
587 1 983
605 1 983
613 1 983
614 2 983
638 2 983
651 1 983
735 1 983
747 1 983
748 1 983
750 1 983
751 1 983
753 1 983
759 1 983
765 1 983
766 1 983
767 2 983
775 1 983
778 1 983
782 1 983
784 1 983
786 1 983
788 1 983
789 1 983
791 1 983
793 2 983
800 2 983
808 1 983
811 1 983
905 1 983
925 1 983
948 1 983
953 1 983
977 2 983
983 5 983
1016 1 983
1019 1 983
1023 1 983
1030 2 983
1055 1 983
1087 1 983
1090 1 983
1135 1 983
1203 1 983
1260 1 983
1275 1 983
1276 1 983
1278 1 983
1280 1 983
1285 1 983
1286 1 983
1287 1 983
1302 1 983
1335 1 983
1390 1 983
1397 1 983
1417 2 983
1428 1 983
1432 1 983
1450 1 983
1450 1 983
.I 984
.T
Cost Analysis Studies in Libraries: Is There a Basis for Comparison?
.A
Dougherty, R.M.
.W
When the Chairman of the Technical Services Cost Committee asked
the three of us to summarize the findings of the Colorado study on
centralized processing, I agreed. Later, I began to have second
thoughts - I suppose because we were almost buried under an
avalanche of data and it soon became apparent that we could not
really summarize the findings of the study in one evening.
The investigation took off in tangents that had not been originally
anticipated. As you have already been informed, the final report deals
with such diverse topics as a faculty user attitude survey, mathematical
model simulations of processing center operations, approval plan
utilization, and an inter-institutional bookkeeping system, all in
addition to the cost studies of acquisitions and cataloging in nine
libraries.
.X
24 1 984
71 1 984
72 1 984
73 1 984
74 1 984
75 2 984
77 1 984
78 2 984
79 1 984
80 1 984
81 1 984
82 1 984
83 1 984
86 1 984
153 1 984
156 1 984
177 1 984
211 1 984
212 1 984
245 1 984
249 1 984
250 1 984
277 1 984
279 1 984
280 1 984
281 1 984
288 1 984
291 1 984
292 1 984
331 1 984
336 1 984
365 1 984
408 1 984
486 1 984
591 1 984
601 1 984
720 1 984
748 1 984
785 1 984
786 1 984
787 1 984
788 1 984
789 1 984
791 1 984
834 2 984
848 1 984
851 1 984
852 1 984
853 1 984
854 1 984
855 1 984
860 1 984
862 1 984
863 1 984
865 1 984
915 1 984
922 1 984
925 2 984
938 1 984
957 1 984
959 1 984
960 1 984
961 1 984
962 1 984
972 1 984
974 2 984
981 1 984
984 7 984
1011 1 984
1013 1 984
1197 1 984
1317 1 984
1353 1 984
1359 1 984
1400 1 984
1401 1 984
1401 1 984
.I 985
.T
The Bibliographer in the Academic Library
.A
Haro, Robert P.
.W
Academic libraries, in their quest to secure and make available library
materials necessary to support instructional and research programs, are finding
it necessary to rely upon librarians functioning as book selectors.. The term
bibliographer (frequently applied to these selectors) is gradually taken on
new meaning in library service.. The role of the bibliographer is changing to
include (besides book selection) new duties and responsibilities such as
advanced reference, research work, instruction, and liaison duties between
teaching departments and the library.. In addition, academic library
organization is gradually being affected by the increasing use of
bibliographers..
.X
3 1 985
268 4 985
284 1 985
303 3 985
843 1 985
985 5 985
1021 2 985
1021 2 985
.I 986
.T
MEDLARS: A Summary Review and Evaluation of Three Reports
.A
Stevens, N.D.
.W
The MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)
system at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) has over
the past few years been one of the most significant and one of the most
publicized automated bibliographic information retrieval systems. Over
two hundred articles on it have appeared in American newspapers and
popular magazines, in specialized medical journals throughout the world,
and in a variety of library journals. The publicity that has attended this
project has, in a way, been unfortunate, for it has presented an
exaggerated picture of the system and its accomplishments which has only
made the sceptics more skeptical; and it has obscured in part the
examination of MEDLARS' real accomplishments. There has to date been very
little careful outside analysis and evaluation of MEDLARS. Over 50
percent of all the articles listed in the bibliography in Austin's report,
and virtually all the substantive ones, represent the work of persons
closely connected with NLM or the development of the MEDLARS
system. Their judgement on the effectiveness of the system and its overall
value cannot help but be colored by this connection.
.X
38 1 986
84 1 986
119 1 986
147 1 986
210 1 986
213 1 986
214 2 986
218 1 986
241 1 986
250 1 986
340 1 986
348 1 986
355 1 986
375 1 986
381 1 986
382 1 986
408 1 986
488 1 986
489 1 986
490 1 986
491 2 986
492 1 986
493 1 986
494 1 986
495 1 986
496 1 986
497 1 986
499 1 986
500 1 986
506 1 986
581 1 986
583 1 986
584 1 986
586 2 986
591 1 986
603 1 986
608 1 986
610 1 986
659 1 986
676 1 986
696 1 986
763 1 986
788 1 986
795 1 986
801 1 986
855 1 986
916 1 986
986 6 986
1012 2 986
1050 1 986
1084 1 986
1188 1 986
1254 1 986
1291 1 986
1294 1 986
1379 1 986
1404 1 986
1404 1 986
.I 987
.T
CIP in Mid-1970
.A
Clapp, Verner W.
.W
The history of the near-success of the 1958-59 experiment with cataloging in
source and the subsequent refusal of the library community to accept its failure
are punctuated by data from a recent survey of 591 libraries in IS categories
regarding attitudes toward prepublication cataloging..
.X
63 1 987
91 1 987
175 1 987
348 1 987
389 1 987
390 1 987
429 1 987
487 1 987
502 1 987
513 1 987
579 1 987
582 1 987
588 1 987
589 1 987
596 1 987
600 1 987
601 1 987
603 1 987
613 1 987
614 1 987
618 1 987
657 1 987
685 1 987
686 1 987
691 1 987
721 1 987
722 1 987
724 1 987
725 1 987
799 1 987
805 1 987
807 1 987
863 1 987
864 1 987
930 1 987
956 1 987
958 1 987
963 1 987
987 5 987
988 5 987
989 1 987
1000 1 987
1152 1 987
1208 1 987
1265 1 987
1293 1 987
1294 1 987
1302 1 987
1327 1 987
1434 1 987
1434 1 987
.I 988
.T
Report on Library of Congress Plans for Cataloging in Publication
.A
Welsh, W.J.
.W
When we were asked in October 1969 for an expression of attitude
about a renewal of cataloging-in-source, our response was positive.
We were interested and we were determined to make it succeed. Profiting
from the experience gained in the 1958-59 experiment, we specified that:
1. A survey of libraries be conducted;
2. a survey of publishers be conducted;
3. an expert investigator be secured;
4. there must be adequate funding;
5. there be adequate space; and,
6. that those factors be eliminated which represented the most
crucial problem areas in the 1958-59 experiment.
.X
63 1 988
91 1 988
92 1 988
175 1 988
246 1 988
348 1 988
389 1 988
390 1 988
429 1 988
487 1 988
502 1 988
513 1 988
579 1 988
582 1 988
588 1 988
589 1 988
596 1 988
600 1 988
601 1 988
603 1 988
613 1 988
614 1 988
618 1 988
657 1 988
685 1 988
686 1 988
691 1 988
721 1 988
722 1 988
724 1 988
725 1 988
799 1 988
805 1 988
807 1 988
825 1 988
863 1 988
864 1 988
883 1 988
930 2 988
941 1 988
950 1 988
956 1 988
958 1 988
963 1 988
978 1 988
987 5 988
988 6 988
989 1 988
997 1 988
1000 1 988
1079 1 988
1152 1 988
1208 1 988
1216 1 988
1265 1 988
1293 1 988
1294 1 988
1302 1 988
1327 1 988
1434 1 988
1434 1 988
.I 989
.T
An Analysis of the Universal Decimal Classification as a Term System for
Nuclear Science and Technology
.A
Stueart, Robert D.
.W
Explores the possibilities of merging the terminology of the Universal
Decimal Classification System with that of a term system - Engineers Point
Council's Thesaurus - for nuclear science and technology.. Concludes, from the
evidence presented, that UDC can be effectively used as a term system.. Proposes
that the two systems coordinate the terms and merge a major thesaurus (EJC) with
an effective classification scheme of international scope (UDC) to provide a
needed tool in the area of classification and documentation..
.X
16 1 989
63 1 989
154 1 989
161 1 989
175 1 989
197 1 989
260 1 989
348 1 989
375 1 989
389 1 989
390 1 989
445 1 989
454 1 989
472 1 989
487 1 989
502 1 989
503 1 989
506 1 989
507 1 989
554 1 989
579 2 989
591 1 989
593 1 989
594 1 989
595 1 989
596 2 989
597 1 989
599 1 989
600 2 989
601 1 989
603 1 989
604 1 989
606 1 989
723 1 989
724 1 989
796 1 989
797 1 989
799 1 989
801 2 989
802 1 989
805 2 989
806 1 989
807 1 989
836 1 989
838 1 989
863 1 989
864 1 989
866 1 989
867 1 989
956 2 989
963 1 989
987 1 989
988 1 989
989 5 989
1074 1 989
1152 1 989
1265 1 989
1294 1 989
1298 1 989
1299 1 989
1327 2 989
1405 1 989
1431 1 989
1431 1 989
.I 990
.T
Automation Activities in the Processing Department of the Library of Congress
.A
Avram, Henriette D.
.A
Maruyama, Lenore S.
.A
Rather, John C.
.W
This article reports on activities relating to the automation of technical
processing at the Library of Congress.. The master guidelines for automation
of the LC core bibliographic system are discussed, and the following individual
projects are described: Machine_Readable Cataloging (MARC) and related
activities; RECON Pilot Project; format recognition; multiple use MARC system;
Order Division project; automated process information file; subject headings
project; filing program; book catalogs; and the Crad Division project..
.X
57 1 990
75 1 990
90 1 990
114 1 990
141 1 990
169 1 990
176 1 990
244 1 990
289 2 990
294 1 990
299 1 990
329 1 990
345 1 990
365 1 990
400 1 990
459 1 990
493 1 990
529 1 990
548 1 990
553 1 990
565 1 990
572 1 990
595 1 990
596 1 990
608 1 990
612 1 990
617 1 990
619 1 990
620 1 990
627 1 990
630 1 990
810 1 990
812 1 990
813 1 990
814 1 990
822 1 990
854 1 990
870 1 990
871 1 990
872 1 990
873 1 990
874 2 990
875 1 990
876 1 990
877 1 990
878 1 990
879 1 990
880 2 990
892 1 990
894 1 990
928 1 990
940 1 990
941 1 990
963 2 990
990 8 990
991 1 990
994 1 990
997 1 990
998 1 990
1073 1 990
1079 1 990
1143 1 990
1221 1 990
1229 1 990
1230 1 990
1255 1 990
1257 1 990
1303 1 990
1368 1 990
1392 1 990
1396 1 990
1413 1 990
1414 1 990
1435 1 990
1436 1 990
1445 1 990
1448 1 990
1448 1 990
.I 991
.T
Filing Arrangement in the Library of Congress Catalogs
.A
Rather, John C.
.W
New filing rules have been developed for the catalogs of the Library of
Congress to ease the tasks of filers and users and to pave the way for
computer-assisted filing.. This article discusses preliminary considerations
about the functions of large bibliographic files,the complexities of cataloging,
the interaction between users and catalogs, and ways to simplify arrangements..
The assumptions and principles that underlie the proposed rules are stated, and
their organization and anticipated use are described.. An abridged version of
the rules is illustrated by an extended example..
.X
57 1 991
75 1 991
90 1 991
92 1 991
176 1 991
231 1 991
235 1 991
246 2 991
247 2 991
261 1 991
295 1 991
299 1 991
326 1 991
329 1 991
333 1 991
334 1 991
354 1 991
565 1 991
572 1 991
595 1 991
596 1 991
608 2 991
610 1 991
617 1 991
619 1 991
620 1 991
810 1 991
812 1 991
813 1 991
814 1 991
815 1 991
836 1 991
870 1 991
874 1 991
894 1 991
928 1 991
938 1 991
939 1 991
950 1 991
963 1 991
990 1 991
991 7 991
992 1 991
997 1 991
1000 1 991
1153 1 991
1216 1 991
1221 1 991
1255 1 991
1265 1 991
1266 1 991
1318 1 991
1365 1 991
1390 1 991
1395 1 991
1413 1 991
1441 1 991
1445 1 991
1445 1 991
.I 992
.T
Cataloging Nonbook Materials: Mountain or Molehill?
.A
Massonneau, Suzanne
.W
The development of cataloging codes for nonbook materials in surveyed, with
particular attention devoted to the absence of stated objectives, the problem of
the integrated catalog, terminology, and examples, and some of the complications
caused by the blanket use of title main entry..
.X
90 1 992
91 1 992
231 2 992
232 1 992
261 1 992
295 1 992
299 1 992
333 1 992
334 1 992
352 1 992
354 2 992
404 1 992
449 1 992
530 1 992
553 1 992
608 1 992
610 1 992
617 1 992
620 1 992
628 1 992
802 1 992
815 1 992
819 1 992
874 1 992
877 1 992
878 1 992
938 1 992
939 1 992
940 1 992
941 1 992
991 1 992
992 5 992
993 1 992
995 1 992
1057 1 992
1079 1 992
1153 1 992
1189 1 992
1216 1 992
1221 1 992
1269 1 992
1318 1 992
1351 1 992
1364 1 992
1365 1 992
1390 1 992
1421 1 992
1434 1 992
1435 1 992
1436 1 992
1436 1 992
.I 993
.T
An Integrated, User-Oriented System for the Documentation and Control
of Machine-Readable Data Files
.A
Byrum, John D. Jr.
.A
Rowen, Judith S.
.W
The purpose of this paper is to offer a solution to the problems of
documentation and bibliographic control of machine-readable data files.. It is a
solution which attempts to meet both the needs of the data user and the data
librarian.. It is design to make readily feasible the conversion completely or
in part to a computer-based operation and to tie in directly to an information
retrieval system in the future.. The four elements of this documentation and
control system are:standard catalogue entries, data abstract and data description
forms, content documentation codebooks, and records of physical and logical
characteristics of the data set..
.X
130 1 993
333 1 993
357 2 993
449 1 993
530 1 993
553 1 993
628 1 993
710 1 993
802 1 993
819 1 993
874 1 993
877 1 993
878 1 993
940 1 993
941 1 993
992 1 993
993 6 993
995 1 993
1079 1 993
1216 1 993
1421 1 993
1434 1 993
1435 1 993
1436 1 993
1436 1 993
.I 994
.T
Measuring Reader Failure at the Catalogue
.A
Seymour, Carol A.
.A
Schofield, J. L.
.W
In an effort to develop a simple method for librarians to employ to measure
and evaluate author catalogue use, the Library Management Research Unit tested
a survey design in four varying libraries.. The reader was asked to note details
of items not found in the catalogue, the source of the reference, and his
status.. The items were then checked by library staff to discover the cause of
"failure".. Library staff interviewed samples of catalogue users to determine
the overall rate of "failure", the cooperation (with "Catalogue Query Slips")
rate, and the action readers proposed to take in order to obtain the item(s) not
found in the catalogue..
.X
9 1 994
141 2 994
207 1 994
222 1 994
223 1 994
244 1 994
296 1 994
297 1 994
298 1 994
299 2 994
300 1 994
301 1 994
302 1 994
333 1 994
358 1 994
364 1 994
365 1 994
502 1 994
515 1 994
522 1 994
529 1 994
530 1 994
535 1 994
625 1 994
627 1 994
628 1 994
629 1 994
630 1 994
631 1 994
634 1 994
791 1 994
811 3 994
816 2 994
818 1 994
822 1 994
823 1 994
842 1 994
843 1 994
844 1 994
846 1 994
854 1 994
871 1 994
872 1 994
873 2 994
874 2 994
875 2 994
876 2 994
877 1 994
878 1 994
879 1 994
880 1 994
892 2 994
915 1 994
940 1 994
941 2 994
961 1 994
962 1 994
963 1 994
964 1 994
990 1 994
994 5 994
995 1 994
996 1 994
997 2 994
998 2 994
1015 1 994
1079 2 994
1143 1 994
1153 1 994
1189 1 994
1230 1 994
1242 1 994
1247 1 994
1251 1 994
1257 1 994
1268 1 994
1303 1 994
1351 1 994
1354 1 994
1396 2 994
1420 1 994
1434 1 994
1435 2 994
1436 1 994
1442 1 994
1442 1 994
.I 995
.T
"Early Warning" Generic Medium Designations in Multimedia Catalogues
.A
Lewis, Peter R.
.W
The much-favored "early warning" generic medium designation is discriminatory,
functionally inefficient, and out of line with the national and international
acceptance of AACR.. A specific designation, placed with the collation, is
preferable on all these grounds; and there are better ways of giving an "early
warning"..
.X
141 1 995
299 2 995
333 3 995
449 1 995
522 1 995
530 2 995
553 1 995
627 2 995
628 3 995
802 1 995
819 1 995
873 1 995
874 3 995
875 2 995
876 1 995
877 1 995
878 1 995
892 2 995
940 1 995
941 3 995
992 1 995
993 1 995
994 1 995
995 5 995
996 1 995
997 1 995
998 1 995
1079 3 995
1152 1 995
1153 2 995
1189 1 995
1216 1 995
1251 1 995
1351 2 995
1396 1 995
1420 2 995
1421 1 995
1434 3 995
1435 3 995
1436 1 995
1442 2 995
1442 2 995
.I 996
.T
International Developments in Cataloging
.A
Anderson, Dorothy
.W
The IFLA Committee on Cataloging has been at work since 1954 to establish
international standards for cataloging and bibliographic records; it was
responsible for the International Conference on Cataloging Principles, Paris,
1961, and and the International Meeting of Cataloging Experts, Copenhagen,
1969.. In recent years there have been increasing demands from national
cataloging bodies and bibliographic agencies for uniformity in codes and
practices, and in consequence there has been more willingness to make national
concessions in order to reach international standards.. The IFLA Cataloging
Secretariat was established in 1971 to assist this trend by co-ordinating work,
promoting new projects and acting as a liaison center..
.X
141 1 996
299 1 996
333 1 996
361 1 996
522 1 996
530 1 996
627 1 996
628 1 996
872 1 996
873 1 996
874 1 996
875 1 996
876 1 996
892 1 996
939 1 996
940 2 996
941 3 996
950 1 996
978 1 996
994 1 996
995 1 996
996 6 996
997 1 996
998 1 996
1079 1 996
1080 1 996
1153 1 996
1189 1 996
1251 1 996
1351 1 996
1396 1 996
1420 1 996
1434 1 996
1435 2 996
1436 1 996
1441 1 996
1442 1 996
1442 1 996
.I 997
.T
The Ohio College Library Center
.A
Hopkins, Judith
.W
The Ohio College Library Center is a regional library network.. Its on-line
shared cataloging system has been operational since 18 October 1971,and utilizes
cathode ray tube terminals located in the center's fifty-three member
libraries.. These terminals are connected to the Sigma 5 computer in Columbus by
a multiple line, multiple party synchronous transmission telephone network..
Between January and June 1972 the system operated at an annual rate of 500,000
works cataloged and over 3,400,000 catalog cards produced .. These cards are
individualized to fit the requirements of each member and are produced in packs
designated for particular catalogs..
.X
79 1 997
92 2 997
141 2 997
178 1 997
235 1 997
244 1 997
246 2 997
247 1 997
299 2 997
326 1 997
333 2 997
361 1 997
365 1 997
382 1 997
522 1 997
529 1 997
530 1 997
608 1 997
627 1 997
628 1 997
630 1 997
822 1 997
825 2 997
854 1 997
871 1 997
872 2 997
873 2 997
874 2 997
875 2 997
876 2 997
877 1 997
878 1 997
879 1 997
880 1 997
883 1 997
892 2 997
930 1 997
940 1 997
941 3 997
950 2 997
966 1 997
974 1 997
978 1 997
988 1 997
990 1 997
991 1 997
994 2 997
995 1 997
996 1 997
997 10 997
998 2 997
1000 1 997
1071 1 997
1079 3 997
1143 1 997
1153 2 997
1189 1 997
1216 3 997
1230 1 997
1251 1 997
1252 1 997
1257 1 997
1266 2 997
1303 1 997
1351 1 997
1371 1 997
1395 2 997
1396 2 997
1420 1 997
1421 1 997
1434 1 997
1435 2 997
1436 1 997
1441 1 997
1442 1 997
1442 1 997
.I 998
.T
The Other Half of Cataloging
.A
Ohmes, Frances
.A
Jones, J. F.
.W
The authors investigate the impact of a bibliographic retrieval/card
production system, such as the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC), with special
attention to its role in cataloging.. Activities required at the local level to
make the LC card a functioning component of the catalog are described.. The
characteristics of the ensuring workload are examined, along with methods of
accomplishing it.. These activities are seen as a factor in the persistence of
backlogs.. The design of OCLC, because of the immobility of the terminal and
the absence of the catalog from the data base, by-passes this workload, leaving
the local library to accomplish it by the method of its choice, as before, or
to leave it undone..
.X
141 2 998
244 1 998
299 2 998
333 1 998
354 1 998
365 1 998
522 1 998
529 1 998
530 1 998
627 1 998
628 1 998
630 1 998
822 1 998
854 1 998
871 1 998
872 1 998
873 2 998
874 3 998
875 2 998
876 2 998
877 1 998
878 1 998
879 1 998
880 1 998
882 1 998
884 1 998
886 1 998
887 1 998
892 3 998
940 1 998
941 2 998
990 1 998
994 2 998
995 1 998
996 1 998
997 2 998
998 6 998
1079 2 998
1143 1 998
1153 1 998
1189 1 998
1230 1 998
1251 1 998
1257 1 998
1303 1 998
1351 1 998
1395 1 998
1396 2 998
1420 1 998
1434 1 998
1435 2 998
1436 1 998
1442 1 998
1442 1 998
.I 999
.T
The Impact of International Standardization on the Rules of Entry for Serials
.A
Cannan, Judith Proctor
.W
The major provisions of the International Serials Data Systems and the
International Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials are presented and
related to present rules of entry for serials as detailed in the
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules..
.X
141 1 999
333 1 999
363 1 999
409 1 999
541 3 999
645 1 999
647 1 999
651 1 999
739 1 999
877 1 999
878 1 999
881 2 999
882 3 999
883 1 999
884 1 999
885 1 999
886 1 999
887 1 999
888 1 999
904 5 999
917 1 999
919 1 999
920 2 999
921 1 999
999 6 999
1000 5 999
1001 6 999
1002 6 999
1003 6 999
1004 2 999
1013 1 999
1060 1 999
1375 1 999
1376 1 999
1437 1 999
1437 1 999
.I 1000
.T
Serial Cataloging Problems: Rules of Entry and Definition of Title
.A
Simonton, Wesley
.W
Alternatives to the present rule for entry of serials in the Anglo-American
Cataloging Rules (AACR) are identified and arguments relating to the concept of
authorship for serials are summarized.. The varying concepts of "title" in
AACR, the International Serials Data System, and ISBD(S): International Standard
Bibliographic Description for Serials are compared and the next steps relating
to code revision and attempts at international agreement are described..
.X
92 1 1000
141 1 1000
235 1 1000
246 1 1000
247 1 1000
326 1 1000
333 2 1000
363 1 1000
409 1 1000
541 2 1000
645 1 1000
647 1 1000
651 1 1000
739 1 1000
877 1 1000
878 1 1000
881 2 1000
882 3 1000
883 1 1000
884 1 1000
885 1 1000
886 1 1000
887 1 1000
888 1 1000
904 4 1000
917 1 1000
919 1 1000
920 1 1000
921 1 1000
950 1 1000
987 1 1000
988 1 1000
991 1 1000
997 1 1000
999 5 1000
1000 7 1000
1001 5 1000
1002 5 1000
1003 5 1000
1004 2 1000
1013 1 1000
1060 1 1000
1153 1 1000
1216 1 1000
1266 1 1000
1375 1 1000
1376 1 1000
1395 1 1000
1437 1 1000
1441 1 1000
1441 1 1000
.I 1001
.T
The Current State of Standardization in the Cataloging of Serials
.A
Gorman, Michael
.W
Current standards for the cataloging of serials,including the Anglo-American
Cataloging Rules, ISBD(S): International Standard Bibliographic Description for
Serials, and the Guidelines of the International Serials Data System, are
discussed.. The varying needs of bibliographic catalogs and serials lists, the
latter serving primarily the functions of finding lists, are described.. A
distinction between complete and not complete works, regardless of medium, is
suggested as an important consideration in the revision of the Anglo-American
Cataloging Rules..
.X
141 1 1001
333 1 1001
342 1 1001
363 1 1001
409 1 1001
541 3 1001
645 1 1001
647 1 1001
651 1 1001
739 1 1001
877 1 1001
878 1 1001
881 2 1001
882 3 1001
883 1 1001
884 1 1001
885 1 1001
886 1 1001
887 1 1001
888 2 1001
904 5 1001
917 1 1001
919 1 1001
920 2 1001
921 1 1001
999 6 1001
1000 5 1001
1001 7 1001
1002 6 1001
1003 6 1001
1004 2 1001
1013 1 1001
1060 1 1001
1375 1 1001
1376 1 1001
1437 1 1001
1437 1 1001
.I 1002
.T
AACR 6: Time for a Review
.A
Cole, Jim E.
.W
Two changes are proposed in the North American text of rule 6 of the
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR): the adoption of the British text of 6B
and the deletion of 6C.. Both of these changes are intended to simplify the
entry of serials.. With the deletion of 6C, serials would be entered only under
title or corporate author.. The adoption of the British text od 6B would in turn
greatly simplify the remaining choice between title or corporate author..
.X
141 1 1002
333 1 1002
363 1 1002
409 1 1002
541 3 1002
645 1 1002
647 1 1002
651 1 1002
739 1 1002
877 1 1002
878 1 1002
881 2 1002
882 3 1002
883 1 1002
884 1 1002
885 1 1002
886 1 1002
887 1 1002
888 1 1002
904 5 1002
917 1 1002
919 1 1002
920 2 1002
921 1 1002
999 6 1002
1000 5 1002
1001 6 1002
1002 6 1002
1003 6 1002
1004 2 1002
1013 1 1002
1060 1 1002
1375 1 1002
1376 1 1002
1437 1 1002
1437 1 1002
.I 1003
.T
AACR, ISBD(S) and ISSN: A Comment
.A
Fasana, Paul
.W
It has been proposed recently that rule 6 of the Anglo-American Cataloging
Rules (AACR), relating to entry of serials, be replaced by the conventions for
description of serials outlined in ISBD(S): International Standard Bibliographic
Description for Serials, which in itself incorporates (or accommodates) another
convention, that of the "keytitle", an essential aspect of the International
Standard Serial Number (ISSN).. Viewed in the current library context, this
recommendation is irresponsible and indefensible on both a theoretical and
practical level..
.X
128 1 1003
141 1 1003
333 1 1003
363 1 1003
409 1 1003
541 3 1003
560 1 1003
645 1 1003
646 1 1003
647 2 1003
651 1 1003
652 1 1003
739 1 1003
823 1 1003
827 1 1003
877 1 1003
878 1 1003
881 2 1003
882 3 1003
883 1 1003
884 1 1003
885 1 1003
886 1 1003
887 1 1003
888 2 1003
904 5 1003
917 1 1003
919 2 1003
920 2 1003
921 1 1003
999 6 1003
1000 5 1003
1001 6 1003
1002 6 1003
1003 7 1003
1004 2 1003
1013 1 1003
1060 1 1003
1291 1 1003
1315 1 1003
1340 1 1003
1375 1 1003
1376 1 1003
1437 1 1003
1445 1 1003
1445 1 1003
.I 1004
.T
International Standards for the Interchange of Bibliographic Records in
Machine-Readable Form
.A
Avram, Henriette D.
.W
The paper describes the work in progress toward an international
machine-readable cataloging system and discusses the problems remaining..
.X
1 1 1004
92 1 1004
124 1 1004
127 1 1004
129 1 1004
141 1 1004
172 1 1004
190 1 1004
191 1 1004
197 1 1004
211 1 1004
214 1 1004
218 1 1004
243 1 1004
247 1 1004
307 1 1004
330 1 1004
342 1 1004
363 1 1004
365 1 1004
378 1 1004
409 1 1004
450 1 1004
451 1 1004
452 1 1004
453 1 1004
459 1 1004
468 1 1004
484 1 1004
492 1 1004
508 1 1004
511 1 1004
512 1 1004
514 1 1004
518 1 1004
520 1 1004
523 1 1004
524 1 1004
525 1 1004
526 1 1004
529 1 1004
530 1 1004
534 1 1004
546 1 1004
553 1 1004
556 1 1004
579 1 1004
594 1 1004
603 1 1004
604 1 1004
606 1 1004
609 1 1004
610 1 1004
611 1 1004
612 1 1004
625 1 1004
626 1 1004
630 1 1004
636 1 1004
637 1 1004
642 1 1004
645 1 1004
647 1 1004
648 1 1004
650 1 1004
651 1 1004
652 1 1004
692 1 1004
696 1 1004
699 1 1004
703 1 1004
705 1 1004
708 1 1004
726 1 1004
727 1 1004
728 1 1004
731 1 1004
732 1 1004
733 1 1004
734 1 1004
736 1 1004
738 1 1004
739 2 1004
740 1 1004
741 1 1004
742 1 1004
743 1 1004
744 1 1004
755 1 1004
820 1 1004
825 1 1004
826 1 1004
827 1 1004
856 1 1004
879 1 1004
881 2 1004
882 2 1004
883 2 1004
884 1 1004
885 1 1004
886 2 1004
887 1 1004
888 2 1004
904 1 1004
913 1 1004
917 1 1004
943 1 1004
963 1 1004
999 2 1004
1000 2 1004
1001 2 1004
1002 2 1004
1003 2 1004
1004 7 1004
1024 1 1004
1035 1 1004
1060 1 1004
1078 1 1004
1089 1 1004
1091 1 1004
1207 1 1004
1257 1 1004
1258 1 1004
1264 1 1004
1265 1 1004
1297 1 1004
1303 1 1004
1356 1 1004
1364 1 1004
1368 1 1004
1370 1 1004
1372 1 1004
1373 1 1004
1374 1 1004
1375 2 1004
1376 2 1004
1377 1 1004
1433 1 1004
1437 1 1004
1441 1 1004
1441 1 1004
.I 1005
.T
Library Response to Urban Change; a study of the Chicago Public Library
.A
Martin, L.A.
.W
This is the third in a series of studies of the Chicago Public Library,
spread over fifty years. The first (A Library Plan for the Whole
City, adopted in 1916) proposed expansion, particularly in branch units.
The second (A Metropolitan Library in Action, completed in 1939) proposed
quality, the achieving of recognized standards. The underlying theme of the
present report is adaptability, the restructuring of the Library in a period
of change.
The first report, practical and pragmatic, achieved results. The second,for
all its internal excellence, had limited effect. It is hoped that
the present effort partakes both of the relevance of the one and of the
integrity of the other.
.X
22 1 1005
206 1 1005
207 1 1005
208 2 1005
239 2 1005
245 1 1005
266 1 1005
277 1 1005
282 1 1005
358 4 1005
385 1 1005
408 1 1005
896 1 1005
908 1 1005
925 1 1005
946 2 1005
957 1 1005
959 1 1005
962 1 1005
964 1 1005
976 1 1005
1005 15 1005
1018 4 1005
1032 1 1005
1056 4 1005
1145 2 1005
1149 1 1005
1203 1 1005
1227 1 1005
1240 1 1005
1333 1 1005
1384 1 1005
1400 1 1005
1400 1 1005
.I 1006
.T
Library Service to the Disadvantaged
.A
Brown, E.F.
.W
This volume is intended mainly as a source book for
project and program ideas for libraries now engaged in working
with the disadvantaged or planning to do so. It is also
hoped that it will give an overview of the progress to date in
work with the disadvantaged by bringing together much of the
thinking and many of the ideas that have appeared in literature
or in conferences in the last few years.
.X
272 1 1006
376 1 1006
910 1 1006
935 1 1006
1006 5 1006
1049 1 1006
1145 1 1006
1227 1 1006
1384 1 1006
1396 1 1006
1396 1 1006
.I 1007
.T
Library Systems Analysis Guidelines
.A
Chapman, E.a.
.W
This book aims primarily to provide guidelines for library administrators
and library systems analysts in analyzing and evaluating existing operating
systems and in designing new or improved ones. In addition, we have
found the material to be very useful in staff training programs conducted
to ensure knowledgeable staff participation and cooperation in a systems
study. This guide is also adaptable for introducing library school students
to the concepts of systems study in the library.
.X
114 1 1007
177 1 1007
178 2 1007
206 1 1007
208 1 1007
245 1 1007
249 1 1007
287 2 1007
291 1 1007
293 1 1007
348 1 1007
406 3 1007
408 5 1007
849 1 1007
897 1 1007
916 2 1007
925 1 1007
959 1 1007
960 1 1007
962 1 1007
970 1 1007
976 1 1007
979 1 1007
1007 11 1007
1033 1 1007
1317 2 1007
1358 1 1007
1400 2 1007
1400 2 1007
.I 1008
.T
The Measurement and Evaluation of Reference Service
.A
Rothstein, S.
.W
The measurement and evaluation of reference service
has been more often discussed than attempted. In fact, the
literature of this subject has itself spawned a fair-sized
literature of review.
Admittedly, the task is formidable. As compared with
other library activities such as circulation, acquisitions, and
cataloging, reference service is ill-defined, with little
agreement on its component parts. Is inter-library lending an
integral part of reference work because many reference librarians
are responsible for it? Formal instruction in the use of books
and libraries? The supervision of reference reading rooms? The
preparation of indexes? And having decided what the genus
"reference librarian" does, how can one readily determine the
effectiveness of his work or its impact? Reference librarians
may have acted rather blindly in approaching their elephant of a
problem, but it is undeniably a big one.
.X
274 1 1008
298 1 1008
303 1 1008
353 1 1008
364 1 1008
470 2 1008
1008 7 1008
1017 2 1008
1049 2 1008
1247 1 1008
1263 1 1008
1353 1 1008
1357 1 1008
1357 1 1008
.I 1009
.T
Service to Industry and Research Parks by College and University Libraries
.A
Nicholson, N.N.
.W
The phrase "research parks" in the title of this article recalls
Eugene B. Jackson's 1961 prediction:
In 1980 there will be universally-managed and industry-sponsored
special libraries in the vicinity of the principal universities. Their
advanced use of new methods of bibliographic control, information
retrieval, and data exchange will make their operations indistinguishable
from those of special libraries of outstanding profit-making organizations
in the same subject fields . . . Significant assessments will be
made on the participating organization in research parts not only for
the financing of day-to-day operations of facilities, especially set up
for their benefit, but also for the total enrichment of the university
library resources.
.X
31 1 1009
36 1 1009
41 1 1009
46 1 1009
181 1 1009
182 1 1009
183 1 1009
184 1 1009
193 1 1009
195 1 1009
198 1 1009
201 1 1009
269 1 1009
340 1 1009
395 1 1009
415 1 1009
431 1 1009
760 1 1009
767 1 1009
774 1 1009
778 1 1009
891 1 1009
905 1 1009
939 1 1009
942 1 1009
952 1 1009
953 1 1009
955 1 1009
964 1 1009
968 1 1009
1009 5 1009
1018 1 1009
1019 1 1009
1240 1 1009
1354 1 1009
1359 1 1009
1390 1 1009
1397 1 1009
1417 1 1009
1424 1 1009
1424 1 1009
.I 1010
.T
The Science Citation Index:
A New Concept in Indexing
.A
Malin, M.V.
.W
The purpose of this paper is to discuss citation indexing and its
present application as exemplified by the Science Citation Index,
published by the Institute for Scientific Information as a new, unique,
and necessary tool for scientific work. It is necessary, therefore, to
describe briefly, and in general terms, the nature of conventional
subject indexing systems in order that a basis for contrast between these
and citation indexing can be obtained. For those who wish to read
extensively on the subject of indexing, references are provided at the
end of the paper under the section "Additional References."
.X
39 1 1010
41 1 1010
347 1 1010
355 1 1010
560 1 1010
588 1 1010
602 1 1010
618 1 1010
632 1 1010
676 1 1010
718 1 1010
719 1 1010
793 1 1010
1010 5 1010
1044 1 1010
1082 1 1010
1086 1 1010
1087 1 1010
1277 1 1010
1283 2 1010
1285 1 1010
1287 1 1010
1290 1 1010
1300 1 1010
1302 1 1010
1347 1 1010
1444 1 1010
1444 1 1010
.I 1011
.T
Information Network Prospects in the United States
.A
Becker, J.
.W
Unmistakable signs are pointing the way toward
the creation sometime soon of a national information network
in the United States. The concept of a national network implies
the interconnection of existing information systems and libraries
through communications. Certainly one of the great strengths of this
nation is the great array of intellectual, scholarly, and research
resources to be found in its libraries and information centers.
Without integration and close cooperation, however, these resources
will remain a series of separate, insulated institutions. But if
maximum communication can be established among them, this array can
be converted into a national resource of immense value to citizens
throughout the country.
.X
24 2 1011
74 1 1011
75 2 1011
78 1 1011
80 1 1011
119 4 1011
122 3 1011
177 1 1011
178 1 1011
206 1 1011
281 1 1011
336 3 1011
431 1 1011
481 1 1011
654 1 1011
684 1 1011
773 1 1011
850 1 1011
851 1 1011
852 1 1011
853 1 1011
854 1 1011
855 3 1011
856 1 1011
872 1 1011
903 1 1011
907 1 1011
908 1 1011
955 2 1011
984 1 1011
1011 11 1011
1013 1 1011
1080 2 1011
1247 1 1011
1451 1 1011
1451 1 1011
.I 1012
.T
Standardization Requirements of a National Program
for Information Transfer
.A
Wigington, R.L.
Wood, J.L.
.W
The authors of this article represent two specializations in the
spectrum of information transfer activities, that of the computer and
communication system engineer and that of the librarian. These points
of view are combined in examining the requirements for standardization
in the national efforts to use automation in publication, library,
abstracting and indexing, and information-retrieval activities.
Standardization is necessary to both the representation of information
and to the procedures being developed for handling it.
.X
119 1 1012
166 1 1012
214 2 1012
218 1 1012
241 1 1012
250 1 1012
287 1 1012
340 1 1012
348 2 1012
375 1 1012
408 2 1012
491 1 1012
496 1 1012
554 1 1012
582 1 1012
584 1 1012
654 1 1012
657 1 1012
690 1 1012
851 1 1012
855 1 1012
856 1 1012
857 1 1012
858 1 1012
859 1 1012
860 1 1012
861 1 1012
862 1 1012
916 1 1012
986 2 1012
1012 6 1012
1013 1 1012
1035 1 1012
1042 1 1012
1043 1 1012
1084 1 1012
1188 1 1012
1252 1 1012
1293 1 1012
1295 1 1012
1296 1 1012
1379 1 1012
1445 1 1012
1445 1 1012
.I 1013
.T
Bibliographic and Technical Problems in Implementing a National
Library Network
.A
Avram, H.D.
.W
The problems facing the planners of automated library
networks are rooted in the complexities of organizing and managing
a vast flow of bibliographic information and its interface with
users. Telecommunication equipment transmitting data in the form
of electric signals, electronic memories holding large stores of
information, and computers manipulating the data and graphic displays
for human interaction are technological means for performing network
functions more effectively than has been possible in the past.
.X
246 1 1013
287 1 1013
333 1 1013
348 1 1013
408 1 1013
431 1 1013
541 1 1013
554 1 1013
584 1 1013
601 1 1013
654 1 1013
851 2 1013
856 1 1013
857 1 1013
858 1 1013
859 1 1013
860 1 1013
861 1 1013
862 2 1013
863 1 1013
872 1 1013
877 1 1013
878 1 1013
904 1 1013
919 1 1013
920 1 1013
921 1 1013
981 1 1013
984 1 1013
999 1 1013
1000 1 1013
1001 1 1013
1002 1 1013
1003 1 1013
1011 1 1013
1012 1 1013
1013 5 1013
1035 1 1013
1197 1 1013
1247 1 1013
1433 1 1013
1445 1 1013
1445 1 1013
.I 1014
.T
The Microform Revolution
.A
Stevens, R.E.
.W
Librarians have tried replacing some of their books
and journal files with microfilm copies or other microforms in
order to save valuable space in the bookstacks, instead of or in
addition to extension of the stack area, decentralization, compact
shelving, separate storage warehouse, or any of the other solutions
to the storage problem discussed in earlier chapters. As a final
paper, this solution for the storage of library materials will be
discussed. Although the distinct forms will not often be designated,
"microform" is used here to mean the four forms most common in the
United States: 35 mm. roll microfilm, microfiche (now standardized in
the United States and Great Britain at 4 by 6 inches) and the two
micro-opaque forms - 3 by 5 inch Microcard, and 6 by 9 inch Microprint.
.X
286 2 1014
383 2 1014
672 2 1014
721 2 1014
724 1 1014
1014 5 1014
1059 1 1014
1268 1 1014
1352 1 1014
1352 1 1014
.I 1015
.T
Participative Management as Related to Personnel Development
.A
Marchant, M.P.
.W
Theory and practice regarding patterns of decision-
making in libraries have been relatively neglected aspects of
library administration. Yet the decisions by which a library
attempts to control its operations are of major importance to its
welfare and effectiveness. Recent theories in management and social
psychology have addressed themselves to the implications of
participative management and group decision-making, and their findings
appear to have important applications to libraries, not the least of
which is personnel development.
.X
9 1 1015
207 1 1015
222 1 1015
223 1 1015
270 1 1015
285 4 1015
289 1 1015
293 1 1015
296 3 1015
297 1 1015
298 2 1015
300 1 1015
301 5 1015
302 2 1015
304 1 1015
358 1 1015
364 1 1015
418 1 1015
515 1 1015
535 1 1015
625 1 1015
629 1 1015
631 1 1015
634 1 1015
791 1 1015
811 1 1015
816 1 1015
818 1 1015
823 1 1015
843 1 1015
844 1 1015
846 1 1015
915 1 1015
925 1 1015
961 1 1015
962 1 1015
964 1 1015
994 1 1015
1015 10 1015
1065 1 1015
1069 1 1015
1070 1 1015
1150 2 1015
1214 1 1015
1233 1 1015
1242 1 1015
1247 1 1015
1268 1 1015
1354 1 1015
1454 3 1015
1454 3 1015
.I 1016
.T
Numerical Methods of Bibliographic Analysis
.A
Brookes, B.C.
.W
It is only in the last eight or ten years that the
numerical aspects of bibliography have attracted attention, although
some of the numerical regularities that occur in bibliography have been
known for thirty or forty years. Results are, therefore, still meager
and applications are still few. Moreover, most of the work so far
reported has been limited to numerical analysis of the literature of the
natural sciences. This is in part because the secondary sources in the
natural sciences are the best organized and so provide the most accessible
data; in part because the literature of the natural sciences are the least
restricted by linguistic barriers; and in part because the proposed world-
wide systems, such as those advocated in the UNISIST report, offer an
immediate field of application in the design of economic and efficient
systems based on the results of numerical bibliographic analysis. However,
the field of possible application is gradually widening: serious efforts are
now being made to organize the more diffused literatures of the social
sciences, for example.
.X
19 1 1016
29 1 1016
33 1 1016
35 1 1016
36 1 1016
37 1 1016
39 1 1016
40 1 1016
41 1 1016
42 1 1016
43 1 1016
47 1 1016
55 1 1016
58 1 1016
70 1 1016
84 1 1016
88 1 1016
89 1 1016
97 2 1016
102 2 1016
103 1 1016
111 1 1016
112 1 1016
163 1 1016
183 1 1016
184 1 1016
193 1 1016
199 1 1016
203 1 1016
210 1 1016
225 1 1016
233 1 1016
253 1 1016
269 1 1016
313 1 1016
359 5 1016
373 1 1016
377 1 1016
378 1 1016
379 1 1016
395 1 1016
444 1 1016
445 1 1016
447 1 1016
449 1 1016
474 1 1016
486 1 1016
487 1 1016
505 2 1016
515 1 1016
532 1 1016
545 1 1016
552 1 1016
560 1 1016
573 4 1016
587 1 1016
605 1 1016
613 1 1016
614 1 1016
616 1 1016
618 2 1016
625 1 1016
632 1 1016
635 2 1016
638 1 1016
660 1 1016
667 1 1016
735 1 1016
744 1 1016
747 1 1016
748 3 1016
749 1 1016
750 1 1016
751 3 1016
753 1 1016
759 1 1016
762 1 1016
764 2 1016
765 3 1016
766 1 1016
767 1 1016
775 1 1016
777 1 1016
778 4 1016
782 2 1016
784 1 1016
787 1 1016
788 1 1016
789 1 1016
793 1 1016
800 1 1016
804 1 1016
805 1 1016
808 1 1016
885 1 1016
893 2 1016
905 1 1016
952 1 1016
953 1 1016
977 1 1016
983 1 1016
1016 9 1016
1023 1 1016
1030 2 1016
1045 1 1016
1055 1 1016
1061 1 1016
1083 1 1016
1084 3 1016
1085 4 1016
1086 2 1016
1087 2 1016
1090 2 1016
1135 1 1016
1182 2 1016
1195 1 1016
1200 1 1016
1201 2 1016
1235 1 1016
1260 1 1016
1274 2 1016
1275 1 1016
1276 1 1016
1277 1 1016
1278 2 1016
1280 2 1016
1281 1 1016
1285 3 1016
1286 1 1016
1287 2 1016
1301 1 1016
1302 3 1016
1304 1 1016
1313 1 1016
1335 1 1016
1338 1 1016
1344 1 1016
1347 1 1016
1380 1 1016
1390 1 1016
1397 1 1016
1417 1 1016
1428 2 1016
1432 1 1016
1444 1 1016
1444 1 1016
.I 1017
.T
Evaluation of Adult Reference Service
.A
Weech, T.L.
.W
The evaluation of reference service has received
considerable attention in the literature over a comparatively long
period. But, as Samuel Rothstein pointed out in his 1964 Library Trends
article on the measurement and evaluation of reference service, much
of the literature has focused on discussing the lack of evaluation or
the shortcomings of the evaluation that has taken place. In the ten years
since Rothstein wrote his article, there does seem to be more effort at
evaluation of reference service. Undoubtedly, many of the trends in
recent evaluation are due to the influence of Rothstein's article.
.X
10 1 1017
190 1 1017
225 1 1017
234 1 1017
244 1 1017
248 1 1017
274 2 1017
304 2 1017
305 1 1017
306 2 1017
338 1 1017
358 1 1017
385 1 1017
394 1 1017
433 1 1017
459 1 1017
534 1 1017
646 1 1017
647 1 1017
651 1 1017
702 1 1017
731 1 1017
732 1 1017
817 1 1017
820 1 1017
823 1 1017
825 1 1017
826 1 1017
827 1 1017
828 1 1017
910 1 1017
927 1 1017
942 1 1017
943 1 1017
944 1 1017
947 1 1017
948 2 1017
1008 2 1017
1017 8 1017
1049 3 1017
1058 1 1017
1145 1 1017
1146 1 1017
1206 1 1017
1230 1 1017
1237 1 1017
1257 1 1017
1263 1 1017
1357 2 1017
1378 1 1017
1390 1 1017
1440 1 1017
1450 1 1017
1453 1 1017
1453 1 1017
.I 1018
.T
The Library's Public; a report of the public library inquiry
.A
Berelson, B.
.W
The following report on use of the public library is
the product of two separate studies made for the Public Library
Inquiry. One was the national sample survey of library use
made for the Inquiry by the Survey Research Center of the
University of Michigan. Personal interviews of a half-hour
or more in length were held with 1,151 people selected at
random in different counties scattered over the United States.
The sample was designed so as to represent all adult persons
living in private households.
By this tested method the survey gathered information
concerning the amount and the kind of use people make of the
public library and what changes or extension of library
service people in general would prefer. The survey also
gathered information on the use of books obtained from sources
other than the public library, as well as the extent of regular
use of newspapers, radio, magazines, and movies.
.X
31 1 1018
36 1 1018
41 1 1018
46 1 1018
181 1 1018
182 1 1018
183 1 1018
184 1 1018
193 1 1018
195 1 1018
198 1 1018
201 1 1018
208 1 1018
239 1 1018
269 1 1018
358 2 1018
385 1 1018
395 1 1018
415 1 1018
470 1 1018
760 1 1018
767 1 1018
774 1 1018
778 1 1018
891 1 1018
905 1 1018
925 1 1018
946 2 1018
952 1 1018
953 1 1018
957 1 1018
959 1 1018
962 1 1018
964 1 1018
968 1 1018
1005 4 1018
1009 1 1018
1018 9 1018
1019 1 1018
1032 2 1018
1056 2 1018
1145 1 1018
1149 1 1018
1203 1 1018
1227 1 1018
1240 2 1018
1333 1 1018
1359 1 1018
1380 1 1018
1384 1 1018
1397 1 1018
1417 1 1018
1417 1 1018
.I 1019
.T
Determining the Optimal Number of Volumes for a
Library's Core Collection
.A
Trueswell, R.W.
.W
The concept of the core collection in a large library is not new. The
thought behind such a concept is to provide a separation of the more
frequently used volumes from those that are infrequently used. There
have been, however, difficulties in determining what volumes are to be
included within the core collection. It is usually necessary to establish
a committee or group of professional people who determine, usually by
enumeration, those volumes that should be included in the core collection.
Often the results of such a determination merely reflect the opinions of
the individuals, and although valid in many cases as desirable reading, the
core collection that results may not be a reflection of user requirements.
.X
14 1 1019
31 2 1019
33 1 1019
36 1 1019
41 1 1019
46 4 1019
123 1 1019
131 1 1019
153 1 1019
170 1 1019
181 1 1019
182 1 1019
183 1 1019
184 1 1019
193 1 1019
195 1 1019
198 1 1019
201 2 1019
223 1 1019
266 1 1019
267 2 1019
269 2 1019
271 1 1019
280 2 1019
290 1 1019
359 1 1019
373 1 1019
379 1 1019
395 1 1019
415 1 1019
475 1 1019
550 1 1019
614 1 1019
634 1 1019
638 1 1019
651 1 1019
748 2 1019
751 1 1019
760 1 1019
765 1 1019
767 1 1019
774 1 1019
778 2 1019
786 1 1019
791 2 1019
793 1 1019
800 1 1019
804 1 1019
811 1 1019
891 1 1019
905 1 1019
925 3 1019
948 1 1019
952 1 1019
953 1 1019
964 1 1019
968 1 1019
983 1 1019
1009 1 1019
1018 1 1019
1019 9 1019
1028 1 1019
1037 1 1019
1086 1 1019
1090 1 1019
1173 1 1019
1203 1 1019
1240 1 1019
1359 1 1019
1397 1 1019
1400 1 1019
1416 2 1019
1417 3 1019
1424 1 1019
1424 1 1019
.I 1020
.T
IFLA - Communications - FIAB
.A
Humphreys, K.
.W
The traditional pattern of organization of national and university libraries,
apart from those in Germany or affected by German practice, was imposed
by the weight given to the processing divisions.. The order department, which
in university libraries did not include experts in book-selection, was not
considered to be of comparable importance with the major department --
the cataloguing room, which also housed the classifiers.. Other divisions would
be concerned with particular types of material -- maps, state papers or
official documents, manuscripts, oriental books -- and would be largely
autonomous with regard to acquisition and cataloguing.. The reading room staff
were mainly employed in assisting readers to use the catalogue and in
answering queries of a very specialized nature on the library's collections,
especially on manuscripts or early printed books: they rarely dealt with the
general bibliographical or reference type of enquiry which is put to present-day
reference librarians.. In these circumstances members of staff tended to become
expert in the work of their own department and not be invited to take any part
in the activities of another.. Divisions between the various
kinds of work were therefore hard and fast and the structure of the library's
organization could become similarly rigid.. It must be appreciated that this
is a generalization and that many libraries were more fluid in their approach.
Nonetheless this conservative view of the library's function tended to freeze
the administration into this form.. An expert in a particular subject field
often undertook research in the subject outside the library and might
occasionally be asked to deal with a reader enquiring about an aspect of his
field, but usually he would not make much use of his expertise in connection
with his library duties, unless of course he was appointed as a paleographer,
orientalist or linguist.
The appointment of subject specialists may therefore necessitate a complete
re-modelling of the staff organization if their influence is to extend beyond
the bounds of the old departments.
.X
11 1 1020
143 1 1020
268 1 1020
305 1 1020
818 1 1020
843 2 1020
844 1 1020
845 1 1020
961 1 1020
1020 5 1020
1021 1 1020
1058 1 1020
1233 1 1020
1253 1 1020
1401 1 1020
1401 1 1020
.I 1021
.T
The Subject Specialist in National and University Libraries,
with Special Reference to Book Selection
.A
Danton, J.P.
.W
Of the world's numerous kinds of libraries, the national and the university
may properly be characterized as having responsibilities for both general and
universal or nearly universal collecting in the realm of scholarship. That is,
these two, and only these two, commonly collect over a very broad spectrum,
and in depth, material which makes possible the creation of new knowledge.
Herein lies the paramount importance of these libraries to society if it be
granted, as it is here assumed, that almost no field of human endeavor can
advance without resort to the recorded past. It is this twin aspect of the
activity of these scholarly libraries - collecting simultaneously in breadth
and in depth - which produces most of their major problems. The concern of
this paper is with two of these problems which seem by far the most important
and difficult: the selection of materials and the utilization of subject
specialists.
.X
11 1 1021
143 1 1021
268 4 1021
303 1 1021
305 1 1021
843 1 1021
923 1 1021
943 1 1021
985 2 1021
1020 1 1021
1021 8 1021
1023 1 1021
1058 1 1021
1450 1 1021
1450 1 1021
.I 1022
.T
Information Science in Librarianship
.A
Hayes, R.M.
.W
These information systems create a real challenge for librarianship, since
on the surface it would seem that librarians can have a central role in their
development, their operation, and their management. But to do so, librarians
must recognize the contribution they can make and be willing to accept the
challenges.
.X
20 1 1022
42 1 1022
60 2 1022
85 3 1022
129 1 1022
172 1 1022
469 1 1022
585 2 1022
599 1 1022
640 1 1022
652 1 1022
665 1 1022
762 1 1022
803 2 1022
1022 5 1022
1045 1 1022
1077 1 1022
1268 1 1022
1309 1 1022
1309 1 1022
.I 1023
.T
Weeding the Collection: A Review of Research on Identifying Obsolete Stock
.A
Seymour, C.A.
.W
Reverberations of the publishing explosion of recent years are reaching us
now. Production of monographs and journals, research reports and government
documents has been increasing exponentially to the point that British
university librarians are beginning to feel the sense of constriction of space
which their American counterparts have been struggling with for a number
of years (judging by the amount of print devoted to the subject in American
library journals). The force of this sense of constriction has been somewhat
mitigated in all but the copyright libraries by the general lack of funds
available for book purchasing, and by the increasing price of books. However,
when space in the library does become filled, obviously something must
be done to create more space, because the flow of material is certainly not
going to cease.
.X
5 2 1023
33 1 1023
36 1 1023
41 1 1023
46 1 1023
89 1 1023
90 1 1023
91 1 1023
97 1 1023
102 1 1023
111 1 1023
112 1 1023
115 1 1023
158 1 1023
163 1 1023
183 1 1023
184 1 1023
193 1 1023
199 1 1023
203 1 1023
210 1 1023
222 1 1023
223 1 1023
225 1 1023
234 1 1023
245 1 1023
269 1 1023
290 1 1023
364 1 1023
365 1 1023
368 1 1023
373 1 1023
435 1 1023
545 1 1023
552 1 1023
587 1 1023
605 1 1023
613 1 1023
614 1 1023
615 1 1023
638 1 1023
735 1 1023
747 1 1023
750 1 1023
753 1 1023
764 1 1023
766 1 1023
767 1 1023
775 1 1023
782 1 1023
784 1 1023
788 1 1023
789 1 1023
793 1 1023
800 1 1023
808 1 1023
811 1 1023
815 1 1023
816 1 1023
818 1 1023
823 1 1023
842 1 1023
905 1 1023
925 1 1023
943 2 1023
944 1 1023
948 1 1023
953 1 1023
957 1 1023
977 1 1023
983 1 1023
1016 1 1023
1021 1 1023
1023 6 1023
1030 1 1023
1055 1 1023
1087 1 1023
1090 1 1023
1135 1 1023
1203 1 1023
1219 1 1023
1227 1 1023
1257 1 1023
1260 1 1023
1275 1 1023
1276 1 1023
1278 1 1023
1280 1 1023
1285 1 1023
1286 1 1023
1287 1 1023
1302 1 1023
1335 1 1023
1365 1 1023
1390 2 1023
1397 1 1023
1417 1 1023
1428 1 1023
1432 1 1023
1450 1 1023
1450 1 1023
.I 1024
.T
PRECIS in a Multilingual Context
.A
Austin, D.
.W
The present paper is offered as the first of a series of articles in which
PRECIS will be reviewed as a potential multi-lingual system, having in mind
the obvious need, notably in a European context, for standard and language-
independent methods of subject analysis and document description. This
first paper outlines the origins of PRECIS, and considers its use in English-
Language indexing. A second paper will deal in general terms with the
syntactical model which is used for producing PRECIS input strings and
index entries. Later papers will then review the application of this model
to indexing in, firstly, the Germanic languages (e.g. German and Danish),
and, secondly, the Romance languages, illustrated by French.
.X
1 1 1024
86 1 1024
92 1 1024
168 1 1024
194 1 1024
458 1 1024
480 1 1024
556 1 1024
781 1 1024
817 1 1024
819 1 1024
825 2 1024
1004 1 1024
1024 6 1024
1027 1 1024
1054 1 1024
1215 5 1024
1231 1 1024
1443 1 1024
1443 1 1024
.I 1025
.T
Limits Growth
.A
Meadows, D.H.
.W
In April 1968, a group of thirty individuals from ten
countries - scientists, educators, economists, humanists,
industrialists, and national and international civil servants -
gathered in the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome. They met at
the instigation of Dr. Aurelio Peccei, an Italian industrial
manager, economist, and man of vision, to discuss a subject of
staggering scope - the present and future predicament of man.
A series of early meetings of The Club of Rome culminated
in the decision to initiate a remarkably ambitious undertaking
- the Project on the Predicament of Mankind.
The intent of the project is to examine the complex of
problems troubling men of all nations: poverty in the midst
of plenty; degradation of the environment; loss of faith in
institutions; uncontrolled urban spread; insecurity of employment;
alienation of youth; rejection of traditional values; and inflation
and other monetary and economic disruptions.
.X
175 1 1025
227 1 1025
401 1 1025
1025 8 1025
1386 1 1025
1456 1 1025
1456 1 1025
.I 1026
.T
Line - Formula Chemical Notation
.A
Wiswesser, W.T.
.W
This manual is the culmination of a long search for a chemical
notation that should consist of symbols limited to those on the
standard typewriter keyboard. The necessity for such a notation
has been made almost inescapable by recent tremendous advances in
technology and the vast growth of chemical literature.
.X
116 1 1026
117 1 1026
254 1 1026
327 1 1026
569 1 1026
641 1 1026
668 1 1026
669 1 1026
670 1 1026
671 2 1026
673 3 1026
677 1 1026
678 2 1026
679 2 1026
682 1 1026
687 1 1026
688 1 1026
689 1 1026
690 1 1026
693 2 1026
694 1 1026
695 1 1026
698 1 1026
700 1 1026
704 1 1026
706 2 1026
707 1 1026
730 1 1026
738 1 1026
833 2 1026
1026 6 1026
1072 1 1026
1292 1 1026
1452 3 1026
1452 3 1026
.I 1027
.T
Linguistics and Information Science
.A
Jones, Sparck, K.
.W
This study was commissioned by the Committee on Linguistics in
Documentation of the Federation Internationale de Documentation (FID).
It is concerned with the linguistic aspects of information science, and
in particular with the linguistic components of document analysis,
description, and retrieval. We have attempted to relate linguistics
and information science by considering the theories and techniques
linguistics has to offer, and how far these have been, or could be,
exploited by information scientists. We have examined these questions
within the context of automated language processing and automated
documentation. The use of computers for linguistic operations presents
special challenges as well as interesting possibilities, and we have
chosen to approach the field from this particular point of view.
.X
168 1 1027
583 1 1027
819 1 1027
1024 1 1027
1027 5 1027
1215 1 1027
1231 1 1027
1443 1 1027
1443 1 1027
.I 1028
.T
A List of Books for College Libraries
.A
Shaw, C.B.
.W
To permit a qualitative estimate of a college library's resources, the
Advisory Group on College Libraries of the Carnegie Corporation authorized
the compilation of a list of not less that 8,000 nor more than 15,000 titles
which might be regarded as a statement of the minimum or basic book collection
of a four-year liberal arts college.
The procedure on which the Advisory Group decided included (1) the selection
of a librarian under whose direction the compilation should be made, (2) the
checking and improvement of the original lists drawn up by this compiler by such
a homogeneous group as the faculty of a single college, and (3) the submission
of these revised recommendations to an able group of widely scattered college
teachers for further revision.
.X
7 1 1028
14 1 1028
153 1 1028
170 1 1028
223 1 1028
240 1 1028
262 1 1028
266 1 1028
271 1 1028
405 1 1028
550 1 1028
926 1 1028
927 1 1028
1019 1 1028
1028 5 1028
1086 1 1028
1090 1 1028
1211 1 1028
1212 1 1028
1266 1 1028
1424 2 1028
1424 2 1028
.I 1029
.T
A Little Commonwealth Family Life in Plymouth Colony
.A
Demos, J.
.W
The kind of study presented in this monograph has not as yet
won a wide following among working historians. On the whole
their interest has remained with the larger units of social
action: the region, the class, the party, the ethnic or religious
group. It has been left to the so-called behavioral sciences -
anthropology, sociology, psychology - to demonstrate the fundamental
importance of the smallest and most intimate of all group environments,
the family.
.X
351 2 1029
1029 5 1029
1029 5 1029
.I 1030
.T
Little Science, Big Science
.A
De Solla Price, D.J.
.W
Pegram lecturers are supposed to talk about science and
its place in society. The ordinary way of doing this would
be either to talk popular science or to adopt one of the various
styles in humanistic discussion of the reactions between men
and science. Previous lecturers in this series have given
accounts of the content of space science and made excursions
into the philosophy and the history of science. Although
professionally my concern is with the history of science, I have
a certain prehistoric past as a physicist, and this has led
me to treat these lectures in what is, perhaps, an extraordinary
way.
My goal is not discussion of the content of science or even
a humanistic analysis of its relations. Rather, I want to clarify
these more usual approaches by treating separately all the
scientific analyses that may be made of science. Why should
we not turn the tools of science on science itself? Why not
measure and generalize, make hypotheses, and derive
conclusions?
.X
14 1 1030
29 1 1030
33 2 1030
35 1 1030
36 1 1030
37 1 1030
40 1 1030
41 1 1030
42 1 1030
43 1 1030
46 1 1030
58 1 1030
63 1 1030
70 1 1030
84 1 1030
89 2 1030
95 1 1030
96 1 1030
97 2 1030
102 1 1030
105 4 1030
110 2 1030
111 2 1030
112 1 1030
113 1 1030
123 1 1030
132 1 1030
137 1 1030
155 1 1030
157 1 1030
161 1 1030
163 2 1030
172 1 1030
183 1 1030
184 1 1030
193 1 1030
199 1 1030
203 1 1030
210 1 1030
211 1 1030
214 1 1030
216 1 1030
217 1 1030
218 1 1030
220 1 1030
225 1 1030
233 1 1030
237 1 1030
243 1 1030
269 1 1030
272 1 1030
280 1 1030
312 1 1030
314 1 1030
356 2 1030
359 1 1030
367 1 1030
373 1 1030
379 1 1030
439 2 1030
440 1 1030
444 1 1030
445 1 1030
447 1 1030
449 1 1030
456 1 1030
474 1 1030
486 1 1030
513 1 1030
532 1 1030
544 1 1030
545 2 1030
552 1 1030
560 2 1030
582 2 1030
587 1 1030
592 2 1030
602 1 1030
605 1 1030
607 1 1030
613 1 1030
614 1 1030
618 1 1030
625 1 1030
638 1 1030
656 1 1030
660 1 1030
667 1 1030
685 1 1030
722 1 1030
735 1 1030
747 1 1030
748 1 1030
750 1 1030
753 1 1030
759 1 1030
762 1 1030
764 1 1030
765 1 1030
766 1 1030
767 3 1030
770 1 1030
772 1 1030
775 1 1030
776 1 1030
782 1 1030
784 1 1030
786 1 1030
788 1 1030
789 1 1030
791 3 1030
793 1 1030
800 1 1030
808 1 1030
891 1 1030
893 3 1030
905 1 1030
952 1 1030
953 1 1030
977 2 1030
983 2 1030
1016 2 1030
1023 1 1030
1030 29 1030
1045 2 1030
1050 1 1030
1055 1 1030
1062 2 1030
1063 2 1030
1081 1 1030
1082 1 1030
1083 1 1030
1084 1 1030
1085 1 1030
1086 1 1030
1087 3 1030
1088 1 1030
1090 1 1030
1135 1 1030
1147 1 1030
1195 1 1030
1201 1 1030
1203 1 1030
1209 2 1030
1235 2 1030
1256 1 1030
1260 1 1030
1275 3 1030
1276 1 1030
1278 1 1030
1280 2 1030
1281 1 1030
1284 2 1030
1285 5 1030
1286 1 1030
1287 1 1030
1289 1 1030
1290 2 1030
1291 1 1030
1293 3 1030
1294 1 1030
1295 1 1030
1296 3 1030
1297 1 1030
1298 1 1030
1302 2 1030
1317 1 1030
1319 1 1030
1329 1 1030
1330 1 1030
1335 1 1030
1346 2 1030
1347 1 1030
1380 1 1030
1386 3 1030
1387 1 1030
1389 1 1030
1390 1 1030
1397 1 1030
1417 1 1030
1422 1 1030
1428 1 1030
1432 1 1030
1432 1 1030
.I 1031
.T
The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry
.A
Przeworski, A.
.W
The ideas presented in this book developed during the course of our
participation in a comparative research project, the International Studies
of Values in Politics, which was a study of the relationship between
characteristics of local political leadership and the behavior of local
governments in India, Poland, the United States, and Yugoslavia.
Among the first problems we confronted were those of measurement.
In the fall of 1965 the first pretest of value-scale items was under way.
The goal of the pretest was to develop valid and reliable scales of values
in four national samples.
The second problem we had to face arose from the nees to obtain "comparable"
measures of community "activeness" in four countries.
.X
345 1 1031
438 1 1031
1031 6 1031
1328 1 1031
1386 1 1031
1386 1 1031
.I 1032
.T
Londoner and His Library
.A
Groombridge, B.
.W
This report deals with a complementary theme: the public for which the
public library service is provided. It does this in two ways - by giving
information about the nature of that public, as it is at present made up,
and by reporting what people say about public libraries, not only those
who are members, but also those who used to belong and those who never
have. Its closest relatives in British writing on this subject are, therefore,
Mass Observation's now dated Reading in Tottenham (1947) and the
Society of Young Publishers' Survey Books in London, 1959. It is more
comprehensive in scope and more detailed in its analysis that the Tottenham
survey, while it goes in some depth into issues that necessarily played
only a small part in Books in London.
.X
239 2 1032
358 1 1032
456 2 1032
470 1 1032
925 1 1032
946 1 1032
1005 1 1032
1018 2 1032
1032 7 1032
1056 3 1032
1145 1 1032
1227 1 1032
1238 1 1032
1240 1 1032
1380 1 1032
1380 1 1032
.I 1033
.T
The Making of a Library
.A
Taylor, R.S.
.W
A book like this is a cumulation of experience, thought, error, and
hopefully, learning of many years. It did not start, like a water faucet, at
precisely that moment in 1967 when the Office of Education so kindly
awarded a grant to Hampshire college for the development of the concept
of the extended and experimenting library, although the grant was certainly
the means for, and a spur to, it formalization.
.X
172 1 1033
178 1 1033
191 1 1033
194 1 1033
212 1 1033
232 1 1033
241 1 1033
274 1 1033
287 1 1033
331 1 1033
358 1 1033
406 2 1033
408 1 1033
417 1 1033
446 1 1033
458 1 1033
485 1 1033
572 1 1033
577 1 1033
579 1 1033
615 1 1033
640 1 1033
896 1 1033
902 1 1033
916 1 1033
925 1 1033
946 1 1033
948 1 1033
959 1 1033
960 1 1033
962 1 1033
1007 1 1033
1033 8 1033
1079 1 1033
1084 1 1033
1279 1 1033
1379 1 1033
1387 1 1033
1400 1 1033
1403 1 1033
1403 1 1033
.I 1034
.T
Man's Aggression
.A
Montagu, M.F.A.
.W
The purpose of this book is to inquire into the validity of the views
on human nature expressed in the widely read and influential books
of Robert Ardrey and Konrad Lorenz. Ardrey's books are African
Genesis (Atheneum, 1961), and The Territorial Imperative (Atheneum,
1966). Lorenz's book is On Aggression (Harcourt, Brace & World,
1966). In these books the authors argue that man is by
instinct an aggressive creature, and it is this innate propensity to
violence that accounts for individual and group aggression in man.
.X
21 2 1034
118 2 1034
412 1 1034
1034 5 1034
1332 1 1034
1332 1 1034
.I 1035
.T
Man-Machine Communication
.A
Meadow, C.T.
.W
This book is an introduction to the elements, methods, and problems
of interactive systems and is tutorial in tone. It is intended for both
users and designers of conversational systems: those who actually operate
them as well as those who design the overall systems in which they are
used. I would expect, primarily, to draw my readers from among the
designers of information systems and such prospective users as teachers,
writers, librarians, lawyers, design engineers, and professional managers.
The book is a survey and is not intended as an exhaustive text. The
reader wishing to pursue any topic in detail will have to seek further,
but I have provided references to help him do so.
.X
61 1 1035
66 2 1035
75 1 1035
124 1 1035
126 1 1035
127 1 1035
129 1 1035
131 1 1035
190 1 1035
191 1 1035
197 2 1035
211 2 1035
214 1 1035
218 2 1035
243 1 1035
274 1 1035
287 1 1035
307 1 1035
320 1 1035
330 1 1035
332 1 1035
348 1 1035
378 1 1035
408 1 1035
450 1 1035
451 1 1035
452 1 1035
458 1 1035
459 2 1035
468 1 1035
484 1 1035
490 1 1035
491 1 1035
492 2 1035
496 1 1035
497 1 1035
498 1 1035
508 1 1035
511 1 1035
512 1 1035
514 1 1035
518 1 1035
520 1 1035
523 1 1035
524 1 1035
525 1 1035
526 2 1035
529 1 1035
530 1 1035
534 1 1035
546 3 1035
553 1 1035
554 1 1035
579 2 1035
581 1 1035
584 1 1035
586 1 1035
593 1 1035
594 2 1035
603 1 1035
604 1 1035
606 3 1035
609 1 1035
610 1 1035
611 1 1035
612 1 1035
625 1 1035
626 2 1035
630 1 1035
636 1 1035
637 1 1035
642 1 1035
648 1 1035
650 1 1035
654 1 1035
692 1 1035
696 1 1035
699 1 1035
703 1 1035
705 1 1035
708 1 1035
726 1 1035
727 1 1035
728 1 1035
731 1 1035
732 1 1035
733 1 1035
734 1 1035
736 1 1035
738 1 1035
739 1 1035
740 1 1035
741 1 1035
742 1 1035
743 1 1035
744 1 1035
754 1 1035
755 1 1035
814 1 1035
820 1 1035
826 2 1035
827 1 1035
851 1 1035
856 1 1035
857 1 1035
858 1 1035
859 1 1035
860 1 1035
861 1 1035
862 1 1035
879 1 1035
883 1 1035
1004 1 1035
1012 1 1035
1013 1 1035
1035 9 1035
1078 1 1035
1089 1 1035
1091 1 1035
1207 1 1035
1213 1 1035
1264 1 1035
1294 1 1035
1297 1 1035
1303 1 1035
1356 1 1035
1364 1 1035
1368 1 1035
1370 1 1035
1372 1 1035
1373 1 1035
1374 1 1035
1375 1 1035
1376 1 1035
1377 1 1035
1445 1 1035
1445 1 1035
.I 1036
.T
The Management of Innovation
.A
Burns, T.
.W
All the research reported in this book arose out of an attempt, some
years ago, to study an industrial concern as a 'community of people at
work', that is, in much the same terms one would use in a study of
conduct and relationships in a village, an urban neighborhood, or a
small primitive community. This aim was never realized, because it
soon became evident that the social structure of the factory interlocked
with, and often mirrored, that of the small isolated town in which it
was situated. The wider study which then appeared necessary was not
practicable and the enquiry petered out rather inconclusively, assuming
its present significance only in the context of later studies.
.X
15 1 1036
227 1 1036
312 1 1036
356 1 1036
436 1 1036
437 1 1036
561 1 1036
658 1 1036
1036 8 1036
1041 1 1036
1154 1 1036
1187 1 1036
1188 1 1036
1333 1 1036
1348 1 1036
1406 1 1036
1406 1 1036
.I 1037
.T
Towards a Behavioral Theory of Communication
.A
Ackoff, R.L.
.W
This paper presents a conceptualization of information as related to the
decision problems of the recipient. The orientation is toward a formal
definition of behavioral elements in an individual's "purposeful state":
specifically, these elements are his objectives, his valuation of each
objective, his possible courses of action, the efficiency of each course of
action in achieving each objective, and his probability of choice for each
course of action.
The amount of information in a purposeful state is explicitly defined in
terms of the probabilities of choice of the available courses of action.
The amount of information in a message is defined as the difference between the
amount of information in the purposeful state following the message, and the
amount of information in the purposeful state preceding the message. The amount
of instruction in a purposeful state is defined in terms of the efficiencies
of the available courses of action; and the amount of motivation is defined in
terms of the values of the objectives. The amounts of instruction and
motivation in a message are defined, just as information is, by comparing the
amounts in a purposeful state before and after receipt of the message.
The value of a purposeful state to an individual is defined as a function of
the amount of information, the amount of instruction, and the amount of
motivation in the state. This concept can be generalized to express the value
of the state to some other individual.
.X
85 2 1037
123 1 1037
131 1 1037
137 1 1037
355 1 1037
382 1 1037
457 1 1037
634 1 1037
716 1 1037
791 1 1037
804 1 1037
965 1 1037
1019 1 1037
1037 6 1037
1045 2 1037
1187 1 1037
1408 1 1037
1408 1 1037
.I 1038
.T
Management Misinformation Systems
.A
Ackoff, R.L.
.W
Five assumptions commonly made by designers of management information
systems are identified. It is argued that these are not justified in many (if
not most) cases and hence lead to major deficiencies in the resulting systems.
These assumptions are: (1) the critical deficiency under which most managers
operate is the lack of relevant information, (2) the manager needs the
information he wants, (3) if a manager has the information he needs his decision
making will improve, (4) better communication between managers improves
organizational performance, and (5) a manager does not have to understand
how his information system works, only how to use it. To overcome these
assumptions and the deficiencies which result from them, a management
information system should be imbedded in a management control system.
A procedure for designing such a system is proposed and an example is given
of the type of control system which it produces.
.X
29 1 1038
95 1 1038
120 1 1038
135 2 1038
137 1 1038
475 1 1038
537 1 1038
967 1 1038
1038 5 1038
1270 1 1038
1281 1 1038
1306 1 1038
1358 1 1038
1358 1 1038
.I 1039
.T
Computational Analysis of Scoring Models for R and D Project Selection
.A
Moore, J.R.
Baker, N.R.
.W
Several authors have proposed using scoring models for prescriptive analysis
of the R and D project selection decision problem. This research indicates
that these models do not meet with important practical requirements. For
example, many authors recommend a multiplicative index, over an additive
index, in order to generate a wide range of project scores. The additive
index is shown to have important advantages over the multiplicative index.
The most serious shortcoming in the models, however, is the relatively arbitrary
fashion in which the models have been constructed and the failure of the model
builders to recognize the impact of certain structural considerations on
resulting project scores. Comparative analyses relating project rankings
produced by scoring models to rankings produced by a profitability
index and by a linear programming model demonstrate that the performance of
the scoring model is highly sensitive to decisions made during the development
of the model. Considerations such as (1) the underlying distributions of
project data, (2) time preferences, (3) the number of ranking intervals or
categories, and (4) the width of the intervals, all have important implications
for final project scores and associated rankings.
.X
423 4 1039
424 2 1039
425 4 1039
426 1 1039
427 2 1039
428 2 1039
436 1 1039
437 1 1039
561 2 1039
1039 6 1039
1040 4 1039
1449 1 1039
1449 1 1039
.I 1040
.T
A Scoring Methodology for Assessing the Suitability of Management Science
Models
.A
Souder, W.E.
.W
In this study, five major criteria (realism, flexibility, capability, case
of use, and cost) for evaluating the suitability of management science models
for R & D project selection are established, through personal interviews with
R&D administrators and management scientists. A suitability rating system,
based on these criteria, is used by the author to rate twenty-six management
science models for their suitability of use in R&D project selection decision
making. Profitability index and scoring types of models were found to have
generally higher ease of use and lower cost performances than the other types.
The linear and nonlinear models had generally higher flexibility, while the
linear, nonlinear and zero-one models had generally higher realism than the
other model types.
.X
423 5 1040
424 2 1040
425 5 1040
426 1 1040
427 1 1040
428 4 1040
436 2 1040
437 1 1040
561 2 1040
1039 4 1040
1040 7 1040
1449 1 1040
1449 1 1040
.I 1041
.T
The Managerial Grid
.A
Blake, R.R.
.W
The Managerial Grid method of designating various
styles of leadership avoids these semantic traps. Even more,
it shows how a leader can simultaneously maximize both
the methods which are production-oriented and those which
are people-oriented. Thus instead of putting a manager in
a dilemma of choosing one or the other alternative, it
illustrates that there are ways he can gain the benefits of
both. It puts various methods of managing problems into
a framework where the leader can identify, study and
change his own behavior. Thus he is in a position to understand
it better, to evaluate the results it produces, and to
encourage its use by others.
.X
293 1 1041
298 1 1041
304 1 1041
312 1 1041
356 1 1041
401 1 1041
418 1 1041
436 1 1041
437 1 1041
1036 1 1041
1041 6 1041
1069 1 1041
1154 2 1041
1187 1 1041
1188 1 1041
1233 1 1041
1333 1 1041
1406 1 1041
1455 1 1041
1455 1 1041
.I 1042
.T
The Marc II Format:
A Communications Format for Bibliographic Data
.A
Avram, H.D.
.W
The MARC (Machine-Readable-Cataloging) Pilot Project was an
experiment to test the feasibility of distributing Library of Congress
cataloging in machine-readable form to a variety of users. This project
grew out of the conviction of many librarians that automation was becoming
necessary if libraries were to keep up with the rising tide of new
materials and the mounting demand for rapid information. Although there
were other library procedures which stood to profit from mechanization,
it was felt that devising a method of recording bibliographical information
in machine-readable form was basic to the solution of other problems.
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64 1 1042
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218 1 1042
243 1 1042
245 1 1042
253 1 1042
265 1 1042
355 1 1042
374 1 1042
375 1 1042
408 1 1042
481 1 1042
482 1 1042
492 1 1042
497 1 1042
506 1 1042
507 1 1042
508 1 1042
510 1 1042
548 1 1042
594 1 1042
601 1 1042
604 1 1042
607 1 1042
717 2 1042
718 1 1042
719 1 1042
781 1 1042
783 1 1042
834 1 1042
835 1 1042
848 1 1042
849 1 1042
850 1 1042
851 1 1042
852 1 1042
864 1 1042
866 1 1042
867 1 1042
873 1 1042
922 1 1042
925 1 1042
980 1 1042
981 1 1042
982 1 1042
1012 1 1042
1042 7 1042
1043 1 1042
1051 2 1042
1087 1 1042
1252 1 1042
1327 1 1042
1410 1 1042
1415 2 1042
1426 1 1042
1426 1 1042
.I 1043
.T
The MARC Pilot Project:
The Final Report
.A
Avram, H.D.
.W
The MARC project has progressed from a
pilot to test the feasibility of a distribution
service of centrally produced machine-readable
cataloging data to a full-scale operational
system in the design stages in two short years.
The library community, both here and abroad, has
accepted MARC and recognizes its potential
for the future. The single most significant
result of MARC has been the impetus to set
standards. There is no doubt that eventually
standards would have been designed for
machine-readable bibliographic records, character
sets, and codes for place and language. MARC
accelerated standardization and still more
important, the standards are being set and agreed
to be a large segment of the library community.
The cooperation among the producers and users
of bibliographic description has been a
rewarding experience.
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852 1 1043
854 1 1043
857 1 1043
858 1 1043
859 1 1043
861 1 1043
930 1 1043
970 1 1043
1012 1 1043
1042 1 1043
1043 5 1043
1252 3 1043
1393 1 1043
1393 1 1043
.I 1044
.T
Mathematical Taxonomy
.A
Jardine, N.
.W
In this book we give a mathematical account of some of the methods of data
simplification which are involved in or suggested by the practice of biological
taxonomy. The computable methods derived are offered as potentially useful
tools for taxonomists, rather than as substitutes for their activities.
Superficially similar problems of data simplification arise in pattern
recognition and in the various sciences which make substantial use of
classificatory systems: biological taxonomy, ecology, psychology, linguistics,
archaeology, sociology, etc. But more detailed examination shows that the
kinds of classification used and the kinds of data on which they are based
differ widely from science to science. Whilst we recognize that some of the
methods described here, particularly in Part II of the book, are more
widely applicable, we have deliberately limited discussion to biological
taxonomy. The emphasis throughout is on the clarification of the mathematical
properties of methods of automatic classification and of the conditions under
which their application is valid, so that anyone who wishes to apply the
methods in other fields shall be aware of their limitations, and of the lines
along which they may profitably be developed and modified.
.X
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176 1 1044
327 1 1044
389 2 1044
390 2 1044
416 1 1044
422 2 1044
458 1 1044
498 1 1044
509 3 1044
560 1 1044
562 1 1044
564 1 1044
566 1 1044
570 1 1044
602 1 1044
618 1 1044
632 1 1044
643 1 1044
644 1 1044
660 1 1044
670 1 1044
699 1 1044
700 1 1044
708 1 1044
737 1 1044
752 1 1044
754 1 1044
785 1 1044
829 1 1044
1010 1 1044
1044 12 1044
1082 1 1044
1092 1 1044
1154 1 1044
1202 1 1044
1218 3 1044
1300 1 1044
1327 4 1044
1444 1 1044
1444 1 1044
.I 1045
.T
The Mathematical Theory of Communication
.A
Shannon, C.E.
.W
The word communication will be used here in a very broad sense
to include all of the procedures by which one mind may affect
another. This, of course, involves not only written and oral
speech, but also music, the pictorial arts, the theatre, the ballet,
and in fact all human behavior. In some connections it may be
desirable to use a still broader definition of communication,
namely, one which would include the procedures by means of
which one mechanism (say automatic equipment to track an
airplane and to compute its probably future positions) affects
another mechanism (say a guided missile chasing this airplane).
The language of this memorandum will often appear to refer to
the special, but still very broad and important, field of the
communication of speech; but practically everything said applies
equally as well to music of any sort, and to still or moving
pictures, as in television.
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35 1 1045
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43 1 1045
53 1 1045
58 1 1045
60 1 1045
70 1 1045
84 1 1045
85 3 1045
95 1 1045
129 1 1045
137 1 1045
168 1 1045
172 1 1045
175 2 1045
312 1 1045
355 1 1045
382 1 1045
444 1 1045
445 1 1045
447 1 1045
449 1 1045
456 1 1045
457 1 1045
459 1 1045
469 1 1045
474 1 1045
486 1 1045
532 1 1045
572 1 1045
574 1 1045
585 1 1045
590 1 1045
599 1 1045
625 1 1045
640 1 1045
652 1 1045
660 1 1045
665 3 1045
716 1 1045
762 2 1045
764 1 1045
803 1 1045
893 1 1045
1016 1 1045
1022 1 1045
1030 2 1045
1037 2 1045
1045 23 1045
1046 1 1045
1047 1 1045
1054 1 1045
1077 1 1045
1084 1 1045
1116 1 1045
1161 1 1045
1195 1 1045
1201 2 1045
1204 1 1045
1213 1 1045
1220 1 1045
1235 1 1045
1268 1 1045
1281 1 1045
1285 1 1045
1296 1 1045
1327 2 1045
1389 1 1045
1422 1 1045
1443 1 1045
1443 1 1045
.I 1046
.T
Meaning and the Structure of Language
.A
Chafe, W.L.
.W
The work to which this chapter forms a preface arises out of a deep
and prolonged dissatisfaction which the author has felt with both
past and present theories of the structure of language. This
dissatisfaction may be understood more readily, and the suggestions
which make up the body of this work may appear in clearer perspective,
if I begin with a few remarks of an autobiographical nature.
The intrinsic importance of these remarks is minimal, but they may
provide a useful background for what follows.
.X
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175 1 1046
317 2 1046
320 2 1046
332 1 1046
417 1 1046
443 1 1046
546 1 1046
558 2 1046
572 3 1046
590 2 1046
608 1 1046
628 1 1046
664 1 1046
902 1 1046
1045 1 1046
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1047 1 1046
1118 1 1046
1213 1 1046
1232 1 1046
1327 1 1046
1389 1 1046
1399 3 1046
1443 3 1046
1443 3 1046
.I 1047
.T
Measurement of Meaning
.A
Osgood, C.E.
.W
The scientific study of language has been developing with particular
rapidity during the past decade or so. One thinks immediately of
the basic work of Zipf and Skinner, of the developments in information
theory, in concept formation, in second language learning, in
work association research, and generally of the increasing integration
of the psychological and linguistic approaches as reflected in the
activities of the Social Science Research Council Committee on
Linguistics and Psychology. Almost every new issue of a social
science journal brings additional evidence of this heightened activity.
A significant aspect of much of this development has been the
devising and application of new quantitative measurement techniques.
During the past six or seven years, a group of us at the
University of Illinois has been concentrating on the development
of an objective measure of meaning, and this book is largely a
progress report of that research.
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549 1 1047
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610 1 1047
1045 1 1047
1046 1 1047
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1213 1 1047
1389 1 1047
1443 1 1047
1443 1 1047
.I 1048
.T
Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement
.A
Smith, P.C.
.W
The focus of the book can be summed up in its subtitle: A Strategy
for the Study of Attitudes. This strategy is developed by devoting
considerable attention to the nature of the concept of satisfaction, and,
particularly, to the requirements for scientifically adequate measures of
satisfaction. In fact, it is the emphasis on a comprehensive set of
requirements for sound measurement, rather than on just one or two
elements of it, which is the quality that sets this book apart from any
previous report in the area of job satisfaction.
Not the least of the values of this book is its basic utility for both
academicians and practitioners. For the former, it should serve as a
powerful spur and guide to further fundamental research on the nature
and correlates of satisfaction. For too many years we in this area have
been plagued by inadequately conceived and poorly developed measuring
devices. This has led to a plethora of studies each using a different
scale or measuring instrument. As a consequence, this has opened the
door for almost anyone to claim the solution for making sense of the
jigsaw pattern of findings relating to satisfaction. At the very least, the
present volume should provide researchers with a thoroughly developed
measuring instrument that will allow comparability of results across
studies. If so, this may well bring some meaningful order to the present
rather chaotically structured literature on job satisfaction.
.X
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560 1 1048
1048 5 1048
1069 2 1048
1186 1 1048
1188 1 1048
1233 2 1048
1408 1 1048
1454 1 1048
1454 1 1048
.I 1049
.T
Measuring the Quality of Library Service: A Handbook
.A
Beeler, M.G.
.W
There is probably no measurement task which public
servants face which is more difficult than that of measuring
the quality of service. It is as difficult to measure the
quality of hospital service, or of schools, or of social
welfare programs, as it is to determine the quality of library
service. It is equally as difficult to decide what actions to
take in order to improve service.
Legislators, urban and regional planners, consultants,
boards of trustees, accrediting teams, librarians, and a
host of other decision makers must act on the basis of some
conclusions about the quality of service offered by library
systems. This handbook is intended for these groups, and
especially for practicing librarians. The pervasiveness of
the problem across all public service institutions, however,
leads us to hope that the handbook will be of interest to
other groups.
.X
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306 1 1049
338 1 1049
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646 1 1049
647 1 1049
651 1 1049
910 1 1049
935 1 1049
942 1 1049
943 1 1049
944 1 1049
948 1 1049
1006 1 1049
1008 2 1049
1017 3 1049
1049 5 1049
1145 1 1049
1206 1 1049
1227 1 1049
1237 1 1049
1357 1 1049
1378 1 1049
1384 1 1049
1396 1 1049
1440 1 1049
1450 1 1049
1453 1 1049
1453 1 1049
.I 1050
.T
Medical Innovation: a diffusion study
.A
Coleman, J.S.
.W
The research reported here constitutes a case study in the acceptance
of an innovation. The innovation is a medical one, a drug which
physicians use in everyday practice; the setting is in the Midwestern
United States in the 1950's. This study gives a glimpse of one small
part of the great changes that have recently occurred within medicine
and thus is of specific interest to the medical profession and its
allied institutions.
But more generally, the question of the spread of an innovation
is of interest to all students of society. Particularly in an age of
change, and in our complex and massive society, an understanding
of the way in which an innovation can spread - for better or worse!
- constitutes important knowledge of man. It is to aid in this
understanding, as well as to describe the case at hand, that this report
is written.
.X
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102 1 1050
105 1 1050
109 1 1050
110 1 1050
137 1 1050
139 1 1050
147 1 1050
155 1 1050
157 1 1050
210 1 1050
312 1 1050
314 1 1050
355 1 1050
356 3 1050
391 3 1050
426 1 1050
436 3 1050
437 2 1050
544 1 1050
560 1 1050
582 1 1050
656 1 1050
658 2 1050
685 1 1050
763 1 1050
788 1 1050
986 1 1050
1030 1 1050
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1062 1 1050
1254 1 1050
1256 1 1050
1284 1 1050
1285 1 1050
1288 2 1050
1290 1 1050
1291 2 1050
1293 1 1050
1294 1 1050
1295 1 1050
1296 2 1050
1297 1 1050
1319 1 1050
1339 1 1050
1346 1 1050
1386 2 1050
1404 1 1050
1404 1 1050
.I 1051
.T
MEDLARS
1963-1967
.A
Austin, C.J.
.W
The purpose of this document is to present
a final description of the system as it has
evolved through a period of four years of
operation. This will add the final chapter to
the present MEDLARS story at a time when
the Library is on the threshold of developing
an entirely new system, utilizing the latest
techniques of documentation and information
science coupled with modern, "third-
generation" computer equipment.
The reader interested in a complete chronicle
of the Library's experience with MEDLARS is
advised to combine the reading of this report
with a re-reading of the original MEDLARS
story. Thus he will be able to develop a
complete picture that answers the questions:
(1) What did the Library set out to do?
(2) What was actually accomplished? and
(3) What changes were made in the original
system design and why?
.X
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64 1 1051
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168 1 1051
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176 1 1051
200 1 1051
211 2 1051
245 1 1051
281 1 1051
315 1 1051
355 1 1051
374 1 1051
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389 1 1051
448 1 1051
452 1 1051
458 1 1051
480 1 1051
481 1 1051
482 1 1051
483 1 1051
484 1 1051
486 1 1051
488 1 1051
491 1 1051
493 1 1051
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507 1 1051
509 1 1051
510 1 1051
512 1 1051
517 1 1051
520 1 1051
522 1 1051
527 1 1051
528 1 1051
531 1 1051
546 1 1051
565 1 1051
566 1 1051
581 1 1051
594 1 1051
596 1 1051
603 1 1051
608 1 1051
633 1 1051
659 1 1051
715 1 1051
717 2 1051
718 1 1051
719 1 1051
754 1 1051
781 1 1051
783 1 1051
790 1 1051
805 1 1051
809 1 1051
810 1 1051
812 1 1051
813 1 1051
814 1 1051
817 1 1051
824 1 1051
825 1 1051
834 1 1051
835 1 1051
848 1 1051
849 1 1051
850 2 1051
851 1 1051
852 1 1051
894 1 1051
922 1 1051
925 1 1051
979 1 1051
980 1 1051
981 1 1051
982 1 1051
1042 2 1051
1051 8 1051
1294 1 1051
1303 1 1051
1327 1 1051
1368 1 1051
1410 1 1051
1415 2 1051
1419 1 1051
1426 1 1051
1427 1 1051
1427 1 1051
.I 1052
.T
Melcher on Acquisition
.A
Melcher, D.
.W
This book originally set out to be a kind of reporting-in-depth of
the American Library Association Pre-Conference on Acquisitions
held in Atlantic City in the summer of 1969 - a report embracing not
only the essential content of the formal speeches, but also the floor
discussions and after-hours bull sessions.
Meanwhile, however, a closely similar treatment of the problem of
how to buy library materials, long in process, suddenly shaped up and
was published by ALA in November 1969. This was Purchasing Library
Materials in Public and School Libraries by Evelyn Hensel and Peter D.
Veilette.
A treatment of the acquisition process in college and university
libraries was also taking shape at this time and became the January
1970 issue of Library Trends. The acquisition problems of research
libraries were likewise getting detailed examination in the two annual
International Seminars on Approval and Gathering Plans in Large and
Medium Size Academic Libraries, sponsored by Western Michigan University
in the fall of 1968 and the fall of 1969.
.X
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291 1 1052
548 1 1052
594 1 1052
597 1 1052
598 1 1052
601 1 1052
836 1 1052
863 1 1052
864 1 1052
865 1 1052
866 1 1052
868 1 1052
897 1 1052
916 1 1052
936 1 1052
1052 8 1052
1248 1 1052
1248 1 1052
.I 1053
.T
Methods of Information Handling
.A
Bourne, C.P.
.W
This book is meant to be an aid and reference work
for those people who are interested in the design of
information systems. Such information systems are
typified by the traditional libraries, but the same
problems of information processing, storage, and
retrieval are present in many government and
industrial organizations in many places besides the
library. This book provides an illustration of the
tools, equipment, and methodology that might be
applied to those problems.
.X
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337 1 1053
346 1 1053
360 1 1053
458 1 1053
471 1 1053
495 1 1053
563 1 1053
835 1 1053
851 1 1053
862 1 1053
911 1 1053
966 1 1053
967 1 1053
1053 6 1053
1231 1 1053
1309 1 1053
1393 1 1053
1393 1 1053
.I 1054
.T
Relevance Predictability in Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Kent, A.
Belzer, J.
Kurfeerst, M.
Dym, E.D.
Shirey, d.L.
Bose, A.
.W
An experiment is described which attempts to derive quantitative indicators
regarding the potential relevance predictability of the intermediate stimuli
used to represent documents in information retrieval systems. In effect,
since the decision to peruse an entire document is often predicated upon
the examination of one "level of processing" of the document (e.g., the
citation and/or abstract), it became interesting to analyze the properties
of what constitutes "relevance". However, prior to such an analysis, an
even more elementary step had to be made, namely, to determine what portions
of a document should be examined.
An evaluation of the ability of intermediate response products (IRPs),
functioning as cues to the information content of full documents, to predict
the relevance determination that would be subsequently made on these documents
by motivated users of information retrieval systems, was made under controlled
experimental conditions. The hypothesis that there might be other intermediate
response products (selected extracts from the document i.e., first paragraph,
last paragraph, and the combination of first and last paragraph), that would be
representative of the full document as the traditional IRPs (citation and
abstract) was tested systematically. The results showed that:
1. there is no significant difference among the several IRP treatment
groups on the number of cue evaluations of relevancy which match
the subsequent user relevancy decision on the document;
2. first and last paragraph combinations have consistently predicted
relevancy to a higher degree that the other IRPs;
3. abstracts were undistinguished as predictors; and
4. the apparent high predictability rating for citations was not
substantive.
Some of these results are quite different than would be expected from previous
work with unmotivated subjects.
.X
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52 1 1054
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95 1 1054
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420 1 1054
451 1 1054
480 1 1054
571 1 1054
578 1 1054
582 1 1054
589 1 1054
594 1 1054
595 1 1054
655 1 1054
656 1 1054
657 2 1054
712 1 1054
781 1 1054
785 1 1054
817 1 1054
825 1 1054
1024 1 1054
1045 1 1054
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1154 1 1054
1215 1 1054
1232 1 1054
1281 1 1054
1295 1 1054
1298 1 1054
1298 1 1054
.I 1055
.T
The Use of Biomedical Periodical Literature at the National Lending
Library for Science and Technology
.A
Wood, D.N.
Bower, C.A.
.W
The paper reports the results of a two week questionnaire survey of the use
of biomedical periodical literature carried out at the UK National Lending
Library in February 1969. The survey was designated to discover the subject,
date and language characteristics of the borrowed literature, the most
frequently requested journals, and the most popular sources of references
to biomedical publications.
The loans were spread over 1,084 titles, although 9 per cent of the issues
involved only 2 per cent of the titles. The literature in most demand was
less than one year old and in the case of medicine 50 per cent of the requests
were for literature lss than 3 1/2 years old. The half-life for the biological
literature was somewhat longer at 5 3/4 years. The majority of issues (87.8
per cent) involved English language periodicals.
Overall, the principal sources of references to the requested literature
were citation lists in other periodical articles. Regarding the more recent
literature, however, abstracting and indexing journals were the primary
sources of information. For medical references Index Medicus was the most
used indexing publication, and for biological references Current Contents.
.X
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41 1 1055
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75 1 1055
76 3 1055
89 2 1055
97 1 1055
102 1 1055
111 1 1055
112 1 1055
132 1 1055
137 1 1055
139 1 1055
152 1 1055
155 1 1055
156 1 1055
163 1 1055
183 3 1055
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195 1 1055
198 1 1055
199 1 1055
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203 2 1055
204 2 1055
210 3 1055
213 1 1055
214 1 1055
225 1 1055
269 1 1055
359 1 1055
373 1 1055
382 1 1055
475 1 1055
495 1 1055
526 1 1055
545 1 1055
552 3 1055
587 1 1055
605 1 1055
613 1 1055
614 1 1055
638 1 1055
676 1 1055
735 2 1055
747 1 1055
750 1 1055
753 1 1055
760 1 1055
766 2 1055
767 1 1055
774 1 1055
775 2 1055
779 1 1055
782 1 1055
784 2 1055
788 3 1055
789 2 1055
790 1 1055
793 1 1055
800 1 1055
808 1 1055
828 1 1055
905 1 1055
953 1 1055
977 2 1055
983 1 1055
1016 1 1055
1023 1 1055
1030 1 1055
1055 7 1055
1056 1 1055
1083 1 1055
1086 1 1055
1087 1 1055
1090 1 1055
1135 1 1055
1260 1 1055
1275 1 1055
1276 1 1055
1278 1 1055
1280 1 1055
1281 1 1055
1285 1 1055
1286 1 1055
1287 1 1055
1295 1 1055
1297 1 1055
1302 1 1055
1335 1 1055
1390 1 1055
1397 2 1055
1417 1 1055
1428 1 1055
1432 2 1055
1451 1 1055
1451 1 1055
.I 1056
.T
Metropolitan Public Library
.A
Bundy, M.L.
.W
Public libraries in the 1960's which are active and alert and interested
in meeting the interests of their various publics face problems far
different from those of even a decade ago. The Maryland metropolitan area
is an example of the many changes taking place in metropolitan areas
which require corresponding change in the type and form and arrangements for
library service and even demand looking into the very nature of library
service itself.
.X
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76 1 1056
132 1 1056
137 1 1056
139 1 1056
152 1 1056
155 1 1056
161 1 1056
183 1 1056
195 1 1056
203 1 1056
204 1 1056
208 1 1056
210 1 1056
237 1 1056
239 2 1056
358 4 1056
385 1 1056
402 1 1056
456 2 1056
470 1 1056
475 1 1056
552 1 1056
760 1 1056
774 1 1056
775 1 1056
788 1 1056
789 1 1056
908 1 1056
925 1 1056
937 1 1056
946 2 1056
954 1 1056
977 1 1056
1005 4 1056
1018 2 1056
1032 3 1056
1055 1 1056
1056 12 1056
1145 2 1056
1227 1 1056
1238 1 1056
1240 1 1056
1373 1 1056
1384 1 1056
1451 1 1056
1451 1 1056
.I 1057
.T
The Microtext Reading Room: Part II
.A
Fair, J.
.W
Part I dealt with the selection of a microtext manager and
with procedural consideration in the acquisition process.
Part II continues the discussion about acquisitions, including
considerations of format, variation, and reliability of
publisher-supplied project information. The Library's
search for an adequate system of bibliographic control is
examined. Cataloging methods, classification schemes, and
hardcopy guides and indexes are discussed as components
of bibliographic control.
.X
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366 1 1057
375 1 1057
406 1 1057
607 1 1057
725 1 1057
992 1 1057
1057 5 1057
1221 1 1057
1269 2 1057
1364 2 1057
1364 2 1057
.I 1058
.T
User Resistance to Microforms in the Research Library
.A
Salmon, S.R.
.W
Microforms enjoy only limited acceptance in research libraries, largely
because of user resistance. A growing number of published studies indicate
that improper production, inadequate bibliographic access, lack of
standardization, defects in equipment design, maintenance problems,
poor environments for microform usage, and certain inherent characteristics
of the microforms themselves all combine to make their use inconvenient.
Solutions to most of these problems have existed for some time, but the
microform industry has been slow to correct them. Some positive developments
have occurred in the last two years, but the major problems remain.
.X
10 2 1058
11 1 1058
143 1 1058
190 1 1058
225 1 1058
232 1 1058
244 1 1058
268 1 1058
286 1 1058
304 1 1058
305 2 1058
306 1 1058
358 1 1058
383 1 1058
385 1 1058
394 1 1058
433 1 1058
459 1 1058
534 1 1058
551 1 1058
702 1 1058
721 1 1058
731 1 1058
732 1 1058
817 1 1058
820 1 1058
823 1 1058
825 1 1058
826 1 1058
827 1 1058
828 1 1058
886 1 1058
887 1 1058
947 1 1058
948 1 1058
1017 1 1058
1020 1 1058
1021 1 1058
1058 6 1058
1059 1 1058
1060 1 1058
1146 1 1058
1230 1 1058
1257 1 1058
1390 1 1058
1390 1 1058
.I 1059
.T
Microform Information Sources: Publications and Hardware
.A
Diaz, Albert James
.W
This article lists and describes articles, books, and services that provide
information about publications available in microform and about microform
hardware..
.X
10 1 1059
115 1 1059
232 1 1059
383 1 1059
393 1 1059
551 1 1059
647 1 1059
651 1 1059
886 1 1059
887 1 1059
947 1 1059
1014 1 1059
1058 1 1059
1059 5 1059
1060 3 1059
1060 3 1059
.I 1060
.T
Microforms in Libraries
.A
Diaz, A.T.
.W
Why do libraries use microforms? According to a 1974 survey by a
micropublisher, saving space was the reason given by most respondents.
Holmes, on the other hand, found, "to acquire materials not otherwise
available," as the major reason. Others include: (1) Instead of binding
serials (journals are retained unbound for two to three years after
publication, the period of heaviest use, and are then discarded and
replaced by microform versions; (2) To preserve deteriorating materials;
(3) Easing access to bulky materials such as newspapers; (4) To provide
working copies of materials too delicate for continued use such as rare
books; (5) to save money - in most cases the cost of an out-of-print set or
serial backfile will be substantially less in microform than the cost of a
full-size reprint or the cost of the original on the used book market;
(6) Ease of acquisition - i.e., acquiring materials which would otherwise
be difficult to acquire; (7) Mutilations reduced.
.X
10 1 1060
115 1 1060
232 1 1060
393 1 1060
551 1 1060
647 1 1060
651 1 1060
881 1 1060
882 1 1060
886 1 1060
887 1 1060
888 1 1060
904 1 1060
947 1 1060
999 1 1060
1000 1 1060
1001 1 1060
1002 1 1060
1003 1 1060
1004 1 1060
1058 1 1060
1059 3 1060
1060 8 1060
1437 1 1060
1437 1 1060
.I 1061
.T
Milestones in Cataloging
.A
Lehnus, d.J.
.W
In the case of the present study, Dr.Lehnus was interested in applying
a method - in a non-standard way for that method - to a type of literature that
had not been addressed so far. He proposed to begin with a single monograph
on the subject "cataloging," apply the method of citation analysis to the
references of that work, and determine whether a core literature on
cataloging could be discovered in this way. There are innumerable examples
of core literatures in scientific fields obtained from journal articles or
through the Science citation index, but research via the monograph in non-
scientific subjects has been minimal.
.X
8 1 1061
19 1 1061
20 1 1061
37 1 1061
39 1 1061
40 1 1061
47 1 1061
88 1 1061
97 1 1061
102 1 1061
103 1 1061
171 1 1061
233 1 1061
253 1 1061
313 1 1061
359 1 1061
377 1 1061
379 1 1061
395 1 1061
505 1 1061
530 1 1061
560 1 1061
573 1 1061
618 1 1061
632 1 1061
635 1 1061
667 1 1061
748 1 1061
749 1 1061
751 1 1061
764 1 1061
765 1 1061
777 1 1061
778 1 1061
782 1 1061
804 1 1061
805 1 1061
824 1 1061
825 1 1061
880 1 1061
893 1 1061
909 1 1061
918 1 1061
952 1 1061
1016 1 1061
1061 5 1061
1085 1 1061
1086 1 1061
1087 1 1061
1146 1 1061
1182 1 1061
1200 1 1061
1215 1 1061
1274 1 1061
1277 1 1061
1278 1 1061
1280 1 1061
1287 1 1061
1301 1 1061
1302 1 1061
1304 1 1061
1313 1 1061
1338 1 1061
1344 1 1061
1347 1 1061
1380 1 1061
1428 1 1061
1441 1 1061
1444 1 1061
1453 1 1061
1453 1 1061
.I 1062
.T
Patterns of Evaluation in Science:
Institutionalization, Structure and
Functions of the Referee System
.A
Zuckerman, H.
Merton, R.K.
.W
The referee system in science involves the systematic use of judges to
assess the acceptability of manuscripts submitted for publication. The
referee is thus an example of status-judges who are charged with evaluating
the quality of role-performance in a social system. They are found in
every institutional sphere. Other kinds of status-judges include teachers
assessing the quality of work by students (and, as a recent institutional
change, students officially assessing the quality of performance by teachers),
critics in the arts, supervisors in industry and coaches and managers in
sports. Status-judges are integral to any system of social control through
their evaluation of role-performance and their allocation of rewards for
that performance. They influence the motivation to maintain or to raise
standards of performance.
.X
48 1 1062
89 2 1062
98 1 1062
100 1 1062
102 1 1062
104 1 1062
105 1 1062
106 1 1062
107 2 1062
110 3 1062
111 3 1062
112 1 1062
113 1 1062
155 1 1062
157 1 1062
170 1 1062
314 1 1062
356 1 1062
359 1 1062
456 1 1062
544 1 1062
545 1 1062
560 2 1062
582 1 1062
592 1 1062
602 1 1062
656 1 1062
685 1 1062
793 1 1062
1030 2 1062
1050 1 1062
1062 7 1062
1083 1 1062
1085 1 1062
1209 1 1062
1256 1 1062
1284 1 1062
1285 2 1062
1287 1 1062
1290 1 1062
1291 3 1062
1293 2 1062
1294 1 1062
1295 1 1062
1296 2 1062
1297 1 1062
1301 1 1062
1302 2 1062
1319 1 1062
1335 1 1062
1340 1 1062
1344 1 1062
1346 2 1062
1347 1 1062
1386 1 1062
1386 1 1062
.I 1063
.T
The Development of a Scientific Specialty:
The Phage Group and the Origins of Molecular Biology
.A
Mullins, N.C.
.W
This paper analyses the formation of a new discipline, molecular biology,
from the development of phage work. It argues that such social variables
as the competitive position and relative status of each of the specialities or
disciplines from which a new one is formed are not sufficient to explain
phage work's development into the specialty of molecular biology. Even
though persons in physics, a field with high academic standing, decided
to enter biology, which had a lower academic standing, and even though
some recruiting of students occurred, these factors alone are not sufficient
to account for the development of the specialty, particularly given the
competitiveness of modern conditions. In the emergence of molecular
biology from phage work, the variables of status and competitive position,
adduced by Professors Ben-David and Collins to explain the emergence
of experimental psychology from the hybridization of physiology and
philosophy, seem to be less important than other normal activities which
occur in scientific development.
.X
33 1 1063
95 1 1063
98 1 1063
101 2 1063
102 1 1063
105 4 1063
109 1 1063
110 1 1063
343 1 1063
386 1 1063
391 1 1063
398 1 1063
544 2 1063
560 1 1063
605 1 1063
667 1 1063
750 1 1063
775 1 1063
800 1 1063
1030 2 1063
1063 7 1063
1081 1 1063
1082 1 1063
1088 1 1063
1284 1 1063
1285 1 1063
1286 1 1063
1287 1 1063
1300 1 1063
1308 1 1063
1312 1 1063
1315 1 1063
1329 1 1063
1334 1 1063
1342 1 1063
1386 2 1063
1387 2 1063
1389 1 1063
1408 1 1063
1408 1 1063
.I 1064
.T
Modern Manuscripts A Practical Manual for Their Management, Care and Use
.A
Duckett, K.W.
.W
The title of this book is intended to indicate
that its scope is limited to manuscripts of the seventeenth century
to the present. Examples and techniques are drawn from institutions
in the United States with occasional references to practices in Great
Britain and Canada. The book is directed toward the novice curator
of manuscripts, and, again, as the title indicates, it is intended to
serve as a practical guide, not as an exposition of theory.
.X
142 1 1064
1064 6 1064
1064 6 1064
.I 1065
.T
Modern Organizations
.A
Etzione, A.
.W
The plan of this book follows our definition of organizations
as social units that pursue specific goals which they are structured to
serve, obviously under some social circumstances. Therefore the book has
three foci: organizational goals; organizational structure; and organizations
and their social environment. Considerably more space is devoted to
organizational structure than to the other topics, for two reasons: First,
more research has been conducted and more writings are available on
organizational structure than on organizational goals (Chapter 2) and
environment. Second, the major schools of organizational analysis have fixed
their interests on structural aspects of the organization, and thus, we may
best evaluate these different approaches in the context of organizational
structure.
.X
270 1 1065
285 1 1065
301 1 1065
381 1 1065
1015 1 1065
1065 6 1065
1150 1 1065
1333 1 1065
1353 1 1065
1454 1 1065
1454 1 1065
.I 1066
.T
A Modern Outline of Library Classification
.A
Mills, J.
.W
This outline is based mainly on lectures given at the North-Western
Polytechnic to students studying for the Library Association's Registration
Examination in Classification and Cataloguing.
It is hoped that it will help to meet the need, increasingly felt in
recent years by students and teachers of the subject, for a reasonably simple
textbook on Library Classification which takes account of the considerable
developments which have occurred in the subject in the past 25 years. As is
well known, a great deal of this has been due to Dr. Ranganathan, and also,
in more recent years, to Mr. B. C. Vickery. As a result of these developments,
a coherent theory of library classification has been established in each
of its three major departments - in subject analysis, in notation, and in
the alphabetical indexing of systematic orders. It is now possible to
construct library classifications whose efficiency in the two basic functions
(of relating subjects helpfully, and of locating them rapidly ad unerringly)
is considerably greater than the schemes we have so far used. Moreover, they
are easier to construct.
.X
154 1 1066
257 1 1066
258 1 1066
260 1 1066
263 1 1066
388 1 1066
476 1 1066
477 1 1066
516 1 1066
1066 5 1066
1231 3 1066
1255 1 1066
1259 1 1066
1391 1 1066
1393 2 1066
1394 1 1066
1414 1 1066
1429 1 1066
1430 1 1066
1430 1 1066
.I 1067
.T
Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist. A Sourcebook
.A
Buckley, W.
.W
Although it is hoped that this sourcebook will
be of interest to those of any discipline concerned
with new developments in science of the last
quarter century, it is addressed principally to the
student of human behavior as that study is
approached from the social side. This is so partly
because that is the editor's main competence and
interest, but primarily because the study of human
behavior is the general area of science that has
least responded to the exciting challenge of the
modern systems outlook. Yet it is precisely this
general area that stands to gain the most from
insights into the workings of the more complex
types of systems.
.X
557 1 1067
1067 5 1067
1069 1 1067
1333 1 1067
1348 2 1067
1402 1 1067
1402 1 1067
.I 1068
.T
Monteith College Library Experiment
.A
Knapp, P.B.
.W
Our report on the analysis of social structure in the Monteith
Library Project begins with discussion of certain general characteristics
of research of this type and with comments on the academic institution
as a specific type of formal organization. We turn next to a consideration
of particular social science concepts found useful in bringing into focus
significant features of the Monteith structure. Finally, we discuss the
effect of these Monteith structural features upon the library project at
each stage of its development.
.X
4 1 1068
9 1 1068
32 1 1068
96 1 1068
137 1 1068
163 1 1068
207 1 1068
262 1 1068
353 1 1068
365 1 1068
370 1 1068
456 1 1068
768 1 1068
774 1 1068
783 1 1068
799 1 1068
811 1 1068
816 1 1068
847 1 1068
913 1 1068
961 1 1068
962 1 1068
964 1 1068
968 1 1068
1068 7 1068
1151 1 1068
1203 2 1068
1211 1 1068
1212 1 1068
1246 1 1068
1266 1 1068
1321 1 1068
1407 1 1068
1425 1 1068
1445 1 1068
1445 1 1068
.I 1069
.T
Motivation and Personality
.A
Maslow, A.H.
.W
This book was started during the years 1935-1936 and was
intended to be a systematic psychology of the older type. My
effort was to synthesize the holistic, the dynamic and the cultural
emphases which, each one, excited so many young psychologists
of the time. I felt that they were intrinsically related to each
other, and that they were subaspects of a single, larger, encompassing
whole. I felt also that they would make more meaningful my
previous studies at the University of Wisconsin in comparative
and experimental psychology, and in biology and neurophysiology.
Furthermore, I felt that they would enable me to serve better
my humanistic aims.
.X
4 1 1069
285 1 1069
293 1 1069
296 1 1069
298 1 1069
301 1 1069
302 1 1069
401 1 1069
418 4 1069
557 1 1069
768 1 1069
774 1 1069
823 1 1069
842 1 1069
843 1 1069
844 1 1069
925 1 1069
1015 1 1069
1041 1 1069
1048 2 1069
1067 1 1069
1069 9 1069
1070 3 1069
1214 2 1069
1233 2 1069
1348 1 1069
1454 1 1069
1455 1 1069
1455 1 1069
.I 1070
.T
The Motivation to Work
.A
Herzberg, F.
.W
This book reports the findings from a study of job motivation
based on a fresh approach to this problem. It is an important
study, since the analyses and interpretations of the authors
suggest that a breakthrough may well have been made to provide
new insights into the nature and method of operation of job
attitudes.
The senior authors were well prepared for their task, having
recently completed a comprehensive review and analysis of the
research in this field, reported in Job Attitudes: Review of
Research and Opinion. This review of several thousand articles
and books regarding the factors relating to job attitudes and the
effect of job attitudes on work performance indicated much
disagreement and confusion in the field. It appeared that one of
the major contributors to this apparent diversity of results was
the unstable nature of the subjective data on which studies in
this field have been typically based.
.X
4 1 1070
128 1 1070
129 1 1070
130 1 1070
167 1 1070
173 1 1070
223 1 1070
225 1 1070
227 1 1070
234 1 1070
280 1 1070
285 1 1070
293 1 1070
296 1 1070
298 1 1070
301 1 1070
302 1 1070
393 1 1070
418 5 1070
468 1 1070
494 1 1070
639 1 1070
646 1 1070
647 1 1070
651 1 1070
765 1 1070
768 1 1070
774 1 1070
818 1 1070
822 1 1070
823 2 1070
827 1 1070
842 1 1070
843 1 1070
844 1 1070
925 2 1070
943 1 1070
944 1 1070
1015 1 1070
1069 3 1070
1070 6 1070
1085 1 1070
1150 2 1070
1186 1 1070
1187 1 1070
1214 2 1070
1233 1 1070
1374 1 1070
1390 1 1070
1401 1 1070
1437 1 1070
1454 1 1070
1455 2 1070
1455 2 1070
.I 1071
.T
An Integrated Health-Science Core Library for Physicians, Nurses and Allied
Health Practitioners in Community Hospitals
.A
Stearns, Norman S.
.A
Ratcliff, Wendy W.
.W
This Core Medical Library has been revised, updated and expanded in the hope
of providing a single library facility for the entire health-care team.. Items
were included in the list on the basis of recommendations submitted by
specialists in the pertinent fields.. The expanded core collection costs about
4,000.. Space requirements are about 40 linear feet for books, 90 feet for
journals and 15 feet for reference tools..
.X
41 2 1071
87 2 1071
115 1 1071
178 1 1071
183 1 1071
189 4 1071
192 3 1071
195 1 1071
196 4 1071
198 1 1071
199 1 1071
203 1 1071
215 7 1071
219 4 1071
221 5 1071
359 2 1071
410 1 1071
415 5 1071
748 1 1071
767 1 1071
775 1 1071
905 2 1071
943 1 1071
944 1 1071
949 4 1071
952 1 1071
997 1 1071
1071 19 1071
1085 1 1071
1086 1 1071
1090 1 1071
1147 5 1071
1252 1 1071
1275 2 1071
1302 5 1071
1352 1 1071
1371 1 1071
1371 1 1071
.I 1072
.T
GREMAS - A System for Classification and Documentation in Organic Chemistry
.A
Fugmann, R.
Brann, W.
Vanpel, W.
.W
The authors of this essay were faced with the task of organizing
a documentation office in which a large number of publications and
patents in chemistry would have to be processed. This large collection
would be made available to a large group of elements without restrictions.
To permit a large frequency of use, and to maintain this also with increases
in file sizes, it becomes necessary to limit especially that faction of the
task which consists in the retrieval activities paper.
Savings in the retrieval activity are possible only at the expense of
greater effort in indexing and by heavier use of technical aids. We have taken
the second path by consciously applying the principles to a highly detailed
faceted classification.
.X
116 3 1072
117 1 1072
254 1 1072
327 1 1072
490 1 1072
491 1 1072
495 1 1072
512 1 1072
641 1 1072
668 1 1072
670 1 1072
671 1 1072
673 1 1072
677 1 1072
678 1 1072
679 1 1072
682 1 1072
683 1 1072
689 2 1072
690 1 1072
693 1 1072
694 1 1072
695 1 1072
698 1 1072
700 1 1072
704 1 1072
706 1 1072
707 1 1072
727 1 1072
730 1 1072
738 1 1072
833 1 1072
1026 1 1072
1072 6 1072
1292 1 1072
1452 1 1072
1452 1 1072
.I 1073
.T
Automatic Construction of Thesauri and of Concept Systems
for Dictionaries and Subject Lists
.A
Lang, F.H.
.W
After a synopsis of the relations existing between descriptors and their
concepts, the EPD-program called "GENTHES" is described. The program supports
the construction of a thesaurus and its use. The relational system corresponds
to ISO/DIS 2788 (UNESCO) and DIN 1463. It differentiates, however, in addition
generically related and contiguous terms pertaining to a part-whole system.
Characteristics that determine narrower terms against their broader terms are
introduced as new relation. Many types of associations are made available for
experimenting. The programmed generation of dependent relations reduces the
amount of work to one third although ensuring total avoidance of formal errors
and logical contradictions, even in applying permitted polyhierarchy. The
program is available in batch mode or in an interactive timesharing version
(Remote GENTHES). The program functions are input, logical and formal input
checking, generation of relations, display, delete, print on line printer and
storage on disk. GENTHES is running in Vienna on a System IBM/370.
.X
114 1 1073
169 1 1073
289 1 1073
345 1 1073
400 1 1073
459 1 1073
493 1 1073
548 1 1073
627 1 1073
911 1 1073
990 1 1073
1073 5 1073
1231 1 1073
1368 1 1073
1392 1 1073
1414 1 1073
1448 1 1073
1448 1 1073
.I 1074
.T
The DK (Decimal Classification) - a Multi-Faceted Classification
.A
Dahlberg, I.
.W
Backed up by numerical data derived from an ASLIB analysis of the planned
world-wide system of UNISIST, the author critically investigates the claimed
university of the U.D.C. According to it, the so-called "Universal Decimal
Classification" proves to be fragmentary. Terminological aspects are not
provided for, hierarchical order often is fictitious, and the representation
of special fields is inadequate. For the purpose of reforming the Decimal
Classification, a reconstruction scheme is suggested, consisting of free
facets, with the aid of which special classifications can be compiled,
according to the modular principle.
.X
75 1 1074
154 2 1074
477 1 1074
838 2 1074
898 1 1074
989 1 1074
1074 6 1074
1075 3 1074
1077 1 1074
1391 2 1074
1402 2 1074
1413 1 1074
1429 2 1074
1430 2 1074
1430 2 1074
.I 1075
.T
Possibilities for Revisions of the DK (Decimal Classification)
.A
Dahlberg, I.
.W
For a number of reasons mentioned it is proposed to reorganize in a new
edition the existing UDC completely, to reallocate the subject fields of
the UDC main classes according to present day views, state of knowledge and
priorities, and to subdivide these main classes only by subfields of subject
fields. The specific facets of each field should be represented by a uniform
array of special auxiliaries attached to the fields through the technique
of interrupted subdivision. These should express the following categories:
(1) Theory, (2) Objects, (3) Processes, (4) Attributes, (6) Order, organization,
(7) Relation, (8) Determination, (9) Evaluation. ((5) is left free for the
moment). Proposals for further simplification of the scheme are outlined
regarding the general categories, the symbols used and the rules for
syntagmatic organization taking into account the implications of computer
technology. Possible changes in the layout and editions of a new UDC are
discussed.
.X
75 1 1075
154 2 1075
477 1 1075
838 2 1075
898 1 1075
1074 3 1075
1075 5 1075
1391 2 1075
1402 2 1075
1413 1 1075
1429 2 1075
1430 2 1075
1442 1 1075
1448 1 1075
1448 1 1075
.I 1076
.T
The Documentation of Documentation
.A
Buntrock, H.
.W
Independently of the work as a cumulative index and
thesaurus a study has been carried out about some information
services in the field of documentation. The aim was to
obtain an overview of the writer's work in the documentation
area, and at the same time to generate the references
necessary for a survey about the "documentation of
documentation." Nine new information services were considered.
.X
162 2 1076
359 1 1076
398 1 1076
749 1 1076
759 1 1076
765 1 1076
770 2 1076
776 1 1076
914 1 1076
933 2 1076
1076 5 1076
1097 1 1076
1098 1 1076
1157 2 1076
1182 1 1076
1275 1 1076
1275 1 1076
.I 1077
.T
Comments about Terminology in Documentation.
II: communication and Information
.A
Wersig, V.G.
Meyer-Uhlenried, K.
.W
Developing from the definitions of the concept language a terminological
represented model of the communication process can be deduced that shows
the transfer of meaning between communicator and recipient through
communication channels and mediators. The distinguished communication
structures are communication sequences, chains, nets and systems. With an
universal definition of data as fixed representations of facts by means of
signs the various meanings of the term "information" are terminological to
differentiate as "information," "information process" and "informations."
The theory of signs makes the differentiation of syntactical, semantical,
sigmatical and pragmatical information possible. Adequate to communication
process and system we can determine informing process and information system.
.X
29 1 1077
58 1 1077
60 1 1077
85 1 1077
117 1 1077
165 3 1077
169 1 1077
445 2 1077
451 1 1077
476 1 1077
525 2 1077
590 2 1077
609 1 1077
621 2 1077
641 1 1077
656 1 1077
668 1 1077
670 1 1077
671 1 1077
674 1 1077
683 1 1077
689 2 1077
715 1 1077
762 1 1077
797 1 1077
814 1 1077
819 1 1077
901 1 1077
1022 1 1077
1045 1 1077
1074 1 1077
1077 7 1077
1231 3 1077
1309 1 1077
1309 1 1077
.I 1078
.T
Computerized Information Retrieval Services
(Automatisierte Information Retrieval Dienste)
.A
Standera, O.
.W
Following an outline of the current trend in information storage, retrieval,
and dissemination, this paper provides a description of some of the information
services offered at the University of Calgary. The services include processing
of data-bases supplied on magnetic tapes. The system is briefly characterized
as featuring natural text processing. Selective dissemination of information
is directed to users periodically in response to their profiles, and
retrospective searches are performed on request, both in the batch mode.
Feedback from users and system performance are also briefly reviewed.
.X
18 1 1078
124 1 1078
125 1 1078
127 1 1078
129 1 1078
145 1 1078
190 1 1078
191 1 1078
197 1 1078
211 2 1078
214 1 1078
218 1 1078
243 1 1078
307 1 1078
318 1 1078
330 1 1078
378 2 1078
381 1 1078
440 1 1078
450 1 1078
451 1 1078
452 2 1078
453 1 1078
459 1 1078
467 1 1078
468 2 1078
484 1 1078
492 1 1078
495 1 1078
506 1 1078
508 2 1078
511 2 1078
512 2 1078
514 2 1078
517 1 1078
518 1 1078
520 2 1078
521 1 1078
523 3 1078
524 2 1078
525 1 1078
526 2 1078
528 1 1078
529 1 1078
530 1 1078
534 1 1078
546 1 1078
553 1 1078
576 1 1078
579 1 1078
580 1 1078
591 1 1078
594 1 1078
603 1 1078
604 2 1078
606 1 1078
609 2 1078
610 1 1078
611 1 1078
612 2 1078
619 1 1078
622 1 1078
623 1 1078
625 1 1078
626 1 1078
629 1 1078
630 1 1078
631 1 1078
632 1 1078
633 1 1078
636 1 1078
637 1 1078
642 1 1078
648 1 1078
650 1 1078
692 1 1078
696 1 1078
699 2 1078
700 1 1078
703 1 1078
705 2 1078
707 1 1078
708 1 1078
723 1 1078
726 2 1078
727 2 1078
728 2 1078
729 1 1078
730 1 1078
731 2 1078
732 1 1078
733 1 1078
734 1 1078
736 1 1078
738 1 1078
739 1 1078
740 1 1078
741 1 1078
742 1 1078
743 1 1078
744 1 1078
754 1 1078
755 1 1078
812 1 1078
813 1 1078
814 1 1078
820 2 1078
822 1 1078
826 1 1078
827 1 1078
866 1 1078
870 1 1078
873 1 1078
879 1 1078
883 1 1078
1004 1 1078
1035 1 1078
1078 5 1078
1089 2 1078
1091 2 1078
1143 1 1078
1207 1 1078
1264 2 1078
1297 1 1078
1302 1 1078
1303 2 1078
1356 1 1078
1364 1 1078
1366 1 1078
1367 1 1078
1368 2 1078
1370 1 1078
1372 1 1078
1373 1 1078
1374 1 1078
1375 1 1078
1376 1 1078
1377 1 1078
1396 1 1078
1396 1 1078
.I 1079
.T
National Aspects of Creating and Using MARC/RECON Records
.A
Rather, J.C.
.W
Concurrently with the RECON Pilot Project, the RECON working Task Force
undertook to consider certain basic questions of retrospect conversation
that are of national scope.
First, is it feasible to define a level or subset of the MARC format that
would allow a library using the lower level to be part of a future national
network?
Second, is it possible to use machine-readable records from a variety of
sources in a national bibliographic store as a way to reduce the conversion
effort on the national level?
Third, what are the problems of producing a National Union Catalog from
machine-readable records?
As these studies and the pilot project progressed, it also became apparent
that there were many practical difficulties in carrying out a large-scale
conversion project. Therefore, it seemed essential to investigate alternative
strategies for RECON that might yield broad benefits in a reasonable short
time span.
.X
92 1 1079
141 2 1079
232 1 1079
241 1 1079
244 1 1079
246 1 1079
299 3 1079
331 1 1079
333 3 1079
358 1 1079
365 1 1079
406 1 1079
449 1 1079
522 1 1079
529 1 1079
530 2 1079
553 1 1079
627 2 1079
628 3 1079
630 1 1079
802 1 1079
819 1 1079
822 1 1079
825 1 1079
854 1 1079
871 1 1079
872 1 1079
873 2 1079
874 4 1079
875 3 1079
876 2 1079
877 2 1079
878 2 1079
879 1 1079
880 1 1079
883 1 1079
892 3 1079
896 1 1079
930 1 1079
940 2 1079
941 5 1079
946 1 1079
948 1 1079
950 1 1079
978 1 1079
988 1 1079
990 1 1079
992 1 1079
993 1 1079
994 2 1079
995 3 1079
996 1 1079
997 3 1079
998 2 1079
1033 1 1079
1079 7 1079
1143 1 1079
1153 1 1079
1189 1 1079
1216 2 1079
1230 1 1079
1251 1 1079
1257 1 1079
1303 1 1079
1351 2 1079
1379 1 1079
1396 2 1079
1403 1 1079
1420 2 1079
1421 1 1079
1434 3 1079
1435 4 1079
1436 2 1079
1442 2 1079
1442 2 1079
.I 1080
.T
National Document-Handling Systems for Science and Technology
.A
Carter, L.F.
.W
This book has grown out of a study undertaken for the Committee on Scientific
and Technical Information (COSATI) Task Group on National Systems(s) for
Scientific and Technical Information in support of their examination of national
document and information systems. The emphasis of the study as stated by
COSATI is as follows:
1. Initial and primary priority will be placed on national systems
relating to scientific and technical documents, their handling and the
management of such documents. Specific matters to be reported on will include,
the current organizational and functional situation in the United States; the
extent to which known deficiencies are causing a reduction in the potential
for technical effectiveness in the United States scientific and technical
community; the alternatives which are available and economically feasible for
correction of these deficiencies; and one or more action plans which can be
followed by governmental (especially including Congress) and non-governmental
units.
2. Secondary attention will be given to development of programs which can
be undertaken with Government support for identifying, analyzing, and giving
a structure to the total flow of scientific and technical information in the
United States."
.X
119 1 1080
123 1 1080
175 1 1080
206 1 1080
273 1 1080
331 1 1080
336 1 1080
361 1 1080
376 1 1080
459 1 1080
481 1 1080
850 1 1080
872 1 1080
925 1 1080
939 1 1080
940 1 1080
941 1 1080
996 1 1080
1011 2 1080
1080 8 1080
1144 1 1080
1198 1 1080
1258 1 1080
1435 1 1080
1436 1 1080
1441 1 1080
1441 1 1080
.I 1081
.T
Generalization of Epidemic Theory An Application to the Transmission of Ideas
.A
Goffman, W.
Newill, V.A.
.W
One of the most fundamental problems in the field of information retrieval
is that of determining the circumstances under which it might be necessary to
introduce an information retrieval system as an aid to a given population of
scientists. It is proposed that this problem be examined in terms of the
transmission and development of ideas within a population. Specifically, the
transmission of ideas within a population will be treated as if it were the
transmission of an infectious disease, that is, in terms of an epidemic process.
An attempt will be made to indicate the role of information retrieval in the
development of such a process.
.X
33 1 1081
36 1 1081
44 1 1081
57 2 1081
76 1 1081
81 1 1081
101 1 1081
105 1 1081
144 1 1081
184 1 1081
193 1 1081
195 1 1081
201 1 1081
203 1 1081
204 1 1081
205 1 1081
233 1 1081
267 1 1081
359 2 1081
395 1 1081
416 1 1081
544 1 1081
560 1 1081
587 1 1081
605 1 1081
667 4 1081
748 2 1081
750 2 1081
751 1 1081
759 2 1081
765 2 1081
767 1 1081
775 1 1081
778 2 1081
787 2 1081
791 1 1081
792 1 1081
793 1 1081
800 2 1081
893 1 1081
1030 1 1081
1063 1 1081
1081 6 1081
1082 5 1081
1083 2 1081
1085 1 1081
1086 1 1081
1088 3 1081
1201 4 1081
1227 1 1081
1270 1 1081
1278 1 1081
1285 1 1081
1286 1 1081
1287 1 1081
1308 1 1081
1312 1 1081
1334 1 1081
1401 1 1081
1417 1 1081
1418 1 1081
1444 1 1081
1444 1 1081
.I 1082
.T
Mathematical Approach to the Spread of Scientific Ideas - The History of
Mast Cell Research
.A
Goffman, W.
.W
One of the most intriguing problems of modern science is the obscure nature
of its own growth. Indeed, there are few notable scientists who have not, at
one time or another, given serious thought to the questions of how their
particular science has reached its present state and what will be the course of
its future development. These questions seem to be of such importance to
scientists that they have emerged as fundamental scientific problems in their
own right.
Goffman and Newill have pointed out that the process by which ideas spread
within a population of scientists possesses epidemiological properties and can
therefore be investigated as an epidemic process. Consequently, a new set of
mathematical tools can be applied to the problem of explaining the nature of
scientific development. In particular, this approach makes it possible to
establish the relative importance of past lines of inquiry within a given area
of scientific research, and to predict the future behavior of existing lines
of investigation as well as the emergence of important new ones within the
given area.
The purpose of this communication is to demonstrate this method by applying it
to the development of knowledge about mast cells. In his recent comprehensive
survey of this subject, Prof. Hens Selye has assembled a "full bibliography"
in which "every aspect of the mast cell is dealt with." This bibliography
constitutes ideal data for the application of epidemic theory to the spread of
scientific ideas, since it provides us with all the contributions to the
subject area, from Ehrlich's discovery of the mast cell in 1877 until 1963.
.X
33 2 1082
36 1 1082
39 1 1082
44 1 1082
48 1 1082
57 2 1082
76 1 1082
81 1 1082
101 1 1082
105 1 1082
144 1 1082
184 1 1082
193 1 1082
195 1 1082
201 1 1082
203 1 1082
204 1 1082
205 1 1082
228 2 1082
229 1 1082
233 2 1082
267 1 1082
359 2 1082
395 1 1082
416 1 1082
471 1 1082
505 1 1082
544 1 1082
560 2 1082
587 1 1082
599 1 1082
602 1 1082
605 1 1082
618 1 1082
631 1 1082
632 1 1082
667 3 1082
724 1 1082
748 2 1082
750 2 1082
751 1 1082
759 2 1082
765 2 1082
767 1 1082
775 1 1082
778 2 1082
784 1 1082
787 2 1082
791 1 1082
792 1 1082
793 1 1082
800 2 1082
803 1 1082
893 1 1082
1010 1 1082
1030 1 1082
1044 1 1082
1063 1 1082
1081 5 1082
1082 12 1082
1083 2 1082
1085 1 1082
1086 1 1082
1088 2 1082
1201 3 1082
1219 1 1082
1227 1 1082
1270 1 1082
1278 1 1082
1285 1 1082
1286 3 1082
1287 2 1082
1290 1 1082
1300 1 1082
1308 1 1082
1312 1 1082
1334 1 1082
1335 1 1082
1338 1 1082
1341 1 1082
1401 1 1082
1417 2 1082
1418 2 1082
1444 2 1082
1444 2 1082
.I 1083
.T
Dispersion of Papers among Journals based on a Mathematical
Analysis of Two Diverse Medical Literatures
.A
Goffman, W.
Warren, K.S.
.W
Two entire literatures relating to research in mast cells and
schistosomiasis have been found to differ in almost every respect.
.X
24 1 1083
36 1 1083
39 1 1083
44 1 1083
48 1 1083
57 2 1083
62 1 1083
65 2 1083
66 1 1083
75 2 1083
76 3 1083
81 1 1083
89 1 1083
98 1 1083
100 1 1083
107 1 1083
111 1 1083
131 1 1083
133 1 1083
136 1 1083
137 1 1083
138 1 1083
140 1 1083
156 1 1083
162 1 1083
167 1 1083
184 1 1083
193 1 1083
195 1 1083
201 1 1083
203 1 1083
204 1 1083
205 1 1083
210 1 1083
213 1 1083
214 1 1083
233 1 1083
267 1 1083
278 1 1083
279 1 1083
280 1 1083
359 8 1083
379 1 1083
382 1 1083
386 1 1083
395 2 1083
398 1 1083
416 1 1083
495 1 1083
505 2 1083
515 1 1083
573 1 1083
587 1 1083
602 1 1083
614 1 1083
616 1 1083
635 1 1083
638 1 1083
658 1 1083
667 1 1083
716 1 1083
748 7 1083
750 1 1083
751 3 1083
753 2 1083
756 1 1083
757 1 1083
759 3 1083
765 5 1083
767 1 1083
778 6 1083
779 1 1083
782 1 1083
787 3 1083
788 1 1083
789 1 1083
790 1 1083
791 4 1083
792 2 1083
793 1 1083
800 2 1083
821 1 1083
831 1 1083
837 1 1083
893 2 1083
925 1 1083
952 1 1083
953 1 1083
1016 1 1083
1030 1 1083
1055 1 1083
1062 1 1083
1081 2 1083
1082 2 1083
1083 15 1083
1085 7 1083
1086 5 1083
1087 1 1083
1088 2 1083
1090 1 1083
1182 2 1083
1201 6 1083
1210 1 1083
1254 1 1083
1256 1 1083
1260 1 1083
1275 1 1083
1278 2 1083
1285 2 1083
1291 1 1083
1295 1 1083
1296 1 1083
1297 1 1083
1301 1 1083
1302 2 1083
1361 1 1083
1369 1 1083
1373 1 1083
1380 1 1083
1400 1 1083
1401 1 1083
1404 1 1083
1417 1 1083
1418 2 1083
1418 2 1083
.I 1084
.T
Information, Communication, Knowledge
.A
Ziman, J.M.
.W
At the British Association meeting in Exeter last month, Professor
Ziman addressed the section devoted to general topics on the
question of how scientific information becomes public knowledge.
The system of communication, he implied, is not as rotten as some
like to think.
.X
29 1 1084
35 1 1084
42 1 1084
43 1 1084
58 1 1084
59 1 1084
70 1 1084
84 1 1084
119 1 1084
161 1 1084
164 1 1084
172 1 1084
191 1 1084
194 1 1084
212 1 1084
214 1 1084
241 1 1084
274 2 1084
324 1 1084
359 1 1084
382 1 1084
401 1 1084
408 1 1084
417 1 1084
441 1 1084
444 1 1084
445 1 1084
446 1 1084
447 1 1084
449 1 1084
458 1 1084
474 1 1084
485 1 1084
486 1 1084
487 1 1084
532 1 1084
572 1 1084
573 1 1084
577 1 1084
579 1 1084
615 1 1084
625 1 1084
640 1 1084
660 1 1084
755 1 1084
762 1 1084
764 1 1084
765 1 1084
778 1 1084
893 1 1084
902 1 1084
916 1 1084
936 1 1084
966 1 1084
986 1 1084
1012 1 1084
1016 3 1084
1030 1 1084
1033 1 1084
1045 1 1084
1084 11 1084
1085 1 1084
1195 1 1084
1201 2 1084
1235 1 1084
1255 1 1084
1274 1 1084
1279 1 1084
1281 1 1084
1285 2 1084
1298 1 1084
1387 1 1084
1387 1 1084
.I 1085
.T
Bradford's Law and the Bibliography of Science
.A
Brookes, B.C.
.W
The rationalization of scientific library systems might be greatly
facilitated by the application of Bradford's law, formulated more than
twenty years ago.
.X
19 1 1085
36 1 1085
37 1 1085
39 2 1085
40 1 1085
41 1 1085
47 1 1085
55 3 1085
57 1 1085
62 1 1085
88 1 1085
89 1 1085
97 1 1085
98 1 1085
100 1 1085
102 2 1085
103 2 1085
107 1 1085
111 1 1085
128 1 1085
129 1 1085
130 1 1085
149 1 1085
167 1 1085
175 1 1085
184 1 1085
193 1 1085
195 1 1085
196 1 1085
201 1 1085
203 1 1085
204 1 1085
205 1 1085
215 1 1085
219 1 1085
221 1 1085
223 1 1085
225 1 1085
228 1 1085
229 1 1085
233 2 1085
234 1 1085
253 1 1085
267 1 1085
280 1 1085
313 1 1085
359 13 1085
361 1 1085
377 1 1085
378 1 1085
379 3 1085
393 1 1085
395 2 1085
468 1 1085
487 1 1085
494 2 1085
505 2 1085
515 1 1085
560 1 1085
573 3 1085
587 2 1085
592 1 1085
602 1 1085
616 1 1085
618 2 1085
632 1 1085
635 2 1085
639 1 1085
646 1 1085
647 1 1085
651 1 1085
667 2 1085
744 1 1085
747 1 1085
748 8 1085
749 1 1085
750 2 1085
751 8 1085
759 2 1085
764 1 1085
765 6 1085
767 1 1085
777 2 1085
778 7 1085
782 1 1085
787 3 1085
788 1 1085
791 5 1085
792 3 1085
793 1 1085
800 2 1085
804 3 1085
805 1 1085
818 1 1085
822 1 1085
823 1 1085
827 1 1085
840 1 1085
889 1 1085
893 4 1085
925 1 1085
943 1 1085
944 1 1085
952 1 1085
1016 4 1085
1030 1 1085
1061 1 1085
1062 1 1085
1070 1 1085
1071 1 1085
1081 1 1085
1082 1 1085
1083 7 1085
1084 1 1085
1085 25 1085
1086 8 1085
1087 2 1085
1088 1 1085
1090 2 1085
1123 1 1085
1142 1 1085
1147 1 1085
1172 1 1085
1182 3 1085
1200 2 1085
1201 4 1085
1222 1 1085
1274 1 1085
1277 1 1085
1278 2 1085
1280 1 1085
1282 1 1085
1285 4 1085
1287 1 1085
1291 1 1085
1296 1 1085
1301 2 1085
1302 4 1085
1304 1 1085
1313 1 1085
1337 1 1085
1338 2 1085
1341 1 1085
1344 1 1085
1347 1 1085
1352 1 1085
1374 1 1085
1380 2 1085
1390 1 1085
1401 2 1085
1417 1 1085
1418 3 1085
1428 1 1085
1437 1 1085
1444 1 1085
1444 1 1085
.I 1086
.T
Bradfod's Law and Library Acquisitions
.A
Goffman, W.
Morris, T.G.
.W
Bradford's law holds for periodical circulation as well
as literature dispersion.
.X
14 1 1086
19 1 1086
31 1 1086
36 1 1086
37 1 1086
39 2 1086
40 1 1086
41 1 1086
46 1 1086
47 1 1086
55 2 1086
57 1 1086
65 1 1086
75 1 1086
76 1 1086
88 1 1086
97 1 1086
102 1 1086
103 1 1086
149 1 1086
153 1 1086
156 1 1086
162 1 1086
170 1 1086
175 1 1086
184 1 1086
193 1 1086
195 1 1086
196 1 1086
201 2 1086
203 1 1086
204 1 1086
205 1 1086
210 1 1086
213 1 1086
214 1 1086
215 1 1086
219 2 1086
221 1 1086
223 1 1086
225 1 1086
228 1 1086
229 1 1086
233 2 1086
253 1 1086
266 1 1086
267 1 1086
271 1 1086
313 1 1086
359 8 1086
377 1 1086
379 2 1086
382 1 1086
395 2 1086
494 1 1086
495 1 1086
505 2 1086
550 1 1086
554 1 1086
560 1 1086
573 2 1086
587 2 1086
588 1 1086
614 1 1086
618 1 1086
632 1 1086
635 1 1086
667 2 1086
748 5 1086
749 1 1086
750 2 1086
751 5 1086
759 1 1086
764 1 1086
765 2 1086
767 1 1086
777 1 1086
778 6 1086
779 1 1086
782 1 1086
787 1 1086
790 1 1086
791 3 1086
792 2 1086
793 2 1086
800 1 1086
804 2 1086
805 1 1086
893 2 1086
925 2 1086
952 2 1086
1010 1 1086
1016 2 1086
1019 1 1086
1028 1 1086
1030 1 1086
1055 1 1086
1061 1 1086
1071 1 1086
1081 1 1086
1082 1 1086
1083 5 1086
1085 8 1086
1086 18 1086
1087 3 1086
1090 2 1086
1147 1 1086
1182 2 1086
1200 1 1086
1201 3 1086
1274 1 1086
1275 1 1086
1277 1 1086
1278 2 1086
1280 1 1086
1282 1 1086
1285 2 1086
1287 1 1086
1295 1 1086
1297 1 1086
1301 1 1086
1302 3 1086
1304 1 1086
1313 1 1086
1338 1 1086
1344 1 1086
1347 1 1086
1352 1 1086
1380 2 1086
1401 1 1086
1417 1 1086
1418 1 1086
1424 1 1086
1428 1 1086
1444 1 1086
1444 1 1086
.I 1087
.T
Citation Indexing for Studying Science
.A
Garfield, E.
.W
By revealing who has really influenced the course of science
the Science Citation Index seems to be a valuable sociometric
tool for historians and sociologists.
.X
19 1 1087
33 1 1087
36 1 1087
37 1 1087
39 1 1087
40 1 1087
41 1 1087
47 1 1087
48 1 1087
88 1 1087
89 1 1087
97 4 1087
102 2 1087
103 1 1087
111 1 1087
112 1 1087
113 1 1087
163 1 1087
170 1 1087
183 1 1087
184 1 1087
193 1 1087
199 1 1087
203 1 1087
210 1 1087
218 1 1087
225 1 1087
233 1 1087
243 1 1087
253 2 1087
255 1 1087
269 1 1087
313 1 1087
359 2 1087
373 1 1087
375 1 1087
377 2 1087
379 2 1087
395 1 1087
408 1 1087
491 1 1087
492 1 1087
497 1 1087
505 1 1087
506 1 1087
507 1 1087
508 1 1087
510 1 1087
545 1 1087
548 1 1087
552 1 1087
560 1 1087
562 1 1087
573 1 1087
587 1 1087
588 1 1087
592 1 1087
594 1 1087
601 1 1087
604 1 1087
605 2 1087
607 1 1087
613 2 1087
614 1 1087
618 2 1087
632 1 1087
635 1 1087
638 1 1087
667 1 1087
687 1 1087
716 1 1087
735 2 1087
747 1 1087
748 1 1087
749 1 1087
750 1 1087
751 1 1087
753 1 1087
764 1 1087
765 1 1087
766 1 1087
767 1 1087
775 1 1087
777 1 1087
778 1 1087
782 2 1087
784 1 1087
788 1 1087
789 1 1087
791 1 1087
793 2 1087
800 1 1087
804 1 1087
805 2 1087
808 1 1087
866 1 1087
867 1 1087
893 2 1087
905 1 1087
952 1 1087
953 1 1087
977 1 1087
983 1 1087
1010 1 1087
1016 2 1087
1023 1 1087
1030 3 1087
1042 1 1087
1055 1 1087
1061 1 1087
1083 1 1087
1085 2 1087
1086 3 1087
1087 14 1087
1089 1 1087
1090 1 1087
1135 1 1087
1182 1 1087
1200 1 1087
1260 1 1087
1270 1 1087
1273 1 1087
1274 1 1087
1275 2 1087
1276 1 1087
1277 1 1087
1278 2 1087
1280 2 1087
1283 1 1087
1285 4 1087
1286 1 1087
1287 5 1087
1298 1 1087
1301 2 1087
1302 6 1087
1304 2 1087
1313 1 1087
1327 1 1087
1335 1 1087
1337 1 1087
1338 2 1087
1344 2 1087
1347 1 1087
1362 1 1087
1380 2 1087
1390 1 1087
1397 1 1087
1417 1 1087
1428 2 1087
1432 1 1087
1444 1 1087
1444 1 1087
.I 1088
.T
Mathematical Approach to the Prediction of Scientific Discovery
.A
Goffman, William
.A
Harmon, Glynn
.W
In the field of symbolic logic at least, fundamental discoveries seem to
follow patterns, suggesting that future discoveries may in some sense be
predictable..
.X
33 1 1088
101 1 1088
105 1 1088
544 1 1088
560 1 1088
605 1 1088
667 3 1088
750 1 1088
753 1 1088
775 1 1088
800 2 1088
1030 1 1088
1063 1 1088
1081 3 1088
1082 2 1088
1083 2 1088
1085 1 1088
1088 5 1088
1201 3 1088
1285 1 1088
1286 1 1088
1287 1 1088
1308 1 1088
1312 1 1088
1334 1 1088
1334 1 1088
.I 1089
.T
Scientific Information by Computer
.A
Lynch, J.T.
.A
Smith, G.D.W.
.W
An evaluation of the Chemical Society's Chemical Titles information
retrieval service compared with a parallel manual search of the literature
has shown that, at least in certain disciplines, more than 90 per cent of the
desired information can be obtained.. This is quite adequate for most
commercial and scientific purposes..
.X
18 1 1089
40 1 1089
124 1 1089
125 1 1089
127 1 1089
129 1 1089
145 1 1089
150 1 1089
164 1 1089
165 1 1089
190 1 1089
191 1 1089
197 1 1089
211 2 1089
214 1 1089
218 1 1089
243 1 1089
255 1 1089
307 1 1089
330 1 1089
378 2 1089
390 1 1089
440 1 1089
450 1 1089
451 1 1089
452 2 1089
453 1 1089
459 1 1089
465 1 1089
467 1 1089
468 2 1089
484 1 1089
492 1 1089
495 1 1089
506 1 1089
508 2 1089
511 2 1089
512 3 1089
514 2 1089
517 1 1089
518 1 1089
520 2 1089
521 1 1089
523 2 1089
524 2 1089
525 1 1089
526 2 1089
528 1 1089
529 1 1089
530 1 1089
534 1 1089
546 1 1089
553 1 1089
576 1 1089
579 1 1089
580 1 1089
582 1 1089
589 1 1089
591 1 1089
592 1 1089
594 1 1089
603 1 1089
604 2 1089
606 1 1089
609 2 1089
610 1 1089
611 1 1089
612 2 1089
619 1 1089
622 1 1089
623 1 1089
625 1 1089
626 1 1089
629 1 1089
630 1 1089
631 1 1089
632 1 1089
633 1 1089
636 1 1089
637 1 1089
642 1 1089
648 1 1089
650 1 1089
687 1 1089
692 1 1089
696 1 1089
699 2 1089
700 1 1089
703 1 1089
705 2 1089
707 1 1089
708 1 1089
714 1 1089
716 1 1089
723 1 1089
726 2 1089
727 2 1089
728 2 1089
729 1 1089
730 1 1089
731 2 1089
732 1 1089
733 1 1089
734 1 1089
735 1 1089
736 1 1089
738 1 1089
739 1 1089
740 1 1089
741 1 1089
742 1 1089
743 1 1089
744 1 1089
754 1 1089
755 1 1089
782 1 1089
795 1 1089
796 1 1089
798 1 1089
809 1 1089
812 1 1089
813 1 1089
814 1 1089
820 2 1089
822 1 1089
826 1 1089
827 1 1089
866 1 1089
870 1 1089
873 1 1089
879 1 1089
883 1 1089
902 1 1089
906 1 1089
907 1 1089
1004 1 1089
1035 1 1089
1078 2 1089
1087 1 1089
1089 9 1089
1091 2 1089
1143 1 1089
1151 1 1089
1207 1 1089
1209 1 1089
1264 2 1089
1289 1 1089
1294 1 1089
1297 1 1089
1298 1 1089
1302 1 1089
1303 2 1089
1356 1 1089
1364 1 1089
1366 1 1089
1367 1 1089
1368 2 1089
1370 1 1089
1372 1 1089
1373 1 1089
1374 1 1089
1375 1 1089
1376 1 1089
1377 1 1089
1396 1 1089
1404 1 1089
1404 1 1089
.I 1090
.T
Library Optimum
.A
Sandison, A.
.W
Sir,-In his recent article B.C. Brookes propounds an ingenious mathematical
framework to determine which periodical volumes a library should hold. He is
careful to point out that the selection will need regular review and revision,
in case the value of the aging factor a or the
contents of the Bradford set change from year to year. There is as yet very
little experimental evidence on the consistency
of either. Such limited evidence as there is suggests that the aging factor
is reasonably constant. But the position of
the Bradfod set is less satisfactory. The Nature Conservancy librarians (J. M.
Weingott and S. M. Penny, unpublished) have lent me a list of titles cited in
the Journal of Ecology three or more times in
1955-56, and a similar list for 1965-66. There are 150 periodical titles in
the two lists, but only forty-two (28%) appear in
both. Of the thirty-three titles cited nine or more times in either year,
only eight (25%) attained that level in both, and
twelve were cited less than three times in the other year. The Kendall rank
correlation coefficient between the two years is 0.18 and not significant.
There is another major practical problem. The article assumes that the data
analyzed to obtain aging or utility factors and Bradford sets are valid
parameters of the relative value of the literature to the readers. There is no
mention of the type of data to use. The reader who sought guidance from the
earlier literature cited would find practical techniques described in which
analyses of citation frequencies are used to calculate utilities discussed in
terms of library use. Krauze and Hillinger have
discussed the difference between citations in one article and future citations
to that article. Their work implies a more complex
relation between a and u than Brookes suggests. In any case, the validity of
citations for forecasting library consultations
remains unproven, and there are prima facie reasons why the relationship is not
necessarily close. For example, one item in a list of references is often
intended to lead to a chain of earlier papers. Again,
each citation represents an author's selection from a wider group most of
which he has consulted in a library. In neither case is there any
inherent reason for similarity of age distribution or of pool of titles between
the list of citations and the items read by the author or his readers.
.X
14 1 1090
33 1 1090
36 1 1090
41 2 1090
89 1 1090
97 1 1090
102 1 1090
111 1 1090
112 1 1090
153 1 1090
163 1 1090
170 1 1090
183 1 1090
184 1 1090
193 1 1090
196 1 1090
199 1 1090
203 1 1090
210 1 1090
215 1 1090
219 1 1090
221 1 1090
223 1 1090
225 1 1090
255 1 1090
266 1 1090
269 1 1090
271 1 1090
359 3 1090
373 1 1090
505 1 1090
515 1 1090
545 1 1090
550 1 1090
552 1 1090
573 1 1090
587 1 1090
605 1 1090
613 1 1090
614 3 1090
616 1 1090
638 1 1090
735 1 1090
747 1 1090
748 1 1090
750 1 1090
751 1 1090
753 1 1090
759 1 1090
765 1 1090
766 1 1090
767 1 1090
775 1 1090
778 1 1090
782 1 1090
784 1 1090
788 1 1090
789 1 1090
793 3 1090
800 1 1090
808 2 1090
905 1 1090
953 1 1090
977 1 1090
983 1 1090
1016 2 1090
1019 1 1090
1023 1 1090
1028 1 1090
1030 1 1090
1055 1 1090
1071 1 1090
1083 1 1090
1085 2 1090
1086 2 1090
1087 1 1090
1090 7 1090
1135 1 1090
1147 1 1090
1182 1 1090
1260 1 1090
1275 1 1090
1276 1 1090
1278 1 1090
1280 1 1090
1285 1 1090
1286 1 1090
1287 1 1090
1302 3 1090
1335 1 1090
1352 1 1090
1390 1 1090
1397 1 1090
1417 1 1090
1424 1 1090
1428 1 1090
1432 1 1090
1432 1 1090
.I 1091
.T
Effectiveness of Combining Title Words and Index
Terms in Machine Retrieval Searches
.A
Fisher, H.L.
.W
Our experiment was based on volume 24 of Nuclear Science
Abstracts (NSA) which contains about 53,000 citations; we
used the generalized file-management system, Master Control,
which can operate in either an inverted or a linear search mode.
The inverted mode uses a table composed of the unique
vocabulary contained in one or more data elements, along with
all record numbers in which each vocabulary word occurs. For
example, an inverted table constructed on titles will have one
entry for each unique word of every title in the data base, plus
the record numbers in which each vocabulary word occurs. For
example, an inverted table constructed on titles will have one
entry for each unique word of every title in the data base, plus
the record numbers in which each word was found. (In Master
Control, a word is defined as any set of characters bounded on
either side by a legal separator such as a blank, period, comma,
colon, etc.) On the other hand, in a linear search mode the
data element is compared with the profile word, character by
character, which results in a prohibitively time-consuming
process for large data bases.
We chose the inverted-table technique because of the large
amount of data to be searched. Individual tables were
constructed from the titles of the articles, NSA index terms, and
titles and index terms combined. NSA index terms are controlled
by the Euratom Thesaurus, as revised for NSA.
We used two criteria in the study. First, the questions had
to be of real interest to laboratory personnel. Some of the
questions had actually been submitted by other members of the
staff, to be run concurrently on the same data base on an SDI
basis. The others were especially constructed by the authors
for this experiment. Second, citations obtained were to be
considered good (or relevant) only if they actually pertained to
the subject in question; otherwise, they were to be considered
"false drops," regardless of the number of words matched
between the profile and the citation.
.X
18 2 1091
28 1 1091
34 1 1091
38 1 1091
49 1 1091
53 1 1091
59 1 1091
73 1 1091
124 1 1091
125 1 1091
127 1 1091
129 1 1091
145 1 1091
157 1 1091
164 1 1091
190 1 1091
191 1 1091
197 1 1091
202 1 1091
211 2 1091
213 1 1091
214 1 1091
218 1 1091
224 1 1091
243 2 1091
307 1 1091
330 1 1091
378 2 1091
381 1 1091
389 1 1091
421 1 1091
440 1 1091
450 1 1091
451 1 1091
452 2 1091
453 1 1091
459 1 1091
465 1 1091
466 1 1091
467 1 1091
468 3 1091
484 1 1091
490 1 1091
491 1 1091
492 1 1091
495 1 1091
506 2 1091
507 1 1091
508 2 1091
510 2 1091
511 2 1091
512 3 1091
514 4 1091
517 1 1091
518 2 1091
519 1 1091
520 3 1091
521 1 1091
523 2 1091
524 2 1091
525 1 1091
526 2 1091
528 1 1091
529 1 1091
530 1 1091
534 1 1091
546 1 1091
553 1 1091
576 1 1091
579 1 1091
580 1 1091
582 1 1091
587 1 1091
591 1 1091
594 1 1091
595 2 1091
603 4 1091
604 3 1091
606 1 1091
609 2 1091
610 1 1091
611 1 1091
612 2 1091
615 1 1091
619 1 1091
622 2 1091
623 2 1091
625 1 1091
626 1 1091
629 2 1091
630 1 1091
631 1 1091
632 1 1091
633 2 1091
636 1 1091
637 1 1091
639 1 1091
642 1 1091
646 1 1091
648 1 1091
650 1 1091
659 1 1091
676 1 1091
692 1 1091
696 1 1091
699 2 1091
700 1 1091
703 1 1091
705 2 1091
707 1 1091
708 1 1091
711 1 1091
722 1 1091
723 2 1091
726 4 1091
727 2 1091
728 3 1091
729 1 1091
730 2 1091
731 3 1091
732 2 1091
733 1 1091
734 1 1091
736 1 1091
738 1 1091
739 1 1091
740 1 1091
741 1 1091
742 1 1091
743 1 1091
744 1 1091
752 1 1091
754 1 1091
755 2 1091
764 1 1091
780 1 1091
785 1 1091
809 1 1091
810 1 1091
812 1 1091
813 4 1091
814 2 1091
820 5 1091
822 4 1091
824 1 1091
826 1 1091
827 3 1091
828 1 1091
829 2 1091
866 1 1091
870 2 1091
873 1 1091
879 2 1091
883 1 1091
895 2 1091
1004 1 1091
1035 1 1091
1078 2 1091
1089 2 1091
1091 8 1091
1143 1 1091
1207 1 1091
1264 2 1091
1282 1 1091
1283 1 1091
1297 1 1091
1298 1 1091
1299 1 1091
1302 1 1091
1303 2 1091
1307 1 1091
1356 1 1091
1363 1 1091
1364 1 1091
1366 2 1091
1367 2 1091
1368 3 1091
1370 1 1091
1372 1 1091
1373 1 1091
1374 1 1091
1375 1 1091
1376 1 1091
1377 1 1091
1396 2 1091
1448 1 1091
1448 1 1091
.I 1092
.T
Method for Relating the Structure and Properties of Chemical Compounds
.A
Adamson, G.W.
.W
The structure diagrams of chemical compounds are widely
used in the communication of chemistry. They are also used
in chemical information systems, mainly as keys for the
retrieval of associated information. However some chemical
information systems hold property data as well as structure
diagrams in machine-readable forms. If structure-property
relationships could be investigated easily within chemical
information systems, then the usefulness of the systems would
be considerably increased. Described below are some results
which have been obtained during investigation of structure-
property relationships using a combination of regression
analysis and some techniques of chemical structure handling used
in information systems.
.X
254 2 1092
327 3 1092
568 4 1092
697 1 1092
700 1 1092
706 1 1092
890 3 1092
1044 1 1092
1092 5 1092
1218 1 1092
1452 1 1092
1452 1 1092
.I 1093
.T
Synthesis of Situations for a Stage of Scientific Activity
.A
Bernshtein, E. S.
.W
Synthesis of situations is a stage of scientific activity.. The necessity
and feasibility of a regular professional execution of that stage are argued..
Reasons for incorporating it in the organizational framework of an information
system are given.. The practicability of the concept is tested with reference
to some actual problems..
.X
899 1 1093
1093 9 1093
1094 1 1093
1095 1 1093
1107 1 1093
1166 1 1093
1223 1 1093
1459 1 1093
1459 1 1093
.I 1094
.T
Improving the Work of a Central Bureau of Technical Information
.A
Shekhurin, D. E.
.W
The process of integration of sciences and the growing cooperation of
creative efforts in the various fields of science and technology intensify the
need for interdisciplinary information..
The prime task of a regional information agency is to meet the information
wants of local enterprises..
An efficient fulfillment of that task presupposes a study of the demand for
interdisciplinary information at the patron enterprises in order to set up an
appropriate information and reference collection..
The basic measure of the efficiency of a central bureau of technical
information are defined..
.X
29 1 1094
58 1 1094
66 1 1094
274 1 1094
451 1 1094
532 1 1094
718 1 1094
719 1 1094
899 1 1094
967 1 1094
1093 1 1094
1094 9 1094
1095 1 1094
1099 1 1094
1102 2 1094
1107 1 1094
1110 1 1094
1113 3 1094
1138 1 1094
1179 1 1094
1179 1 1094
.I 1095
.T
Specialist's Requirements for Scientific Information
.A
Vysotskii, A.
.W
Describes the research in various countries to clear up specialist's
requirements for scientific information.. Research areas and the results
obtained are studied.. At present, no firm conclusions are yet possible as to
the effective methods of improving information services.. Things to do are to
widen the universe of specialists investigated, set up a common methodology,
study the possibilities of preparing and launching world research program
toward this end..
.X
132 1 1095
161 1 1095
763 2 1095
771 1 1095
772 1 1095
899 1 1095
1093 1 1095
1094 1 1095
1095 12 1095
1096 1 1095
1099 3 1095
1101 1 1095
1102 3 1095
1103 2 1095
1106 1 1095
1107 1 1095
1111 1 1095
1125 1 1095
1128 1 1095
1155 4 1095
1156 4 1095
1158 4 1095
1160 2 1095
1161 1 1095
1166 1 1095
1167 1 1095
1169 1 1095
1181 1 1095
1446 1 1095
1447 1 1095
1460 1 1095
1460 1 1095
.I 1096
.T
Timing Data for Information Processes
.A
Zvezhinskii, S. M.
.W
Every R&D or design organization should have an efficient information
service capable of minimizing time spent on searching and gathering pertinent
data.. Generalized data on time spent by R&D project staff on information
processes is cited.. Suggestions as to the improvement of information activity
are offered.
.X
372 1 1096
1095 1 1096
1096 5 1096
1099 1 1096
1103 1 1096
1155 1 1096
1156 2 1096
1160 1 1096
1166 1 1096
1166 1 1096
.I 1097
.T
Scatter of Metallurgical Publications in Abstract Journals
.A
Gedrimovich, G. V.
.W
The methods that have been used to analyze the scatter of metallurgical
publications covered in METALLURGIYA abstract journal are briefly outlined..
It has been found out that METALLURGIYA abstracted 1,546 serials and
periodicals in l967, including 290 Soviet and 1,256 foreign sources.
Special metallurgical periodicals accounted but for one-eighth of the
sources, which carried 52.9 per cent of the articles abstracted; the other 47.1
per cent were scattered through 1,342 journals.
Data on the coverage of the publications of all the areas of the worlds
by METALLURGIYA are given.
.X
33 1 1097
359 1 1097
582 1 1097
759 1 1097
765 2 1097
770 1 1097
776 3 1097
808 1 1097
1076 1 1097
1097 9 1097
1098 2 1097
1109 3 1097
1111 1 1097
1123 1 1097
1125 1 1097
1135 1 1097
1157 1 1097
1174 2 1097
1176 2 1097
1182 1 1097
1285 1 1097
1285 1 1097
.I 1098
.T
Concerning the Criterion for Evaluation of Current Secondary Information
.A
Zilbermints, L.V.
.W
The findings are described of a study aimed at determining the prospects and
methods for improving the system of current bibliographic information.. The
analysis has shown that the existing criteria for evaluation of special
bibliographies (scope, coverage, arrangement, speed of announcement, etc.) are
inadequate for an unbiased characterization of their exhaustivity and subject
contents.. This hampers a correct choice of the sources of secondary
information and leads to duplication, parallelisms and loss of information..
Judgements of the leading Soviet and foreign bibliographers relating to the
problems under consideration are reviewed, which are all essentially in favor
of a reconstruction of the publishing processes, issuing of scientific
publications on a world scale, and algorithmization of the information
processes.. It is suggested that the first objective of research should be
a method of comparative evaluation of periodicals..
.X
40 1 1098
76 1 1098
359 1 1098
618 1 1098
759 1 1098
765 1 1098
770 1 1098
776 2 1098
808 1 1098
1076 1 1098
1097 2 1098
1098 8 1098
1102 1 1098
1123 2 1098
1157 3 1098
1160 1 1098
1168 1 1098
1172 2 1098
1176 1 1098
1182 1 1098
1182 1 1098
.I 1099
.T
On Factors Influencing the Attitude of Scientists and Engineers towards
Scientific Information
.A
Shekhurin, D.
.W
The most important objective factors are considered influencing the limits
and the depth of information needs of researchers and designers, i.e. the
growth of information flow, the level of specialization, the qualification
standard, the official position, the development rates of scientific or
technical discipline in question the teamwork on scientific or engineering
projects, the language barrier, the specifics of narrowly specialized
terminology, as well as a number of subjective (psychological) factors
like inclination to creative work, type of memory, the time available, methods
of sources handling..
The investigations into, and account of, these factors are indispensable for
raising the efficiency both of information systems performance and the
activities of scientific and engineering communities served..
Some statistical data are cited obtained during investigations into
information demand patterns for various personnel groups at research and
development institutions..
.X
718 1 1099
719 1 1099
771 1 1099
965 1 1099
1094 1 1099
1095 3 1099
1096 1 1099
1099 12 1099
1101 3 1099
1102 3 1099
1103 3 1099
1105 2 1099
1106 1 1099
1107 1 1099
1121 2 1099
1125 1 1099
1128 1 1099
1155 2 1099
1156 2 1099
1158 2 1099
1160 1 1099
1161 1 1099
1166 1 1099
1169 1 1099
1172 1 1099
1178 3 1099
1179 1 1099
1181 1 1099
1190 1 1099
1326 1 1099
1330 1 1099
1388 1 1099
1388 1 1099
.I 1100
.T
On the Problem of Economic Efficiency Determination of Scientific and
Technical Information
.A
Black, A.V.
.W
A method for economic efficiency determination of scientific and technical
information is suggested..
.X
372 3 1100
1100 8 1100
1161 1 1100
1168 1 1100
1176 1 1100
1176 1 1100
.I 1101
.T
The Psychologic Criteria of Information Selection
.A
Novikov, Yu A.
.W
Defines and describes the information selection criteria in the
psychological aspects of activity, suggestability, progressiveness,
representativeness, and the optimal information minimum; their specific nature
is shown in comparison with other criteria of information selection, and their
significance for the further study of the psychological problems of
informatics is made clear..
.X
120 1 1101
139 1 1101
540 1 1101
1095 1 1101
1099 3 1101
1101 7 1101
1102 1 1101
1103 1 1101
1105 1 1101
1116 1 1101
1121 1 1101
1125 1 1101
1128 1 1101
1130 1 1101
1161 1 1101
1165 1 1101
1169 1 1101
1172 1 1101
1178 3 1101
1181 1 1101
1195 1 1101
1220 1 1101
1350 1 1101
1350 1 1101
.I 1102
.T
Nature and Essence of Information Needs
.A
Shekhurin, D.E.
.W
The individual, collegiate and social information needs are considered in
conjunction with the scientific, economic and social interests of the
community.. A classification of the information needs is given which takes
into account their historic background and subject-specialty specifics..
.X
132 1 1102
161 2 1102
618 1 1102
718 1 1102
719 1 1102
771 1 1102
1094 2 1102
1095 3 1102
1098 1 1102
1099 3 1102
1101 1 1102
1102 8 1102
1103 2 1102
1106 1 1102
1107 3 1102
1110 1 1102
1111 1 1102
1125 1 1102
1128 1 1102
1161 1 1102
1167 1 1102
1169 1 1102
1179 1 1102
1181 1 1102
1222 1 1102
1326 1 1102
1446 1 1102
1447 1 1102
1447 1 1102
.I 1103
.T
On Information Needs of Different User Categories
.A
Borodynya, V.I.
.W
The information need and its main properties are defined.. Classification
of information needs in different activities is given.. Relationships between
information needs and requests are considered, and the process of shaping of
information needs and request formulation are traced.. Findings of a study of
information utilization by different categories of specialists on the basis of
the classification proposed by the author are given..
.X
1095 2 1103
1096 1 1103
1099 3 1103
1101 1 1103
1102 2 1103
1103 5 1103
1125 1 1103
1128 1 1103
1155 1 1103
1156 1 1103
1158 1 1103
1161 1 1103
1169 1 1103
1181 1 1103
1326 1 1103
1446 1 1103
1446 1 1103
.I 1104
.T
Current Awareness Bibliographies in the State Information System
.A
Briskman, M.A.
.W
Notes that at present the current awareness bibliography of Soviet
publications (which is provided, in some form or other almost in all of the
areas of knowledge, production, or culture) fails to ensure complete enough
information even with respect to directly related literature. A set of
measures are suggested, aimed at a cardinal improvement of the listings in the
state bibliography system..
.X
899 1 1104
1104 5 1104
1350 2 1104
1350 2 1104
.I 1105
.T
Information Services for Supervisory Staff, Forms and Methods
.A
Kuznetsov, O.A.
.A
Lyjakh, A.N.
.W
In the general practice, the management information systems are set aside
as a special area.. The paper elaborates the aspects of selecting forms of
management information, as well as those of the methods of its preparation,
and the interrelation between the forms and the methods.. The basic criteria
for this kind of information are defined, and the categories or types of likely
demands for it are set up.. Examples of management information services are
given based on the practice of information centers of Czechoslovakia, GDR,
Great Britain.. The proceedings of the Prague symposium for the analysis of
various methods of management information preparation are shortly reviewed..
The developed SDI system aimed to serve the management is described and also
the results of its one year operation are analyzed..
.X
539 1 1105
1099 2 1105
1101 1 1105
1105 9 1105
1106 1 1105
1123 1 1105
1156 1 1105
1160 1 1105
1172 1 1105
1177 1 1105
1178 1 1105
1178 1 1105
.I 1106
.T
Efficiency of Information Service at a Research Institute (findings of a
questionnaire survey)
.A
Zyabrev, V.A.
.W
Discussing the problem of evaluation of the efficiency of an information
service at a research institute, the paper presents the results of a
questionnaire survey conducted in 1968 at an electronics industry research
establishment; the objective of the survey was to work out improvements
of the special information system..
.X
763 1 1106
1095 1 1106
1099 1 1106
1102 1 1106
1105 1 1106
1106 6 1106
1107 1 1106
1167 1 1106
1411 1 1106
1411 1 1106
.I 1107
.T
Principles of Selective Information Servicing of the Different Categories
of R&D Staff
.A
Shekhurin, D.E.
.A
Nelepets, V.V.
.W
The characteristics to be referred to in differentiating the R&D user needs
are defined; depending on the administrative status of the user, information
catered to him must possess the corresponding degree of generalization..
.X
161 1 1107
718 1 1107
719 1 1107
1093 1 1107
1094 1 1107
1095 1 1107
1099 1 1107
1102 3 1107
1106 1 1107
1107 8 1107
1110 2 1107
1113 1 1107
1115 2 1107
1116 1 1107
1142 1 1107
1167 1 1107
1179 1 1107
1222 1 1107
1228 1 1107
1326 1 1107
1446 1 1107
1459 1 1107
1459 1 1107
.I 1108
.T
Information Value of VINITI-published abstract journals in patent studies
.A
Morozova, N.A.
.W
Methods of analysis of the VINITI abstract journals are described as applied
for measuring the exhaustivity and speed of coverage of patents; the
feasibility and efficiency of using the abstract journals of VINITI composition
of the patent file of a plant, subject- or name-based patent searches, etc..
The mean time lags in signalization of the USSR patents in the abstract
journals are 6 to 7 months, British patent -- 6 to 8 months, West German -- 10
to 12, French 12, and US -- 12 to 13 months.. Some improvements of the
abstract journals as source in information on latest world inventions are
suggested..
.X
1108 5 1108
1122 2 1108
1157 1 1108
1167 2 1108
1167 2 1108
.I 1109
.T
A System of Documentary Information Flow Analysis (Science Journals)
.A
Gorkova, V.I.
Mellion, S.P.
Zaitseva, M.
Arakelova, L.V.
Kasparova, V.G.
Godunova, L.I.
Kasparova, S.G.
.W
The paper describes a system of analysis of primary science journals from
the standpoint of the efficiency of their use as sources for abstracting in
conjunction with punched cards and electronic computers.. The procedure
employed to process the file of science documents is outlined..
The program of analysis provides for obtaining statistical data on the
regularities of the concentration of special profile periodicals and the
scattering of the interdisciplinary sources as well as the characteristics
of the systems of relations existing between the individual series of the
abstract journal..
.X
765 1 1109
808 1 1109
1097 3 1109
1109 5 1109
1111 1 1109
1123 1 1109
1125 1 1109
1135 1 1109
1172 1 1109
1173 2 1109
1174 1 1109
1285 1 1109
1285 1 1109
.I 1110
.T
The pattern of the Information Needs of an R&D Institute and the System for
Meeting Them
.A
Shekhurin, D.E.
.W
The functional structure of a research institute is analyzed s well as the
functional structure of its information services, the latter's development,
the overall subject pattern of the creative interests of the institute and the
system for meeting these..
.X
1094 1 1110
1102 1 1110
1107 2 1110
1110 7 1110
1113 1 1110
1115 2 1110
1116 1 1110
1142 1 1110
1160 1 1110
1228 1 1110
1326 1 1110
1446 1 1110
1447 1 1110
1447 1 1110
.I 1111
.T
On Informal Processes of Science Communications
.A
Markusova, V.A.
.W
The paper makes a discussion of major theoretical and experimental studies
of the role of informal processes of communication in science.. The author
holds that the system of scientific communications is based on formal processes
(founded on scientific and technical literature, including the primary and
secondary sources), whereas the informal processes (in which scientists play
the leading part and which have no institutionalized and permanent interactive
mechanisms) are also very important, but auxiliary.. The specific features
of the informal processes and their interaction with the formal processes are
analyzed in detail. Recommendations towards efficient use of the positive
aspects of informal communications for raising the overall effectiveness of
scientific communication system are offered..
.X
105 1 1111
132 1 1111
161 1 1111
166 1 1111
616 1 1111
771 1 1111
808 1 1111
1095 1 1111
1097 1 1111
1102 1 1111
1109 1 1111
1111 5 1111
1114 1 1111
1115 1 1111
1123 1 1111
1125 1 1111
1174 1 1111
1285 1 1111
1355 1 1111
1446 1 1111
1447 1 1111
1447 1 1111
.I 1112
.T
State System of Scientific and Technical Information: Results and Prospects
.A
Aruntunov, N.B.
.W
Some results of State information system activity for the past year are
considered..
Disadvantages in work of scientific and technical information organs of
different levels are noted and tasks for further improvements of information
activity for 1973 year are defined..
.X
75 1 1112
899 1 1112
1112 7 1112
1115 1 1112
1115 1 1112
.I 1113
.T
Social and Economic Premises to the Development of an Information System
.A
Shekhurin, D.E.
.W
More attention should be given to the creative personality, and better
conditions ensuring the adequate information support to the more capable and
gifted scientists holding key positions in science should be created..
The relationships connecting creative activity and informational activity
are analyzed.. Certain general conditions of scientist-information interaction
are examined as affecting the informational activity of a scientist..
The specifics of the development of a creative personality in conjunction
with the growth of teamwork in research and development and the concomitant
change of the interrelation between the user and the information base are
investigated..
.X
1094 3 1113
1107 1 1113
1110 1 1113
1113 7 1113
1115 1 1113
1142 1 1113
1446 1 1113
1446 1 1113
.I 1114
.T
Analysis of Information Flows in Shipbuilding and the Allied Fields
.A
Mitsevich, A.T.
.W
Parameters of information flows are identified as reflected in VINITI's
abstract journals carrying materials in shipbuilding and the related fields..
The objective of the large-scale analysis of these flows is to support the
development of an automated system of ship design and the industry's sci-tech
information subsystem.. More than 1400 periodicals and serials have been
identified that are relevant to the field.. The file of secondary publications
in the field carried by VINITI abstract journals since 1956 amounted to 185,000
items..
.X
359 1 1114
362 1 1114
416 1 1114
616 1 1114
748 1 1114
759 1 1114
765 2 1114
778 1 1114
1111 1 1114
1114 8 1114
1122 4 1114
1123 1 1114
1172 1 1114
1173 1 1114
1182 1 1114
1226 1 1114
1355 1 1114
1355 1 1114
.I 1115
.T
Informational Reviews in the Age of Information Crisis
.A
Altsculer, M.S.
.W
A critical analysis is given of existing classification
schemes for reviews. The author proposes to distinguish
between two main review types: orienting and informative
ones. The importance is stressed of informative
(analytical and abstracting) reviews, which contain
new information under the conditions of information
crisis being interpreted as overproduction of documents
rather than new knowledge.
.X
37 1 1115
63 1 1115
166 2 1115
907 1 1115
1107 2 1115
1110 2 1115
1111 1 1115
1112 1 1115
1113 1 1115
1115 6 1115
1142 1 1115
1446 2 1115
1447 1 1115
1447 1 1115
.I 1116
.T
Pragmatic Aspects of Scientific Information
.A
Ursul, A. D.
.W
Postulating an interrelation between semantic and pragmatic properties of
scientific information, the author formulates the information value function
as depending on three arguments: subject, information, and purpose; thus, this
value is a composite of subjective and objective factors.. Possible
classifications scientific information values are discussed.. A methodological
analysis of three approaches to the mathematical notion of information value is
given and, by analogy, some propositions concerning measurement of scientific
information value are expressed..
.X
85 1 1116
362 1 1116
540 1 1116
574 1 1116
1045 1 1116
1101 1 1116
1107 1 1116
1110 1 1116
1116 6 1116
1130 1 1116
1133 1 1116
1161 1 1116
1165 1 1116
1177 1 1116
1195 1 1116
1220 2 1116
1228 1 1116
1281 1 1116
1382 1 1116
1382 1 1116
.I 1117
.T
Mathematical Model of Classification Theory
.A
Shreider, Y. A.
.W
Sets of objects possessing specified characteristics are studied.. The
similarity and equivalence relations between objects are established and
explored..
A canonical system of characteristics is derived.. Similarity and commonness
measures of the subsets of objects are investigated.. The implications of
those notions for the problem of retrieval classification are pointed out..
.X
25 3 1117
179 1 1117
455 1 1117
464 1 1117
509 1 1117
564 1 1117
566 1 1117
853 1 1117
1117 16 1117
1118 1 1117
1119 4 1117
1128 1 1117
1133 1 1117
1137 2 1117
1140 3 1117
1141 2 1117
1161 1 1117
1170 1 1117
1220 1 1117
1228 1 1117
1267 1 1117
1409 1 1117
1409 1 1117
.I 1118
.T
Methods for Thesaurus Generation
.A
Chernyi, A. I.
.W
The author gives a general definition of the IR thesaurus and outlines its
inner structure.. He describes a procedure of accumulating the body of keywords
which is required to compile the vocabulary of descriptors.. An attempt is made
to determine how the rate of keyword accumulation depends on the number of
abstracts' titles processed and in what way the volume of descriptor vocabulary
is related to the number of documents indexed.. General rules are given for
lexicographic processing of the keywords accumulated and for compiling of the
descriptor vocabulary.. The algorithm has been constructed which is designed
to generate the article of each descriptor in the thesaurus.. To construct this
algorithm the author analyzed the results of word-association tests and
selected 5 most important types of paradigmatic relations.. He formulates the
basic rules for translation of the texts describing the main subject content of
the documents and of the users' requests from a natural language into the IR
language of descriptors.. (The block diagram of algorithm for translation of
these texts is also given..) In conclusion the author describes general
principles of lexicographic editing of the above mentioned texts..
.X
25 1 1118
26 1 1118
29 1 1118
30 1 1118
34 1 1118
53 1 1118
68 2 1118
69 1 1118
77 1 1118
78 1 1118
79 1 1118
151 2 1118
168 1 1118
175 3 1118
179 1 1118
261 1 1118
317 1 1118
320 1 1118
346 1 1118
382 1 1118
420 1 1118
458 1 1118
476 1 1118
477 1 1118
478 1 1118
479 1 1118
480 1 1118
484 1 1118
485 1 1118
504 1 1118
539 1 1118
558 1 1118
566 1 1118
595 1 1118
664 1 1118
680 1 1118
704 1 1118
711 1 1118
712 1 1118
760 1 1118
769 1 1118
773 1 1118
781 1 1118
790 1 1118
798 3 1118
889 1 1118
1046 1 1118
1117 1 1118
1118 37 1118
1122 1 1118
1123 1 1118
1124 3 1118
1125 1 1118
1127 1 1118
1131 1 1118
1132 1 1118
1133 1 1118
1134 1 1118
1135 1 1118
1139 1 1118
1141 1 1118
1161 1 1118
1162 1 1118
1163 1 1118
1175 2 1118
1179 1 1118
1190 1 1118
1226 1 1118
1228 1 1118
1281 1 1118
1326 1 1118
1327 1 1118
1381 1 1118
1382 3 1118
1388 1 1118
1399 1 1118
1443 1 1118
1448 1 1118
1448 1 1118
.I 1119
.T
Axiomatic Relevance Tolerance Theory
.A
Yakubovich, S. M.
.W
Sets are considered on which a symmetric and reflexive relation, called
tolerance (similarity) is defined..
The structure of such sets is explored..
A classificatory theorem is proved stating an isomorphism of embedding of
such sets in a model space (R)..
The properties of particular sets' for which the similarity relation has
been defined are investigated..
.X
25 2 1119
455 1 1119
1117 4 1119
1119 5 1119
1137 1 1119
1140 1 1119
1141 1 1119
1409 1 1119
1409 1 1119
.I 1120
.T
A Grammatical Elements in a Descriptor Language for an
Information Retrieval System
.A
Ivanova, N. I.
Margaritov, V. B.
.W
The results are described of research and development activities of the
Mechanized Information Retrieval Laboratory of the NIITEKHIM.. Research
Institute aimed towards creating a descriptor language for an information
retrieval system in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering.. The
objectives of an optimum reduction of retrieval noise and maximum recall have
required the introduction of grammatical and transformational devices into the
language.. The former condition is provided for by a matrix notation of
document search patterns and requests, while the latter condition is met with
the help of the transformational devices of the language..
Examples of search requests and patterns are considered, which illustrate
the "resolution" of the grammatical and transformational devices being
developed.. These are said largely to eliminate subjectiveness in assigning
relational factors in search patterns and requests..
The relevancy criterion is formulated.. A retrieval algorithm based on this
criterion has been compiled..
Experimental searches were conducted on a Minsk-22 computer.. The results
were analyzed to evaluate the grammatical and transformational devices and to
verify indexing principles devised for the automated retrieval system under
development..
Factors of "silence" are discussed, as well as the contribution of the
grammatical and transformational devices to reducing noise and enhancing
recall..
.X
1120 5 1120
1120 5 1120
.I 1121
.T
The Outlook of Cybernetic and Computer Applications in the National System
of Scientific and Technical Information
.A
Mamontov, O. V.
.W
The paper outlines the prospects of applying cybernetic methods to the
analysis and synthesis of information processes in a national systems of
scientific-technical information and in information agencies which are
considered as "big systems" of differing ranks.. The main stages of research
along these lines are investigated..
.X
1099 2 1121
1101 1 1121
1121 5 1121
1178 1 1121
1388 1 1121
1388 1 1121
.I 1122
.T
Analysis of Some Regularities of the Flow of Engineering Information
.A
Mitsevich, A. T.
.A
Solov'ev, N. K.
.W
Some theoretical propositions are considered with respect to the flow of
engineering information with the purpose of drawing practical conclusions
for the editing of information announcement publications..
.X
151 1 1122
359 1 1122
416 1 1122
504 1 1122
748 1 1122
759 1 1122
765 1 1122
773 1 1122
778 1 1122
789 1 1122
798 1 1122
1108 2 1122
1114 4 1122
1118 1 1122
1122 10 1122
1123 2 1122
1133 1 1122
1141 1 1122
1157 1 1122
1167 2 1122
1172 1 1122
1173 2 1122
1174 1 1122
1176 1 1122
1182 1 1122
1226 2 1122
1226 2 1122
.I 1123
.T
Rank Distribution in Scientific Information Sets
.A
Gor'kova, V. I.
.W
A study has been carried out dealing with the development of science in
terms of sets of scientific and technical data.. It is assumed that the
characteristics of a rank distribution provide unbiased data to reflect the
process of differentiation of sciences..
Rank distribution over the sets of scientific and technical information are
characterized by the formation of a "kernel" of the distribution and of the
"problematic" nature as a phenomenon..
A mathematical model is considered to be used for computing the values of
the "kernelness" and "problematicity" of a rank distribution..
.X
39 1 1123
50 1 1123
76 1 1123
151 1 1123
473 1 1123
485 1 1123
504 2 1123
587 1 1123
748 1 1123
773 1 1123
798 1 1123
808 2 1123
1085 1 1123
1097 1 1123
1098 2 1123
1105 1 1123
1109 1 1123
1111 1 1123
1114 1 1123
1118 1 1123
1122 2 1123
1123 12 1123
1125 2 1123
1133 1 1123
1141 1 1123
1142 1 1123
1157 1 1123
1172 3 1123
1173 1 1123
1174 1 1123
1179 1 1123
1207 1 1123
1223 1 1123
1226 1 1123
1285 1 1123
1285 1 1123
.I 1124
.T
Some Aspects of Developing and Studying a Descriptor Information Language
for General Technology
.A
Shemakin, Yu. I.
.W
The methods and results of an endeavor to develop an information retrieval
language for automatic retrieval systems meant for handling a polytechnical
document collection are described.. The descriptor dictionary includes general
and special terms, both single-word and phrase terms, which is conducive to
higher recall and relevance; it comprises a classified index and a
lexico-semantic index as well as tables of generic relations.. The size of the
dictionary is 5,542 descriptors and 3,073 keywords..
The indexing procedure includes: analysis of document content and its
characterization by keywords elicited from natural text; and creation of the
search pattern using the descriptor dictionary.. The techniques are described
which are applied to analyze the documents into semantic aspects that
constitute the elements of the formalized model of a document's condensed
content.. The procedure employed to translate a text into the retrieval
language comprises selection of words both from the title and the body of
the document..
Main principles for retrieval efficiency determination using
mathematical-statistic methods are given..
Tests on multi-subject collections show a probability of 85-% recall and
70-% relevance at a standard deviation of 25%.. These findings have been
corroborated by the results of the basic experiment on a file of up to
2,500 search patterns using 42 requests.. Among the factors of losses there
are the poor quality of abstracts (into cards) and the absence of a single
abstracting procedure; it is proposed that abstractors should be in future
charged with writing abstracts in keywords and, ultimately, in the descriptor
language.. The experimental results attest to the feasibility and practical
sensibility of creating a multi-disciplinary information retrieval system to be
based on a broad-scope descriptor dictionary and on the suggested methods for
document and request indexing..
.X
68 1 1124
77 1 1124
78 1 1124
79 1 1124
420 1 1124
458 1 1124
595 1 1124
712 1 1124
790 1 1124
1118 3 1124
1124 5 1124
1131 1 1124
1165 2 1124
1167 1 1124
1382 1 1124
1382 1 1124
.I 1125
.T
A Contribution to the Theory of the Systems of Information Flows
.A
Kozachkov, L. S.
.W
Certain structural properties of information distributions are explored,
as well as the gnosiological aspects of informational relations and the
capabilities of an information retrieval system based on information
distribution methods ("MIR")..
.X
808 1 1125
1095 1 1125
1097 1 1125
1099 1 1125
1101 1 1125
1102 1 1125
1103 1 1125
1109 1 1125
1111 1 1125
1118 1 1125
1123 2 1125
1125 5 1125
1127 1 1125
1128 1 1125
1161 1 1125
1169 1 1125
1173 1 1125
1174 1 1125
1179 2 1125
1181 1 1125
1285 1 1125
1285 1 1125
.I 1126
.T
Evaluation of Indexing and a Technique for Formalized Search Request
Statement
.A
Frants, Yu. I.
Voiskunskii, V. G.
Mukosei, V. I.
Kozhina, T. G.
.W
A method for evaluation of indexing is expounded. The feasibility is
examined of using marked documents instead of requests, called the "beacon
method".. A M-algorithm for formalized statement of search requests is
described and exemplified by an information retrieval system in the nitrogen
industry..
.X
420 1 1126
491 1 1126
538 1 1126
801 1 1126
814 1 1126
1126 6 1126
1127 3 1126
1411 1 1126
1411 1 1126
.I 1127
.T
Evaluation of Information Loss Probability in Indexing
.A
Frants, Y. I.
Voiskunskii, V. G.
Frants, V. I.
.W
A practical technique is proposed for assessing the losses of relevance
documents, on the basis of probabilistic methods, and for entering "marked"
documents into the system..
.X
420 1 1127
1118 1 1127
1125 1 1127
1126 3 1127
1127 6 1127
1179 1 1127
1179 1 1127
.I 1128
.T
Free Information of a Social System
.A
Khursin, L. A.
.W
The structure of the information field of a social system is examined,
analyzing the processes of formation of scientific concepts.. The functional
structure of the information field is shown to reflect that of human brain..
It is established that the effect of the "wash-off" of noise out of the
information field with the course of time leads to concentration of the real,
socially valid free information in publications covering finite time spans..
The interrelations within the service/user system are shown to be essentially
different for scientific vs industrial information supplies..
.X
540 1 1128
1095 1 1128
1099 1 1128
1101 1 1128
1102 1 1128
1103 1 1128
1117 1 1128
1125 1 1128
1128 7 1128
1161 1 1128
1169 2 1128
1181 1 1128
1181 1 1128
.I 1129
.T
Creating an Information Language on the Basis of Semantic Text Analysis
.A
Leontjeva, N. N.
.W
Discusses the possibility of setting up an IL with a development grammar
and logic, capable of solving problems of diverse informational complexity
(documentary search, data search, automatic text, condensation, automatic
translation).. The semantic language EKHO is proposed as a language of this
kind.. Its structure is described, and its potentialities for information
are followed.
.X
539 1 1129
1129 5 1129
1185 1 1129
1185 1 1129
.I 1130
.T
Aspect Abstracting: A New Technique
.A
Solovyev, V. I.
.W
The new technique has been developed on the basis of an analysis of the
present methodological requirements laid to abstracting and a study of textual
records as modelling the real world and reflecting the logic of research..
Aspects of meaning have been adopted as the invariant unit characteristics
of a document's purport.. Semantic adequacy and semantic equivalence are
proposed as criteria to evaluate abstracting precision and exhaustivity..
The aspect-based approach could be likewise applied to indexing of documents
and information requests.. If introduced into the practices of information
analysis, this technique is expected to raise the standard of abstracts and
the efficiency of document-oriented retrieval..
.X
179 1 1130
540 1 1130
1101 1 1130
1116 1 1130
1130 7 1130
1165 4 1130
1195 1 1130
1220 1 1130
1220 1 1130
.I 1131
.T
Algorithmic Procedure for Compiling a List of Keywords and Key Phrases by
the Abstracts in "Fizika" Abstract Journal
.A
Barinova, Z. B.
Chernaya, E. B.
.W
The algorithmic procedure is based on a linguistic approach; it serves to
isolate key phrases from the abstracts of the "Fizika" abstract journal,
recognizing set phrases with the aid of linguistic rules.. The feasibility is
demonstrated of a completed formalization of the process of eliciting key
phrases for a descriptor dictionary.
.X
68 1 1131
77 1 1131
78 1 1131
79 1 1131
420 1 1131
489 1 1131
595 1 1131
785 1 1131
790 1 1131
1118 1 1131
1124 1 1131
1131 5 1131
1382 1 1131
1382 1 1131
.I 1132
.T
Debugging the Technologies of an Automated IRS in Electrical Engineering:
a Case Study
.A
Malinin, S. G.
Chernyavskii, V. S.
Shneerson, A. Z.
.W
The experience gained with adjusting and debugging the technologies of
automatic document indexing at an electrical engineering reference information
centre are outlined.. The procedure applied to document handling is compared
to that of processing an equipment part in industrial production and it has
been designed in the corresponding terms..
.X
1118 1 1132
1132 5 1132
1162 1 1132
1162 1 1132
.I 1133
.T
Thesauri in Informatics and in Theoretical Semantics
.A
Shreider, Yu. A.
.W
The possibilities are discussed of a universal definition of the concept
of "thesaurus"; thesaurus structures and construction methods are
considered..
.X
25 1 1133
151 1 1133
362 1 1133
504 1 1133
773 1 1133
798 1 1133
1116 1 1133
1117 1 1133
1118 1 1133
1122 1 1133
1123 1 1133
1133 6 1133
1141 1 1133
1224 1 1133
1226 1 1133
1226 1 1133
.I 1134
.T
Information Retrieval Learning
.A
Serebryanyi, A. I.
.W
The statement of the problem and the results of an experiment in automatic
choice of retrieval criterion are described.. The problem of criterion choice
is interpreted in terms of a pattern recognition problem.. The criteria chosen
as a result of learning are considered, as well as the retrieval noise and
losses recorded in searches using these criteria.. The experiments suggest such
"limit" noise level which is not liable to any substantial further reduction..
The efficiency of choosing a criterion through learning is discussed.. The
relationship between information retrieval learning and nondeductive logic is
investigated..
.X
1118 1 1134
1134 6 1134
1135 1 1134
1135 1 1134
.I 1135
.T
An "Invisible College" for the Study of Experiment Planning
.A
Granovskij, Ju. V.
Strakhov, A. V.
Murashova, T. I.
.W
The activity of an invisible college is surveyed formed around the
Interdepartmental Laboratory for Statistical Methods of the Moscow State
University in the area of experiment planning.. The analysis of publications
by the members of this college was made referring to the "Science Citation Index"
1966 - 1967.. A graphical representation of the invisible college is suggested,
comparative data on publications are cited, and various schools in experiment
planning for basic and applied research are analyzed..
.X
33 1 1135
36 1 1135
41 1 1135
89 1 1135
97 1 1135
102 1 1135
111 1 1135
112 1 1135
163 1 1135
183 1 1135
184 1 1135
193 1 1135
199 1 1135
203 1 1135
210 1 1135
225 1 1135
269 1 1135
373 1 1135
545 1 1135
552 1 1135
577 1 1135
587 1 1135
605 1 1135
613 1 1135
614 1 1135
638 1 1135
735 1 1135
747 1 1135
750 1 1135
753 1 1135
766 1 1135
767 1 1135
775 1 1135
782 1 1135
784 1 1135
788 1 1135
789 1 1135
793 1 1135
800 1 1135
808 1 1135
824 1 1135
905 1 1135
953 1 1135
977 1 1135
983 1 1135
1016 1 1135
1023 1 1135
1030 1 1135
1055 1 1135
1087 1 1135
1090 1 1135
1097 1 1135
1109 1 1135
1118 1 1135
1134 1 1135
1135 5 1135
1260 1 1135
1275 1 1135
1276 1 1135
1278 1 1135
1280 1 1135
1285 1 1135
1286 1 1135
1287 1 1135
1302 1 1135
1335 1 1135
1390 1 1135
1397 1 1135
1417 1 1135
1428 1 1135
1432 1 1135
1432 1 1135
.I 1136
.T
Data Retrieval Systems: Specifics and Problems
.A
Shtein, V. S.
.W
The essential differences between data retrieval system and document
retrieval systems are considered.. The notion of "fact" is discussed, analyzing
the influence of the definition adopted on the structure of a data retrieval
system.. A proposition is advanced that a factographic JRS is a rudimentary but
indispensable form on the way to a logical information system.. The latter type
of system by a capability for automatic analysis of input data and synthesis of
new information.. The problem of the information retrieval language for data
retrieval system is discussed, as is its machine organization, intricately
tied up with the specifics and functions of a system of that kind..
.X
179 1 1136
1136 5 1136
1163 1 1136
1326 2 1136
1460 1 1136
1460 1 1136
.I 1137
.T
Logic of Classification
.A
Shreider, Yu. A.
.W
Formal definitions of characteristic, taxon, hierarchic and combinative
systems of characteristics are given, establishing the elementary properties
of these concepts and their interpretations in conventional classifications
systems..
.X
25 1 1137
179 1 1137
317 1 1137
455 1 1137
1117 2 1137
1119 1 1137
1137 6 1137
1140 4 1137
1141 3 1137
1220 1 1137
1267 2 1137
1409 1 1137
1409 1 1137
.I 1138
.T
Relevance and Pertinence
.A
Polushkin, V.A.
.W
The correspondences of documents to information requests and to information
needs are investigated (as a special instance of informational correspondence
of interrelated objects of a differing nature) in terms of the concepts of
relevance and pertinence..
.X
179 1 1138
362 1 1138
532 1 1138
1094 1 1138
1138 6 1138
1141 1 1138
1169 2 1138
1224 1 1138
1459 1 1138
1459 1 1138
.I 1139
.T
The Language of an Polytechnical Automated Information Retrieval System
.A
Korolev, E. I.
.W
The principal design features are described of an information system using
the natural language and a descriptor language: thesaurus organization,
relevance criterion, indexing procedure, experimental estimates of the
information language, and parametric information processing techniques..
.X
179 1 1139
180 1 1139
538 1 1139
572 1 1139
683 1 1139
1118 1 1139
1139 5 1139
1139 5 1139
.I 1140
.T
On the Symbolic Nature of Classifications
.A
Panova, N. S.
Shreider, Yu. A.
.W
The nature of an arbitrary classification is considered from the viewpoint
of its sign function.. The structure of the taxons described by a given
classification is treated as the referent (the denotate).. The formation of
taxons is shown to be connected with the preliminary arrangement of the subject
area into a classification field..
The classification concept is connected with the structure and nature of
the classification characteristics.. A typology of classifications is
introduced, distinguishing them by intensionality, or capacity for expression
of the concept independent of the subject area.. Differences are pointed out
that exist between the classificatory and thematic relationships and the
correlations between these two groups of relationships are analyzed..
.X
25 1 1140
179 2 1140
455 1 1140
464 1 1140
509 1 1140
564 1 1140
566 1 1140
853 1 1140
1117 3 1140
1119 1 1140
1137 4 1140
1140 8 1140
1141 3 1140
1220 1 1140
1267 1 1140
1409 1 1140
1409 1 1140
.I 1141
.T
Algebra of Classification
.A
Shreider, Yu. A.
.W
Two alternative concepts of isomorphism of classification are examined..
It is shown that with the accuracy of up to isomorphism, the structure of a
classification is characterized by a certain semigroup.. For an important type
of classifications, the algebraic structure of these semigroups is completely
characterized by the relation of order on the set of generants.. The case of
"perfect order" on the generants corresponds to hierarchical (tree)
classifications.. The case of "incomparability" of the generants corresponds to
facet classifications.. All the other cases are "intermediate" between these
two types of classification..
.X
25 1 1141
151 1 1141
362 1 1141
455 1 1141
504 1 1141
773 1 1141
798 1 1141
1117 2 1141
1118 1 1141
1119 1 1141
1122 1 1141
1123 1 1141
1133 1 1141
1137 3 1141
1138 1 1141
1140 3 1141
1141 6 1141
1169 1 1141
1220 1 1141
1226 1 1141
1267 1 1141
1409 1 1141
1459 1 1141
1459 1 1141
.I 1142
.T
Science on science - Introduction to a general science of science
.A
Dobrov, G.M.
.W
This book generalizes world and soviet experience of science, gives original
representation of science as informational process which allows one to use
quantitative methods in scientometrics, analyzes extensive data on the
experience of formulating scientific potential and organizing scientific work,
formulates general principles of organization, management and disposition
of modern scientific centers. In particular methodological problems of
planning and prediction of science are examined.
.X
386 1 1142
398 1 1142
1085 1 1142
1107 1 1142
1110 1 1142
1113 1 1142
1115 1 1142
1123 1 1142
1142 5 1142
1172 1 1142
1284 1 1142
1286 1 1142
1446 2 1142
1447 1 1142
1447 1 1142
.I 1143
.T
A Study of Six University-Based Information Systems
.A
Marron, B
Fong, E.
Fife, D. W.
Rankin, K.
.W
A methodology for categorically describing computer-based information
systems was developed and applied to six university-based, NSF-supported
systems.. The systems under study all operate as retail information centers
primarily serving campus communities by accessing large commercially-available
data bases using 3rd generation computer configurations.. The systems vary in
design philosophy, mode of user service, transferability characteristics, and
operational status.. A summary matrix is included..
.X
18 3 1143
119 1 1143
121 1 1143
122 1 1143
125 3 1143
127 2 1143
129 2 1143
141 1 1143
145 3 1143
211 1 1143
244 1 1143
299 1 1143
365 2 1143
376 1 1143
378 1 1143
394 1 1143
440 1 1143
452 1 1143
453 2 1143
459 1 1143
467 1 1143
468 1 1143
495 1 1143
506 1 1143
508 1 1143
511 1 1143
512 1 1143
514 1 1143
517 1 1143
520 1 1143
521 1 1143
523 1 1143
524 1 1143
526 2 1143
528 2 1143
529 1 1143
576 1 1143
580 1 1143
604 1 1143
609 1 1143
612 2 1143
619 1 1143
622 1 1143
623 1 1143
629 1 1143
630 1 1143
631 1 1143
632 1 1143
633 1 1143
699 1 1143
700 1 1143
705 1 1143
707 1 1143
723 1 1143
726 1 1143
727 1 1143
728 1 1143
729 1 1143
730 2 1143
731 1 1143
754 1 1143
812 1 1143
813 1 1143
814 1 1143
820 1 1143
822 2 1143
854 1 1143
866 1 1143
870 1 1143
871 1 1143
872 2 1143
873 2 1143
874 1 1143
875 1 1143
876 1 1143
877 1 1143
878 1 1143
879 1 1143
880 1 1143
892 1 1143
940 2 1143
941 1 1143
990 1 1143
994 1 1143
997 1 1143
998 1 1143
1078 1 1143
1079 1 1143
1089 1 1143
1091 1 1143
1143 6 1143
1230 1 1143
1247 1 1143
1257 1 1143
1264 2 1143
1302 1 1143
1303 2 1143
1366 1 1143
1367 3 1143
1368 1 1143
1396 3 1143
1435 2 1143
1436 2 1143
1436 2 1143
.I 1144
.T
Automatic Indexing
.A
Stevens, M.E.
.W
A state-of-the-art survey of automatic indexing systems
and experiments has been conducted by the Research Information
Center and Advisory Service on Information Processing,
Information Technology Division, Institute for Applied
Technology, National Bureau of Standards. Consideration is first
given to indexes compiled by or with the aid of machines,
including citation indexes. Automatic derivative indexing is
exemplified by key-word-in-context (KWIC) and other word-
in-context techniques. Advantages, disadvantages, and
possibilities for modification and improvement are discussed.
Experiments in automatic assignment indexing are summarized.
Related research efforts in such areas as automatic classification
and categorization, computer use of thesauri, statistical
association techniques, and linguistic data processing are
described. A major question is that of evaluation, particularly
in view of evidence of human inter-indexer inconsistency. It
is concluded that indexes based on words extracted from text
are practical for many purposes today, and that automatic
assignment indexing and classification experiments show promise
for future progress.
.X
26 1 1144
38 2 1144
39 1 1144
52 1 1144
77 1 1144
78 1 1144
149 1 1144
150 1 1144
168 1 1144
174 2 1144
175 4 1144
273 1 1144
315 1 1144
324 1 1144
331 1 1144
336 1 1144
382 1 1144
419 1 1144
420 1 1144
455 1 1144
479 1 1144
483 1 1144
485 1 1144
498 1 1144
501 1 1144
503 1 1144
562 1 1144
564 1 1144
565 1 1144
576 1 1144
583 1 1144
586 1 1144
589 2 1144
603 1 1144
608 1 1144
643 1 1144
657 1 1144
660 1 1144
661 1 1144
662 1 1144
663 1 1144
664 1 1144
722 1 1144
769 1 1144
824 1 1144
830 1 1144
925 1 1144
1080 1 1144
1144 12 1144
1195 1 1144
1207 1 1144
1283 1 1144
1294 2 1144
1327 1 1144
1421 1 1144
1421 1 1144
.I 1145
.T
Neighborhood Information Centers
A Study and Some Proposals
.A
Kahn, A.J.
.W
Our point of departure is a study of the feasibility and desirability
of adapting the British Citizens' Advice Bureau (CAB) plan to the
United States, carried out with the financial support and cooperation
of the Ford Foundation.
We conclude that the British CAB pattern, while creative, richly
implicative and a major source of valuable guidance, if merely duplicated
would not make the optimum contribution to the current American scene.
We find overwhelming evidence that new information, advice, referral
provision are necessary. Localities need and want Neighborhood Information
Centers (NIC's).
We find promising beginnings and a number of attractive possibilities
emerging out of the somewhat different efforts by a number of federal
agencies, local government and local voluntary groups. However, no one
of these provides auspices for all the needed functions in accord with
qualities which we find to be essential.
.X
239 2 1145
248 1 1145
358 2 1145
376 1 1145
470 1 1145
781 1 1145
910 2 1145
935 1 1145
946 2 1145
1005 2 1145
1006 1 1145
1017 1 1145
1018 1 1145
1032 1 1145
1049 1 1145
1056 2 1145
1145 8 1145
1227 3 1145
1240 1 1145
1384 2 1145
1396 1 1145
1396 1 1145
.I 1146
.T
Networks for Research and Education
.A
Greenberger, M.
.W
Responding to the heightened interest in the possibilities of networks,
and reflecting its own continuing interest in improving the use of new
technologies in research and education, the National Science Foundation
in 1972 announced the mounting of "an expanded research program . . .
to explore . . . the resource-sharing potential of a national network in
support of research and education." The NSF was well aware of the obstacles
and uncertainties, and it knew that although shareable resources and
pockets of relevant information and experience existed, many of the people
who should be involved in planning were not currently informed or discussing
the possibilities with one another.
.X
10 1 1146
124 1 1146
190 1 1146
225 1 1146
244 1 1146
304 1 1146
305 1 1146
306 1 1146
358 1 1146
385 1 1146
394 1 1146
433 1 1146
459 2 1146
530 1 1146
534 1 1146
642 1 1146
643 1 1146
648 1 1146
702 1 1146
731 1 1146
732 1 1146
734 1 1146
736 1 1146
742 1 1146
743 1 1146
817 1 1146
820 1 1146
823 1 1146
824 1 1146
825 2 1146
826 1 1146
827 1 1146
828 1 1146
880 1 1146
883 1 1146
947 1 1146
948 1 1146
1017 1 1146
1058 1 1146
1061 1 1146
1146 6 1146
1215 1 1146
1230 1 1146
1257 1 1146
1374 1 1146
1375 1 1146
1390 1 1146
1441 1 1146
1441 1 1146
.I 1147
.T
A Core Medical Library for Practitioners in Community Hospitals
.A
Stearns, N.S.
Ratcliff, W.W.
.W
In a ongoing study designed in part to evaluate
and encourage continuing education programs in
community hospitals Postgraduate Medical Institute
(PMI) has determined that there is need for
guidance in the area of medical-library development.
Reports from PMI physician consultants who visited
more than 40 community hospitals indicate that
medical-library facilities are generally poor and
infrequently used by physicians. The basic
weaknesses of these libraries fall into four
categories: inadequate collections, inadequate
personnel, inadequate space, and the absence of
any practical indexing system to facilitate use of
collections that do exist.
Failure to deal with these problems does not
reflect lack of interest but rather lack of stimulation
to do so and absence of any concerted source of
guidance. In response to requests for such guidance
PMI has undertaken a community hospital library
development project in co-operation with the
New England Regional Medical Library Service
(NERMLS) at the Francis A. Countway Library of
Medicine. This report is concerned with the first
phase of this project - namely, the formulation of
a list consisting of a minimal number of textbooks and
journals that can function as the core for a medical
library.
Explanatory letters and questionnaires were sent
to 400 specialists representing 50 areas of medical
practice, including the basic sciences. The
specialists, chosen from regions throughout the
country, were requested to recommend two textbooks
and two journals in their area of special interest
that they considered to be the most basic and
fundamentally useful for practitioners. It was
also requested that recommendations be made in order
of preference.
.X
41 2 1147
87 2 1147
172 1 1147
189 1 1147
195 1 1147
196 6 1147
198 1 1147
199 1 1147
203 1 1147
211 1 1147
214 1 1147
215 2 1147
216 1 1147
217 1 1147
218 1 1147
219 1 1147
220 1 1147
221 1 1147
359 1 1147
415 5 1147
552 1 1147
891 1 1147
905 1 1147
949 1 1147
1030 1 1147
1071 5 1147
1085 1 1147
1086 1 1147
1090 1 1147
1147 14 1147
1275 1 1147
1302 2 1147
1352 1 1147
1397 1 1147
1397 1 1147
.I 1148
.T
The New Industrial State
.A
Galbraith, J.K.
.W
During the fifties and sixties it had become customary to depict
the economic system of the United States, along with its European
and Japanese counterparts, as an accomplishment unique since the
Creation. This volume departed from the accustomed cheering. It
is my impression that the adult reader was always more skeptical
than the economists of the neo-Keynesian nirvana. Economic life
was not meant to be that easy. And perhaps some sensed what I here
urge, that what was called success was less what served the
individual than what served the goals of great industrial and
military bureaucracies which had come, the economic myth notwithstanding,
to comprise so large a part of the economic system. Still, who could
tell that a herald of such news would be welcomed - or even heard.
.X
22 1 1148
74 1 1148
83 1 1148
169 1 1148
245 1 1148
273 1 1148
279 1 1148
288 1 1148
331 1 1148
381 1 1148
408 1 1148
490 1 1148
496 1 1148
591 1 1148
592 1 1148
723 1 1148
724 1 1148
834 1 1148
860 1 1148
925 1 1148
957 1 1148
976 1 1148
1148 6 1148
1227 3 1148
1317 1 1148
1336 1 1148
1353 1 1148
1359 1 1148
1360 1 1148
1400 1 1148
1406 1 1148
1410 1 1148
1424 1 1148
1424 1 1148
.I 1149
.T
The New Librarianship A Challenge for Change
.A
Wasserman, P.
.W
Among the avenues explored were the following: the attractions the
field holds for those now in it and those who might be drawn to it; the
personality of those in the occupation and in its various subfields and
work roles; the characteristics and perspectives of the institutional
administrators; supply and demand facets of the manpower problem;
organizational relationships in libraries and information centers;
library education as a professionalizing and socializing force; and the
implications of network development for manpower planning. Central to the
study rationale was the notion that librarianship should be viewed not as
a static institution committed solely to traditional objectives, but as one
with the capacity to be responsive to changing environmental requirements.
It was hoped that from the intelligence gathered from these inquiries
certain of the significant dimensions of the field's manpower concerns
would be illuminated and proposals to influence future development
would be drawn. Thus, while the investigations were in the nature of
more basic research, their ends were committedly pragmatic.
.X
957 1 1149
959 1 1149
962 1 1149
1005 1 1149
1018 1 1149
1149 5 1149
1333 1 1149
1333 1 1149
.I 1150
.T
New Patterns of Management
.A
Mityaev, V.A.
.W
This volume is intended for persons concerned with the problems of
organizing human resources and activity. It is written especially for those
who are actively engaged in management and supervision and for students
of administration and organization. It presents a new theory of
organization based on the management principles and practices of the
managers; who are achieving the best results in American business and
government. It draws also upon research done in voluntary organizations.
To maintain a relatively consistent orientation, the focus of this volume
is largely on the problems of business enterprises. People interested in
other kinds of institutions, such as schools, hospitals, labor unions,
professional and voluntary organizations, should, however, experience no
difficulty in applying the general principles of the theory to their
organizations.
.X
172 1 1150
173 1 1150
227 1 1150
270 1 1150
272 1 1150
283 1 1150
285 1 1150
293 1 1150
296 1 1150
301 1 1150
401 1 1150
418 2 1150
426 1 1150
1015 2 1150
1065 1 1150
1070 2 1150
1150 11 1150
1186 2 1150
1187 1 1150
1233 1 1150
1268 1 1150
1321 2 1150
1333 1 1150
1362 1 1150
1454 2 1150
1455 1 1150
1455 1 1150
.I 1151
.T
Unintentional Duplication of Research
A survey revealing instances of belated discovery of information
in the literature leads to an estimate of what duplication costs
.A
Martyn, J.
.W
In a letter in New Scientist (vol. 19, p. 148) the rate of duplication of
research among scientists was said to have been
estimated at about 10 per cent. The first
systematic attempt to assess the size of this problem, carried out by the Aslib
Research Department, suggests the actual figure is more than double this, and
the consequent cost to the nation to be measurable in millions of pounds.
We put questions to 647 scientists engaged in industrial, academic or
government research, including chemists, physicists, biologists, psychologists
and mathematicians. One question was: "Have you, during your current research,
discovered in the literature information which you wish you had had at the
beginning of your project?" To this, 144 of them (22 per cent) replied that
they had. Many had made more than one such find, so that the total number of
instances was 245.
.X
2 1 1151
32 1 1151
33 1 1151
36 1 1151
40 1 1151
83 1 1151
90 1 1151
147 1 1151
150 1 1151
161 1 1151
183 1 1151
184 1 1151
193 1 1151
199 1 1151
201 1 1151
202 1 1151
203 1 1151
204 1 1151
205 1 1151
209 1 1151
212 1 1151
217 1 1151
220 1 1151
222 1 1151
284 1 1151
286 1 1151
294 1 1151
369 1 1151
382 1 1151
465 1 1151
543 1 1151
588 1 1151
613 1 1151
624 1 1151
717 1 1151
771 1 1151
782 1 1151
799 1 1151
800 1 1151
808 1 1151
959 1 1151
1068 1 1151
1089 1 1151
1151 9 1151
1361 1 1151
1361 1 1151
.I 1152
.T
Non-book Materials: The Organization of Integrated Collections
.A
Weihs, J.R.
.B
1970
.W
This book presupposes a knowledge of book cataloguing and basic cataloguing
principles. The Dewey decimal classification 9th abridged edition, Sears list
of subject headings 9th edition, and A list of Canadian subject headings
together with a form of simplified cataloguing found in many school libraries
have been used on the sample cards. It must be emphasized that the subject
analysis systems chosen by a particular library for its print collection should
be used for all media. Because of its school library orientation, this book
distinguishes between essential and optional elements on the catalogue card.
Libraries which require detailed cataloguing will consistently list these options,
and may wish to augment the description of materials in the collation and in the
notes. Items necessary for a minimum description and for a complete description
will be subject to further study prior to the next edition of this work.
.X
16 1 1152
63 1 1152
175 1 1152
231 1 1152
235 2 1152
250 1 1152
289 1 1152
348 1 1152
352 1 1152
383 1 1152
389 1 1152
390 1 1152
404 1 1152
487 1 1152
502 1 1152
579 1 1152
596 1 1152
600 1 1152
601 2 1152
799 1 1152
805 1 1152
807 1 1152
848 1 1152
863 2 1152
864 2 1152
897 1 1152
911 1 1152
956 1 1152
963 1 1152
987 1 1152
988 1 1152
989 1 1152
995 1 1152
1152 8 1152
1153 1 1152
1265 1 1152
1294 1 1152
1327 1 1152
1392 1 1152
1392 1 1152
.I 1153
.T
Nonbook Materials: The Organization of Integrated Collections
.A
Weihs, J.R.
.B
1973
.W
Many segments of society are recognizing that
access to information is a vital and fundamental
contemporary need. To provide optimum access
it is essential to be able to retrieve information
in whatever physical format it is found. Such
retrieval requires the development of cataloguing
codes that will handle all media, including
diverse kinds of audio and visual materials.
To be most effective these cataloguing guidelines
should be acceptable on an international level and
should have the support of professional organizations
most concerned with these problems.
.X
92 1 1153
141 1 1153
231 1 1153
235 1 1153
246 1 1153
247 1 1153
299 1 1153
326 1 1153
333 2 1153
352 1 1153
522 1 1153
530 1 1153
627 1 1153
628 1 1153
873 1 1153
874 1 1153
875 1 1153
876 1 1153
892 1 1153
941 1 1153
950 1 1153
991 1 1153
992 1 1153
994 1 1153
995 2 1153
996 1 1153
997 2 1153
998 1 1153
1000 1 1153
1079 1 1153
1152 1 1153
1153 12 1153
1189 2 1153
1216 1 1153
1251 1 1153
1266 1 1153
1351 1 1153
1395 1 1153
1396 1 1153
1420 1 1153
1434 1 1153
1435 1 1153
1441 1 1153
1442 1 1153
1442 1 1153
.I 1154
.T
Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
.A
Siegel, S.
.W
In this book I have presented the tests according to the research
design for which each is suited. In discussing each test, I have attempted
to indicate its "function," i.e., to indicate the sort of data to which it
is applicable, to convey some notion of the rationale of proof underlying
the test, to explain its computation, to give examples of its application
in behavioral scientific research, and to compare the test to its parametric
equivalent, if any, and to any nonparametric tests of similar functions.
.X
35 1 1154
42 1 1154
43 1 1154
44 1 1154
52 1 1154
57 1 1154
61 1 1154
70 1 1154
73 1 1154
81 1 1154
95 1 1154
96 1 1154
175 1 1154
312 1 1154
356 1 1154
389 1 1154
390 1 1154
420 1 1154
422 1 1154
423 3 1154
425 1 1154
426 1 1154
436 1 1154
437 1 1154
458 1 1154
562 1 1154
564 1 1154
565 1 1154
566 1 1154
570 1 1154
578 1 1154
582 1 1154
589 1 1154
594 1 1154
595 1 1154
655 1 1154
656 1 1154
657 1 1154
658 1 1154
660 1 1154
771 1 1154
785 1 1154
1036 1 1154
1041 2 1154
1044 1 1154
1054 1 1154
1154 14 1154
1187 1 1154
1188 1 1154
1218 1 1154
1232 1 1154
1255 1 1154
1281 1 1154
1295 1 1154
1298 1 1154
1321 1 1154
1333 1 1154
1406 1 1154
1408 1 1154
1423 1 1154
1449 1 1154
1449 1 1154
.I 1155
.T
A Study of Information Requests for Scientific Research and Design
.A
Malyarenko, D.P.
.W
This paper describes methods of studying information requests on source
information, analyzes results of questionnaire distribution.
On the basis of the questionnaire answers a card file of the subject requests
and list of requests on source information was formed.
Since the study these requests determines the content and purpose of the
information process, the author suggests that the study of requests be the
first phase of information process.
.X
763 1 1155
772 1 1155
1095 4 1155
1096 1 1155
1099 2 1155
1103 1 1155
1155 5 1155
1156 4 1155
1158 3 1155
1160 2 1155
1166 1 1155
1166 1 1155
.I 1156
.T
Formulation of Information Requests
.A
Venediktov, Y.P.
Sokolov, A.V.
.W
This article presents the results of a study of the information requests of
inquirers. It was elucidated that engineers spent an average of 10 hours per
week in search of needed information. Most valuable sources of information are
theoretical journals. The study showed that "stable life" of theoretical
journals equals about 12 years and information journals about 5-6 years. Some
recommendations were formulated on how to construct a reference information
collection.
.X
372 1 1156
539 1 1156
763 1 1156
772 1 1156
1095 4 1156
1096 2 1156
1099 2 1156
1103 1 1156
1105 1 1156
1155 4 1156
1156 6 1156
1158 3 1156
1160 2 1156
1166 1 1156
1166 1 1156
.I 1157
.T
Definition of Active Stock
.A
Tsiganic, M.
.W
This article considers the question of defining active stock for the electrical
engineering field.
Significant attention was paid to including specialized journals using methods
which calculates number of bibliographical references made in bulletins and
bibliography at the end of the articles with Bradford's distribution.
Reliability of this method is discussed.
.X
359 1 1157
759 1 1157
765 1 1157
770 1 1157
776 1 1157
1076 2 1157
1097 1 1157
1098 3 1157
1108 1 1157
1122 1 1157
1123 1 1157
1157 10 1157
1167 1 1157
1168 1 1157
1172 1 1157
1182 1 1157
1182 1 1157
.I 1158
.T
Principles of Studying of Information Requests
.A
Popilova, L.L.
.W
Earlier publications on the study of information requests consisted of
statistical listing of the most usable sources of information.
Lately there is an increasing number of publications which consider the methods
for studying information requests.
Analysis of these publications shows that we can discern two basic tendencies:
studying subfield groups of researchers and groups of researchers, classified
by topical information sources.
Some attempts were made to study information requests in connection with
creative processes, psychology of creativity and also to establish the
purposes of information retrieval and scientific sources of information.
.X
763 1 1158
771 1 1158
772 1 1158
965 1 1158
1095 4 1158
1099 2 1158
1103 1 1158
1155 3 1158
1156 3 1158
1158 7 1158
1160 1 1158
1330 1 1158
1330 1 1158
.I 1159
.T
Characteristics of Text Structure Complexity
.A
Shreider, Y.A.
.W
This article considers the conditions under which V. Ingve's theorem on the
depth of syntactic structures is applicable.
The relations between graphs of generative phrase structure and phrase
government are studied.
New operators for the generation of syntactic structures are introduced.
.X
1159 5 1159
1162 1 1159
1224 1 1159
1226 2 1159
1381 1 1159
1388 1 1159
1388 1 1159
.I 1160
.T
Methodological problems of scientific-technical literature typology
.A
Feldblyum, I.S.
.W
Two causes for inconsistency between a primary document is content and
form are examined.
1) Inconsistency between document structure and structure of its information.
2) Insufficient development of theories of scientific, and technical literature,
in particular, the typology of primary scientific documents.
It is suggested that the concept of genres of scientific-technical literature
be introduced, based on the degree to which the material is generalized.
Five basic genres are examined: technical reports, articles, monographs, text-
books and reference works.
The practical application of a typology of scientific and technological
literature is shown to be possible.
.X
40 1 1160
763 1 1160
772 1 1160
1095 2 1160
1096 1 1160
1098 1 1160
1099 1 1160
1105 1 1160
1110 1 1160
1155 2 1160
1156 2 1160
1158 1 1160
1160 13 1160
1166 1 1160
1168 1 1160
1169 1 1160
1173 1 1160
1174 1 1160
1177 5 1160
1181 1 1160
1191 1 1160
1446 1 1160
1447 2 1160
1447 2 1160
.I 1161
.T
Some problems of scientific information theory
.A
Shreider, Y.A.
.W
Examines aspects of scientific information theory, connected with assessing
the semantic characteristics of information, statistical nature of texts
and economic factors.
The significance of automatic translation methods is considered from the
point of view of the general problems of information science.
.X
85 1 1161
372 1 1161
485 1 1161
540 1 1161
574 1 1161
893 1 1161
1045 1 1161
1095 1 1161
1099 1 1161
1100 1 1161
1101 1 1161
1102 1 1161
1103 1 1161
1116 1 1161
1117 1 1161
1118 1 1161
1125 1 1161
1128 1 1161
1161 8 1161
1169 1 1161
1176 1 1161
1181 2 1161
1220 2 1161
1228 1 1161
1228 1 1161
.I 1162
.T
On basic features of information retrieval language for information retrieval
by title. Part 1
.A
Stokolova, N.A.
Vleduts, F.E.
.W
Presents the basic features of variants of an informational language designed
for searching titles of publications in the field of synthetic organic chemistry.
The classification of terms from natural language and the specifics of
translating them into information language are discussed.
A method for selecting the synthetic means of informational languages is
developed, and the criterion for semantic correspondence and search
algorithm is briefly described.
Experiments which were conducted with 3 variants of the language developed are
discussed.
Conclusions are drawn on the benefits of the languages for searching,
recommendations are made regarding their field of application.
.X
388 2 1162
434 1 1162
501 1 1162
1118 1 1162
1132 1 1162
1159 1 1162
1162 7 1162
1164 5 1162
1224 1 1162
1413 1 1162
1448 1 1162
1448 1 1162
.I 1163
.T
The Thesaurus and some Methods of its Construction. Part 1.
.A
Ovchinnikov, V.G.
.W
It is suggested that the thesaurus be considered a hierarchical system for
classifying factors.
The problem of automatic construction of thesaurus is posed.
A formal description "input" and "output" of this problem is given; a series
of classificational concepts is formulated.
.X
149 1 1163
151 1 1163
798 1 1163
1118 1 1163
1136 1 1163
1163 5 1163
1175 1 1163
1190 1 1163
1326 1 1163
1326 1 1163
.I 1164
.T
On basic features of information retrieval language for information retrieval
by title.
.A
Stokolova, N.H.
Veeduts, F.E.
.W
Presents the basic features of variants of an informational language designed
for searching titles of publications in the field of synthetic organic chemistry.
The classification of terms from natural language and the specifics of
translating them into information language are discussed. A method for
selecting the synthetic means of informational languages is developed, and the
criterion for semantic correspondence and search algorithm is briefly described.
Experiments which were conducted with 3 variants of the language developed are
discussed. Conclusions are drawn on the benefits of the languages for searching,
recommendations are made regarding their field of application.
.X
388 2 1164
434 1 1164
501 1 1164
1162 5 1164
1164 5 1164
1413 1 1164
1448 1 1164
1448 1 1164
.I 1165
.T
Issues in the informational analysis of documents.
.A
Polushkin, V.A.
.W
In scientific process and primary scientific documents there are objective
characteristics, which allow the accurate and unambiguous reflection of
the form and content of primary statements n the informational analysis of
their secondary pattern.
Using these characteristics allows one to develop a model of standardized
bibliographic and abstract document description and minimize subjectivity in
information analysis.
The objective characteristics of form and content of documents and corresponding
elements of bibliographic and abstractive description must be based on
application of classification schemes.
For each characteristic there must be a corresponding scheme of particular
structural complexity.
.X
458 1 1165
540 1 1165
1101 1 1165
1116 1 1165
1124 2 1165
1130 4 1165
1165 8 1165
1167 1 1165
1195 1 1165
1220 1 1165
1326 1 1165
1412 1 1165
1412 1 1165
.I 1166
.T
New Tasks of Information Services and Specialists Training Problem
.A
Gol'dgamer, G. I.
.W
State-of-the-art in reference information servicing and training of
specialists for information establishments is described..
.X
598 1 1166
1093 1 1166
1095 1 1166
1096 1 1166
1099 1 1166
1155 1 1166
1156 1 1166
1160 1 1166
1166 5 1166
1166 5 1166
.I 1167
.T
Prospects for Primary and Secondary Scientific Publications
.A
Sorokin, Yu. N.
.W
The problems facing specialized primary and abstract journals in the present
environment of rapid publication growth are discussed..
An acceleration of publishing and higher information capacity of the
journals can be achieved via depositing and up-to-date editing methods..
The situation of abstract journals in the context of growing differentiation of
scientific and technical disciplines is depicted..
.X
458 1 1167
1095 1 1167
1102 1 1167
1106 1 1167
1107 1 1167
1108 2 1167
1122 2 1167
1124 1 1167
1157 1 1167
1165 1 1167
1167 8 1167
1176 1 1167
1190 1 1167
1284 1 1167
1285 1 1167
1285 1 1167
.I 1168
.T
Analysis of Biological Publication Growth on the Basis of Periodical Sources
.A
Mityaev, V. A.
.A
Minenskaya, S. A.
.W
The dynamics of the growth of biological publications is investigated.. An
analysis of this growth reveals certain uniformities in the evolution of
scientific communications, which depend on the field of biology, and discloses
the uneven rate of development in the individual fields.. It is concluded that
the specialty is a major factor to be taken into account in defining the volume
of information necessary for a specialist..
.X
37 1 1168
40 1 1168
180 1 1168
416 1 1168
1098 1 1168
1100 1 1168
1157 1 1168
1160 1 1168
1168 8 1168
1172 1 1168
1173 1 1168
1176 1 1168
1177 1 1168
1182 1 1168
1223 1 1168
1381 1 1168
1381 1 1168
.I 1169
.T
The Emerging Science of Information
.A
Semenyuk, E. P.
.W
Discussing whether it is possible and sensible to build up a general science
of information, the author comes to the conclusion that all the necessary
prerequisites to formation of this new discipline, to be termed "informology",
are ripe.. The structure of informology and its interrelationships with
informatics are investigated.. A diagram showing the place occupied by
informology within the overall framework of sciences and its inner structure is
presented..
.X
362 1 1169
540 2 1169
585 2 1169
1095 1 1169
1099 1 1169
1101 1 1169
1102 1 1169
1103 1 1169
1125 1 1169
1128 2 1169
1138 2 1169
1141 1 1169
1160 1 1169
1161 1 1169
1169 8 1169
1181 1 1169
1224 1 1169
1459 2 1169
1459 2 1169
.I 1170
.T
Some Aspects of Subject Acquisition and Detailed Subject Retrieval of Patent
Information
.A
Shenderov, V. Z.
.W
Aspects of subject acquisition and retrieval of patent information are
discussed.. A patent-information service system is conventionally separated
into two parts: a subject acquisitions system designed for stock acquisition
and search file building, and a detailed subject retrieval system designed to
deal with specific user requests.. The performance of both systems is analyzed
using patent classifications as examples.. The tasks of classification research
in relation to subject acquisitions system requirements are formulated..
.X
361 2 1170
759 2 1170
765 1 1170
1117 1 1170
1170 5 1170
1381 1 1170
1381 1 1170
.I 1171
.T
Problems of Compatibility of Information on Retrieval Systems and
Requirements to the Language of an Information Network
.A
Kulik, A. N.
.W
The objectives of information network design are stated, analyzing the
basic operations carried out in conjunction with system interaction within
a network.. The notions of information network and information retrieval
system compatibility are discussed.. A sine qua non of network functioning
is an integrated retrieval language.. Descriptor languages appear to be most
promising for broad-profile document files.. A descriptor language is conceived
as a complex comprising a thesaurus for terminology control, classifiers for
nomenclature control, and the working dictionaries of the system patrons,
which comprise fragments of thesaurus and classifiers plus narrowly specialized
terms as conforming to the file and user needs concerned.. Requirements to a
thesaurus as the core of an information network language are considered..
.X
38 1 1171
180 1 1171
1171 5 1171
1171 5 1171
.I 1172
.T
A Statistical Analysis of Published Articles on Electrical and Power Engineering
.A
Gorkova, V. I.
Mellion, S. P.
.W
A statistical analysis of articles published in electrical and power
engineering serials and periodicals is given.. The results have been used to
refine the quantitative formulation of the Zipf law..
The computational method used can serve as a prototype for analysis of
abstract-journal-like publications..
.X
76 1 1172
416 2 1172
765 2 1172
777 1 1172
789 1 1172
808 1 1172
1085 1 1172
1098 2 1172
1099 1 1172
1101 1 1172
1105 1 1172
1109 1 1172
1114 1 1172
1122 1 1172
1123 3 1172
1142 1 1172
1157 1 1172
1168 1 1172
1172 11 1172
1173 1 1172
1174 1 1172
1176 1 1172
1178 1 1172
1182 1 1172
1226 1 1172
1381 1 1172
1381 1 1172
.I 1173
.T
A Probability Distribution in Information Flow Systems
.A
Kazachkov, L. S.
Khursin, L. A.
.W
The paper treats the probability distribution in information flow systems,
and presents the analysis of a statistical distribution model called the
"hyperbolic ladder" and of the consequences following from this model which
were revealed in linguistics (Zipf), theory of scientific information
(Bradford), and in science of science (Lotka), etc.. The identity of the
mathematical essence of various distributions, investigated by many authors on
their own objects of study, is shown..
The link is considered between the basic probability distribution and some
problems studied in the modern mathematical theory of information.. Examples
are presented of the use of distribution regularities in various systems
analysis..
.X
31 1 1173
44 1 1173
48 1 1173
62 1 1173
201 1 1173
359 3 1173
361 1 1173
373 1 1173
379 1 1173
416 1 1173
475 1 1173
748 1 1173
759 1 1173
765 1 1173
778 2 1173
893 1 1173
1019 1 1173
1109 2 1173
1114 1 1173
1122 2 1173
1123 1 1173
1125 1 1173
1160 1 1173
1168 1 1173
1172 1 1173
1173 10 1173
1177 1 1173
1179 1 1173
1182 1 1173
1200 1 1173
1203 1 1173
1226 1 1173
1226 1 1173
.I 1174
.T
A Standard Format of Progress Reports on Scientific Technical Information
.A
Kruglov, S. L.
.W
A standard format of progress reports is suggested, based on the experience
of research institutes and drawing offices.. The schedule of reports and each
of their sections proceed from the need for maximum "noise-resistance" of
reports as used by various categories of users and giving an exhaustive
description of final and intermediate R&D results.. The author shows that the
difference between the notion of "information value" and of "document value"
dictates a specific approach to organization of the flows of documentary
information, duplication of data in documents of various kind, and to
development of the logical format and literary style of scientific documents..
.X
33 1 1174
789 1 1174
808 1 1174
1097 2 1174
1109 1 1174
1111 1 1174
1122 1 1174
1123 1 1174
1125 1 1174
1160 1 1174
1172 1 1174
1174 5 1174
1176 1 1174
1285 1 1174
1285 1 1174
.I 1175
.T
Syntagmatic Relations Between Descriptors
.A
Chernyi, A.I.
.W
Syntagmatic relations (SR) are defined as connections between words that are
established aposteriori and combine these words into phrases and sentences..
The lack of means for recording SR in descriptor languages results in a
reduction of retrieval precision.. At present, roles and links and the
evaluation of the extent to which these devices are used are the major devices
used for the description of SR between descriptors in documents' search
patterns.. An analysis of published results of experiments testing the
performance of roles and links in 176 descriptor retrieval systems operative in
the USA suggests the conclusion about a poor performance of roles as a
precision device: an increase of 10 percent in precision with the aid of roles
is accompanied by a 10 percent reduction of recall.. Links provide for
approximately the same increase of precision.. The author states the general
requirements to a simple and flexible grammar for descriptor languages, and
show that the approach the suggest ts has been partially implemented in the
information retrieval language for radioelectronics and computer technology
developed at the Institute of Cybernetics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
in Kiev, and in the SYNTOL (France)..
.X
29 1 1175
68 1 1175
69 1 1175
119 1 1175
151 1 1175
175 1 1175
261 1 1175
346 1 1175
382 1 1175
388 1 1175
458 2 1175
476 1 1175
477 1 1175
478 1 1175
479 1 1175
480 1 1175
484 1 1175
485 1 1175
566 1 1175
680 1 1175
704 1 1175
761 1 1175
781 1 1175
798 1 1175
1118 2 1175
1163 1 1175
1175 5 1175
1175 5 1175
.I 1176
.T
Techinical Bibliographies in Metallurgy
.A
Gedrimovich, G. V.
.W
The article presents preliminary results of an analysis of current technical
bibliographies, specifically, in the field of metallurgy, conducted at the
Chair of Technical Literature, Leningrad Krupskaya Institute of Culture.. The
bibliographies have been analyzed in terms of selection quality and coverage;
attention was focused mainly on permanent publications based on rich experience
and elaborated procedures.. "Metallurgiya" abstract journal is shown to hold
the lead among chief world publications in metallurgy in respect of scope,
coverage, and depth of indexing..
.X
485 1 1176
582 1 1176
770 1 1176
776 2 1176
789 1 1176
893 1 1176
1097 2 1176
1098 1 1176
1100 1 1176
1122 1 1176
1161 1 1176
1167 1 1176
1168 1 1176
1172 1 1176
1174 1 1176
1176 6 1176
1176 6 1176
.I 1177
.T
On Rational Structure of a Science Journal Article
.A
Al'tshuler, M. S.
.W
A rational scheme for a scientific (or technical) article is proposed which
is bound to improve its informativeness by purely formal means..
.X
1105 1 1177
1116 1 1177
1160 5 1177
1168 1 1177
1173 1 1177
1177 6 1177
1181 1 1177
1281 1 1177
1382 1 1177
1446 1 1177
1447 1 1177
1447 1 1177
.I 1178
.T
Psychological Problems in Informatics and the Prospects of their Solution
.A
Novikov, Yu. A.
.W
The psychological problems arising in creating and utilizing scientific and
industrial information are stated.. The subjects of study of the information
science, labour psychology, engineering psychology and psycholinguistics are
considered.. The analysis suggests the conclusion that a new trend of
psychological research as emerged - the psychology of informatics..
.X
120 1 1178
139 1 1178
899 1 1178
1099 3 1178
1101 3 1178
1105 1 1178
1121 1 1178
1172 1 1178
1178 6 1178
1190 1 1178
1190 1 1178
.I 1179
.T
Topical Aspects of Informatics to-date
.A
Kozachkov, L. S.
.W
A definition of informatics is given, its method and subject are discussed,
and the aims and prospects of the science are outlined.. The author holds it to
be an important achievement of the research in the fields of informatics and
the science of science in the past few years that information flows have come
to be viewed as system with definite and understandable regularities, which
should be taken into consideration when working out information retrieval
system..
.X
718 1 1179
719 1 1179
1094 1 1179
1099 1 1179
1102 1 1179
1107 1 1179
1118 1 1179
1123 1 1179
1125 2 1179
1127 1 1179
1173 1 1179
1179 5 1179
1190 1 1179
1190 1 1179
.I 1180
.T
A Notation for Coding Organic Compounds
.A
Geivandov, E. A.
.W
A notation for coding organic structures has been developed which provides
for very simple and rational rules of coding the common cyclic fragments..
The conventional unit used in coding regular structures is benzol ring, and
the skeleton of the regular condensed system is coded using a sequence of even
and odd integers.. The set of rules for coding regular systems might be used as
component of a universal notation for organic compounds.. The code offered by
the author is designed to cover an important and broad class of compounds with
conjugate bonds and it can be used within the framework of a specialized
computer-based information retrieval system in the capacity of both the input
and the internal machine language..
.X
671 1 1180
1180 5 1180
1180 5 1180
.I 1181
.T
The Origins of the Information Crisis: A Contribution to the Statement
of the Problem
.A
Yurko, A. A.
.W
The different explanations of the nature of the information problems now
facing science and their causes are cited and shown to be debatable.. It is
necessary to give a definition of "information crisis", this widely used
concept in informatics and the science of science.. The author suggests one
such definition, which reflects the specific historical nature of the possible
manifestations of the crisis.. The "cumulativistic" concept of the progress of
science is criticized as it rules out the possibility of finding the true
causes of the information crisis.. The major cause is asserted to lie with the
nature of the contemporary social production.. An approach to studying into
the origins of the problem is suggested..
.X
540 1 1181
1095 1 1181
1099 1 1181
1101 1 1181
1102 1 1181
1103 1 1181
1125 1 1181
1128 1 1181
1160 1 1181
1161 2 1181
1169 1 1181
1177 1 1181
1181 5 1181
1220 1 1181
1446 1 1181
1447 1 1181
1447 1 1181
.I 1182
.T
The Bibliography of Operational Research
.A
Kendall, M.G.
.W
In his book on Documentation (1948) the librarian, S.C. Bradford,
discussed certain regularities in the pattern of distribution of articles on
a particular subject over different journals. He gives as examples the
distributions for geophysics from 1928-31 inclusive and lubrication for
1931 to June, 1933, inclusive. The typical picture is one in which, to a
bibliography covering a certain short term of years, a few journals contribute
a large number of articles, more journals contribute fewer and so on in
a monotonic sequence ending with a large number of journals contributing
one article each. Patterns of this kind have been observed by several
authors, but Bradford was the first, I think, to advance an explanation of
the effect in bibliographical terms.
.X
19 1 1182
37 1 1182
39 1 1182
40 1 1182
47 1 1182
88 1 1182
97 1 1182
102 1 1182
103 1 1182
162 1 1182
233 2 1182
253 1 1182
313 1 1182
359 5 1182
377 1 1182
379 2 1182
395 1 1182
416 2 1182
505 3 1182
515 1 1182
560 1 1182
573 2 1182
616 1 1182
618 1 1182
632 1 1182
635 1 1182
667 1 1182
748 5 1182
749 1 1182
751 3 1182
759 4 1182
764 1 1182
765 5 1182
776 1 1182
777 1 1182
778 6 1182
782 1 1182
791 2 1182
804 2 1182
805 1 1182
893 2 1182
952 1 1182
1016 2 1182
1061 1 1182
1076 1 1182
1083 2 1182
1085 3 1182
1086 2 1182
1087 1 1182
1090 1 1182
1097 1 1182
1098 1 1182
1114 1 1182
1122 1 1182
1157 1 1182
1168 1 1182
1172 1 1182
1173 1 1182
1182 10 1182
1200 1 1182
1201 1 1182
1226 1 1182
1274 1 1182
1277 1 1182
1278 1 1182
1280 1 1182
1287 1 1182
1301 1 1182
1302 1 1182
1304 1 1182
1313 1 1182
1338 1 1182
1344 1 1182
1347 1 1182
1380 1 1182
1381 2 1182
1418 1 1182
1428 1 1182
1444 1 1182
1444 1 1182
.I 1183
.T
Operations Research: Implications for Libraries
.A
Bookstein, A.
Swanson, D.R.
.W
Library operations in recent times have been characterized by a great
increase in complexity. The rapid expansion of collections, both in size
and scope, the great variety of forms taken by items that now must be housed
in the library, and the growth in expectations among library users are
among the factors that have contributed to this complexity. In this setting,
managerial decision making in the library has become an unenviably difficult
task. Furthermore, the new technologies and new techniques which offer great
opportunities for library planners and managers make even more difficult the
use of traditional, intuitive approaches. It is reasonable to ask whether
techniques such as Operations Research (O. R.) that have proved valuable in
similar situations for business and government, might not also be of service
in libraries.
.X
279 1 1183
288 1 1183
304 1 1183
951 1 1183
975 1 1183
976 1 1183
1183 6 1183
1360 1 1183
1360 1 1183
.I 1184
.T
Compact Book Storage in Libraries
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
.A
Cox, J. Grady
.W
A method is developed for optimally shelving inventory items by size, with
particular reference to large library collections.. The area presented by n+1
distinct shelf heights is minimized for any collection that can be
characterized by an item-height distribution.. When item-height is continuous,
the necessary conditions for the extremum are recursive in the optimal shelf
heights, and the solution reduces to a simple computational search.. For
certain distribution functions, as demonstrated in the example, an additional
recursive relation between the solutions for different n further simplified
the computation considerable.. Geometrical representations of both the model and
the solution method are presented.. The maximum increase in storage capacity
can be expressed generally as a simple function of the mean and the maximum
item-height..
.X
62 1 1184
67 1 1184
245 1 1184
267 1 1184
278 1 1184
435 1 1184
515 1 1184
654 1 1184
925 1 1184
1184 5 1184
1187 1 1184
1317 1 1184
1417 1 1184
1417 1 1184
.I 1185
.T
Experimentation in the Theory of Linguistic Description
.A
Melchuk, I.A.
.W
The principle tool for the study and description of natural languages used in
this book are working models of the type "Sense <-> Text".
The similar model for a given actual language is a completely organized sum
of rules whose purely mechanical application should ideally allow one to:
1) go from the given text in the language being studied to the formal description
of the sense of that text, i.e., to its semantic representation (= semantic
notation)
2) go from a given meaning, i.e., from a given semantic representation to a
text (in the language being studied) which will convey the same meaning.
If the proposed meaning may be expressed in more than one way, then all the
appropriate synonymous texts should be constructed.
.X
1129 1 1185
1185 5 1185
1427 1 1185
1427 1 1185
.I 1186
.T
Organization and Environment Managing Differentiation and Integration
.A
Lawrence, Paul R.
.A
Lorsch,Jay W.
.W
What organizational characteristics are required to deal effectively with
different external market and technological conditions? This is the central
question which this book addresses.. Such a question is quite different from
the central theme of most earlier organizational studies, which have tended
to focus on the question of what is the one best way to organize, irrespective
of the external environmental conditions facing the business.. In this
important respect this study breaks new ground.. Nevertheless, it draws
heavily on earlier studies in the field of organization behavior at Harvard
Business School and elsewhere, as well as the related literature of the
behavioral sciences.. The authors not only report the findings of a comparative
study of ten organizations with different levels of economic performance in
three distinct industrial environments, but also use these findings to unravel
some of the apparent contradictions in current organization theory.. A
discussion of the implications of these findings for the design and
administration of large organizations in relation to their specific market and
technological environments is also included..
.X
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1150 2 1186
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1187 2 1186
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1320 1 1186
1321 1 1186
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1408 1 1186
1408 1 1186
.I 1187
.T
Organizations
.A
March, J.G.
.W
This book is about the theory of formal organizations. It is
easier, and probably more useful, to give examples of formal organizations
than to define the term. The United States Steel Corporation is a formal
organization; so is the Red Cross, the corner grocery store, the New York
State Highway Department. The latter organization is, of course, part of
a larger one - the New York State government. But for present purposes
we need not trouble ourselves about the precise boundaries to be drawn
around an organization or the exact distinction between an "organization" and
a "nonorganization." We are dealing with empirical phenomena, and the world
has an uncomfortable way of not permitting itself to be fitted into clean
classifications.
Authors are often convinced that the particular subjects with which
they are dealing are more significant than the world has acknowledged.
We cheerfully make this claim for organization theory. However much
organizations occupy the thoughts of practicing executives and
administrators, and however many books for these practitioners have
been written about them, the theory of organizations occupies an insignificant
place in modern social science. Most current psychology and
sociology textbooks do not devote even a short chapter to the
subject of formal organizations. The Handbook of Social Psychology
(Lindzey, 1954) contains chapters on small groups, mass media, "industrial
social psychology" (with only passing references to organizations),
leadership, and voting behavior. There is no comparable chapter on
formal organizations, and only scattered reference to them throughout
the text.
.X
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61 1 1187
62 2 1187
67 3 1187
83 1 1187
100 1 1187
120 1 1187
139 1 1187
173 1 1187
227 1 1187
292 1 1187
312 1 1187
343 1 1187
356 2 1187
418 1 1187
435 1 1187
436 1 1187
437 1 1187
584 1 1187
965 1 1187
1036 1 1187
1037 1 1187
1041 1 1187
1070 1 1187
1150 1 1187
1154 1 1187
1184 1 1187
1186 2 1187
1187 8 1187
1333 2 1187
1406 1 1187
1408 1 1187
1416 1 1187
1417 1 1187
1417 1 1187
.I 1188
.T
Organizations in Action Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory
.A
Thompson, J.D.
.W
This book might be considered a conceptual inventory. This is a
departure from the recent fashion of conducting "propositional
inventories," which assumes that important relationships have already been
explored (Berelson and Steiner, 1964). I assume merely that the concepts
relevant to important relationships exist, and once having identified some,
I hope to generate potentially significant propositions. We lack the
systematic evidence that eventually must come, but there are illustrative
studies cited to indicate that the propositions which are neither time- nor
space-bound.
I assume that there are differences among organizations, and hope
to account for some of them. But I also assume that there is not a one-
to-one correspondence between significant organizational differences and
the typical categories of business, government, medicine, and education.
Likewise, I believe there is not a direct correlation between the academic
disciplines and useful categories of complex organizations.
.X
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105 1 1188
214 1 1188
218 1 1188
227 1 1188
250 1 1188
340 1 1188
348 1 1188
375 1 1188
560 1 1188
855 1 1188
986 1 1188
1012 1 1188
1036 1 1188
1041 1 1188
1048 1 1188
1154 1 1188
1186 1 1188
1188 5 1188
1379 1 1188
1408 1 1188
1408 1 1188
.I 1189
.T
Organizing Nonprint Material
.A
Daily, T.E.
.W
The object of this book is to establish a means for organizing
collections of nonprint material so that greatest efficiency can match
most effective service. No lesser goal is worthy of consideration.
In discussing the problems of organization, the examples of material
have been used to explain differences in treatment that can be made
responsive to the needs of the community that the library serves.
Nonprint material is a vital part of a modern library of whatever
type. School libraries have made the greatest use of the material so
far, to the point of becoming media-centers, but the avalanche of
information is not only in print form and the need for information
may often be satisfied only by nonprint material.
.X
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231 1 1189
299 1 1189
333 1 1189
352 1 1189
522 1 1189
530 1 1189
627 1 1189
628 1 1189
873 1 1189
874 1 1189
875 1 1189
876 1 1189
892 1 1189
941 1 1189
992 1 1189
994 1 1189
995 1 1189
996 1 1189
997 1 1189
998 1 1189
1079 1 1189
1153 2 1189
1189 7 1189
1251 1 1189
1351 1 1189
1396 1 1189
1420 1 1189
1434 1 1189
1435 1 1189
1442 1 1189
1442 1 1189
.I 1190
.T
Basis of informatics
.A
Mikhailov, A.I.
.W
Informatics is a new scientific discipline, studying the fracture and
characteristics of scientific information, the regularities of scientific
information activity, its theory, history, system of methods and organization.
The book formulates subject and method of scientific information theory;
gives specification of different kids of documents as sources of scientific
information; sheds light on the methods and forms of analytical-synthetic
document processing; expounds basic principles of information retrieval and
ways to mechanize and automatize it; describes methods and resources of
document copying and reproduction.
.X
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1118 1 1190
1163 1 1190
1167 1 1190
1178 1 1190
1179 1 1190
1190 12 1190
1284 1 1190
1285 1 1190
1350 2 1190
1350 2 1190
.I 1191
.T
Basis of Scientific Information
.A
Mikhailov, A.I.
.W
The present monograph is one of the first attempts to expound the basis of
scientific information, its theory, systems of methods and organization.
The monograph formulates subject and method of scientific information theory;
gives specification of different kinds of documents as sources of scientific
information; sheds light on method and forms of analytical-synthetic
document processing; expounds basic principles of information retrieval and
ways to mechanize and automatize it.
Describes methods and resources of document copying and reproduction.
.X
372 2 1191
1160 1 1191
1191 11 1191
1255 1 1191
1255 1 1191
.I 1192
.T
Out of the Dinosaurus; the evaluation of the National Lending Library for
Science and Technology
.A
Houghton, B.
.W
The establishment of the National Lending Library for Science
and Technology (NLL) has been one of the most significant events
in British librarianship in the twentieth century. This book attempts
to trace the development of the library up to its merger into the
impending British Library, and to describe the philosophies which
shaped its policies and services. I hope that the book will be of
value to British and overseas librarians as a case study of the
development of a national library, and also to students of librarianship
and information work in that it may help them to appreciate the context
in which the library has evolved and in which it now operates.
.X
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1192 5 1192
.I 1193
.T
An Overview of Operational Ballots
.A
Epstein, A. H.
.W
BALLOTS ("Bibliographic Automation of Large Library Operations Using a
Time-sharing System") is an on-line system that assists book processing in the
Acquisition and Catalog departments of the Stanford University Libraries.. The
library staff use video (cathode ray tube or "CRT") terminals to perform a
variety of functions involving several computerized files, and as a result of
this on-line activity, the system updates the files and uses data from them to
print the library outputs overnight..
.X
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620 1 1193
867 1 1193
869 1 1193
875 1 1193
1193 5 1193
1196 1 1193
1196 1 1193
.I 1194
.T
Compaction of Names by X-grams
.A
Walker, Verdon R.
.W
This paper presents a method for compacting proper given names for computer
storage.. The method presented uses x-grams which are combinations of from one
to eight letters.. Rather than spelling names letter by letter, they are
"spelled" with x-grams..
An algorithm as been implemented in a computer program and used to obtain
sets of x-grams for two large (42,165 and 43,875) given name samples.. Using
the x-grams obtained, it was possible to represent the names from one sample in
1.78 bits per original character and in 2.1 bits per original character in the
second sample..
.X
19 1 1194
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318 1 1194
321 2 1194
324 1 1194
329 2 1194
416 3 1194
442 3 1194
450 2 1194
495 2 1194
511 3 1194
524 3 1194
563 1 1194
565 1 1194
567 1 1194
835 2 1194
851 2 1194
862 2 1194
867 1 1194
875 1 1194
1194 5 1194
1196 1 1194
1199 2 1194
1396 1 1194
1398 1 1194
1398 1 1194
.I 1195
.T
Comparative Effects of Titles, Abstracts and Full Texts on Relevance
Judgements
.A
Saracevic, Tefko
.W
Twenty-two users submitted 99 questions to experimental IR systems and
received 1086 documents as answers, receiving first titles, then abstracts, and
finally full texts.. Ability of users to recognize relevance from shorter
formats in comparison to full text judgement was observed.. Of 1086 answers
evaluated, 843 or 78% had the same judgement on all three formats.. Of 207
answers judged relevant from full text, 131 were judged so from titles and 160
from abstracts.. Parallels between users' and IR systems' performance on
shorter formats are drawn..
.X
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444 1 1195
445 1 1195
447 1 1195
449 1 1195
474 1 1195
486 1 1195
510 1 1195
532 1 1195
540 1 1195
582 1 1195
589 3 1195
603 2 1195
625 1 1195
660 1 1195
711 1 1195
722 2 1195
762 1 1195
764 1 1195
830 1 1195
893 1 1195
1016 1 1195
1030 1 1195
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1084 1 1195
1101 1 1195
1116 1 1195
1130 1 1195
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1220 1 1195
1235 1 1195
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1285 1 1195
1421 1 1195
1421 1 1195
.I 1196
.T
Retrieval of Bibliographic Entries from a Name-Title Catalog by Use of
Truncated Search Keys
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
Long, Philip L.
Leiderman, Eugene B.
.W
An experiment to produce information on the utility of co-ordinating derived,
truncated search keys as enquiry terms to an on-line bibliographic system was
performed on a file of 132,808 name-title entries.. Statistics on the number
of entries associated with each key for keys varying from four to eight
characters in length were obtained.. Assuming use of a keyboard cathode ray
tube terminal capable of displaying at least ten lines of text, and taking
spelling error probabilities into account, a derived key consisting of the
first three characters of author name concatenate with the first three
characters of title was determined to be effective for at least four-fifths of
all academic libraries..
.X
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318 1 1196
329 1 1196
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359 1 1196
416 1 1196
511 1 1196
620 1 1196
700 1 1196
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835 1 1196
836 3 1196
851 3 1196
856 1 1196
862 1 1196
867 1 1196
868 9 1196
869 7 1196
871 3 1196
872 4 1196
875 1 1196
876 2 1196
897 1 1196
1193 1 1196
1194 1 1196
1196 16 1196
1197 4 1196
1197 4 1196
.I 1197
.T
Retrieval of Single Entries from a Computerized Library Catalog File
.A
Kilgour, F.G.
.W
The major intellectual challenges confronting an architect of a total
computerized library system is organization of a efficient file of millions of
bibliographic references from which a single entry can be retrieved swiftly
and uniquely. Research on file organization has concentrated on retrieval of
multiple entries possessing some equal or similar characteristic. However, a
basic library bibliographic file should be organized to yield a record unequal
and dissimilar to all others. Such a file is analogous to the familiar main
entry catalog, which every library maintains, and would have associated with
it supplementary index files of subjects, titles, call numbers, and perhaps
other attributes.
.X
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835 3 1197
836 2 1197
851 6 1197
862 2 1197
863 1 1197
868 4 1197
869 2 1197
871 1 1197
872 1 1197
981 1 1197
984 1 1197
1013 1 1197
1196 4 1197
1197 9 1197
1197 9 1197
.I 1198
.T
Proceedings. Conference on Interlibrary Communications and Information Networks
.A
Becker, J.
.W
Librarians and information scientists are vitally concerned
with network development for a number of important reasons.
First, the network concept implies removal of all geographic
barriers to knowledge; this is made possible by advances in
telecommunications technology. Second, a network implies
equal access by any individual for any purpose to the sum total
of the nation's knowledge resources; this has been a long-standing
educational goal. And third, a network implies positive
redirection of the basic professional goals and objectives of
librarianship and information science.
.X
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459 1 1198
1080 1 1198
1198 5 1198
1198 5 1198
.I 1199
.T
A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes
.A
Huffman, David A.
.W
An optimum method of coding an ensemble of messages consisting of a finite
number of members is developed.. A minimum-redundancy code is one constructed
in such a way that the average number of coding digits per message is
minimized..
.X
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228 3 1199
229 1 1199
318 1 1199
321 3 1199
324 1 1199
329 3 1199
416 2 1199
442 3 1199
450 3 1199
495 2 1199
511 3 1199
521 1 1199
524 2 1199
563 1 1199
565 1 1199
567 1 1199
700 1 1199
835 2 1199
851 2 1199
862 2 1199
867 1 1199
875 2 1199
1194 2 1199
1199 5 1199
1199 5 1199
.I 1200
.T
On the Statistics of Individual Variations of
Productivity in Research Laboratories
.A
Shockley, W.
.W
In the following pages a co-winner of the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics
presents a novel study of one of today's most precious commodities -
scientific productivity. The author not only measures the variations
that exist between different research workers, he also explains these
differences and draws some specific conclusions about the relationship
of salary to productivity. PROCEEDINGS readers will find this an
especially timely ad significant discussion, particularly in view of
the present widespread concern about manpower shortages and proper
utilization of scientific personnel.
.X
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37 1 1200
39 1 1200
40 1 1200
47 1 1200
55 1 1200
88 1 1200
97 1 1200
102 1 1200
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233 1 1200
253 1 1200
313 1 1200
359 1 1200
377 1 1200
379 1 1200
395 1 1200
505 1 1200
560 1 1200
573 1 1200
592 1 1200
618 1 1200
632 1 1200
635 1 1200
667 1 1200
747 1 1200
748 1 1200
749 1 1200
751 1 1200
764 1 1200
765 1 1200
777 2 1200
778 1 1200
782 1 1200
791 1 1200
804 1 1200
805 1 1200
893 3 1200
952 1 1200
1016 1 1200
1061 1 1200
1085 2 1200
1086 1 1200
1087 1 1200
1173 1 1200
1182 1 1200
1200 6 1200
1274 1 1200
1277 1 1200
1278 1 1200
1280 2 1200
1285 1 1200
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1301 1 1200
1302 1 1200
1304 1 1200
1313 1 1200
1337 1 1200
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1344 1 1200
1346 1 1200
1347 1 1200
1373 1 1200
1380 1 1200
1428 1 1200
1444 1 1200
1444 1 1200
.I 1201
.T
Communication and Epidemic Processes
.A
Goffman, W.
Newill, V. A.
.W
It is pointed out that communication processes can be represented as
epidemic processes.. Consequently, epidemic theory can be applied to the
study of any process in which information is transmitted within a population..
The members of such populations need not be human beings but could be
micro-organisms or even machines.. The fundamental notion of stability of an
epidemic process is introduced and a stability theorem is derived.. A
mechanism, called an information retrieval process, which instigates an epidemic
process is defined, certain general properties of the mechanism are established
and the means of controlling it are discussed.. Pontryagin's maximum principle
is applied to the problem of achieving optimal control of an epidemic process
and it is shown that stability of the process is equivalent to stability in the
sense of Lyapunov.. This result makes it possible to determine the conditions
for stability without knowledge of the solution of the differential equations
which represent the process..
.X
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1016 2 1201
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1222 1 1201
1227 1 1201
1235 1 1201
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.I 1202
.T
Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis
.A
Duda, R.O.
.W
Our purpose in writing this book has been to give a systematic account of
major topics in pattern recognition, a field concerned with machine recognition
of meaningful regularities in noisy or complex environments.
The most prominent domain-independent theory is classification theory, the
subject of Part I of this book. Based on statistical decision theory, it
provides formal mathematical procedures for classifying patterns once they
have been represented abstractly as vectors.
Attempts to find domain-independent procedures for constructing these
vector representations have not yielded generally useful results. Instead,
every problem area has acquired a collection of procedures suited to its
special characteristics. Of the many areas of interest, the pictorial domain
has received by far the most attention. Furthermore, work in this area has
progressed from picture classification to picture analysis and description.
Part II of this book is devoted to a systematic presentation of these topics
in visual scene analysis.
.X
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441 1 1202
448 1 1202
462 1 1202
518 1 1202
558 1 1202
568 1 1202
572 1 1202
575 1 1202
577 1 1202
628 1 1202
660 2 1202
706 1 1202
795 1 1202
890 1 1202
1044 1 1202
1202 8 1202
1218 1 1202
1282 1 1202
1282 1 1202
.I 1203
.T
Patterns in the Use of books in Large Research Libraries
.A
Fussler, H.H.
.W
The accumulative growth, without limit in ultimate size, of the
general research library must produce stresses and strains that many
institutions will find difficult to resolve. The rising costs of space
for library buildings and bookstacks; the scarcity of centrally located
campus land; aesthetic and functional limitations on the heights, bulk,
and areas of library buildings; and increasing complexity in the organization
of materials and services for the efficient use of large research collections,
are illustrative of some of these stresses and strains.
.X
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163 1 1203
183 1 1203
193 1 1203
201 3 1203
203 1 1203
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269 1 1203
280 1 1203
290 2 1203
353 1 1203
359 1 1203
365 1 1203
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379 1 1203
456 1 1203
475 1 1203
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767 1 1203
768 1 1203
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783 1 1203
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816 1 1203
889 1 1203
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1212 1 1203
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1416 1 1203
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1451 1 1203
1451 1 1203
.I 1204
.T
Perceptions
An Introduction to Computational Geometry
.A
Minsky, M.
.W
The goal of this study is to reach a deeper understanding of some
concepts we believe are crucial to the general theory of computation.
We will study in great detail a class of computations that make
decisions by weighing evidence. Certainly, this problem is of
great interest in itself, but our real hope is that understanding
of its mathematical structure will prepare us eventually to go
further into the almost unexplored theory of parallel computers.
.X
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417 3 1204
430 3 1204
443 3 1204
455 3 1204
464 3 1204
745 3 1204
1045 1 1204
1204 5 1204
1398 3 1204
1427 3 1204
1427 3 1204
.I 1205
.T
Personnel Administration in Libraries
.A
Stebbins, K.B.
.W
Since 1958 when the first edition of the present work was
issued, additional studies, research programs and experimentation
have contributed to changes in personnel work and the large area
of human relations. The impact of these developments has been
and should be felt in libraries as well as in industry, government
and business. The present edition views all the aspects of personnel
work in the context of the most useful of the newer developments.
.X
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208 1 1205
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272 2 1205
418 2 1205
925 1 1205
962 1 1205
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1317 1 1205
1318 1 1205
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1407 1 1205
.I 1206
.T
Personnel Utilization in Libraries
A Systems Approach
.A
Ricking, M.
.W
In the late 1960s nearly all professions in the United States thought
they faced severe shortages of manpower in their fields, both in professional
and supporting areas. Librarianship was not immune: there was more work to be
done than existing staffs could do; there were budgeted professional vacancies
that could not be filled. And, concurrently, there were concerns being quietly
expressed that some of the shortages could be ameliorated by a changed
utilization of existing manpower.
It was at this time and out of these concerns that Julius R. Chitwood, then
president of the Illinois Library Association, appointed an ad hoc Committee
on Manpower Training and Utilization to study patterns of staff assignments
and to recommend to library administrators more effective ways of utilizing
professional staff. After examining the use of professional staff in a few
libraries, however, it became clear to this committee of volunteer researchers
that they could not do the job which needed doing. It was also clear that a
need was there, that a small segment of the library manpower problem could
be more fully explored, that the results of a serious study in Illinois might
have national implications, and that the resources for such a study should be
sought.
.X
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651 1 1206
942 1 1206
943 1 1206
944 1 1206
948 1 1206
1017 1 1206
1049 1 1206
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1237 1 1206
1378 1 1206
1440 1 1206
1450 1 1206
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1453 1 1206
.I 1207
.T
Technical Information Project
.A
Kessler, M. M.
.W
The model of a technical information system described there by Dr. Kessler
involves a working literature taken from twenty-one journals in the field of
physics.. The system, designed and constructed at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology as a prototype operating in a realistic test environment, uses
remote consoles having access to a time-sharing computer facility.. Programs
have been developed for a large variety of search and processing techniques in
real time as well as for delayed output.. The work is supported by the National
Science Foundation and in part by Project MAC, the experimental computer
facility at MIT which is sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency..
.X
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378 1 1207
446 1 1207
450 1 1207
451 1 1207
452 1 1207
459 1 1207
468 1 1207
473 2 1207
482 1 1207
484 1 1207
485 3 1207
492 1 1207
497 1 1207
503 1 1207
508 1 1207
511 1 1207
512 1 1207
514 1 1207
518 1 1207
520 1 1207
523 1 1207
524 1 1207
525 1 1207
526 1 1207
529 1 1207
530 1 1207
534 1 1207
546 1 1207
553 1 1207
572 1 1207
579 1 1207
594 1 1207
603 1 1207
604 1 1207
606 1 1207
609 1 1207
610 1 1207
611 1 1207
612 1 1207
616 1 1207
625 1 1207
626 1 1207
630 1 1207
632 1 1207
636 1 1207
637 1 1207
642 1 1207
648 1 1207
650 1 1207
692 1 1207
696 1 1207
699 1 1207
703 1 1207
705 1 1207
708 1 1207
726 1 1207
727 1 1207
728 1 1207
731 1 1207
732 1 1207
733 1 1207
734 1 1207
736 1 1207
738 1 1207
739 1 1207
740 1 1207
741 1 1207
742 1 1207
743 1 1207
744 1 1207
755 1 1207
773 1 1207
820 1 1207
826 1 1207
827 1 1207
879 1 1207
883 1 1207
958 1 1207
1004 1 1207
1035 1 1207
1078 1 1207
1089 1 1207
1091 1 1207
1123 1 1207
1144 1 1207
1207 8 1207
1264 1 1207
1283 2 1207
1297 1 1207
1303 1 1207
1356 1 1207
1364 1 1207
1368 1 1207
1370 1 1207
1372 1 1207
1373 1 1207
1374 1 1207
1375 1 1207
1376 1 1207
1377 1 1207
1426 1 1207
1426 1 1207
.I 1208
.T
Keeping up with What's Going on in Physics
AIP's Current Physics Information program offers new products
to help scientists and engineers stay up-to-date
.A
Herschman, A.
.W
In 1966, AIP had a modest program in physics information supported by the
National Science Foundation. The program went back several years, and
AIP was considering a major expansion. The first task faced in such an
expansion was to augment the staff so as to be interdisciplinary in physics,
computer operations and scientific information. The staff would be able
to analyze and extend the studies made at AIP and elsewhere, and would
formulate a basic approach.
.X
91 1 1208
253 1 1208
429 1 1208
513 1 1208
580 1 1208
582 1 1208
588 1 1208
589 1 1208
603 1 1208
613 1 1208
614 1 1208
618 1 1208
657 1 1208
685 3 1208
686 2 1208
691 2 1208
721 2 1208
722 1 1208
724 1 1208
725 2 1208
765 1 1208
770 1 1208
776 1 1208
958 1 1208
987 1 1208
988 1 1208
1208 5 1208
1209 1 1208
1290 1 1208
1293 1 1208
1299 2 1208
1302 1 1208
1302 1 1208
.I 1209
.T
Is Journal Publication Obsolescent?
.A
Pasternack, S.
.W
Orderly communication through research journals may be jeopardized by a
developing national information system that is beginning to encroach on the
domain of the primary publication system. The author also believes mass
distribution of unedited, unreferred and often unproofed preprints, which
has recently been proposed, would put journals out of business or transform
them into depositories.
.X
40 1 1209
110 1 1209
473 1 1209
592 1 1209
685 2 1209
686 1 1209
691 1 1209
721 1 1209
725 1 1209
735 1 1209
765 1 1209
770 1 1209
776 1 1209
795 1 1209
796 1 1209
798 1 1209
902 1 1209
906 1 1209
907 2 1209
1030 2 1209
1062 1 1209
1089 1 1209
1208 1 1209
1209 6 1209
1235 1 1209
1289 2 1209
1290 2 1209
1293 1 1209
1294 1 1209
1296 1 1209
1319 1 1209
1319 1 1209
.I 1210
.T
Is There a Pecking Order in Physics Journals?
Analysis of close to a million citations puts
Physical Review at the top of the list, but the order
changes when we adjust for "impact" and "immediacy."
.A
Inhaber, H.
.W
When physicists wish to communicate their work by means of publication,
several considerations are weighed before choosing the appropriate journal.
There is the matter of audience; of the probable delay between acceptance
and publication; of article format (letter, review, standard research report).
If the article is potentially controversial, the author may estimate its
chances of being accepted by different journals. Considerations of national
pride may sway the choice: An author may submit a work to a journal in his
own country rather than to one that has a greater circulation and impact but
is published in a foreign country.
.X
37 1 1210
47 1 1210
48 2 1210
102 1 1210
113 1 1210
167 1 1210
198 1 1210
378 1 1210
503 1 1210
513 1 1210
543 1 1210
614 2 1210
618 1 1210
635 2 1210
638 2 1210
735 1 1210
748 1 1210
753 1 1210
756 1 1210
757 1 1210
787 1 1210
792 1 1210
821 1 1210
831 1 1210
952 2 1210
953 1 1210
1083 1 1210
1210 5 1210
1254 1 1210
1256 1 1210
1260 2 1210
1275 2 1210
1276 1 1210
1278 1 1210
1300 1 1210
1302 4 1210
1308 1 1210
1313 1 1210
1369 1 1210
1373 1 1210
1418 1 1210
1418 1 1210
.I 1211
.T
The Planning of Academic and Research Library Buildings
.A
Metcalf, K.D.
.W
This volume deals with the planning of academic
and research library buildings. Library buildings
house library collections of various kinds, chiefly
books and other printed matter; seating accommodations
and other facilities for library users; quarters for
the library staff that acquires, catalogues, and serves
the collections; and, in addition, architectural or
what is preferably known as non-assignable space.
(If there if space left over after caring for the
above needs, it is sometimes assigned for other
purposes.)
.X
7 3 1211
240 1 1211
262 2 1211
353 2 1211
365 1 1211
367 1 1211
969 1 1211
971 1 1211
1028 1 1211
1068 1 1211
1203 1 1211
1211 10 1211
1212 3 1211
1266 2 1211
1424 1 1211
1425 1 1211
1425 1 1211
.I 1212
.T
Planning the College and University Library Building:
A book for campus planners and architects
.A
Ellsworth, R.E.
.W
This book is intended to help campus planners, architects,
and librarians in the early stages of the planning process.
Three aspects of the problem deserve more careful treatment
than they have received. These are: the effects of automation
and electronics on planning; the overall organization of service
patterns; and, the relevance of other audiovisual learning media.
This is a book about the planning process, not the details
of all parts of a building. It will not tell you which floor
covering is best, which light fixtures to use or which kind of
library shelving to buy. These matters are treated in detail
by Metcalf. It will, however, try to tell you how to go
about solving these and the many other problems planners face.
Wherever it seems relevant and proper, I have included
sketches to illustrate the point under discussion. For the
simplicity of these illustrations, I beg the indulgence of the
reader.
.X
7 1 1212
240 1 1212
262 2 1212
353 1 1212
365 1 1212
907 1 1212
1028 1 1212
1068 1 1212
1203 1 1212
1211 3 1212
1212 5 1212
1266 2 1212
1424 1 1212
1425 1 1212
1425 1 1212
.I 1213
.T
Plans and Structure of Behavior
.A
Miller, G.A.
.W
The notion of a Plan that guides behavior is, again not entirely
accidentally, quite similar to the notion of a program that guides an
electronic computer. In order to discover how to get the Image into
motion, therefore, we reviewed once more the cybernetic literature
on the analogies between brains and computers, between minds and
programs.
Our fundamental concern, however, was to discover whether
the cybernetic ideas have any relevance for psychology. The men
who have pioneered in this area have been remarkably innocent
about psychology - the creatures whose behavior they want to
simulate often seem more like a mathematician's dream than like
living animals. But in spite of all the evidence, we refused to
believe that ignorance of psychology is a cybernetic prerequisite or
even an advantage. There must be some way to phrase the new ideas so
that they can contribute to and profit from the science of behavior
that psychologists have created. It was the search for that favorable
intersection that directed the course of our year-long debate.
.X
66 1 1213
75 1 1213
168 1 1213
211 1 1213
572 1 1213
586 1 1213
590 1 1213
1035 1 1213
1045 1 1213
1046 1 1213
1047 1 1213
1213 5 1213
1389 1 1213
1443 1 1213
1443 1 1213
.I 1214
.T
The Practice of Management
.A
Drucker, P.F.
.W
We have available today the knowledge and experience needed
for the successful practice of management. But there is probably no
field of human endeavor where the always tremendous gap between
the knowledge and performance of the leaders and the knowledge
and performance of the average is wider or more intractable. This
book does not exclude from its aims the advancement of the frontier
of knowledge; it hopes, indeed, to make some contribution to it.
But its first aim is to narrow the gap between what can be done and
what is being done, between the leaders in management and the
average.
.X
4 1 1214
206 1 1214
285 1 1214
293 1 1214
296 1 1214
298 1 1214
301 1 1214
302 1 1214
418 2 1214
768 1 1214
774 1 1214
823 1 1214
842 1 1214
843 1 1214
844 1 1214
925 1 1214
1015 1 1214
1069 2 1214
1070 2 1214
1214 6 1214
1454 1 1214
1454 1 1214
.I 1215
.T
PRECIS: a manual of concept analysis and subject indexing
.A
Austin, D.
.W
In 1951, the British Bibliography introduced the relatively new technique
of chain indexing to British libraries. Twenty years later, with chain
procedure established as one of the standard techniques, BNB again pioneered
a new approach to subject indexing when it adopted PRECIS from its first
issues of 1971.
To explain why this change was felt to be necessary, we have to consider
these indexing systems in the light of the new approaches to handling
bibliographic data which have developed over the past decade of so. Two
forces, in particular, have affected both descriptive cataloguing and subject
indexing during this period; firstly, the introduction of computers;
secondly, and concomitantly, the development of bibliographic data exchange
networks, of which MARC is, perhaps, the primary example.
In some respects, PRECIS represents a parallel development in the field of
subject indexing. Traditionally, indexing systems have also tended to be
dominated by the concept of a most significant term which, once identified
by the indexer, would be offered as the user's access point to the alphabetical
file. This applied most obviously to subject heading systems. A good deal
of Cutter's "Rules for a dictionary catalog" is devoted to the problem of
identifying this most significant term in a compound heading and presenting
it as the user's access point, even when this entailed a distortion of
natural language, and the production of inverted headings. The unselected
component would then be lost as an entry word, unless the indexer also
created a further heading or headings, in which case none of these headings
would be co-extensive with the subject of the document.
.X
86 1 1215
146 1 1215
160 1 1215
168 2 1215
194 1 1215
258 1 1215
259 1 1215
434 1 1215
445 1 1215
449 1 1215
458 1 1215
478 3 1215
480 4 1215
487 1 1215
530 1 1215
746 2 1215
758 1 1215
781 1 1215
817 2 1215
819 1 1215
824 1 1215
825 7 1215
874 1 1215
880 1 1215
901 1 1215
1024 5 1215
1027 1 1215
1054 1 1215
1061 1 1215
1146 1 1215
1215 19 1215
1230 2 1215
1231 1 1215
1255 1 1215
1265 1 1215
1441 1 1215
1443 1 1215
1448 1 1215
1448 1 1215
.I 1216
.T
Prejudices and Antipathies:
A tract on the LC subject heads concerning people
.A
Berman, S.
.W
Since the first edition of Library of Congress subject
headings appeared 60 years ago, American and other libraries
have increasingly relied on this list as the chief authority --
if not the sole basis -- for subject cataloging. There can
be no quarrel about the practical necessity for such a
labor-saving, worry-reducing work, nor--abstractly--about its
value as a global standardizing agent, a means for achieving
some uniformity in an area that would otherwise be chaotic.
Undoubtedly, it is a real boon to scholars, as well as to
ordinary readers, to find familiar, fairly constant headings
in subject catalogs as far removed geographically as
Washington, DC and Lusaka, Zambia. Knowledge and scholarship
are, after all, universal. And a subject-scheme should, ideally,
manage to encompass all the facets of what has been printed and
subsequently collected in libraries to the satisfaction of the
worldwide reading community. Should, that is. But in the realm
of headings that deal with people and cultures--in short, with
humanity--the LC list can only "satisfy" parochial, jingoistic
Europeans and North Americans, white-hued, at least nominally
Christian (and preferably Protestant) in faith, comfortably
situated in the middle and higher-income brackets, largely
domiciled in suburbia, fundamentally loyal to the Established
Order, and heavily imbued with the transcendent, incomparable glory of
Western civilization. Further, it reflects a host of untenable--indeed,
obsolete and arrogant--assumptions with respect to young
people and women. And exudes something less than sympathy or
even fairness toward organized labor and the sexually unorthodox or
"avant-garde."
.X
79 1 1216
92 2 1216
235 1 1216
246 2 1216
247 1 1216
326 1 1216
333 2 1216
361 1 1216
382 1 1216
449 1 1216
530 1 1216
553 1 1216
608 1 1216
628 1 1216
802 1 1216
819 1 1216
825 2 1216
874 3 1216
877 1 1216
878 1 1216
881 1 1216
883 1 1216
930 1 1216
940 1 1216
941 2 1216
950 2 1216
966 1 1216
978 1 1216
988 1 1216
991 1 1216
992 1 1216
993 1 1216
995 1 1216
997 3 1216
1000 1 1216
1079 2 1216
1153 1 1216
1216 13 1216
1266 2 1216
1395 2 1216
1421 2 1216
1434 1 1216
1435 1 1216
1436 1 1216
1441 1 1216
1441 1 1216
.I 1217
.T
Prestige, Class and Mobility
.A
Svalastoga, K.
.W
This volume contains the report of a sample survey conducted in Denmark
1953-1954. In addition the author has attempted to integrate survey findings
with relevant sociological theory and with previous research findings.
.X
93 2 1217
308 1 1217
438 1 1217
1217 7 1217
1331 3 1217
1340 2 1217
1340 2 1217
.I 1218
.T
Principles of Numerical Taxonomy
.A
Sokal, R.R.
.W
It is the purpose of this book to present a firm theoretical basis for
numerical taxonomy, to show why we believe numerical taxonomy has
advantages over conventionally practiced taxonomy, to report on the
previous advances made in the field so far, and to furnish newcomers in
the field with a detailed step-by-step description of the procedures
employed in numerical taxonomy.
.X
72 1 1218
160 1 1218
175 3 1218
176 1 1218
321 1 1218
327 1 1218
419 1 1218
420 1 1218
422 1 1218
458 1 1218
509 1 1218
537 1 1218
558 1 1218
562 2 1218
564 1 1218
566 1 1218
570 1 1218
572 1 1218
628 1 1218
660 2 1218
662 1 1218
785 1 1218
795 1 1218
803 1 1218
1044 3 1218
1092 1 1218
1154 1 1218
1202 1 1218
1218 10 1218
1309 1 1218
1327 1 1218
1327 1 1218
.I 1219
.T
Principles of Operations Research with Applications to Managerial Decisions
.A
Wagner, H.M.
.W
This book is written primarily for college students who have no previous
background in operations research and who intend careers as administrators,
consultants, executives, or managers in business, nonprofit enterprises, or
government. The broad topic coverage also should make the text helpful for
students who seek careers as teachers and researchers as well as for
practitioners who desire an up-to-date review of operations research. The
book can be used in half-year or full-year introductory courses for juniors,
seniors, or graduates in business, economics, and engineering curricula.
The central goal of the book is to answer the question, "What are the
fundamental ideas of operations research?" The text does not presuppose any
advanced training in business administration, industrial engineering,
mathematics, statistics, probability theory, or economics. Therefore, the
main ideas do not rely on the reader's being expert in these areas. The
text does assume, however, that the reader is not entirely naive about such
subjects.
.X
3 1 1219
5 1 1219
62 1 1219
90 1 1219
91 1 1219
158 1 1219
172 2 1219
175 1 1219
222 2 1219
223 1 1219
267 1 1219
360 2 1219
368 1 1219
435 1 1219
471 2 1219
494 1 1219
515 1 1219
587 1 1219
615 1 1219
660 1 1219
792 1 1219
810 1 1219
815 1 1219
823 1 1219
840 1 1219
907 2 1219
915 1 1219
925 2 1219
948 1 1219
957 1 1219
960 1 1219
1023 1 1219
1082 1 1219
1219 10 1219
1227 1 1219
1268 2 1219
1324 1 1219
1365 1 1219
1386 1 1219
1390 1 1219
1402 1 1219
1416 1 1219
1417 3 1219
1418 2 1219
1426 2 1219
1426 2 1219
.I 1220
.T
Nature of Information
.A
Ursul, A.D.
.W
The book considers connections between the concept of information and some
philosophical categories, reveals the possibility of applying theoretical-
informational methods in logic, gnosiology (epistemology or theory of
knowledge).
.X
85 1 1220
540 2 1220
574 1 1220
1045 1 1220
1101 1 1220
1116 2 1220
1117 1 1220
1130 1 1220
1137 1 1220
1140 1 1220
1141 1 1220
1161 2 1220
1165 1 1220
1181 1 1220
1195 1 1220
1220 6 1220
1267 1 1220
1267 1 1220
.I 1221
.T
Problems in Organizing Library Collections
.A
Hickey, D.J.
.W
In the area of library work often called "cataloging" and, more broadly,
"technical services," the student may fall into two errors: that of assuming
that all work is strictly routine and mechanical, and that of viewing the tasks
of organizing a library collection as self-contained. One purpose of the case
studies here presented is to help correct both these errors, and to do so
by illuminating some of the ways in which interpersonal relations affect the
character of the routines and by setting the organizational tasks in the broader
context of the total library situation.
.X
90 2 1221
231 1 1221
261 1 1221
289 1 1221
294 1 1221
295 1 1221
299 1 1221
334 1 1221
354 1 1221
366 1 1221
553 1 1221
608 1 1221
610 1 1221
612 1 1221
617 2 1221
620 2 1221
815 1 1221
938 1 1221
939 1 1221
963 1 1221
990 1 1221
991 1 1221
992 1 1221
1057 1 1221
1221 6 1221
1229 1 1221
1269 1 1221
1318 1 1221
1365 1 1221
1390 1 1221
1390 1 1221
.I 1222
.T
Russian descriptor informatics dictionary
.A
Chernyi, A.I.
.W
This dictionary contains general alphabetical list of descriptors and
synonymous, keywords, and word combinations.
It is intended for use in coordinating the indexing of documents.
.X
161 1 1222
587 1 1222
793 1 1222
794 1 1222
800 1 1222
1085 1 1222
1102 1 1222
1107 1 1222
1201 1 1222
1222 5 1222
1285 1 1222
1285 1 1222
.I 1223
.T
Problems of Information Service
.A
Chernyi, A.I.
.B
1973
.W
A major prospect for meeting the present critical situation
in the domain of scientific communications - which is a
natural corollary of the advancement of scientific and
technical revolution is the development and practical
implementation of a special type of information systems,
known as Integrated Information Systems.
.X
37 1 1223
40 1 1223
452 1 1223
883 1 1223
899 1 1223
1093 1 1223
1123 1 1223
1168 1 1223
1223 11 1223
1460 1 1223
1460 1 1223
.I 1224
.T
On one model of semantic information theory
.A
Shreider, Y.A.
.W
Text processing problems (such as automatic translation and automatic
abstracting) create a need for defining explicit concepts, which should be
characterized as the properties and quantity of semantic information
contained in document texts.
In fact, we need a formal model, which lets us describe the process of
semantic text analysis.
Semantic text analysis could be described from the point of view of someone
with a different "conception of the world" - e.g. the text of very meaningful
article does not contain, in fact, any information for people who are not
specialists in the given mathematic field.
Therefore, the formal model must contain descriptions of the "conception of the
world: of the given observer.
Such a description we call a thesaurus.
Semantic text analysis we interpret as changing the thesaurus in response
to a given text.
.X
25 1 1224
228 1 1224
229 1 1224
540 1 1224
1133 1 1224
1138 1 1224
1159 1 1224
1162 1 1224
1169 1 1224
1224 7 1224
1224 7 1224
.I 1225
.T
On semantic synthesis
.A
Zholkovskii, A.K.
.W
This paper describes a system for the automatic synthesis of a text in a natural
language (Russian).
The primary characteristic of this system is its semantic nature and the
plurality of its synthesis.
.X
168 1 1225
399 1 1225
1225 7 1225
1388 1 1225
1388 1 1225
.I 1226
.T
Evaluation of Methods of Formal Investigation of Texts in Dead Languages
.A
Shreider, Yu. A.
.W
An account is given of the principles for automatic decipherment of
historical documents which are used by te VINITI group under the leadership of
M. A. Probst.. The author considers problems of dividing texts into blocks,
classification of morphemes into auxiliary and root morphemes by means of the
variational principle, and establishment of correspondences between related
languages..
.X
151 1 1226
359 1 1226
416 2 1226
504 1 1226
759 1 1226
765 2 1226
773 1 1226
778 1 1226
798 1 1226
1114 1 1226
1118 1 1226
1122 2 1226
1123 1 1226
1133 1 1226
1141 1 1226
1159 2 1226
1172 1 1226
1173 1 1226
1182 1 1226
1226 9 1226
1381 2 1226
1381 2 1226
.I 1227
.T
Production and Distribution
.A
Machlup, F.
.W
Anything that goes under the name of "production and distribution"
sounds as if it clearly fell into the economist's domain. An analysis of
"knowledge," on the other hand, seems to be the philosopher's task,
though some aspects of it are claimed by the sociologist. But if one
speaks of the "communication of knowledge in the United States," the
specialist in education may feel that this is in his bailiwick; also the
mathematician or operations researcher specializing in communication
theory and information systems may prick up his ears. In fact, some of
the knowledge to be discussed here is technological, and thus the
engineer may properly be interested. When I tried out the title of this
study on representatives of various disciplines, many were rather surprised
that an economist would find himself qualified to undertake this kind of
research.
.X
5 1 1227
10 1 1227
22 1 1227
74 1 1227
83 1 1227
90 1 1227
91 1 1227
127 1 1227
144 1 1227
145 1 1227
158 1 1227
169 1 1227
222 1 1227
223 1 1227
239 1 1227
245 1 1227
273 1 1227
279 1 1227
288 1 1227
331 1 1227
358 1 1227
368 1 1227
369 1 1227
376 1 1227
381 1 1227
400 1 1227
408 1 1227
435 1 1227
471 1 1227
490 1 1227
496 1 1227
591 1 1227
592 1 1227
615 1 1227
723 1 1227
724 1 1227
781 1 1227
815 1 1227
834 1 1227
860 1 1227
910 1 1227
925 2 1227
935 1 1227
946 1 1227
957 3 1227
976 1 1227
1005 1 1227
1006 1 1227
1018 1 1227
1023 1 1227
1032 1 1227
1049 1 1227
1056 1 1227
1081 1 1227
1082 1 1227
1145 3 1227
1148 3 1227
1201 1 1227
1219 1 1227
1227 18 1227
1232 1 1227
1240 1 1227
1270 1 1227
1302 1 1227
1306 1 1227
1317 1 1227
1353 1 1227
1359 1 1227
1360 1 1227
1365 1 1227
1384 1 1227
1389 1 1227
1390 2 1227
1396 1 1227
1400 1 1227
1406 1 1227
1410 1 1227
1424 1 1227
1444 1 1227
1444 1 1227
.I 1228
.T
The Prognostication of science
.A
Dobrov, G.M.
.W
Science is developing at a rapid pace.
The modern scientific and technical revolution has as its outcome an
unprecedented fact: the transformation of science in an ever growing manner
and along the growing front of scientific disciplines into an immediately
productive and social force of society.
.X
1107 1 1228
1110 1 1228
1116 1 1228
1117 1 1228
1118 1 1228
1161 1 1228
1228 5 1228
1228 5 1228
.I 1229
.T
The Application of Microform to Manual and Machine-readable Catalogues
.A
Buckle, D. G. R.
French, Thomas
.W
At Birmingham University Library it is proposed to implement in October
l972, a complete microfilm catalogue system.. This system originated from two
sources.. Over the past two years various means have been evaluated of
converting the library's card catalogues (which were closed at the end of 1971)
to a more compact form.. An interim report mentioned microfilming as one of a
number of possibilities.. At the time the production of hard copy was
envisaged, but since then a true microform system has seemed preferable, in
which the catalogue would exist as cassettes of film to be viewed by all users
on reader machines.. This system has been specified and costed, and details are
included in this paper.. The impetus in reaching this viewpoint was provided by
the progress made over the last 18 months in the field of COM, which rapidly
commended itself as the choice of output medium for the new mechanized
MARC-based catalogue, which covers all the library's serials and all
monographs acquired after January 1972.. BLCMP union catalogues in these
categories will also be held in COM form at Birmingham University Library..
.X
56 2 1229
90 1 1229
289 1 1229
294 1 1229
553 1 1229
612 1 1229
617 1 1229
620 1 1229
886 1 1229
892 2 1229
963 1 1229
990 1 1229
1221 1 1229
1229 5 1229
1371 1 1229
1371 1 1229
.I 1230
.T
Book Selection from MARC Tapes: a Feasibility Study
.A
Wainwright, Jane
Hills, Jacqueline
.W
The technical and economic feasibility of providing selective notifications
of current books to specialized libraries by extraction from MARC tapes has
been explored.. An experimental on-line system 'MARCAS' was used to test profile
construction and the utility of the various elements in MARC records as search
keys.. The programs allowed both weighted and Boolean searching on the title
and author, LC classification and subject headings, and the BNB Precis indexing
terms and Reference Index Numbers.. Test profiles were constructed for nine
libraries covering a range of subject fields, and run on six weeks of BNB and
six weeks of LC MARC tapes.. The output was assessed for relevance and recall,
and the results analyzed in terms of precision and recall for various
combinations of searchable fields.. The best performance, with recall and
precision both about 50%, was given by searching all verbal fields together -
title and author, LC subject headings, and (BNB tapes only) Precis indexing
terms.. Costs for the experimental on-line system, and a batch version of the
system, are identified..
.X
10 1 1230
141 1 1230
146 1 1230
160 1 1230
168 1 1230
190 1 1230
225 1 1230
244 2 1230
257 1 1230
258 1 1230
299 1 1230
304 1 1230
305 1 1230
306 1 1230
358 1 1230
365 1 1230
385 1 1230
394 1 1230
433 1 1230
459 1 1230
529 1 1230
534 1 1230
630 1 1230
702 1 1230
715 1 1230
731 1 1230
732 1 1230
746 1 1230
797 1 1230
798 1 1230
817 2 1230
820 1 1230
822 1 1230
823 1 1230
825 3 1230
826 1 1230
827 1 1230
828 1 1230
854 1 1230
871 1 1230
872 1 1230
873 1 1230
874 1 1230
875 1 1230
876 1 1230
877 1 1230
878 1 1230
879 1 1230
880 1 1230
892 1 1230
940 1 1230
941 1 1230
947 1 1230
948 1 1230
990 1 1230
994 1 1230
997 1 1230
998 1 1230
1017 1 1230
1058 1 1230
1079 1 1230
1143 1 1230
1146 1 1230
1215 2 1230
1230 5 1230
1257 2 1230
1265 1 1230
1303 1 1230
1390 1 1230
1393 1 1230
1394 1 1230
1396 1 1230
1435 1 1230
1436 1 1230
1436 1 1230
.I 1231
.T
Prolegomena to Library Classification
.A
Ranganathan, S.R.
.W
Even while Edition 2 was under preparation, seeds had been
sown to take the study of the Theory of Classification to a deeper
level with the co-operation of a wider circle of workers. An
International Conference of Libraries and Documentation Centres was
held in Brussels from 11 to 18 September 1955. During the Conference,
a whole forenoon was devoted to a Group Meeting on "Classification,
General and Special", under my Chairmanship. The following two
resolutions recommended by the Group Meeting were adopted by the
Plenary Meeting on 16 September 1955.
"1 The FID recommends that a deeper and more extensive study
should be made of the general theory of classification, including
facet analysis, and also of their application in the documentation
of specific subjects.
"2 The Commission proposes, that in liaison with the FID/CA
Committee, a permanent Working Group be created in order to make
mutual exchange of theoreticians' experiences and points of view
possible. The rapporteurs shall bring about the creation of such a
group and furnish the information and means of work in order that
practical results may be obtained in the shortest time, by making
mail exchanges easier and more frequent. The scheme proposed by Dr.
Ranganathan will serve as the basic document" [154]. Further,
at its meeting held on 16 September 1955, the Council of FID requested
its Bureau to convene an International Seminar on Classification.
This was in accord with the memorandum prepared by me at the request
of Donker Duyvis [133].
.X
29 1 1231
58 1 1231
117 1 1231
154 1 1231
165 4 1231
168 1 1231
257 1 1231
258 1 1231
259 1 1231
260 1 1231
263 2 1231
337 1 1231
353 1 1231
388 1 1231
434 1 1231
445 2 1231
451 1 1231
471 1 1231
476 3 1231
477 2 1231
516 1 1231
525 2 1231
530 1 1231
542 1 1231
590 2 1231
609 1 1231
621 3 1231
641 2 1231
656 1 1231
668 1 1231
670 1 1231
671 1 1231
674 1 1231
683 1 1231
689 2 1231
715 1 1231
758 1 1231
762 1 1231
797 1 1231
814 1 1231
819 2 1231
898 1 1231
901 1 1231
911 1 1231
1024 1 1231
1027 1 1231
1053 1 1231
1066 3 1231
1073 1 1231
1077 3 1231
1215 1 1231
1231 18 1231
1255 1 1231
1259 2 1231
1391 2 1231
1393 1 1231
1394 1 1231
1413 1 1231
1414 1 1231
1429 1 1231
1430 1 1231
1443 1 1231
1448 1 1231
1448 1 1231
.I 1232
.T
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two:
Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information
.A
Miller, G.A.
.W
My problem is that I have been persecuted by an integer. For seven years
this number has followed me around, has intruded in my most private data, and
has assaulted me from the pages of our most public journals. This number
assumes a variety of disguises, being sometimes a little larger and sometimes a
little smaller than usual, but never changing so much as to be unrecognizable.
The persistence with which this number plagues me is far more than
a random accident. There is, to quote a famous senator, a design behind it,
some pattern governing its appearances. Either there really is something
unusual about the number or else I am suffering from delusions of persecution.
.X
26 1 1232
35 1 1232
42 1 1232
43 1 1232
52 1 1232
70 1 1232
73 1 1232
81 1 1232
95 1 1232
228 1 1232
229 1 1232
311 1 1232
420 1 1232
484 1 1232
578 1 1232
582 1 1232
589 1 1232
594 1 1232
595 1 1232
655 1 1232
656 1 1232
657 1 1232
842 1 1232
1046 1 1232
1054 1 1232
1154 1 1232
1227 1 1232
1232 7 1232
1236 1 1232
1281 1 1232
1295 1 1232
1298 1 1232
1385 1 1232
1400 1 1232
1427 1 1232
1427 1 1232
.I 1233
.T
A Theory of Human Motivation
.A
Maslow, A.H.
.W
The present paper is an attempt to formulate a positive
theory of motivation which will satisfy these theoretical
demands and at the same time conform to the known facts,
clinical and observational as well as experimental. It
derives most directly, however, from clinical experience.
This theory is, I think, in the functionalist tradition of
James and Dewey, and is fused with the holism of Wertheimer,
Goldstein, and Gestalt Psychology, and with the dynamicism of
Freud and Adler. This fusion of synthesis may arbitrarily
be called a 'general-dynamic' theory.
.X
285 1 1233
296 1 1233
298 1 1233
304 1 1233
418 1 1233
843 1 1233
844 1 1233
1015 1 1233
1020 1 1233
1041 1 1233
1048 2 1233
1069 2 1233
1070 1 1233
1150 1 1233
1233 9 1233
1455 2 1233
1455 2 1233
.I 1234
.T
Multidimensional Scaling by Optimizing Goodness of Fit to a Nonmetric
Hypothesis
.A
Kruskal, J. B.
.W
Multidimensional scaling is the problem of representing n objects
geometrically by n points, so that the interpoint distances correspond in some
sense to experimental dissimilarities between objects.. In just what sense
distances and dissimilarities should correspond has been left rather vague in
most approaches, thus leaving these approaches logically incomplete.. Our
fundamental hypothesis is that dissimilarities and distances are monotonically
related.. We define a quantitative, intuitively satisfying measure of goodness
of fit to this hypothesis.. Our technique of multidimensional scaling is to
compute that configuration of points which optimizes the goodness of fit..
A practical computer program for doing the calculations is described in a
companion paper..
.X
377 1 1234
632 3 1234
1234 9 1234
1273 1 1234
1274 3 1234
1277 1 1234
1285 1 1234
1300 1 1234
1308 1 1234
1313 4 1234
1328 1 1234
1340 1 1234
1342 1 1234
1346 1 1234
1444 1 1234
1444 1 1234
.I 1235
.T
Public Knowledge
An Essay Concerning the Social Dimension of Science
.A
Ziman, J.M.
.W
Natural Science, whose internal development for three
centuries is so uniform, well-documented and relatively self-
generating, is an obvious candidate for such treatment. And
having noticed the intellectual connections between the ideas
of various scholars, we must surely pass on to an investigation
of the social relations through which those connections are
established. How do scientists teach, communicate with, promote,
criticize, honour, give ear to, give patronage to, one another?
What is the nature of the community to which they adhere?
.X
15 1 1235
29 1 1235
35 1 1235
40 1 1235
42 1 1235
43 1 1235
58 1 1235
70 1 1235
84 1 1235
102 1 1235
105 1 1235
444 1 1235
445 1 1235
447 1 1235
449 1 1235
474 1 1235
486 1 1235
532 1 1235
625 1 1235
660 1 1235
762 1 1235
764 1 1235
893 1 1235
952 1 1235
953 1 1235
958 1 1235
1016 1 1235
1030 2 1235
1045 1 1235
1084 1 1235
1195 1 1235
1201 1 1235
1209 1 1235
1235 5 1235
1281 1 1235
1285 1 1235
1289 1 1235
1290 1 1235
1329 1 1235
1387 1 1235
1387 1 1235
.I 1236
.T
Public Libraries in Cooperative Systems; Administrative patterns for service
.A
Gregory, R.W.
.W
This book was written as an introduction to the administrative
relationships between small and medium-sized public libraries
and the cooperative library system. In this book, the definition
of a cooperative system is as follows: A cooperative library system
is the combining of the talents and the resources of a group of
independent libraries, within a reasonable geographic radius, for
the purpose of attaining excellence in service and resources for
the benefit of the actual and potential users of all the member
libraries. The plan for the book originated with questions directed
to a public library administrator and to a system director. The
most pertinent of the repeated questions was, "How does system
membership change local library administration?" The sharpest
question was, "Will the system ultimately take over local rights and
responsibilities?"
.X
311 1 1236
340 1 1236
431 1 1236
842 1 1236
910 1 1236
939 1 1236
1232 1 1236
1236 6 1236
1238 1 1236
1400 1 1236
1400 1 1236
.I 1237
.T
Public Libraries as Culture and Social Centers:
the origin of the concept
.A
Davies, D.W.
.W
This book is an attempt to trace the origins of non-
book activities in public libraries, by which is meant the
arrangement of fiestas, festivals, and exhibitions; the
conduct of classes, contests, lectures, and excursions; the
staging of plays, the exhibition of movies, the demonstration
of karate and judo, and all similar activities not primarily
concerned with books now carried on by public libraries.
Since ideas about libraries, as well as librarians, have
passed back and forth across the Atlantic with great facility,
in this attempt to discover origins it seems wise to follow,
however sketchily, developments in both America and Britain,
and to note with some care what was happening in scholarly
libraries, in popular libraries for the middle classes, and
in libraries intended for the working classes.
.X
234 1 1237
304 1 1237
306 1 1237
338 1 1237
646 1 1237
647 1 1237
651 1 1237
942 1 1237
943 1 1237
944 1 1237
948 1 1237
1017 1 1237
1049 1 1237
1206 1 1237
1237 5 1237
1378 1 1237
1440 1 1237
1450 1 1237
1453 1 1237
1453 1 1237
.I 1238
.T
Public Library and City
.A
Conant, R.W.
.W
This volume is an edited collection of some papers from the 1963
Symposium on Library Functions in the Changing Metropolis
sponsored by the Joint Center for Urban Studies and the National
Book Committee. Not all the papers delivered at the Symposium are
included, and papers by Banfield, Blasingame, and myself were written
especially for this volume. The authors are urban social scientists,
economists, historians, sociologists, political scientists, planners,
communication experts, library scholars, and library administrators.
The papers are about libraries and cities, and their main purpose is
to raise issues about the character of cities and the future of libraries
whose milieu is the city.
.X
147 1 1238
245 1 1238
456 1 1238
1032 1 1238
1056 1 1238
1236 1 1238
1238 7 1238
1238 7 1238
.I 1239
.T
Public Library Legislation
.A
Gardner, F.M.
.W
Since its inception Unesco has engaged in activities designed to
promote the expansion and improvement of public library services
as a living force for popular education and international understanding.
These activities have included public library pilot projects -
Colombo (Ceylon), Medellin (Colombia), Delhi (India), Abidjan
(Ivory coast), Enugu (Nigeria) - training of librarians, and meetings
of experts on planning library services. It has become increasingly
evident that effective public library services cannot be developed
and maintained without appropriate legislation providing for a nation-wide
service, offering, as far as possible, equal contract with the
International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), for a comparative
study of existing library legislation that would be helpful to developing
and developed countries alike in drafting legislation.
.X
906 1 1239
1239 6 1239
1239 6 1239
.I 1240
.T
The Public Library in the United States
.A
Leigh, R.D.
.W
The study as a whole is designed to stimulate public librarians
to re-examine realistically their most useful function and greatest
potential contribution at a time when methods of communication
are undergoing rapid change. As the traditional custodian of the
printed word, the librarian has long had a distinctive and widely
accepted role. The Public Library Inquiry, especially in the concluding
chapter of the present volume, brings to the center of attention problems
and suggestions for change challenging a fresh appraisal. It should
arouse the interest of the public served by the libraries as well as aid
the librarians themselves to an appreciation of an important American
institution that must be kept ever alert to the needs of a democratic
society.
.X
31 1 1240
36 1 1240
41 1 1240
46 1 1240
173 1 1240
181 1 1240
182 1 1240
183 1 1240
184 1 1240
193 1 1240
195 1 1240
198 1 1240
201 1 1240
237 1 1240
239 1 1240
269 1 1240
273 1 1240
298 1 1240
358 2 1240
395 1 1240
415 1 1240
760 1 1240
767 1 1240
774 1 1240
778 1 1240
891 1 1240
905 1 1240
946 1 1240
952 1 1240
953 1 1240
964 1 1240
968 1 1240
1005 1 1240
1009 1 1240
1018 2 1240
1019 1 1240
1032 1 1240
1056 1 1240
1145 1 1240
1186 1 1240
1227 1 1240
1240 10 1240
1333 1 1240
1359 1 1240
1384 1 1240
1397 1 1240
1417 1 1240
1417 1 1240
.I 1241
.T
Publishers and Libraries
.A
Fry, B.M.
.W
The purpose of this study is to report on the viability of the journals'
system for communicating scholarly and research information. Overall it
examines the economics of the interaction between the publisher and library
components in this system and seeks to identify the separate and interdependent
problems of each. Data have been collected for the five-year period 1969-73
as a basis for analysis and interpretation. Emerging issues and trends are
identified and evaluated for their possible future impact. When supported by
data and information derived from the study, conclusions and recommendations
are offered, aimed at possible solutions, or processes for stabilizing the
present deteriorating situation and the consequent drift toward a general
crisis in journal communication.
.X
831 1 1241
888 1 1241
1241 5 1241
1390 1 1241
1390 1 1241
.I 1242
.T
Quantitative Methods
.A
Hoadley, I.B.
.W
This Institute was designed both to encourage the use of
quantitative measurement and to teach the techniques necessary
for such use. It was hoped that an emphasis on statistical
measurement would upgrade administrative and research skills
and thus contribute to more efficient and effective library
management.
Studies of librarians' academic backgrounds have indicated
a preponderance of humanities and social science majors in
the field. Too often librarians have had only a few courses in
mathematics, and some actually have a psychological antipathy
toward numbers. This anti-mathematics syndrome has
kept librarians from taking proper advantage of quantitative
methods.
.X
9 1 1242
158 1 1242
207 1 1242
222 1 1242
223 1 1242
249 1 1242
292 1 1242
296 1 1242
297 1 1242
298 1 1242
300 1 1242
301 1 1242
302 1 1242
358 1 1242
364 1 1242
515 1 1242
535 1 1242
616 1 1242
625 1 1242
629 1 1242
631 1 1242
634 1 1242
791 1 1242
811 1 1242
816 1 1242
818 1 1242
823 2 1242
841 1 1242
842 1 1242
843 1 1242
844 1 1242
846 1 1242
915 1 1242
925 1 1242
948 1 1242
961 1 1242
962 1 1242
964 1 1242
994 1 1242
1015 1 1242
1242 6 1242
1247 1 1242
1250 1 1242
1268 1 1242
1317 1 1242
1354 1 1242
1401 1 1242
1403 1 1242
1428 1 1242
1428 1 1242
.I 1243
.T
Rare Book Librarianship
.A
Cave, R.
.W
Although there is an extensive and enjoyable literature on the subject
of rare books, most of it is concerned with bibliography or book
collecting, and relatively little on the librarianship of rare books
is available. This book is an attempt to consider some of the problems
of custodianship and exploitation of special collections in libraries;
problems sufficiently different, I believe, to make the concept of rare
book librarianship a valid one. It is based distantly upon lecture notes
for a course on this subject which was offered to postgraduate students
at Loughborough University.
.X
1243 5 1243
1243 5 1243
.I 1244
.T
Rate Distortion Theory
A Mathematical Basis for Data Compression
.A
Berger, T.
.W
The branch of information theory devoted to situations in which the
entropy of the source exceeds the capacity of the channel is called rate
distortion theory. The name derives from C.E. Shannon's concept of the
rate distortion function of an information source with respect to a fidelity
criterion, which serves as the cornerstone of the theory. Rate distortion
theory provides a mathematical basis for the rapidly evolving branch of
communication engineering commonly referred to as "data compression,"
"bandwidth compression," or "redundancy reduction."
.X
536 4 1244
1244 6 1244
1244 6 1244
.I 1245
.T
Reader in Documents of International Organizations
.A
Stevens, R.D.
.W
The purpose of this volume is to give an insight into the nature and scope
of the documents of international organizations and to provide information
about the work of documentalists and librarians in making the mass of
information available in these documents available to readers. All too many
librarians regard government documents and in particular, the documents of
international agencies as esoteric, unlike the usual library materials in
format and publication pattern, and as presenting problems of acquisitions,
control and service so complex and so frustrating that they are best left to
the specialist in documents. The result is that international documents are
a puzzlement to the general librarian, and a source of frustration to the
ill informed administrator; a situation exacerbated by the present general
tendency of library school curricula to ignore the question of international
documents except for cursory mention in one or at most two sessions of
a general course in government documents to which relatively few students
are exposed. The information in this volume will allay the fears of the
generalist librarian. It also provides the data on which to base additional
emphasis on international documents in the library school curriculum.
.X
1245 5 1245
1245 5 1245
.I 1246
.T
Reader Instruction in Colleges and Universities
.A
Mews, H.
.W
DEFINITION: What is 'reader instruction'? Another currently
used term is 'library instruction', which puts the emphasis on
the library rather than the reader, and which also suggests to
some that library instruction concerns the training of librarians.
For the purpose of this introductory handbook 'reader instruction'
is taken to mean instruction given to readers to help them make
the best use of a library, particularly an academic library of
some size and complexity.
.X
370 2 1246
648 1 1246
768 1 1246
774 1 1246
818 1 1246
839 1 1246
847 2 1246
1068 1 1246
1246 5 1246
1246 5 1246
.I 1247
.T
Reader in Library Cooperation
.A
Reynolds, M.M.
.W
This volume is intended as a means of exploration for the practicing
librarian and as a textbook for the library school student. It will try
to draw attention to significant social, behavioral, theoretical,
organizational, functional, and operational generalizations about library
interrelationships; and to suggest a sense of the total fabric of the
cooperative endeavor. It does not aim at identifying and incorporating
the forms and the range of library cooperation in which individual libraries
seek to extend the limits of their separate capabilities.
.X
9 1 1247
92 1 1247
119 1 1247
122 1 1247
207 1 1247
222 1 1247
223 1 1247
249 1 1247
250 1 1247
295 1 1247
296 1 1247
297 1 1247
298 2 1247
300 1 1247
301 1 1247
302 1 1247
303 1 1247
340 1 1247
353 1 1247
358 1 1247
364 1 1247
365 1 1247
375 1 1247
394 2 1247
431 2 1247
453 1 1247
515 1 1247
526 1 1247
528 1 1247
535 1 1247
612 1 1247
625 1 1247
629 1 1247
631 1 1247
634 1 1247
791 1 1247
811 1 1247
816 1 1247
818 1 1247
823 1 1247
843 1 1247
844 1 1247
846 1 1247
872 3 1247
915 1 1247
940 1 1247
961 1 1247
962 1 1247
964 1 1247
981 1 1247
994 1 1247
1008 1 1247
1011 1 1247
1013 1 1247
1015 1 1247
1143 1 1247
1242 1 1247
1247 8 1247
1257 1 1247
1258 1 1247
1264 1 1247
1268 1 1247
1354 2 1247
1367 1 1247
1390 1 1247
1410 1 1247
1435 1 1247
1436 1 1247
1436 1 1247
.I 1248
.T
Reader in Library Service and the Computer
.A
Kaplan, L.
.W
The selections are intended mainly for students in library schools, and for
librarians in the field who have not yet made themselves conversant with the
literature of computer-based operations. This is not a book, to state the
proposition in the negative, for those who wish to read on the theoretical
aspects of computers.
The selections are brought together in seven sections. The first, the
Challenge, includes material on what is expected of librarians in the age
of the computer.
The second section, Varieties of Response, does not by any means exhaust
developments in American libraries. It does, I believe, contain representative
descriptions of some of the best work being accomplished.
The third section, Theory of Management, contains an outstanding article by
Richard DeGennaro of Harvard. The particular contributions made in this
article are described in the editorial comment immediately preceding this
third section.
News Services, the fourth section, required a considerable degree of
selection among a wealth of material, and is indicative of the wide variety
of services which libraries are beginning to offer in the age of the computer.
The considerable range of such services is exhaustively indicated in the
first selection of this section, while those that follow describe specific
services now being offered, or services in the planning stage.
The material in the fifth section, Catalogs and the Computer, is on a
subject that has elicited considerable discussion. The two articles selected
are on two aspects of the subject, namely, filing problems, and comparative
costs.
The sixth section, Copyright, contains an article from the legal point of
view. The more traditional library view of copyright has been ably
represented by Verner Clapp in an article cited in the section on additional
readings.
The seventh section, Information Retrieval Testing, is a subject which has
excited the attention of but few librarians, yet its influence on subject
indexing could in time prove considerable.
.X
177 1 1248
235 1 1248
289 1 1248
291 1 1248
374 1 1248
408 1 1248
458 1 1248
471 1 1248
548 1 1248
594 1 1248
597 1 1248
598 1 1248
601 1 1248
836 1 1248
863 1 1248
864 1 1248
865 1 1248
866 1 1248
868 1 1248
897 1 1248
916 1 1248
936 1 1248
1052 1 1248
1248 7 1248
1327 1 1248
1327 1 1248
.I 1249
.T
Reader in Medical Librarianship
.A
Sewell, W.
.W
Each kind of librarianship partakes of the general elements of librarianship,
and each has a flavor all its own. This book is intended to present the flavor
and philosophy of medical librarianship to the student or novice. If it gives
a new perspective to some practicing librarians or administrators in health
science organizations, so much the better.
If it were ever possible to think of medical libraries in isolation, it is
so no longer. One must conceive of them as part of a medical system, and
indeed as part of a system that goes beyond the narrow confines of medicine
as practiced by a single physician for a single patient. It extends into
the health sciences as represented by dentists, pharmacists, nurses,
veterinarians, medical technologists, medical associates and dozens of
others, some not yet possessing a clear identity. It includes research,
education and practice. In addition to the clinical sciences, the system
involves the preclinical ones and preventive medicine and public health.
Increasingly, socioeconomic considerations have moved into the mainstream
of medicine.
.X
241 1 1249
1249 6 1249
1249 6 1249
.I 1250
.T
Reader in Research Methods for Librarianship
.A
Bundy, M.L.
.W
The fundamental purpose of this volume is to assist its reader to
genuinely perceive the nature of scholarship and its relationship to
the goals of librarianship. Viewed in this way, and perhaps as
antidote to the more rigidly formalistic treatments of the technical
matters of research, the editors' concern here has been less with the
rituals and far more with the fundamental nature of intellectual
inquiry and its societal contribution, with the modes of analysis, the
habits of thought and expression which characterize scholarship and
the scholar.
Another primary purpose has been to put research into a context which
clearly depicts the task of the researcher, and so illuminates realistically
not only the rigor and the discipline, but the human triumphs and joys
which derive from its accomplishment. Seen thus, as a dynamic field fit
for the adventurer of the mind, perhaps it may succeed in enticing more
to its fold from among those in librarianship with imaginative and creative
capacity, who have not before held this perspective of research.
.X
616 1 1250
789 1 1250
795 1 1250
1242 1 1250
1250 7 1250
1403 1 1250
1422 1 1250
1428 1 1250
1428 1 1250
.I 1251
.T
Reader in Technical Services
.A
Applebaum, E. L.
.W
This collection attempts to bring together a readable and germane group of
materials ranging from history, review papers, and practical exposition to
reports on current research and development and conjecture about the future..
It is expected that these selections will be of interest and use to the
teacher and student.. It is also hoped that they will be of equal interest to
the professional librarian and researcher.. There has been a deliberate attempt
to exclude materials that have appeared in recently published collections..
It is for this reason that the names of Panizzi, Cutter, Martel, Hanson,
Dewey, Rider, Bliss, Haykin, Shera, Lubetzky and others do not appear.. A
specific focus has been given to this book.. It is in the direction of a
rational sharing of local, national, and international efforts and the
eventual coordination and standardization of practices in the technical services
insofar as this is practical..
.X
141 1 1251
299 1 1251
333 1 1251
522 1 1251
530 1 1251
627 1 1251
628 1 1251
873 1 1251
874 1 1251
875 1 1251
876 1 1251
892 1 1251
941 1 1251
994 1 1251
995 1 1251
996 1 1251
997 1 1251
998 1 1251
1079 1 1251
1153 1 1251
1189 1 1251
1251 6 1251
1322 1 1251
1351 1 1251
1396 1 1251
1420 1 1251
1434 1 1251
1435 1 1251
1442 1 1251
1442 1 1251
.I 1252
.T
The Recording of Library of Congress Bibliographical Data in Machine Form
.A
Buckland, L. F.
.W
This report describes the results of a study of a practical method of
preparing Library of Congress card catalog data in machine form for (1)
the automatic typesetting of cards and book catalogs, and (2) distribution to
other libraries throughout the country for all foreseeable bibliographic and
typographic applications of such data, including preparation of local
catalogs..
The first step of the method proposed is to type the card data on a
perforated tape typewriter in a way which identifies all of the items on the
card.. After the data is edited and corrected, it is processed by a computer
to form (1) catalog card typesetting tapes, (2) the National Union Catalog,
(3) Library of Congress Books, Subjects Catalog, magnetic tape catalog files,
and a master magnetic or perforated paper tape record copy for distribution..
The procedure also allows the recording of data which does not now appear on
Library of Congress cards, should studies find that the value of the data
exceeds the cost of recording it..
A demonstration was performed in which cards were typed to produce
perforated tape records.. These record tapes were automatically converted to a
variety of output forms ranging from phototypeset catalog cards and book
catalog entries to tape typewriter and line printer produced catalog cards..
.X
159 1 1252
178 2 1252
200 1 1252
249 1 1252
852 1 1252
854 1 1252
857 1 1252
858 1 1252
859 1 1252
861 1 1252
970 1 1252
978 1 1252
997 1 1252
1012 1 1252
1042 1 1252
1043 3 1252
1071 1 1252
1252 5 1252
1371 1 1252
1371 1 1252
.I 1253
.T
Relegation and Stock Control in Libraries
.A
Urquhart, J.A.
.W
Stock control has been defined by Buckland as "the managerial
problem of organising the physical availability of books in relation
to readers". While it has long been recognised that only a proportion
of the stock of academic libraries is actively used academic library
buildings grow both more expensive and approach capacity fullness with
remarkable speed. In certain cases some new buildings are full even
before they have left the design-board stage. It is difficult to avoid
the conclusion reached by R.B. Morris in 1963 that 'in terms of long
range perspective, responsible judgement suggests that there is no
feasible choice before libraries other than a wide and continuous
programme of "selective book retirement"'. Library stock control
has not received the attention it merits from librarians whose energy,
time and resources have been more than fully committed by the problems
of acquisition and the provision of an ever-increasing range of services
for readers. Early investigations of this issue have tended to be
theoretical and Carol Seymour in her review "Weeding the Collection"
put forward the view that "a librarian should be able to begin his plan
for weeding even if the day seems far off when weeding will be necessary...
He also knows the sorts of information tools he will need to have at
hand when the day does dawn on his overgrown garden". The Pebul Report
summarised the position in a remarkably appropriate metaphor when it
observed that "weeding the bookstock" in academic libraries was the
"ungrasped nettle."
.X
766 1 1253
818 1 1253
843 1 1253
845 1 1253
961 1 1253
1020 1 1253
1253 6 1253
1401 1 1253
1401 1 1253
.I 1254
.T
Report of an Investigation on Literature Searching by Research Scientists
.A
Martin, J.
.W
This is a factual report of the investigation.. It includes all the
numerical results which were judged to be worth reporting.. The whole of the
data collected for the investigation is available on punched cards, and
further analyzes can be made from these, if required, by members of Aslib..
The broad significance of the results, and any conclusions to be drawn from
them, are discussed in papers now being prepared for publication elsewhere.. In
this report only such discussion is included as is necessary to clarify the
data presented..
.X
48 1 1254
137 1 1254
147 1 1254
167 1 1254
210 1 1254
241 1 1254
355 2 1254
382 1 1254
456 1 1254
458 1 1254
475 1 1254
614 1 1254
635 1 1254
638 1 1254
658 1 1254
748 1 1254
753 1 1254
756 1 1254
757 1 1254
760 1 1254
763 1 1254
771 1 1254
772 1 1254
787 1 1254
788 2 1254
792 1 1254
821 1 1254
831 1 1254
900 1 1254
952 1 1254
953 1 1254
986 1 1254
1050 1 1254
1083 1 1254
1210 1 1254
1254 7 1254
1256 1 1254
1260 1 1254
1275 1 1254
1278 1 1254
1291 1 1254
1302 1 1254
1369 1 1254
1373 1 1254
1404 1 1254
1418 1 1254
1418 1 1254
.I 1255
.T
Report on the Testing and Analysis of an Investigation into
the Comparative Efficiency of Indexing Systems
.A
Cleverdon, C.W.
.W
This volume continues the account of the Aslib-Cranfield project as given
in the "Final Report of the First Stage of an Investigation into the Comparative
Efficiency of Indexing Systems". The major portion of the two years spent on
this present stage has been involved with the analysis of the considerable
amount of data which was obtained from the main test programme. A difficulty
in this work was in deciding on the type of analysis which would be most likely
to yield valuable information. In order to keep this volume within reasonable
limits, it has been necessary to select from the analysis that was done, and
even so in many cases only brief examples are given. The major emphasis has been
placed on the reasons for failure to retrieve source documents, for this is
considered to give some of the most interesting results of the project and has
not, to our knowledge, been previously attempted. Of possible equal importance,
but certainly more difficult to evaluate, is the reason for the retrieval of
non-relevant references. This analysis has not been attempted within the
present work, but will be one of the matters to be investigated in the
continuation of the project.
.X
44 1 1255
50 1 1255
52 1 1255
57 2 1255
61 3 1255
73 2 1255
75 1 1255
131 1 1255
134 1 1255
146 1 1255
149 1 1255
154 1 1255
175 1 1255
176 1 1255
257 1 1255
259 1 1255
260 1 1255
329 1 1255
382 2 1255
389 2 1255
390 3 1255
434 1 1255
445 1 1255
449 1 1255
458 1 1255
474 1 1255
476 1 1255
486 1 1255
488 1 1255
565 2 1255
572 1 1255
595 1 1255
596 1 1255
608 1 1255
619 1 1255
752 2 1255
769 1 1255
773 1 1255
780 2 1255
781 1 1255
785 3 1255
795 1 1255
810 1 1255
812 1 1255
813 1 1255
814 1 1255
870 1 1255
874 1 1255
894 1 1255
907 1 1255
928 1 1255
963 1 1255
966 3 1255
990 1 1255
991 1 1255
1066 1 1255
1084 1 1255
1154 1 1255
1191 1 1255
1215 1 1255
1231 1 1255
1255 15 1255
1265 1 1255
1268 1 1255
1282 2 1255
1286 1 1255
1294 1 1255
1327 1 1255
1380 1 1255
1394 1 1255
1413 1 1255
1414 1 1255
1429 1 1255
1430 1 1255
1445 1 1255
1448 1 1255
1448 1 1255
.I 1256
.T
The Growth of the Literature of Physics
.A
Anthony, L. J.
East, H.
Slater, M. J.
.W
An examination is made of the current problems of the communication
and dissemination of literature in the field of physics.. The growth of
the literature is considered quantitatively with respect to the form, subject
and origin of published material.. This is related to the general growth in
scientific activity as exemplified by increases in numbers of physicists and of
expenditure on research.. The results of surveys aimed at ascertaining the
needs or demands of users of the physics literature are considered,
particularly where these reveal weakness in the present organization of
information transfer, and the reactions of users to new services intended to
remedy the deficiencies.. Finally, a number of recently established services -
some designed to meet hitherto unsatisfied needs - are described.. The role of
the computer in the development of local, national and international
documentation systems is examined..
.X
48 1 1256
88 1 1256
89 2 1256
105 1 1256
110 1 1256
155 1 1256
157 1 1256
167 1 1256
201 1 1256
203 1 1256
314 1 1256
356 1 1256
373 1 1256
384 1 1256
544 1 1256
560 2 1256
582 1 1256
589 1 1256
614 1 1256
635 1 1256
638 1 1256
656 1 1256
685 1 1256
722 1 1256
748 1 1256
753 1 1256
756 1 1256
757 1 1256
787 1 1256
792 1 1256
821 1 1256
831 1 1256
889 1 1256
952 1 1256
953 1 1256
977 1 1256
1030 1 1256
1050 1 1256
1062 1 1256
1083 1 1256
1203 1 1256
1210 1 1256
1254 1 1256
1256 5 1256
1260 1 1256
1275 1 1256
1278 1 1256
1284 1 1256
1285 1 1256
1290 1 1256
1291 1 1256
1293 1 1256
1294 1 1256
1295 1 1256
1296 1 1256
1297 1 1256
1302 2 1256
1319 1 1256
1346 1 1256
1352 1 1256
1369 1 1256
1373 1 1256
1386 1 1256
1397 1 1256
1418 1 1256
1418 1 1256
.I 1257
.T
Research Libraries and Technology
.A
Fussler, H.H.
.W
The focus of the report is primarily upon the problems of the large,
university, research-oriented library. It is here that one finds the most
difficult resource-access and bibliographical control problems. If one can
significantly improve both of these operations for the large, research-oriented
institutions, there are likely to be direct or indirect benefits for the
smaller library, while the reverse situation is much less likely.
.X
5 1 1257
10 1 1257
115 1 1257
141 1 1257
172 1 1257
190 1 1257
225 1 1257
234 1 1257
244 2 1257
245 1 1257
249 1 1257
250 1 1257
295 1 1257
299 1 1257
304 1 1257
305 1 1257
306 1 1257
358 1 1257
364 1 1257
365 3 1257
385 1 1257
394 2 1257
433 1 1257
453 1 1257
459 1 1257
529 1 1257
534 1 1257
630 1 1257
652 1 1257
702 1 1257
731 1 1257
732 1 1257
764 1 1257
811 1 1257
816 1 1257
817 1 1257
818 1 1257
820 1 1257
822 1 1257
823 2 1257
825 2 1257
826 1 1257
827 1 1257
828 1 1257
842 1 1257
854 1 1257
856 1 1257
871 1 1257
872 2 1257
873 1 1257
874 1 1257
875 1 1257
876 1 1257
877 1 1257
878 1 1257
879 1 1257
880 1 1257
886 2 1257
888 1 1257
892 1 1257
913 1 1257
925 1 1257
940 1 1257
941 1 1257
943 1 1257
944 1 1257
947 1 1257
948 2 1257
963 1 1257
981 1 1257
990 1 1257
994 1 1257
997 1 1257
998 1 1257
1004 1 1257
1017 1 1257
1023 1 1257
1058 1 1257
1079 1 1257
1143 1 1257
1146 1 1257
1230 2 1257
1247 1 1257
1257 13 1257
1258 1 1257
1303 1 1257
1390 2 1257
1396 1 1257
1410 1 1257
1433 1 1257
1435 1 1257
1436 1 1257
1441 1 1257
1441 1 1257
.I 1258
.T
Resources and Bibliographic Support for a Nationwide Library Program
Final Report to the National Commission for Libraries and Information Science
.A
Palmour, V.E.
.W
Foremost among the nationwide goals of the library
community is the access to needed information resources for all
persons in all locations in the U.S. The perceived right of
individuals to such access provides the foundation for national
information planning.
For each library, even the largest, the hope of adequately
supplying its identified user groups has been greatly constrained
by simultaneous inflation of both cost and quantity of materials.
While future technological developments may well make possible
on-line full text retrieval of all library materials at local
terminals or the instantaneous remote "publication" of materials
upon demand, the present situation requires more immediate
solutions.
.X
10 2 1258
92 1 1258
167 1 1258
172 1 1258
365 1 1258
375 1 1258
453 1 1258
551 1 1258
652 1 1258
825 1 1258
856 1 1258
886 1 1258
888 1 1258
913 1 1258
942 1 1258
943 1 1258
947 1 1258
963 1 1258
1004 1 1258
1080 1 1258
1247 1 1258
1257 1 1258
1258 5 1258
1305 1 1258
1306 1 1258
1390 2 1258
1433 1 1258
1441 1 1258
1441 1 1258
.I 1259
.T
Categories and Relators: A New Scheme
.A
Perreault, J.M.
.W
If the (major) premise is accepted, that fully
effective machine-strategization of a retrieval system
depends upon the use of a (hierarchically) structural
(but highly flexible) notation as the equivalent for
the verbal access provided by either unitermic or
articulated conceptual indicators, a faceted classification
logically emerges as the desideratum.
The two aspects of a structural notation most
determinative here are hierarchicality and uniform
use of general categories (the latter, not merely
for the sake of uniformity as such, but as the means
to a heightened flexibility). These desiderata could
of course be present on the "idea plane" alone; but
without their being present notationally they do not
furnish, to a mechanized retrieval system, the type
of assistance it requires for optimal functioning.
The second (minor) premise ought to be that the
Universal Decimal Classification, being both
hierarchical and general-categoric, provides the desired
structurality. But the melancholy fact is that this
desideratum is not always satisfied, for instance
when UDC uses direct division of a hierarchy when
division by general category would be equally appropriate.
.X
258 1 1259
259 1 1259
263 1 1259
388 1 1259
476 2 1259
477 4 1259
516 1 1259
542 1 1259
653 2 1259
758 1 1259
838 2 1259
898 1 1259
1066 1 1259
1231 2 1259
1259 6 1259
1391 4 1259
1414 1 1259
1429 2 1259
1430 2 1259
1430 2 1259
.I 1260
.T
The Review of Scientific Instruments with Physics News
and Views
.A
Hooker, R.H.
.W
A study of the periodicals for the subjects of physics and radio has been
undertaken with the hope of indicating those which are most used in each field.
The method selected is similar to that used by P.L.K. Gross and E.M. Gross.
.X
33 1 1260
36 1 1260
37 1 1260
41 1 1260
48 1 1260
89 1 1260
97 1 1260
102 1 1260
111 1 1260
112 1 1260
163 1 1260
167 1 1260
183 1 1260
184 1 1260
193 1 1260
198 1 1260
199 1 1260
203 1 1260
210 1 1260
225 1 1260
255 1 1260
269 1 1260
373 1 1260
543 1 1260
545 1 1260
552 1 1260
587 1 1260
605 1 1260
613 1 1260
614 3 1260
635 1 1260
638 3 1260
735 2 1260
747 1 1260
748 1 1260
750 1 1260
753 2 1260
756 1 1260
757 1 1260
766 1 1260
767 1 1260
775 1 1260
782 1 1260
784 1 1260
787 1 1260
788 1 1260
789 1 1260
792 1 1260
793 1 1260
800 1 1260
808 1 1260
821 1 1260
831 1 1260
905 1 1260
952 3 1260
953 3 1260
977 1 1260
983 1 1260
1016 1 1260
1023 1 1260
1030 1 1260
1055 1 1260
1083 1 1260
1087 1 1260
1090 1 1260
1135 1 1260
1210 2 1260
1254 1 1260
1256 1 1260
1260 5 1260
1275 5 1260
1276 3 1260
1278 2 1260
1280 1 1260
1285 1 1260
1286 1 1260
1287 1 1260
1302 4 1260
1335 1 1260
1369 1 1260
1373 1 1260
1390 1 1260
1397 1 1260
1417 1 1260
1418 1 1260
1428 1 1260
1432 1 1260
1432 1 1260
.I 1261
.T
The Ring Index
.A
Patterson, A.M.
.W
The collection includes (1) simple parent rings and (2) parent systems of
more than one ring in which the rings are united by having one or more atoms
in common. It thus comparizes simple and "fused" (ortho- and ortho-peri-fused),
or annelated, systems (including spiro forms), but not systems like biphenyl
or triphenylmethane, in which the rings are united only by valences or by atoms
not belonging to the rings. Some systems are included in which a polar valence
is involved, e.g. the four-membered ring of betaine, since these are often shown
in formulas as if true rings; but in such cases the presence of the polar bond
is noted. Polar bonds in metallic salts (e.g. calcium succinate) are
disregarded as ring formers; so also are coordinate linkages (as in the chelate
compounds). The word "system" is used to mean a single ring or a combination of
rings united one to another by atoms common to both.
Except for some special reason, only systems representing known compounds
of generally accepted structure, or definitely believed by authors to have a
certain structure, are included. The fact that a compound must have one or two
alternative structures is not sufficient for the entry of a system based on
either of them. Where there is doubt about an entry a query (?) is inserted
after the reference.
.X
671 1 1261
674 1 1261
681 1 1261
693 1 1261
699 1 1261
708 1 1261
709 1 1261
833 2 1261
1261 9 1261
1452 2 1261
1460 1 1261
1460 1 1261
.I 1262
.T
The Rise of Anthropological Theory
.A
Harris, M.
.W
My main reason for writing this book is to reassert the methodological
priority of the search for the laws of history in the science of
man. There is an urgency associated with this rededication, which
grows in direct proportion to the increase in the funding and planning
of anthropological research and especially to the role anthropologists
have been asked to assume in the planning and carrying out of international
development programs. A general theory of history is required if the
expansion of disposable research funds is to result in something other than
the rapid growth in the amount of trivia being published in the learned
journals. The publishing of more and more about less and less is an
acceptable consequence of affluence only if specialization does not lead
to an actual neglect or even obfuscation of fundamental issues.
.X
1262 7 1262
1262 7 1262
.I 1263
.T
Why Don't They Ask Questions?
.A
Swope, M.J.
Katzer, J.
.W
Recently, a great deal of emphasis has been placed upon communications,
interviewing, and advisory counseling in the field of library
science. Studies done in these areas have dealt mainly with communication
barriers, verbal and nonverbal communication, question-negotiation
and patterns of information seeking, interviewing techniques for librarians,
customer relations, and reference performance as they relate to the
user and his confrontation with a librarian in seeking an answer to his
question. However, it seems that few people have been concerned
with the user who for one reason or another, does not ask a librarian for
assistance.
.X
274 2 1263
278 1 1263
300 1 1263
364 1 1263
370 1 1263
459 1 1263
470 1 1263
532 1 1263
625 1 1263
646 1 1263
768 2 1263
826 1 1263
927 1 1263
1008 1 1263
1017 1 1263
1263 7 1263
1353 1 1263
1357 3 1263
1405 1 1263
1405 1 1263
.I 1264
.T
Cost of Computer Searching
.A
Chenery, P.J.
.W
The program which I will discuss has the primary objective of making new
technology and research information, generated in federally-supported research
programs, available for use by industry and government for both private and
public benefits. Our group had no part in creating the information resources
which we use, except for the design of the computer retrieval system. Although
we work with and depend on conventional libraries and librarians, we have no
professional librarians on our staff.
.X
18 1 1264
119 1 1264
122 1 1264
124 1 1264
125 1 1264
127 1 1264
129 1 1264
145 1 1264
190 1 1264
191 1 1264
197 1 1264
211 2 1264
214 1 1264
218 1 1264
243 1 1264
307 1 1264
330 1 1264
365 1 1264
378 2 1264
394 1 1264
440 1 1264
450 1 1264
451 1 1264
452 2 1264
453 2 1264
459 1 1264
467 1 1264
468 3 1264
484 1 1264
492 1 1264
495 1 1264
506 1 1264
508 3 1264
511 2 1264
512 2 1264
514 2 1264
517 1 1264
518 1 1264
520 2 1264
521 1 1264
523 3 1264
524 2 1264
525 1 1264
526 3 1264
528 2 1264
529 1 1264
530 1 1264
534 1 1264
546 1 1264
547 1 1264
553 1 1264
576 1 1264
579 1 1264
580 1 1264
594 1 1264
603 1 1264
604 2 1264
606 1 1264
609 2 1264
610 1 1264
611 1 1264
612 3 1264
619 1 1264
622 1 1264
623 1 1264
625 1 1264
626 1 1264
629 1 1264
630 1 1264
631 1 1264
632 1 1264
633 1 1264
636 1 1264
637 1 1264
642 2 1264
648 1 1264
650 1 1264
692 1 1264
696 1 1264
699 2 1264
700 1 1264
703 1 1264
705 2 1264
707 1 1264
708 1 1264
723 1 1264
726 2 1264
727 2 1264
728 2 1264
729 1 1264
730 1 1264
731 2 1264
732 1 1264
733 1 1264
734 2 1264
736 1 1264
738 1 1264
739 1 1264
740 1 1264
741 1 1264
742 2 1264
743 2 1264
744 2 1264
754 1 1264
755 1 1264
812 1 1264
813 1 1264
814 1 1264
820 2 1264
822 1 1264
826 1 1264
827 1 1264
866 1 1264
870 1 1264
872 1 1264
873 1 1264
879 1 1264
883 1 1264
940 1 1264
1004 1 1264
1035 1 1264
1078 2 1264
1089 2 1264
1091 2 1264
1143 2 1264
1207 1 1264
1247 1 1264
1264 5 1264
1297 1 1264
1302 1 1264
1303 2 1264
1356 2 1264
1364 1 1264
1366 1 1264
1367 2 1264
1368 2 1264
1370 1 1264
1372 2 1264
1373 1 1264
1374 2 1264
1375 2 1264
1376 2 1264
1377 2 1264
1396 1 1264
1435 1 1264
1436 1 1264
1436 1 1264
.I 1265
.T
Rules for a Dictionary Catalog
.A
Cutter, C.A.
.W
No code of cataloging could be adopted in all points by every one,
because the libraries for study and the libraries for reading have different
objects, and those which combine the two do so in different
proportions. Again, the preparation of a catalog must vary as it is
to be manuscript or printed, and, if the latter, as it is to be merely an
index to the library, giving in the shortest possible compass clues by
which the public can find books, or is to attempt to furnish more
information on various points, or finally is to be made with a certain regard
to what may be called style. Without pretending to exactness, we may
divide dictionary catalogs into short-title, medium title, and full-title
or bibliographic; typical examples of the three being, 1, the Boston
Mercantile (1869) or the Cincinnati Public (1871); 2, the Boston
Public (1861 and 1866), the Boston Athenaeum (1874-82); 3, the
catalog now making by the Library of Congress. To avoid the constant
repetition of such phrases as "the full catalog of a large library" and
"a concise finding-list," I shall use the three words Short, Medium, and
Full as proper names, with the preliminary caution that the Short family
are not all the same size, that there is more than one Medium, and that
Full may be Fuller and Fullest. Short, if single-columned, is generally
a title-a-liner; if printed in double columns, it allows the title
occasionally to exceed one line, but not, if possible, two; Medium does
not limit itself in this way, but it seldom exceeds four lines, and
gets many titles into a single line. Full usually fills three or four
lines and often takes six or seven for a title.
.X
63 1 1265
149 1 1265
175 1 1265
246 1 1265
247 2 1265
257 1 1265
259 1 1265
324 1 1265
348 1 1265
389 1 1265
390 1 1265
434 1 1265
445 1 1265
449 1 1265
487 1 1265
502 1 1265
579 1 1265
596 1 1265
600 1 1265
601 1 1265
653 1 1265
715 1 1265
797 1 1265
798 1 1265
799 1 1265
805 1 1265
807 1 1265
863 1 1265
864 1 1265
874 1 1265
956 1 1265
963 1 1265
987 1 1265
988 1 1265
989 1 1265
991 1 1265
1004 1 1265
1152 1 1265
1215 1 1265
1230 1 1265
1255 1 1265
1265 7 1265
1294 1 1265
1327 1 1265
1393 1 1265
1394 2 1265
1395 1 1265
1399 1 1265
1448 1 1265
1448 1 1265
.I 1266
.T
Rules for a Dictionary Catalog
.A
Cutter, C.A.
.W
No code of cataloguing could be adopted in all points by everyone,
because the libraries for study and the libraries for reading have different
objects, and those which combine the two do so in different proportions.
Again, the preparation of a catalogue must vary as it is to be manuscript
or printed, and, if the latter, as it is to be merely an index to the
library, giving in the shortest possible compass clues by which the
public can find books, or is to attempt to furnish more information on
various points, or finally is to be made with a certain regard to what
may be called style.
.X
7 1 1266
79 1 1266
92 1 1266
235 1 1266
240 1 1266
246 1 1266
247 1 1266
262 2 1266
265 1 1266
326 1 1266
333 1 1266
353 1 1266
361 1 1266
365 1 1266
382 1 1266
608 1 1266
825 1 1266
950 1 1266
966 1 1266
991 1 1266
997 2 1266
1000 1 1266
1028 1 1266
1068 1 1266
1153 1 1266
1203 1 1266
1211 2 1266
1212 2 1266
1216 2 1266
1266 6 1266
1395 2 1266
1421 1 1266
1424 1 1266
1425 1 1266
1441 1 1266
1441 1 1266
.I 1267
.T
Russian Declension
.A
Zaliznyak, A.A.
.W
This book describes exhaustive classification of the declensional types (noun,
adjective, participle, mineral, pronoun) in modern Russian literary language
and rules of formation for all word-forms of any declinable Russian word.
The Description of the Russian declensional system which given in present
monography has great importance, on the one hand, for such practical problems
as the teaching Russian and the development of automatic Russian text
synthesis; and, on the another hand, for a general-theory of declension and for
the typological study of Slavic languages.
.X
1117 1 1267
1137 2 1267
1140 1 1267
1141 1 1267
1220 1 1267
1267 8 1267
1381 1 1267
1381 1 1267
.I 1268
.T
The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library
.A
Rider, F.
.W
Of all the problems which have, of recent years,
engaged the attention of educators and librarians
none have been more puzzling than those posed by
the astonishing growth of our great research
libraries. My own interest in this subject has,
over several years, resulted in a series of papers,
some of them mainly analyzes, but others of them
endeavoring to suggest answers to what has
sometimes seemed to be an almost insoluble puzzle.
.X
3 1 1268
9 1 1268
20 1 1268
42 1 1268
60 1 1268
61 1 1268
62 1 1268
85 1 1268
129 1 1268
148 1 1268
159 1 1268
172 4 1268
207 1 1268
222 1 1268
223 1 1268
260 1 1268
283 1 1268
286 2 1268
293 1 1268
296 2 1268
297 1 1268
298 2 1268
300 1 1268
301 1 1268
302 1 1268
358 1 1268
360 2 1268
364 1 1268
383 1 1268
469 1 1268
515 1 1268
535 1 1268
585 1 1268
599 1 1268
625 1 1268
629 1 1268
631 1 1268
634 1 1268
640 1 1268
652 1 1268
665 1 1268
762 1 1268
791 1 1268
803 1 1268
811 1 1268
816 1 1268
818 1 1268
823 1 1268
843 1 1268
844 1 1268
846 1 1268
907 3 1268
915 1 1268
961 1 1268
962 1 1268
964 1 1268
981 1 1268
994 1 1268
1014 1 1268
1015 1 1268
1022 1 1268
1045 1 1268
1150 1 1268
1219 2 1268
1242 1 1268
1247 1 1268
1255 1 1268
1268 15 1268
1286 1 1268
1354 1 1268
1380 1 1268
1402 1 1268
1417 1 1268
1418 1 1268
1426 2 1268
1426 2 1268
.I 1269
.T
Scholarly Reprint Publishing in the United States
.A
Nemeyer, C.A.
.W
With this book I try to offer readers a broad picture of the current
reprint industry, as well as an account detailed enough to capture the
fast-moving reprint scene from various viewpoints.
.X
56 1 1269
91 1 1269
232 1 1269
341 1 1269
366 1 1269
992 1 1269
1057 2 1269
1221 1 1269
1269 9 1269
1364 1 1269
1371 1 1269
1371 1 1269
.I 1270
.T
Science Since Babylon
.A
Price, D.J.D.
.W
This book had its origin in a set of five public lectures given
at the Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University during
October and November 1959 under the auspices of the Yale Department
of History.
The subject (whatever its name) had just come through
a stage in its growing up during which it almost seemed as
though every would-be practitioner of the art deemed it
necessary to exhibit the completeness of his dedication by
writing the history of the whole of science through all its
periods. Hoping that this historiographic phase had
evaporated, and feeling incompetent in too many scientific
and historical directions, I resolved instead to essay the
experiment of speaking only from those areas in which I had
reasonable firsthand experience at research.
.X
48 1 1270
113 1 1270
144 1 1270
163 1 1270
350 1 1270
386 1 1270
398 1 1270
401 1 1270
560 1 1270
1038 1 1270
1081 1 1270
1082 1 1270
1087 1 1270
1201 1 1270
1227 1 1270
1270 5 1270
1273 1 1270
1287 1 1270
1301 1 1270
1304 1 1270
1306 1 1270
1337 1 1270
1338 1 1270
1344 1 1270
1444 1 1270
1444 1 1270
.I 1271
.T
Is a Scientific Revolution Taking Place in Psychology?
.A
Palermo, D.S.
.W
My plan in this paper is to try to apply to the field of experimental
psychology the analysis of the characteristics of science (and, more
particularly, the structure of scientific revolutions) as conceptualized by
T.S. Kuhn. Kuhn has not been accepted without criticism, but that need not
prevent us from using his book as a point of departure for discussion. I assume
that the reader will be familiar with Kuhn's analysis,so that only a sketchy
summary of his position is necessary. I will then take a brief look at some of
the history of psychology, with special emphasis upon the major tenets of
behaviorism. Finally, I will advance some evidence to suggest that we may well
be living in an era of revolution within psychology (as well as without).
.X
101 1 1271
343 3 1271
1271 6 1271
1272 4 1271
1310 1 1271
1311 5 1271
1329 1 1271
1386 3 1271
1386 3 1271
.I 1272
.T
Is a Kuhnian Analysis Applicable to Psychology?
.A
Briskman, L.B.
.W
As my title might suggest, I wish to discuss some aspects of Palermo's recent
paper. The thesis which Palermo advocated is that Kuhn's view of scientific
revolution is applicable to the recent history of experimental psychology, and
that, in particular, experimental psychology has had two paradigms already,
with the appropriate scientific revolution between them, and that the current
behavioristic paradigm may well be in a state of Kuhnian crisis. The
present note is divided into three parts: the first questions Palermo's
assertion that the transition from introspectionism to behaviorism was a
standard Kuhnian paradigm-change; the second, closely tied to the first,
challenges the assumption that behaviorism itself can really be seen as a
Kuhnian paradigm; finally, the third supports Palermo's thesis that behaviorism
is in a 'crisis-state' but advances an alternative account of the reasons for
this.
.X
343 2 1272
1271 4 1272
1272 5 1272
1310 1 1272
1311 4 1272
1329 1 1272
1386 2 1272
1386 2 1272
.I 1273
.T
Bibliographical Statistics as a Guide to Growth Points in Science
.A
Meadows, A.J.
O'connor, J.G.
.W
Efforts have been made in recent years to use statistical studies of
scientific research papers as a means for deriving general statements about
trends in science. For example, there has been a continuing interest in the
question of how the frequency of citation of a scientific paper depends on its
age. These investigations have, however, been mainly concerned with the major
branches of science only, and have also, perhaps, been rather more interested
in identifying past trends than in making specific predictions for the future.
Although such results are obviously valuable, it is also important to push
these analyses further into smaller areas within a main scientific subject
division, since such areas may have significantly different bibliographical
properties from the subject average. One particularly important aspect of
such work concerns the origin of new growth areas within a major discipline.
We can specifically pose the question: is it possible, purely from a
statistical analysis of scientific research papers, to identify the
appearance of a new growth area and, if so, how soon after its first
appearance can such an area be identified?
.X
33 1 1273
39 1 1273
48 1 1273
89 1 1273
102 1 1273
106 1 1273
107 1 1273
111 1 1273
113 3 1273
155 1 1273
314 1 1273
605 1 1273
632 2 1273
784 1 1273
1087 1 1273
1234 1 1273
1270 1 1273
1273 7 1273
1274 3 1273
1285 2 1273
1287 1 1273
1300 1 1273
1301 1 1273
1302 1 1273
1304 2 1273
1312 1 1273
1313 3 1273
1337 2 1273
1338 2 1273
1341 1 1273
1342 1 1273
1344 1 1273
1346 1 1273
1347 1 1273
1387 1 1273
1444 3 1273
1444 3 1273
.I 1274
.T
The Structure of Scientific Literatures
II: Toward a Macro- and Microstructure for Science
.A
Griffith, B.C.
Small, H.G.
Stonehill, J.A.
Dey, S.
.W
Part I of this paper described the first steps in mapping the scientific
literature, using a new technique - co-citation - to measure the degree of
similarity among documents. The work developed directly from an earlier
paper which defined this measure, and explored its relationship to other
citation measures for identifying relationships among documents. We now
report the outcome of an attempt to create 'maps' of the scientific literature.
The scales of these maps have been systematically manipulated so that they
present, not only an overview of all highly-cited papers in natural science, but
also a detailed view of a single scientific specialty. At each level we have
systematically sought indications of the validity of the mapping operation,
and have indications that the maps display at least certain important aspects
of the specialty structure of science.
.X
19 1 1274
37 1 1274
39 1 1274
40 1 1274
41 1 1274
47 2 1274
62 1 1274
88 1 1274
97 1 1274
102 3 1274
103 1 1274
104 1 1274
106 2 1274
108 1 1274
113 2 1274
228 1 1274
229 1 1274
233 1 1274
253 1 1274
310 1 1274
313 1 1274
314 1 1274
318 1 1274
359 1 1274
363 1 1274
377 3 1274
379 1 1274
395 1 1274
409 1 1274
462 1 1274
469 1 1274
503 1 1274
505 1 1274
560 1 1274
573 1 1274
604 1 1274
605 1 1274
618 1 1274
632 6 1274
635 1 1274
667 1 1274
737 1 1274
748 1 1274
749 1 1274
751 1 1274
764 2 1274
765 2 1274
777 1 1274
778 2 1274
782 1 1274
804 1 1274
805 1 1274
853 1 1274
875 1 1274
883 1 1274
893 1 1274
952 1 1274
1016 2 1274
1061 1 1274
1084 1 1274
1085 1 1274
1086 1 1274
1087 1 1274
1182 1 1274
1200 1 1274
1201 1 1274
1234 3 1274
1273 3 1274
1274 13 1274
1277 2 1274
1278 2 1274
1280 2 1274
1285 5 1274
1287 1 1274
1291 1 1274
1300 1 1274
1301 2 1274
1302 2 1274
1304 3 1274
1312 1 1274
1313 11 1274
1337 1 1274
1338 2 1274
1341 1 1274
1342 1 1274
1344 2 1274
1347 1 1274
1380 1 1274
1386 1 1274
1387 1 1274
1419 1 1274
1428 1 1274
1444 4 1274
1444 4 1274
.I 1275
.T
College Libraries and Chemical Education
.A
Gross, P.L.K.
.W
The small college has stood staunch in its desire to
supply the liberal education and perhaps it has done
well in maintaining this position. On the other hand,
many of the large universities have shifted the
emphasis from undergraduate work to graduate study.
Still others have tried to develop both side by side.
Few of the small colleges have kept astride with the
inevitable consequences of such a situation. The
few who have are sending an increasing number of
their graduates to these universities to complete their
training. As an example of this, it is the boast of
Pomona College that over seventy per cent of her
graduates have taken subsequent professional training.
It has become the evident duty, therefore, of the
small college to prepare its men, not only to enter
such graduate schools, but also to meet successfully
the ever-increasing intensity of competition found
there. This in addition to supplying a broad
cultural education. This duty has brought with it
a number of problems of first magnitude. One of the
biggest of these is the problem of adequate library
facilities.
It is the purpose of this paper to discuss this
problem with special reference to the student whose
college major is chemistry.
.X
14 1 1275
33 2 1275
36 2 1275
37 2 1275
40 1 1275
41 2 1275
48 1 1275
89 2 1275
97 4 1275
102 1 1275
111 2 1275
112 1 1275
132 1 1275
137 1 1275
163 1 1275
167 1 1275
183 1 1275
184 1 1275
185 1 1275
189 1 1275
193 2 1275
195 2 1275
196 2 1275
198 5 1275
199 2 1275
201 2 1275
203 2 1275
210 1 1275
211 1 1275
217 1 1275
219 1 1275
220 1 1275
221 1 1275
225 1 1275
233 1 1275
237 1 1275
253 1 1275
255 1 1275
269 1 1275
272 1 1275
359 1 1275
361 2 1275
373 1 1275
379 2 1275
415 1 1275
543 1 1275
545 2 1275
552 1 1275
587 1 1275
588 1 1275
605 1 1275
613 1 1275
614 4 1275
616 2 1275
618 4 1275
622 1 1275
632 2 1275
635 4 1275
638 4 1275
685 1 1275
735 4 1275
747 1 1275
748 2 1275
750 1 1275
753 2 1275
756 1 1275
757 1 1275
759 1 1275
766 1 1275
767 3 1275
772 1 1275
775 4 1275
776 1 1275
777 1 1275
782 1 1275
784 2 1275
787 1 1275
788 2 1275
789 3 1275
792 1 1275
793 1 1275
800 1 1275
808 1 1275
821 3 1275
831 1 1275
891 1 1275
905 4 1275
933 1 1275
952 6 1275
953 3 1275
977 1 1275
983 1 1275
1016 1 1275
1023 1 1275
1030 3 1275
1055 1 1275
1071 2 1275
1076 1 1275
1083 1 1275
1086 1 1275
1087 2 1275
1090 1 1275
1135 1 1275
1147 1 1275
1210 2 1275
1254 1 1275
1256 1 1275
1260 5 1275
1275 26 1275
1276 4 1275
1278 2 1275
1280 2 1275
1283 1 1275
1285 2 1275
1286 1 1275
1287 1 1275
1290 1 1275
1301 1 1275
1302 14 1275
1335 1 1275
1355 2 1275
1369 2 1275
1373 1 1275
1380 2 1275
1390 1 1275
1397 3 1275
1417 1 1275
1418 1 1275
1428 1 1275
1432 3 1275
1451 1 1275
1451 1 1275
.I 1276
.T
Serial Literature Used by American Geologists
.A
Gross, P.L.K.
Woodford, A.O.
.W
The present investigation deals with the serial
literature of geology, including mineralogy. Six
American journals for 1929 were chosen, and the
references tabulated. In Table I are listed these
source journals, together with the total number of
pages of the actual articles studied, the total number
of citations in each journal, the number of references
to books and to personal communications, and the net
total, which represents the citations to serial
literature. It is these last mentioned references
which will be considered in further detail. The
totals are probably slightly high, due to unintentional
counting in single articles of repetitions of the same
citation.
.X
33 1 1276
36 1 1276
37 1 1276
41 1 1276
89 1 1276
97 1 1276
102 1 1276
111 1 1276
112 1 1276
163 1 1276
183 1 1276
184 1 1276
193 1 1276
198 1 1276
199 1 1276
203 1 1276
210 1 1276
225 1 1276
255 1 1276
269 1 1276
373 1 1276
543 1 1276
545 1 1276
552 1 1276
587 1 1276
605 1 1276
613 1 1276
614 2 1276
638 2 1276
735 2 1276
747 1 1276
750 1 1276
753 1 1276
766 1 1276
767 1 1276
775 1 1276
782 1 1276
784 1 1276
788 1 1276
789 1 1276
793 1 1276
800 1 1276
808 1 1276
905 1 1276
952 2 1276
953 2 1276
977 1 1276
983 1 1276
1016 1 1276
1023 1 1276
1030 1 1276
1055 1 1276
1087 1 1276
1090 1 1276
1135 1 1276
1210 1 1276
1260 3 1276
1275 4 1276
1276 5 1276
1278 1 1276
1280 1 1276
1285 1 1276
1286 1 1276
1287 1 1276
1302 3 1276
1335 1 1276
1390 1 1276
1397 1 1276
1417 1 1276
1428 1 1276
1432 2 1276
1432 2 1276
.I 1277
.T
Citation Indexes for Science
.A
Garfield, E.
.W
In this paper I propose a bibliographic system for science literature that can
eliminate the uncritical citation of fraudulent, incomplete, or obsolete data by
making it possible for the conscientious scholar to be aware of criticisms of
earlier papers. It is too much to expect a research worker to spend an
inordinate amount of time searching for the bibliographic descendants of
antecedent papers. It would not be excessive to demand that the thorough
scholar check all papers that have cited or criticized such papers, if they
could be located quickly. The citation index makes this check practicable.
Even if there were no other use for a citation index than that of minimizing
the citation of poor data, the index would be well worth the effort
required to compile it.
This paper considers the possible utility of a citation index that offers a
new approach to subject control of the literature of science. By virtue of
its different construction, it tends to bring together material that would
never be collated by the usual subject indexing. It is best described as an
association-of-ideas index, and it gives the reader as much leeway
as he requires. Suggestiveness through association-of-ideas is offered by
conventional subject indexes but only within the limits of a particular subject
heading.
.X
19 1 1277
37 1 1277
39 2 1277
40 1 1277
41 1 1277
47 2 1277
50 1 1277
88 1 1277
97 1 1277
102 1 1277
103 1 1277
175 1 1277
233 1 1277
253 1 1277
313 1 1277
359 1 1277
377 3 1277
379 1 1277
395 1 1277
485 1 1277
486 1 1277
503 1 1277
505 1 1277
560 1 1277
573 1 1277
618 1 1277
632 2 1277
635 1 1277
667 1 1277
713 1 1277
748 1 1277
749 1 1277
751 1 1277
764 1 1277
765 1 1277
777 1 1277
778 1 1277
782 1 1277
804 1 1277
805 1 1277
893 1 1277
952 1 1277
1010 1 1277
1016 1 1277
1061 1 1277
1085 1 1277
1086 1 1277
1087 1 1277
1182 1 1277
1200 1 1277
1234 1 1277
1274 2 1277
1277 8 1277
1278 1 1277
1280 2 1277
1283 1 1277
1285 3 1277
1287 3 1277
1301 1 1277
1302 2 1277
1304 1 1277
1313 2 1277
1338 1 1277
1344 1 1277
1347 2 1277
1380 1 1277
1428 1 1277
1444 1 1277
1444 1 1277
.I 1278
.T
Mathematical Evaluation of the Scientific Serial
.A
Raisig, L.M.
.W
In this article is offered an improved citation-count method, designed to
measure qualitatively the value of any scientific serial by means of a related
quantitative citation count.
.X
19 1 1278
33 1 1278
36 2 1278
37 1 1278
39 1 1278
40 1 1278
41 2 1278
47 2 1278
48 1 1278
57 1 1278
88 1 1278
89 1 1278
97 2 1278
102 2 1278
103 1 1278
106 1 1278
111 1 1278
112 1 1278
163 1 1278
167 1 1278
183 1 1278
184 2 1278
193 2 1278
195 1 1278
199 1 1278
201 1 1278
203 2 1278
204 1 1278
205 1 1278
210 1 1278
225 1 1278
233 2 1278
253 1 1278
267 1 1278
269 1 1278
313 1 1278
359 2 1278
373 1 1278
377 2 1278
379 1 1278
395 2 1278
505 1 1278
545 1 1278
552 1 1278
560 1 1278
573 1 1278
587 2 1278
605 1 1278
613 1 1278
614 2 1278
618 1 1278
632 2 1278
635 2 1278
638 2 1278
667 2 1278
735 1 1278
747 1 1278
748 3 1278
749 1 1278
750 2 1278
751 2 1278
753 2 1278
756 1 1278
757 1 1278
759 1 1278
764 2 1278
765 2 1278
766 1 1278
767 2 1278
775 1 1278
777 1 1278
778 2 1278
782 2 1278
784 1 1278
787 2 1278
788 1 1278
789 1 1278
791 1 1278
792 2 1278
793 2 1278
800 2 1278
804 1 1278
805 1 1278
808 1 1278
821 1 1278
831 1 1278
893 1 1278
905 1 1278
952 2 1278
953 2 1278
977 1 1278
983 1 1278
1016 2 1278
1023 1 1278
1030 1 1278
1055 1 1278
1061 1 1278
1081 1 1278
1082 1 1278
1083 2 1278
1085 2 1278
1086 2 1278
1087 2 1278
1090 1 1278
1135 1 1278
1182 1 1278
1200 1 1278
1201 1 1278
1210 1 1278
1254 1 1278
1256 1 1278
1260 2 1278
1274 2 1278
1275 2 1278
1276 1 1278
1277 1 1278
1278 5 1278
1280 3 1278
1285 2 1278
1286 1 1278
1287 2 1278
1301 2 1278
1302 4 1278
1304 1 1278
1313 2 1278
1335 1 1278
1338 1 1278
1344 1 1278
1347 1 1278
1369 1 1278
1373 1 1278
1380 1 1278
1390 1 1278
1397 1 1278
1401 1 1278
1417 2 1278
1418 2 1278
1428 2 1278
1432 1 1278
1444 2 1278
1444 2 1278
.I 1279
.T
Identifying Significant Research
.A
Westbrook, J.H.
.W
Literature citation counting is evaluated as a
means for identification of significant research.
.X
26 1 1279
45 1 1279
49 1 1279
54 1 1279
73 1 1279
172 1 1279
191 1 1279
194 1 1279
212 1 1279
274 1 1279
315 1 1279
319 1 1279
381 1 1279
382 1 1279
390 1 1279
417 1 1279
419 1 1279
420 1 1279
421 1 1279
446 1 1279
458 1 1279
465 1 1279
474 1 1279
480 1 1279
485 1 1279
562 1 1279
564 1 1279
572 1 1279
577 1 1279
579 1 1279
615 1 1279
640 1 1279
662 1 1279
663 1 1279
664 1 1279
714 1 1279
748 1 1279
780 1 1279
785 1 1279
902 1 1279
1033 1 1279
1084 1 1279
1279 5 1279
1282 1 1279
1387 1 1279
1448 1 1279
1448 1 1279
.I 1280
.T
Searching Natural Language Text by computer
.A
Swanson, D.R.
.W
Machine indexing and text searching offer an approach
to the basic problems of library automation.
.X
14 1 1280
19 1 1280
33 1 1280
36 1 1280
37 1 1280
39 1 1280
40 1 1280
41 2 1280
47 2 1280
50 1 1280
88 1 1280
89 2 1280
97 2 1280
102 3 1280
103 1 1280
106 1 1280
111 1 1280
112 1 1280
113 1 1280
132 1 1280
137 1 1280
163 1 1280
175 1 1280
183 1 1280
184 1 1280
193 1 1280
199 1 1280
203 1 1280
210 1 1280
225 1 1280
233 1 1280
237 1 1280
253 1 1280
269 1 1280
272 1 1280
313 1 1280
359 1 1280
373 1 1280
377 2 1280
379 1 1280
395 1 1280
473 1 1280
486 1 1280
505 1 1280
545 1 1280
552 1 1280
560 1 1280
573 1 1280
587 1 1280
605 1 1280
613 1 1280
614 1 1280
618 1 1280
632 2 1280
635 1 1280
638 1 1280
667 1 1280
735 1 1280
747 1 1280
748 1 1280
749 1 1280
750 1 1280
751 1 1280
753 1 1280
764 2 1280
765 1 1280
766 1 1280
767 2 1280
772 1 1280
775 1 1280
777 1 1280
778 1 1280
782 2 1280
784 1 1280
788 1 1280
789 1 1280
793 1 1280
800 1 1280
804 1 1280
805 1 1280
808 1 1280
893 1 1280
905 1 1280
952 2 1280
953 1 1280
977 1 1280
983 1 1280
1016 2 1280
1023 1 1280
1030 2 1280
1055 1 1280
1061 1 1280
1085 1 1280
1086 1 1280
1087 2 1280
1090 1 1280
1135 1 1280
1182 1 1280
1200 2 1280
1260 1 1280
1274 2 1280
1275 2 1280
1276 1 1280
1277 2 1280
1278 3 1280
1280 10 1280
1285 6 1280
1286 1 1280
1287 5 1280
1301 2 1280
1302 4 1280
1304 1 1280
1313 2 1280
1335 1 1280
1338 1 1280
1344 1 1280
1346 1 1280
1347 1 1280
1380 1 1280
1390 1 1280
1397 1 1280
1417 1 1280
1423 1 1280
1428 2 1280
1432 1 1280
1444 2 1280
1444 2 1280
.I 1281
.T
Relative Effectiveness of Document Titles and Abstracts
for Determining Relevance of Documents
.A
Resnick, A.
.W
Abstract. Individuals who received documents
through a selective dissemination of information
system were asked to determine the relevance of
documents to their work interests on the basis of
titles and of abstracts. The results indicate
that there was no significant difference between
the usefulness of titles and of abstracts for this
purpose.
.X
29 2 1281
34 1 1281
35 3 1281
42 2 1281
43 3 1281
52 1 1281
53 2 1281
58 1 1281
59 1 1281
70 2 1281
73 1 1281
81 1 1281
84 1 1281
95 2 1281
150 1 1281
420 1 1281
444 1 1281
445 1 1281
447 1 1281
449 1 1281
474 1 1281
475 1 1281
486 1 1281
532 1 1281
565 1 1281
571 1 1281
578 1 1281
582 1 1281
589 2 1281
594 1 1281
595 2 1281
625 1 1281
655 1 1281
656 1 1281
657 1 1281
660 1 1281
676 2 1281
711 2 1281
760 1 1281
762 2 1281
764 1 1281
893 1 1281
967 1 1281
1016 1 1281
1030 1 1281
1038 1 1281
1045 1 1281
1054 1 1281
1055 1 1281
1084 1 1281
1116 1 1281
1118 1 1281
1154 1 1281
1177 1 1281
1195 2 1281
1201 1 1281
1232 1 1281
1235 1 1281
1281 10 1281
1285 1 1281
1295 1 1281
1298 1 1281
1358 1 1281
1382 1 1281
1382 1 1281
.I 1282
.T
Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Swets, J.A.
.W
Statistical decision theory may provide a measure of
effectiveness better than measures proposed to date.
.X
28 1 1282
28 1 1282
57 1 1282
57 1 1282
69 1 1282
69 1 1282
73 2 1282
73 2 1282
75 1 1282
79 1 1282
134 1 1282
134 1 1282
146 1 1282
149 1 1282
157 1 1282
175 1 1282
175 1 1282
228 1 1282
228 1 1282
229 1 1282
229 1 1282
274 1 1282
274 1 1282
315 1 1282
319 1 1282
319 1 1282
359 1 1282
381 2 1282
389 2 1282
390 5 1282
419 1 1282
441 2 1282
445 2 1282
449 1 1282
449 1 1282
458 1 1282
468 1 1282
468 1 1282
474 3 1282
494 1 1282
514 1 1282
518 2 1282
518 2 1282
531 1 1282
531 1 1282
575 2 1282
577 4 1282
587 1 1282
595 1 1282
595 1 1282
615 1 1282
625 1 1282
634 1 1282
643 1 1282
643 1 1282
644 2 1282
646 1 1282
646 1 1282
649 2 1282
652 1 1282
652 1 1282
660 3 1282
662 1 1282
750 1 1282
751 1 1282
751 1 1282
752 4 1282
754 1 1282
754 1 1282
773 1 1282
773 1 1282
780 6 1282
785 5 1282
785 5 1282
792 1 1282
804 1 1282
812 2 1282
812 2 1282
820 1 1282
822 1 1282
822 1 1282
824 1 1282
824 1 1282
827 1 1282
829 2 1282
829 2 1282
830 1 1282
830 1 1282
895 2 1282
956 1 1282
966 1 1282
966 1 1282
1085 1 1282
1086 1 1282
1091 1 1282
1202 1 1282
1255 2 1282
1279 1 1282
1279 1 1282
1282 12 1282
1294 1 1282
1294 1 1282
1294 1 1282
.I 1283
.T
"Science Citation Index" - A New Dimension in Indexing
.A
Garfield, E.
.W
This unique approach underlies versatile bibliographic
systems for communicating and evaluating information.
.X
18 1 1283
34 1 1283
39 2 1283
41 1 1283
49 1 1283
50 1 1283
53 1 1283
59 1 1283
89 1 1283
97 1 1283
164 1 1283
170 1 1283
202 1 1283
213 1 1283
224 1 1283
243 1 1283
326 1 1283
421 1 1283
446 1 1283
465 1 1283
466 1 1283
473 1 1283
485 1 1283
490 1 1283
491 1 1283
503 1 1283
506 1 1283
507 1 1283
510 1 1283
512 1 1283
572 1 1283
588 1 1283
591 1 1283
595 1 1283
603 1 1283
604 1 1283
616 1 1283
622 1 1283
623 1 1283
629 1 1283
632 1 1283
633 1 1283
639 1 1283
659 1 1283
676 3 1283
711 1 1283
722 1 1283
723 1 1283
726 1 1283
728 1 1283
730 1 1283
731 1 1283
732 1 1283
735 1 1283
773 1 1283
784 1 1283
809 1 1283
810 1 1283
813 1 1283
814 1 1283
820 1 1283
822 1 1283
828 1 1283
870 1 1283
879 1 1283
958 1 1283
1010 2 1283
1087 1 1283
1091 1 1283
1144 1 1283
1207 2 1283
1275 1 1283
1277 1 1283
1283 9 1283
1285 2 1283
1287 2 1283
1290 1 1283
1298 1 1283
1299 1 1283
1302 1 1283
1347 1 1283
1363 1 1283
1366 1 1283
1367 1 1283
1368 1 1283
1396 1 1283
1426 1 1283
1426 1 1283
.I 1284
.T
Scientific Information Exchange in Psychology
The immediate dissemination of research findings is
described for one science.
.A
Garvey, W.D.
Griffith, B.c.
.W
The immediate dissemination of research findings
is described for one science.
.X
89 1 1284
95 1 1284
98 1 1284
105 2 1284
109 1 1284
110 1 1284
155 1 1284
157 1 1284
191 1 1284
312 1 1284
314 1 1284
356 1 1284
386 2 1284
398 2 1284
459 1 1284
475 1 1284
544 2 1284
560 1 1284
582 1 1284
594 1 1284
602 1 1284
656 1 1284
685 1 1284
728 1 1284
1030 2 1284
1050 1 1284
1062 1 1284
1063 1 1284
1142 1 1284
1167 1 1284
1190 1 1284
1256 1 1284
1284 6 1284
1285 2 1284
1290 1 1284
1291 1 1284
1293 1 1284
1294 1 1284
1295 1 1284
1296 1 1284
1297 1 1284
1300 1 1284
1303 1 1284
1319 1 1284
1346 1 1284
1386 1 1284
1408 1 1284
1446 1 1284
1447 1 1284
1447 1 1284
.I 1285
.T
Networks of Scientific Papers
.A
de Solla Price, D.J.
.W
This article is an attempt to describe
in the broadest outline the nature of
the total world network of scientific
papers. We shall try to picture the
network which is obtained by linking
each published paper to the other papers
directly associated with it.
.X
29 1 1285
33 4 1285
35 1 1285
36 1 1285
39 2 1285
41 5 1285
42 1 1285
43 1 1285
47 1 1285
48 3 1285
50 3 1285
55 1 1285
58 1 1285
70 1 1285
84 1 1285
89 4 1285
96 1 1285
97 1 1285
98 1 1285
100 1 1285
101 1 1285
102 5 1285
104 2 1285
105 3 1285
106 6 1285
108 1 1285
110 2 1285
111 2 1285
112 2 1285
113 4 1285
152 1 1285
155 2 1285
157 1 1285
163 1 1285
170 1 1285
175 2 1285
183 1 1285
184 1 1285
193 1 1285
199 1 1285
203 1 1285
210 1 1285
225 1 1285
233 1 1285
269 1 1285
280 1 1285
314 4 1285
356 1 1285
359 1 1285
373 1 1285
377 2 1285
379 1 1285
444 1 1285
445 1 1285
447 1 1285
449 1 1285
456 1 1285
473 2 1285
474 1 1285
486 2 1285
491 1 1285
503 1 1285
532 1 1285
544 2 1285
545 3 1285
552 1 1285
560 3 1285
582 1 1285
587 4 1285
592 1 1285
605 3 1285
613 1 1285
614 1 1285
625 1 1285
632 3 1285
638 1 1285
656 1 1285
658 1 1285
660 1 1285
667 1 1285
685 1 1285
687 1 1285
735 2 1285
747 3 1285
750 4 1285
753 1 1285
762 1 1285
764 2 1285
765 1 1285
766 1 1285
767 2 1285
775 5 1285
777 1 1285
778 1 1285
782 1 1285
784 2 1285
788 1 1285
789 1 1285
791 2 1285
793 5 1285
794 3 1285
800 5 1285
805 2 1285
808 4 1285
893 4 1285
905 1 1285
953 1 1285
977 1 1285
983 1 1285
1010 1 1285
1016 3 1285
1023 1 1285
1030 5 1285
1045 1 1285
1050 1 1285
1055 1 1285
1062 2 1285
1063 1 1285
1081 1 1285
1082 1 1285
1083 2 1285
1084 2 1285
1085 4 1285
1086 2 1285
1087 4 1285
1088 1 1285
1090 1 1285
1097 1 1285
1109 1 1285
1111 1 1285
1123 1 1285
1125 1 1285
1135 1 1285
1167 1 1285
1174 1 1285
1190 1 1285
1195 1 1285
1200 1 1285
1201 4 1285
1203 1 1285
1222 1 1285
1234 1 1285
1235 1 1285
1256 1 1285
1260 1 1285
1273 2 1285
1274 5 1285
1275 2 1285
1276 1 1285
1277 3 1285
1278 2 1285
1280 6 1285
1281 1 1285
1283 2 1285
1284 2 1285
1285 41 1285
1286 3 1285
1287 11 1285
1289 1 1285
1290 1 1285
1291 2 1285
1293 1 1285
1294 1 1285
1295 1 1285
1296 2 1285
1297 1 1285
1301 1 1285
1302 6 1285
1304 1 1285
1308 2 1285
1312 2 1285
1313 4 1285
1319 1 1285
1334 1 1285
1335 1 1285
1337 3 1285
1338 2 1285
1340 1 1285
1341 1 1285
1344 2 1285
1346 4 1285
1347 2 1285
1362 1 1285
1380 1 1285
1386 2 1285
1387 1 1285
1390 1 1285
1397 1 1285
1417 1 1285
1423 1 1285
1428 1 1285
1432 1 1285
1444 2 1285
1460 1 1285
1460 1 1285
.I 1286
.T
Quantitative Growth of the Mathematical Literature
.A
May, K.O.
.W
Since 1868 the number of mathematical publications per year
(measured by counts of titles abstracted) has grown from about 800
to 13,000 at an average continuous compound rate of about 2.5 percent
per year, doubling about four times a century. Deviations from the
exponential curve are clearly related to war, depression, and recovery. If the
total number of publications prior to 1868 is estimated by extrapolating from
the curve of annual output, the cumulative grand total of mathematical titles
grows from 41,000 in 1867 to 419,000 by the end of 1965. Deviations from
an exponential growth of 2.5 percent per year are negligible except for two
"pauses" during world wars, after which the observations continue parallel
to the theoretical curve. The well-known hypothesis of exponential
growth of the scientific literature is strongly confirmed but at a rate less
than half that found by Price and other investigators. The discrepancy appears
to be due to the failure of previous studies to take into account the
titles published before the beginnings of the time series used.
.X
33 4 1286
36 1 1286
41 1 1286
48 2 1286
61 1 1286
89 1 1286
97 1 1286
101 1 1286
102 1 1286
104 1 1286
105 1 1286
106 1 1286
111 1 1286
112 1 1286
163 1 1286
183 1 1286
184 1 1286
193 1 1286
199 1 1286
203 1 1286
210 1 1286
225 1 1286
233 1 1286
269 1 1286
373 1 1286
544 1 1286
545 1 1286
552 1 1286
560 1 1286
587 1 1286
605 2 1286
613 1 1286
614 1 1286
631 1 1286
638 1 1286
667 1 1286
735 1 1286
747 1 1286
750 2 1286
753 1 1286
766 1 1286
767 1 1286
775 2 1286
782 1 1286
784 2 1286
788 1 1286
789 1 1286
793 1 1286
800 2 1286
808 1 1286
905 1 1286
907 1 1286
953 1 1286
977 1 1286
983 1 1286
1016 1 1286
1023 1 1286
1030 1 1286
1055 1 1286
1063 1 1286
1081 1 1286
1082 3 1286
1087 1 1286
1088 1 1286
1090 1 1286
1135 1 1286
1142 1 1286
1255 1 1286
1260 1 1286
1268 1 1286
1275 1 1286
1276 1 1286
1278 1 1286
1280 1 1286
1285 3 1286
1286 7 1286
1287 4 1286
1302 1 1286
1308 1 1286
1312 1 1286
1334 1 1286
1335 2 1286
1338 1 1286
1341 1 1286
1346 1 1286
1380 1 1286
1390 1 1286
1397 1 1286
1417 1 1286
1428 1 1286
1432 1 1286
1432 1 1286
.I 1287
.T
Citation Indexing and Evaluation of Scientific Papers
.A
Margolis, J.
.W
The spread of influence in populations of scientific
papers may become a subject for quantitative analysis.
.X
19 1 1287
33 5 1287
36 1 1287
37 1 1287
39 3 1287
40 1 1287
41 3 1287
47 1 1287
48 4 1287
50 2 1287
76 1 1287
88 1 1287
89 2 1287
95 1 1287
97 3 1287
101 1 1287
102 4 1287
103 1 1287
104 3 1287
105 2 1287
106 3 1287
110 2 1287
111 2 1287
112 2 1287
113 3 1287
155 1 1287
161 1 1287
163 1 1287
170 2 1287
175 1 1287
183 1 1287
184 1 1287
193 1 1287
199 1 1287
203 1 1287
210 1 1287
225 1 1287
233 3 1287
253 1 1287
269 1 1287
313 1 1287
359 1 1287
373 1 1287
377 1 1287
379 1 1287
395 1 1287
455 1 1287
456 1 1287
473 2 1287
486 1 1287
491 1 1287
505 1 1287
544 1 1287
545 2 1287
552 1 1287
560 3 1287
573 1 1287
582 1 1287
584 1 1287
587 2 1287
589 1 1287
605 3 1287
613 1 1287
614 1 1287
618 1 1287
632 3 1287
635 1 1287
638 1 1287
655 1 1287
667 4 1287
687 1 1287
735 1 1287
747 1 1287
748 1 1287
749 1 1287
750 2 1287
751 1 1287
753 1 1287
764 1 1287
765 1 1287
766 1 1287
767 1 1287
775 3 1287
777 1 1287
778 1 1287
782 2 1287
784 2 1287
788 1 1287
789 1 1287
793 3 1287
794 1 1287
800 3 1287
804 1 1287
805 2 1287
808 2 1287
893 2 1287
905 1 1287
952 1 1287
953 1 1287
977 1 1287
983 1 1287
1010 1 1287
1016 2 1287
1023 1 1287
1030 1 1287
1055 1 1287
1061 1 1287
1062 1 1287
1063 1 1287
1081 1 1287
1082 2 1287
1085 1 1287
1086 1 1287
1087 5 1287
1088 1 1287
1090 1 1287
1135 1 1287
1182 1 1287
1200 1 1287
1260 1 1287
1270 1 1287
1273 1 1287
1274 1 1287
1275 1 1287
1276 1 1287
1277 3 1287
1278 2 1287
1280 5 1287
1283 2 1287
1285 11 1287
1286 4 1287
1287 18 1287
1291 1 1287
1297 1 1287
1300 1 1287
1301 2 1287
1302 5 1287
1304 2 1287
1308 2 1287
1312 1 1287
1313 1 1287
1334 1 1287
1335 2 1287
1337 1 1287
1338 3 1287
1340 1 1287
1341 2 1287
1344 3 1287
1346 3 1287
1347 3 1287
1362 1 1287
1380 1 1287
1390 1 1287
1397 1 1287
1417 1 1287
1428 2 1287
1432 1 1287
1444 1 1287
1444 1 1287
.I 1288
.T
Project Hindsight
.A
Sherwin, C.W.
Isenson, R.S.
.W
Defense Department study of the utility of research.
.X
100 1 1288
356 1 1288
391 3 1288
426 1 1288
436 3 1288
437 2 1288
475 1 1288
658 2 1288
1050 2 1288
1288 6 1288
1288 6 1288
.I 1289
.T
Scientific Communication as a Social System
.A
Garvey, W.D.
Griffith, B.C.
.W
The exchange of information on research evolves
predictably and can be experimentally modified.
.X
40 1 1289
98 1 1289
343 1 1289
795 1 1289
796 1 1289
798 1 1289
902 1 1289
906 1 1289
907 1 1289
1030 1 1289
1089 1 1289
1209 2 1289
1235 1 1289
1285 1 1289
1289 5 1289
1290 1 1289
1294 1 1289
1296 2 1289
1296 2 1289
.I 1290
.T
The Future of Scientific Journals
.A
Brown, W.S.
Pierce, J.R.
Traub, J.F.
.W
A computer-based system will enable a subscriber to
receive a personalized stream of papers.
.X
40 1 1290
89 1 1290
105 1 1290
110 1 1290
155 1 1290
157 1 1290
198 1 1290
314 1 1290
356 1 1290
379 1 1290
513 1 1290
544 1 1290
560 1 1290
582 1 1290
588 1 1290
616 1 1290
656 1 1290
676 1 1290
685 4 1290
686 2 1290
691 1 1290
721 1 1290
724 1 1290
725 2 1290
735 1 1290
765 1 1290
770 1 1290
775 1 1290
776 1 1290
821 1 1290
1010 1 1290
1030 2 1290
1050 1 1290
1062 1 1290
1082 1 1290
1208 1 1290
1209 2 1290
1235 1 1290
1256 1 1290
1275 1 1290
1283 1 1290
1284 1 1290
1285 1 1290
1289 1 1290
1290 9 1290
1291 1 1290
1293 1 1290
1294 1 1290
1295 1 1290
1296 1 1290
1297 1 1290
1302 1 1290
1319 1 1290
1346 1 1290
1355 1 1290
1386 1 1290
1386 1 1290
.I 1291
.T
The Matthew Effect in Science
.A
Merton, R.K.
.W
This paper develops a conception of ways in which certain psychosocial
processes affect the allocation of rewards to scientists for their
contributions - an allocation which in turn affects the flow of ideas and
findings through the communication networks of science. The conception
is based upon an analysis of the composite of experience reported
in Harriet Zuckerman's interviews with Nobel laureates in the United
States (1) and upon data drawn from the diaries, letters, notebooks,
scientific papers, and biographies of other scientists.
.X
15 1 1291
32 1 1291
48 1 1291
89 3 1291
98 1 1291
100 1 1291
102 3 1291
103 1 1291
104 2 1291
105 2 1291
106 1 1291
107 1 1291
108 2 1291
110 2 1291
111 2 1291
112 1 1291
113 3 1291
128 1 1291
147 1 1291
155 1 1291
157 1 1291
170 1 1291
210 1 1291
312 1 1291
314 1 1291
355 1 1291
356 2 1291
359 1 1291
456 1 1291
475 1 1291
544 2 1291
545 1 1291
560 4 1291
582 1 1291
592 1 1291
602 1 1291
646 1 1291
647 1 1291
652 1 1291
656 1 1291
685 1 1291
763 1 1291
788 1 1291
793 1 1291
823 1 1291
827 1 1291
888 1 1291
919 1 1291
986 1 1291
1003 1 1291
1030 1 1291
1050 2 1291
1062 3 1291
1083 1 1291
1085 1 1291
1254 1 1291
1256 1 1291
1274 1 1291
1284 1 1291
1285 2 1291
1287 1 1291
1290 1 1291
1291 9 1291
1293 1 1291
1294 1 1291
1295 1 1291
1296 2 1291
1297 1 1291
1300 1 1291
1301 2 1291
1302 1 1291
1304 1 1291
1313 1 1291
1315 1 1291
1319 1 1291
1337 1 1291
1338 1 1291
1340 2 1291
1341 1 1291
1344 2 1291
1346 3 1291
1347 1 1291
1386 2 1291
1404 1 1291
1445 1 1291
1445 1 1291
.I 1292
.T
Computer-Assisted Design of Complex Organic Synthesis
.A
Corey, E.J.
Wipke, W.T.
.W
This article is concerned with the general theory of chemical synthesis and
with the application of machine computation to the generation of chemical
pathways for the synthesis of complicated organic molecules. The basis for
the approach which has been developed comes in large measure from the methods
used by chemists in the solution of certain types of synthetic problems.
.X
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117 1 1292
254 1 1292
327 2 1292
569 1 1292
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671 2 1292
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677 1 1292
678 1 1292
679 1 1292
681 1 1292
682 1 1292
689 1 1292
690 2 1292
693 1 1292
694 2 1292
695 1 1292
698 1 1292
700 1 1292
704 1 1292
706 2 1292
707 1 1292
709 1 1292
730 1 1292
738 1 1292
833 1 1292
1026 1 1292
1072 1 1292
1292 6 1292
1452 3 1292
1452 3 1292
.I 1293
.T
Psychology: Apprehension over a New Communications System
.A
Boffey, P.M.
.W
Dissension has arisen in the American Psychological Association (APA) over a
multimillion dollar plan to establish a "national information system for
psychology." The plan would supplement the existing psychology journals with
a computerized system for distributing unedited manuscripts on a rapid-fire
basis.
.X
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91 1 1293
105 3 1293
110 2 1293
111 1 1293
113 1 1293
155 1 1293
157 1 1293
161 1 1293
163 1 1293
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243 1 1293
314 1 1293
356 2 1293
429 1 1293
491 1 1293
496 1 1293
513 1 1293
544 1 1293
545 1 1293
560 2 1293
582 3 1293
588 1 1293
589 1 1293
592 2 1293
602 1 1293
603 1 1293
607 1 1293
613 1 1293
614 1 1293
618 1 1293
656 1 1293
657 2 1293
685 2 1293
686 1 1293
690 1 1293
691 1 1293
721 1 1293
722 1 1293
724 1 1293
725 1 1293
958 1 1293
987 1 1293
988 1 1293
1012 1 1293
1030 3 1293
1050 1 1293
1062 2 1293
1208 1 1293
1209 1 1293
1256 1 1293
1284 1 1293
1285 1 1293
1290 1 1293
1291 1 1293
1293 7 1293
1294 1 1293
1295 2 1293
1296 4 1293
1297 1 1293
1298 1 1293
1302 1 1293
1319 1 1293
1346 2 1293
1347 1 1293
1386 1 1293
1386 1 1293
.I 1294
.T
Automatic Text Analysis
.A
Salton, G.
.W
In this article the principal experiments in automatic text analysis are
briefly reviewed, and an indication is given of developments to be expected in
the future.
.X
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603 1 1294
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633 1 1294
636 1 1294
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656 1 1294
659 4 1294
660 2 1294
685 1 1294
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726 1 1294
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762 1 1294
780 1 1294
790 2 1294
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801 1 1294
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809 1 1294
810 2 1294
812 2 1294
813 1 1294
814 1 1294
817 1 1294
824 3 1294
825 1 1294
863 1 1294
864 1 1294
894 2 1294
902 1 1294
906 1 1294
907 1 1294
956 3 1294
961 1 1294
963 1 1294
986 1 1294
987 1 1294
988 1 1294
989 1 1294
1030 1 1294
1035 1 1294
1050 1 1294
1051 1 1294
1062 1 1294
1089 1 1294
1144 2 1294
1152 1 1294
1209 1 1294
1255 1 1294
1256 1 1294
1265 1 1294
1282 1 1294
1284 1 1294
1285 1 1294
1289 1 1294
1290 1 1294
1291 1 1294
1293 1 1294
1294 19 1294
1295 1 1294
1296 1 1294
1297 1 1294
1298 1 1294
1319 1 1294
1327 4 1294
1346 1 1294
1386 1 1294
1419 1 1294
1427 1 1294
1443 1 1294
1443 1 1294
.I 1295
.T
Communication or Chaos?
.A
Baker, D.B.
.W
Effective transfer of scientific and technical information
continues to be a pressing national problem.
.X
35 1 1295
42 1 1295
43 1 1295
52 1 1295
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105 1 1295
110 1 1295
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213 1 1295
214 1 1295
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382 1 1295
420 1 1295
491 1 1295
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496 1 1295
544 1 1295
560 1 1295
578 1 1295
582 3 1295
589 1 1295
594 1 1295
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655 1 1295
656 2 1295
657 2 1295
685 1 1295
690 1 1295
779 1 1295
790 1 1295
1012 1 1295
1030 1 1295
1050 1 1295
1054 1 1295
1055 1 1295
1062 1 1295
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1154 1 1295
1232 1 1295
1256 1 1295
1281 1 1295
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1294 1 1295
1295 6 1295
1296 2 1295
1297 2 1295
1298 1 1295
1319 1 1295
1346 1 1295
1386 1 1295
1386 1 1295
.I 1296
.T
Computer-Based Chemical Information Services
.A
Arnett, E.M.
.W
Some new aids for the research scientist are described.
.X
89 3 1296
95 1 1296
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100 1 1296
102 1 1296
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161 1 1296
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343 1 1296
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656 1 1296
657 1 1296
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1012 1 1296
1030 3 1296
1045 1 1296
1050 2 1296
1062 2 1296
1083 1 1296
1085 1 1296
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1256 1 1296
1284 1 1296
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1297 1 1296
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1301 1 1296
1302 1 1296
1319 2 1296
1339 1 1296
1346 2 1296
1347 1 1296
1386 2 1296
1386 2 1296
.I 1297
.T
Communication in the Physical and Social Sciences
.A
Garvey, W.D.
Lin, N.
Nelson, C.E.
.W
This article focuses on differences between the physical and the social
sciences regarding three major factors associated with the
dissemination and assimilation of scientific information: (i) lags in the
process of information flow; (ii) the organization and
effectiveness of informal networks; and (iii) the transfer of information from
the informal to the formal domain.
.X
65 1 1297
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89 1 1297
95 1 1297
104 1 1297
105 1 1297
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124 1 1297
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155 1 1297
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211 1 1297
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243 1 1297
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314 1 1297
330 1 1297
356 1 1297
378 1 1297
382 1 1297
450 1 1297
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452 1 1297
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468 1 1297
484 1 1297
492 1 1297
495 1 1297
508 1 1297
511 1 1297
512 1 1297
514 1 1297
518 1 1297
520 1 1297
523 1 1297
524 1 1297
525 1 1297
526 1 1297
529 1 1297
530 1 1297
534 1 1297
544 1 1297
546 1 1297
553 1 1297
560 1 1297
579 1 1297
582 2 1297
584 1 1297
589 1 1297
594 1 1297
603 1 1297
604 1 1297
606 1 1297
609 1 1297
610 1 1297
611 1 1297
612 1 1297
625 1 1297
626 1 1297
630 1 1297
636 1 1297
637 1 1297
642 1 1297
648 1 1297
650 1 1297
655 1 1297
656 1 1297
685 1 1297
692 1 1297
696 1 1297
699 1 1297
703 1 1297
705 1 1297
708 1 1297
726 1 1297
727 1 1297
728 1 1297
731 1 1297
732 1 1297
733 1 1297
734 1 1297
736 1 1297
738 1 1297
739 1 1297
740 1 1297
741 1 1297
742 1 1297
743 1 1297
744 1 1297
755 1 1297
779 1 1297
790 1 1297
820 1 1297
826 1 1297
827 1 1297
879 1 1297
883 1 1297
1004 1 1297
1030 1 1297
1035 1 1297
1050 1 1297
1055 1 1297
1062 1 1297
1078 1 1297
1083 1 1297
1086 1 1297
1089 1 1297
1091 1 1297
1207 1 1297
1256 1 1297
1264 1 1297
1284 1 1297
1285 1 1297
1287 1 1297
1290 1 1297
1291 1 1297
1293 1 1297
1294 1 1297
1295 2 1297
1296 1 1297
1297 6 1297
1300 1 1297
1303 1 1297
1319 1 1297
1346 1 1297
1356 1 1297
1362 1 1297
1364 1 1297
1368 1 1297
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1372 1 1297
1373 1 1297
1374 1 1297
1375 1 1297
1376 1 1297
1377 1 1297
1386 1 1297
1386 1 1297
.I 1298
.T
Selective Dissemination and Indexing of Scientific Information
.A
Schneider, John H.
.W
Automated methods for selective dissemination of information (SDI) to
individual scientists and engineers play an important role in dealing with the
increasing avalanche of scientific information.. This article presents some
basic aspects of SDI systems and describes recent developments and problems..
Two different approaches to indexing information for SDI systems are discussed,
with emphasis on the desirability of using enumerative hierarchical
classifications to improve the precision and quality of matching scientists
with useful documents..
.X
18 1 1298
34 1 1298
35 1 1298
42 1 1298
43 1 1298
49 1 1298
52 1 1298
53 1 1298
59 2 1298
70 1 1298
73 1 1298
81 1 1298
91 1 1298
95 1 1298
105 1 1298
111 1 1298
113 1 1298
161 2 1298
163 1 1298
164 3 1298
175 1 1298
197 1 1298
202 1 1298
213 1 1298
224 2 1298
243 2 1298
255 1 1298
274 1 1298
356 1 1298
375 1 1298
382 1 1298
401 1 1298
420 1 1298
421 2 1298
439 1 1298
440 1 1298
445 1 1298
454 1 1298
465 1 1298
466 1 1298
467 1 1298
472 1 1298
490 1 1298
491 1 1298
503 1 1298
506 2 1298
507 2 1298
510 1 1298
512 1 1298
545 1 1298
554 1 1298
560 1 1298
565 1 1298
566 1 1298
578 1 1298
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580 1 1298
582 1 1298
589 1 1298
591 2 1298
592 2 1298
593 1 1298
594 2 1298
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596 1 1298
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600 1 1298
602 1 1298
603 2 1298
604 2 1298
606 1 1298
607 1 1298
609 2 1298
622 1 1298
623 1 1298
629 1 1298
633 1 1298
639 1 1298
655 1 1298
656 1 1298
657 1 1298
659 1 1298
676 1 1298
696 1 1298
711 1 1298
716 1 1298
722 1 1298
723 2 1298
724 1 1298
726 1 1298
727 1 1298
728 1 1298
730 1 1298
731 1 1298
732 1 1298
735 1 1298
801 1 1298
805 1 1298
806 1 1298
807 1 1298
809 2 1298
810 1 1298
813 2 1298
814 1 1298
820 1 1298
822 1 1298
828 1 1298
836 1 1298
866 1 1298
867 1 1298
870 2 1298
879 1 1298
956 1 1298
989 1 1298
1030 1 1298
1054 1 1298
1084 1 1298
1087 1 1298
1089 1 1298
1091 1 1298
1154 1 1298
1232 1 1298
1281 1 1298
1283 1 1298
1293 1 1298
1294 1 1298
1295 1 1298
1296 1 1298
1298 12 1298
1299 2 1298
1303 1 1298
1327 2 1298
1346 1 1298
1347 1 1298
1363 1 1298
1366 1 1298
1367 1 1298
1368 1 1298
1396 3 1298
1405 1 1298
1405 1 1298
.I 1299
.T
Current Physics Information
.A
Koch, H. William
.W
A new concept in science communication will be given its first test in
calendar year 1972.. Primary and secondary contents of a selected subset of
the world's journal literature in physics will be provided in a variety of
output formats.. Among them are a monthly microfilm containing the full texts
of all articles in the set of journals (Current Physics Microform); an advance
abstracts journal describing the articles (Current Physics Advance Abstracts);
a printed, classified index of the titles of the articles (Current Physics
Titles); and a computer tape index to the articles (Searchable Physics
Information Notices)..
.X
18 1 1299
34 1 1299
49 1 1299
53 1 1299
59 1 1299
161 1 1299
164 1 1299
197 1 1299
202 1 1299
213 1 1299
224 1 1299
243 1 1299
375 1 1299
421 1 1299
445 1 1299
454 1 1299
465 1 1299
466 1 1299
472 1 1299
490 1 1299
491 1 1299
503 1 1299
506 2 1299
507 2 1299
510 1 1299
512 1 1299
554 1 1299
579 1 1299
591 2 1299
593 1 1299
594 1 1299
595 2 1299
596 1 1299
597 1 1299
599 1 1299
600 1 1299
603 2 1299
604 2 1299
606 1 1299
622 1 1299
623 1 1299
629 1 1299
633 1 1299
639 1 1299
659 1 1299
676 1 1299
685 1 1299
711 1 1299
722 1 1299
723 2 1299
724 1 1299
726 1 1299
728 1 1299
730 1 1299
731 1 1299
732 1 1299
801 1 1299
805 1 1299
806 1 1299
809 1 1299
810 1 1299
813 1 1299
814 1 1299
820 1 1299
822 1 1299
828 1 1299
836 1 1299
866 1 1299
867 1 1299
870 1 1299
879 1 1299
956 1 1299
989 1 1299
1091 1 1299
1208 2 1299
1283 1 1299
1298 2 1299
1299 6 1299
1327 1 1299
1363 1 1299
1366 1 1299
1367 1 1299
1368 1 1299
1396 1 1299
1405 1 1299
1405 1 1299
.I 1300
.T
Coherent Social Groups in Scientific Change
.A
Griffith, B.C.
Mullins, N.C.
.W
This article examines findings from surveys, individual interviews, and
bibliographical essays, and discusses the similarities among contemporary
groups that developed into small, coherent, activist groups and that
subsequently had major impacts on their "home" disciplines.
.X
39 1 1300
47 1 1300
48 1 1300
76 1 1300
89 1 1300
95 3 1300
98 1 1300
100 1 1300
102 2 1300
104 1 1300
105 2 1300
107 2 1300
109 2 1300
110 2 1300
111 1 1300
112 1 1300
113 3 1300
161 1 1300
312 1 1300
356 1 1300
386 2 1300
398 1 1300
438 1 1300
503 1 1300
513 1 1300
544 3 1300
560 2 1300
582 1 1300
584 1 1300
589 1 1300
602 1 1300
618 1 1300
632 1 1300
655 1 1300
1010 1 1300
1044 1 1300
1063 1 1300
1082 1 1300
1210 1 1300
1234 1 1300
1273 1 1300
1274 1 1300
1284 1 1300
1287 1 1300
1291 1 1300
1297 1 1300
1300 9 1300
1302 1 1300
1308 1 1300
1312 1 1300
1313 3 1300
1315 1 1300
1342 1 1300
1345 2 1300
1346 1 1300
1347 1 1300
1386 2 1300
1408 1 1300
1444 2 1300
1444 2 1300
.I 1301
.T
Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation
.A
Garfield, E.
.W
Journals can be ranked by frequency and impact
of citations for science policy studies.
.X
19 1 1301
37 2 1301
39 1 1301
40 2 1301
41 1 1301
47 2 1301
48 1 1301
88 1 1301
89 1 1301
97 1 1301
98 1 1301
100 1 1301
102 1 1301
103 1 1301
106 1 1301
107 1 1301
108 1 1301
111 1 1301
113 1 1301
233 1 1301
253 3 1301
313 1 1301
359 2 1301
377 2 1301
379 1 1301
395 1 1301
505 1 1301
560 1 1301
573 1 1301
602 1 1301
618 2 1301
622 1 1301
632 2 1301
635 1 1301
667 1 1301
677 1 1301
706 1 1301
729 1 1301
748 1 1301
749 1 1301
751 1 1301
764 2 1301
765 1 1301
777 2 1301
778 1 1301
782 1 1301
804 1 1301
805 1 1301
893 1 1301
952 1 1301
1016 1 1301
1061 1 1301
1062 1 1301
1083 1 1301
1085 2 1301
1086 1 1301
1087 2 1301
1182 1 1301
1200 1 1301
1270 1 1301
1273 1 1301
1274 2 1301
1275 1 1301
1277 1 1301
1278 2 1301
1280 2 1301
1285 1 1301
1287 2 1301
1291 2 1301
1296 1 1301
1301 10 1301
1302 4 1301
1304 3 1301
1313 2 1301
1337 2 1301
1338 2 1301
1344 2 1301
1347 1 1301
1380 2 1301
1428 1 1301
1444 3 1301
1444 3 1301
.I 1302
.T
The Ortega Hypothesis
.A
Cole, J.R.
Cole, S.
.W
Citation analysis suggests that only a few
scientists contribute to scientific progress.
.X
10 1 1302
18 1 1302
19 1 1302
33 2 1302
36 1 1302
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87 1 1302
88 1 1302
89 4 1302
91 1 1302
97 6 1302
98 1 1302
100 1 1302
102 3 1302
103 1 1302
106 1 1302
107 2 1302
110 1 1302
111 4 1302
112 2 1302
113 3 1302
115 1 1302
125 1 1302
145 2 1302
163 1 1302
167 1 1302
183 2 1302
184 1 1302
189 2 1302
192 1 1302
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198 4 1302
199 2 1302
201 1 1302
203 2 1302
210 1 1302
211 1 1302
215 2 1302
219 3 1302
221 3 1302
225 1 1302
233 1 1302
253 2 1302
255 2 1302
269 1 1302
313 1 1302
359 7 1302
361 1 1302
373 1 1302
377 3 1302
378 3 1302
379 3 1302
395 1 1302
400 1 1302
415 3 1302
429 1 1302
440 1 1302
452 1 1302
453 1 1302
467 1 1302
468 1 1302
491 1 1302
495 1 1302
505 1 1302
506 1 1302
508 1 1302
511 1 1302
512 1 1302
513 1 1302
514 1 1302
517 1 1302
520 1 1302
521 1 1302
523 1 1302
524 1 1302
526 1 1302
528 1 1302
543 1 1302
545 2 1302
552 1 1302
560 1 1302
573 1 1302
576 1 1302
580 1 1302
582 1 1302
587 1 1302
588 2 1302
589 1 1302
602 1 1302
603 1 1302
604 1 1302
605 2 1302
609 1 1302
612 1 1302
613 3 1302
614 6 1302
616 2 1302
618 9 1302
619 1 1302
622 2 1302
623 1 1302
629 1 1302
631 1 1302
632 7 1302
633 1 1302
635 9 1302
638 6 1302
642 1 1302
657 1 1302
667 1 1302
685 2 1302
686 1 1302
687 1 1302
691 1 1302
699 1 1302
700 1 1302
705 1 1302
707 1 1302
721 1 1302
722 1 1302
723 1 1302
724 1 1302
725 1 1302
726 1 1302
727 1 1302
728 1 1302
729 1 1302
730 1 1302
731 1 1302
735 3 1302
744 2 1302
747 1 1302
748 4 1302
749 1 1302
750 1 1302
751 1 1302
753 3 1302
754 1 1302
756 2 1302
757 1 1302
764 4 1302
765 1 1302
766 1 1302
767 2 1302
775 3 1302
777 2 1302
778 1 1302
782 2 1302
784 2 1302
787 2 1302
788 1 1302
789 2 1302
792 1 1302
793 1 1302
800 1 1302
804 2 1302
805 2 1302
808 2 1302
812 1 1302
813 1 1302
814 1 1302
820 1 1302
821 3 1302
822 1 1302
831 1 1302
866 1 1302
870 1 1302
873 1 1302
893 2 1302
905 4 1302
943 1 1302
944 1 1302
952 6 1302
953 3 1302
958 1 1302
977 1 1302
983 1 1302
987 1 1302
988 1 1302
1010 1 1302
1016 3 1302
1023 1 1302
1030 2 1302
1055 1 1302
1061 1 1302
1062 2 1302
1071 5 1302
1078 1 1302
1083 2 1302
1085 4 1302
1086 3 1302
1087 6 1302
1089 1 1302
1090 3 1302
1091 1 1302
1135 1 1302
1143 1 1302
1147 2 1302
1182 1 1302
1200 1 1302
1208 1 1302
1210 4 1302
1227 1 1302
1254 1 1302
1256 2 1302
1260 4 1302
1264 1 1302
1273 1 1302
1274 2 1302
1275 14 1302
1276 3 1302
1277 2 1302
1278 4 1302
1280 4 1302
1283 1 1302
1285 6 1302
1286 1 1302
1287 5 1302
1290 1 1302
1291 1 1302
1293 1 1302
1296 1 1302
1300 1 1302
1301 4 1302
1302 44 1302
1303 1 1302
1304 1 1302
1313 2 1302
1315 1 1302
1335 2 1302
1338 1 1302
1341 1 1302
1344 1 1302
1345 1 1302
1346 2 1302
1347 4 1302
1352 1 1302
1355 3 1302
1362 1 1302
1366 1 1302
1367 1 1302
1368 1 1302
1369 3 1302
1373 1 1302
1377 1 1302
1380 3 1302
1390 2 1302
1396 1 1302
1397 2 1302
1417 1 1302
1418 1 1302
1428 2 1302
1432 1 1302
1444 3 1302
1444 3 1302
.I 1303
.T
On-Line Services in Medicine and Beyond
.A
McCarn, D.B.
Leiter, J.
.W
A national and international bibliographic information
network for science and technology is now evolving.
.X
18 1 1303
75 1 1303
124 3 1303
125 2 1303
127 1 1303
129 1 1303
141 1 1303
145 2 1303
165 1 1303
190 2 1303
191 3 1303
197 1 1303
211 3 1303
214 1 1303
218 1 1303
243 1 1303
244 1 1303
299 1 1303
307 1 1303
312 1 1303
330 1 1303
365 1 1303
378 2 1303
381 1 1303
382 1 1303
440 1 1303
448 1 1303
450 1 1303
451 1 1303
452 4 1303
453 1 1303
459 2 1303
467 1 1303
468 2 1303
475 1 1303
484 2 1303
492 1 1303
495 1 1303
506 1 1303
508 2 1303
511 3 1303
512 2 1303
514 4 1303
516 1 1303
517 1 1303
518 2 1303
520 2 1303
521 2 1303
522 1 1303
523 4 1303
524 2 1303
525 1 1303
526 3 1303
527 1 1303
528 2 1303
529 3 1303
530 1 1303
532 1 1303
533 1 1303
534 1 1303
546 2 1303
547 3 1303
553 1 1303
575 1 1303
576 1 1303
579 1 1303
580 1 1303
594 6 1303
597 1 1303
602 1 1303
603 1 1303
604 3 1303
606 2 1303
609 2 1303
610 3 1303
611 2 1303
612 3 1303
615 1 1303
619 1 1303
622 1 1303
623 1 1303
625 2 1303
626 2 1303
629 1 1303
630 2 1303
631 1 1303
632 1 1303
633 1 1303
636 2 1303
637 1 1303
642 2 1303
648 2 1303
650 1 1303
692 1 1303
696 1 1303
699 2 1303
700 2 1303
703 1 1303
705 3 1303
707 2 1303
708 1 1303
723 1 1303
726 2 1303
727 3 1303
728 4 1303
729 1 1303
730 1 1303
731 2 1303
732 1 1303
733 2 1303
734 1 1303
736 1 1303
738 1 1303
739 1 1303
740 1 1303
741 1 1303
742 1 1303
743 2 1303
744 1 1303
754 2 1303
755 1 1303
812 2 1303
813 1 1303
814 1 1303
817 1 1303
820 2 1303
822 2 1303
824 1 1303
826 1 1303
827 1 1303
854 1 1303
866 1 1303
870 1 1303
871 1 1303
872 1 1303
873 2 1303
874 1 1303
875 2 1303
876 1 1303
877 1 1303
878 1 1303
879 2 1303
880 1 1303
883 1 1303
892 1 1303
940 1 1303
941 1 1303
990 1 1303
994 1 1303
997 1 1303
998 1 1303
1004 1 1303
1035 1 1303
1051 1 1303
1078 2 1303
1079 1 1303
1089 2 1303
1091 2 1303
1143 2 1303
1207 1 1303
1230 1 1303
1257 1 1303
1264 2 1303
1284 1 1303
1297 1 1303
1298 1 1303
1302 1 1303
1303 17 1303
1327 1 1303
1356 1 1303
1364 2 1303
1366 2 1303
1367 2 1303
1368 4 1303
1370 1 1303
1372 1 1303
1373 1 1303
1374 1 1303
1375 1 1303
1376 1 1303
1377 1 1303
1396 2 1303
1435 1 1303
1436 1 1303
1436 1 1303
.I 1304
.T
Citation Analysis
.A
Gouldsmit, S.A.
.W
The Science Citation Index is a valuable and powerful tool when
used for the purpose for which it was intended, as an aid in literature
search. It also invites a variety of statistical investigations, which
must, however, be considered with prudence, since they may lead to
misleading results. No matter how cautiously the authors express
themselves, the casual readers, that is the majority, will treat
the results as established facts and forget about the assumptions
underlying them. This is also happening with the computer output
for economic models, which is accepted as if it were experimental
observation.
.X
19 1 1304
37 1 1304
39 1 1304
40 1 1304
47 1 1304
48 1 1304
88 1 1304
97 1 1304
102 2 1304
103 1 1304
104 1 1304
108 1 1304
113 2 1304
233 1 1304
253 1 1304
313 1 1304
359 1 1304
377 1 1304
379 1 1304
395 1 1304
505 1 1304
560 1 1304
573 1 1304
618 1 1304
632 2 1304
635 1 1304
667 1 1304
748 1 1304
749 1 1304
751 1 1304
764 1 1304
765 1 1304
777 1 1304
778 1 1304
782 1 1304
804 1 1304
805 1 1304
893 1 1304
952 1 1304
1016 1 1304
1061 1 1304
1085 1 1304
1086 1 1304
1087 2 1304
1182 1 1304
1200 1 1304
1270 1 1304
1273 2 1304
1274 3 1304
1277 1 1304
1278 1 1304
1280 1 1304
1285 1 1304
1287 2 1304
1291 1 1304
1301 3 1304
1302 1 1304
1304 6 1304
1313 3 1304
1337 2 1304
1338 3 1304
1341 1 1304
1344 4 1304
1347 2 1304
1380 1 1304
1387 1 1304
1428 1 1304
1444 2 1304
1444 2 1304
.I 1305
.T
Copyright, Public Policy, and Information Technology
.A
Henry, N.L.
.W
It is my purpose to single out two major information technologies that
have already fostered considerable controversies - computer-based
information storage and retrieval systems and photocopying technologies -
and analyze the costs and benefits they have produced in various knowledge-
sensitive circles of American society. I also suggest some immediate policy
steps that might be taken concerning computers, photocopiers, and other
information technologies.
.X
10 1 1305
126 1 1305
167 1 1305
449 1 1305
525 1 1305
526 1 1305
533 1 1305
551 1 1305
574 1 1305
616 1 1305
640 1 1305
823 1 1305
942 1 1305
947 1 1305
1258 1 1305
1305 5 1305
1306 3 1305
1313 1 1305
1390 1 1305
1390 1 1305
.I 1306
.T
Copyright: Its Adequacy in Technological Societies
.A
Henry, N.L.
.W
The traditional copyright concept may not be appropriate
to knowledge management in a technological society.
.X
10 1 1306
126 1 1306
127 1 1306
167 1 1306
449 1 1306
471 1 1306
525 1 1306
526 1 1306
533 1 1306
551 1 1306
574 1 1306
616 1 1306
640 1 1306
823 1 1306
942 1 1306
947 1 1306
1038 1 1306
1227 1 1306
1258 1 1306
1270 1 1306
1305 3 1306
1306 6 1306
1313 1 1306
1390 1 1306
1390 1 1306
.I 1307
.T
Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Swets, J.A.
.W
In this review I present the measures to some extent in the terms of their
originators and to some extent in common terms which will make it easier to
compare and contrast them with the measure proposed here.
.X
54 1 1307
54 1 1307
73 6 1307
73 6 1307
134 1 1307
134 1 1307
175 1 1307
175 1 1307
176 1 1307
176 1 1307
319 1 1307
319 1 1307
474 1 1307
474 1 1307
509 1 1307
509 1 1307
519 3 1307
519 3 1307
565 1 1307
565 1 1307
566 1 1307
566 1 1307
587 1 1307
587 1 1307
625 1 1307
625 1 1307
649 1 1307
649 1 1307
660 1 1307
660 1 1307
752 1 1307
752 1 1307
764 1 1307
764 1 1307
780 5 1307
780 5 1307
785 3 1307
785 3 1307
810 1 1307
810 1 1307
812 1 1307
812 1 1307
824 1 1307
824 1 1307
829 2 1307
829 2 1307
895 3 1307
895 3 1307
1091 1 1307
1091 1 1307
1307 7 1307
1422 1 1307
1422 1 1307
1427 1 1307
1427 1 1307
1427 1 1307
.I 1308
.T
Science: Growth and Change
.A
Menard, H.W.
.W
More and more examples accumulated of highly variable growth
rates and of their influence on scientific careers. Gradually the study
began to incorporate calculations of the effects of variable growth on
a wide range of scientific concerns: studying, teaching, research,
publishing, citations, the basis of scientific prestige, promotions,
unemployment. It became apparent that generally unsuspected forces have
a powerful influence on the careers of scientists and everyone else
enmeshed in rapid change.
This book presents some evidence for change and speculates about
many effects. It also makes a beginning toward understanding the
forces that cause and do not cause change. It may provide some solace
for those in dormant fields who have wondered why life has passed
them by. It may, perhaps, make a few highly successful scientists a
little more modest. Most of all it may guide those who still have a
choice - and so have we all.
.X
33 2 1308
47 1 1308
48 1 1308
101 1 1308
102 1 1308
105 1 1308
113 1 1308
155 1 1308
503 1 1308
513 1 1308
544 1 1308
560 1 1308
587 1 1308
605 1 1308
638 1 1308
667 1 1308
750 1 1308
775 2 1308
793 1 1308
794 1 1308
800 2 1308
808 1 1308
1063 1 1308
1081 1 1308
1082 1 1308
1088 1 1308
1210 1 1308
1234 1 1308
1285 2 1308
1286 1 1308
1287 2 1308
1300 1 1308
1308 6 1308
1312 1 1308
1313 1 1308
1334 1 1308
1339 1 1308
1340 1 1308
1346 1 1308
1346 1 1308
.I 1309
.T
Science and Information Theory
.A
Brillouin, L.
.W
A new scientific theory has been born during the last few years, the theory
of information. It immediately attracted a great deal of interest and has
expanded very rapidly. This new theory was initially the result of a very
practical and utilitarian discussion of certain basic problems: How is it
possible to define the quantity of information contained in a message or
telegram to be transmitted? How does one measure the amount of information
communicated by a system of telegraphic signals? How does one compare these
two qualities and discuss the efficiency for coding devices? All of these
problems, and many similar ones, are of concern to the telecommunication
engineer and can now be discussed quantitatively.
From these discussions there emerged a new theory of both mathematical
and practical character. This theory is based on probability considerations.
Once stated in a precise way, it can be used for many fundamental scientific
discussions. It enables one to solve the problem of Maxwell's demon and to
show a very direct connection between information and entropy. The
thermodynamic entropy measures the lack of information about a certain
physical system. Whenever an experiment is performed in the laboratory,
it is paid for by an increase of entropy, and a generalized Carnot Principle
states that the price paid in increase of entropy must always be larger than
the amount of information gained. Information corresponds to negative
entropy, a quantity for which the author coined the word negentropy. The
generalized Carnot Principle may also be called the negentropy principle of
information. This principle imposes a new limitation on physical experiments
and is independent of the well-known uncertainty relations of quantum mechanics.
.X
3 1 1309
60 1 1309
85 1 1309
149 1 1309
175 1 1309
258 1 1309
324 1 1309
346 1 1309
361 1 1309
388 1 1309
416 1 1309
457 1 1309
558 1 1309
585 1 1309
592 1 1309
593 1 1309
595 1 1309
665 1 1309
761 1 1309
803 2 1309
911 1 1309
1022 1 1309
1053 1 1309
1077 1 1309
1218 1 1309
1309 7 1309
1309 7 1309
.I 1310
.T
Two Paradigms for Scientific Knowledge?
.A
Bloor, D.
.W
The growing interest in the sociology of science makes the publication of
this collection of papers particularly timely because, in broad outline,
it deals with the clash which occurs when the sociological approach makes
incursions into the field normally occupied by philosophers of science.
.X
88 1 1310
101 1 1310
168 1 1310
343 2 1310
902 1 1310
1271 1 1310
1272 1 1310
1310 5 1310
1311 1 1310
1386 2 1310
1399 1 1310
1399 1 1310
.I 1311
.T
Is a Scientific Revolution Taking Place in Psychology? -
Doubts and Reservations
.A
Warren, N.
.W
We were introduced by Kuhn to the notion of scientific progress as a series
of qualitative changes, each involving the overthrow of a prevailing paradigm
of thought by a new paradigm which alters the whole perspective of a science.
Palermo has appropriately summarized Kuhn's analysis. It seems, if we judge
by constant citations of Kuhn and the references to paradigms, crises and
revolutions among scientists and philosophers, that he has induced a novel
self-consciousness about the growth of scientific knowledge and the nature of
cumulativeness in the expansion of understanding - and not least among
psychologists. This may be in small part (though I doubt it) because one of
psychology's concerns is the empirical study of the growth of knowledge: Jean
Piaget, whose influence in some quarters has now become so great that he
is hailed as a revolutionary in those quarters, has for several decades been
developing a theory of the growth of knowledge - or, if you insist, of the
development of cognition - which, like Kuhn's account (in his preface Kuhn
acknowledges illumination from Piaget), eschews accumulation and posits a
sequence of qualitative changes each of which completely reorganizes thinking.
.X
343 2 1311
1271 5 1311
1272 4 1311
1310 1 1311
1311 6 1311
1329 1 1311
1386 3 1311
1387 1 1311
1387 1 1311
.I 1312
.T
The Development of Specialities in Science:
the Case of X-ray Protein Crystallography
.A
Law, J.
.W
This paper discusses the intellectual structure of a scientific specialty
in great detail.
.X
33 1 1312
95 1 1312
100 1 1312
101 1 1312
102 1 1312
105 1 1312
106 1 1312
107 1 1312
113 1 1312
314 1 1312
386 1 1312
544 2 1312
560 1 1312
605 2 1312
667 1 1312
750 1 1312
775 1 1312
800 1 1312
1063 1 1312
1081 1 1312
1082 1 1312
1088 1 1312
1273 1 1312
1274 1 1312
1285 2 1312
1286 1 1312
1287 1 1312
1300 1 1312
1308 1 1312
1312 5 1312
1313 2 1312
1316 1 1312
1334 1 1312
1345 1 1312
1386 1 1312
1389 1 1312
1389 1 1312
.I 1313
.T
The Structure of Scientific Literatures
I: Identifying and Graphing Specialities
.A
Small, H.
Griffith, B.C.
.W
In this paper we report a first experiment using a new computer-based
technique to identify clusters of highly interactive documents in science. We
contend that these clusters represent the scientific specialties which currently
exhibit high levels of activity. This technique, we believe, opens the way
to a systematic exploration of the entire specialty structure of science,
including both the internal structure of specialities and their relationship
to one another.
.X
19 1 1313
37 1 1313
39 1 1313
40 1 1313
41 1 1313
47 3 1313
48 1 1313
86 1 1313
88 1 1313
95 1 1313
97 1 1313
100 1 1313
102 4 1313
103 1 1313
104 1 1313
106 2 1313
107 1 1313
108 1 1313
113 3 1313
126 1 1313
175 1 1313
228 1 1313
229 1 1313
233 1 1313
253 1 1313
313 1 1313
314 1 1313
359 1 1313
377 3 1313
379 1 1313
382 1 1313
386 1 1313
389 1 1313
390 1 1313
395 1 1313
449 1 1313
469 1 1313
503 2 1313
505 1 1313
513 1 1313
514 1 1313
520 1 1313
525 1 1313
526 1 1313
533 1 1313
544 1 1313
560 1 1313
570 1 1313
573 1 1313
574 1 1313
576 1 1313
586 1 1313
605 1 1313
608 1 1313
616 1 1313
618 1 1313
632 7 1313
635 1 1313
636 1 1313
640 1 1313
643 1 1313
659 1 1313
667 1 1313
748 1 1313
749 1 1313
751 1 1313
764 2 1313
765 1 1313
777 1 1313
778 1 1313
782 1 1313
804 1 1313
805 1 1313
820 1 1313
823 1 1313
893 1 1313
894 1 1313
952 1 1313
1016 1 1313
1061 1 1313
1085 1 1313
1086 1 1313
1087 1 1313
1182 1 1313
1200 1 1313
1210 1 1313
1234 4 1313
1273 3 1313
1274 11 1313
1277 2 1313
1278 2 1313
1280 2 1313
1285 4 1313
1287 1 1313
1291 1 1313
1300 3 1313
1301 2 1313
1302 2 1313
1304 3 1313
1305 1 1313
1306 1 1313
1308 1 1313
1312 2 1313
1313 16 1313
1327 1 1313
1337 1 1313
1338 2 1313
1341 1 1313
1342 1 1313
1344 2 1313
1345 1 1313
1347 1 1313
1380 1 1313
1386 2 1313
1387 1 1313
1419 1 1313
1428 1 1313
1444 4 1313
1444 4 1313
.I 1314
.T
Popper's Mystification of Objective Knowledge
.A
Bloor, D.
.W
For Popper, science is the very epitome of objective knowledge. The central
papers of his latest book argue and elaborate on this theme. He says:
All work in science is work directed towards the growth of objective
knowledge. We are workers who are adding to the growth of objective
knowledge as masons work on a cathedral.
I will first make some preliminary points about the word 'objective'.
This will give substance to issues which are in danger of becoming too
rarefied. Second, I will outline Popper's account of objectivity. Third,
I will argue that despite the value of what he says, his approach is
seriously misleading. I will propose a formula for systematically transforming
Popper's theses and exposing what is important in them. This 'transformative
method' points the way towards an entirely different conception of what makes
knowledge objective.
.X
343 1 1314
1314 6 1314
1316 1 1314
1387 1 1314
1387 1 1314
.I 1315
.T
The Scientific Community
.A
Hagstrom, W.
.W
This work is concerned with the influence of scientific colleagues on the
conduct of one another's research. With few exceptions, the discussion is
limited to basic research in experimental sciences with well-established
theories. In this type of research, the scientific community is relatively
autonomous, and the group of colleagues is the most important source of
social influence on research. Colleagues influence decisions to select
problems and techniques, to publish results, and to accept theories.
.X
105 1 1315
107 1 1315
110 1 1315
111 1 1315
112 1 1315
113 1 1315
128 1 1315
560 2 1315
646 1 1315
647 1 1315
652 1 1315
823 1 1315
827 1 1315
888 1 1315
919 1 1315
1003 1 1315
1063 1 1315
1291 1 1315
1300 1 1315
1302 1 1315
1315 5 1315
1339 1 1315
1340 1 1315
1342 1 1315
1345 1 1315
1347 1 1315
1387 1 1315
1445 1 1315
1445 1 1315
.I 1316
.T
Scientific Knowledge
.A
Barnes, S.B.
.W
This is an essay in the sociology of scientific knowledge written with
the sociology of knowledge and culture, generally, very much in
mind. As a sociological study it is unusual in that the form and
content of scientific knowledge is the main concern and not its
organization or distribution.
.X
1312 1 1316
1314 1 1316
1316 5 1316
1343 1 1316
1387 1 1316
1387 1 1316
.I 1317
.T
Scientific Management of Library Operations
.A
Dougherty, R.M.
.W
This book is intended both as a textbook for library school students
and a handbook for practicing librarians. It will acquaint the former
with the basic tools of the management analyst and will aid the latter
in improving their present systems. The major analysis techniques are
described in step-by-step detail, with a wealth of illustrations and
library examples.
.X
74 1 1317
83 2 1317
152 1 1317
153 2 1317
158 1 1317
178 1 1317
206 3 1317
207 2 1317
208 2 1317
245 6 1317
249 3 1317
250 1 1317
267 1 1317
270 1 1317
272 1 1317
273 1 1317
278 1 1317
279 2 1317
288 1 1317
291 1 1317
292 2 1317
331 1 1317
359 1 1317
365 1 1317
381 1 1317
408 4 1317
458 1 1317
490 1 1317
496 1 1317
500 1 1317
591 1 1317
592 1 1317
723 1 1317
724 1 1317
787 1 1317
792 1 1317
823 1 1317
834 1 1317
841 2 1317
842 2 1317
860 1 1317
925 7 1317
938 1 1317
948 1 1317
957 1 1317
970 1 1317
974 1 1317
976 2 1317
982 1 1317
984 1 1317
1007 2 1317
1030 1 1317
1148 1 1317
1184 1 1317
1205 1 1317
1227 1 1317
1242 1 1317
1317 20 1317
1353 1 1317
1358 2 1317
1359 2 1317
1360 2 1317
1400 4 1317
1401 1 1317
1402 1 1317
1407 1 1317
1410 1 1317
1424 1 1317
1424 1 1317
.I 1318
.T
Scientific and Technical Libraries:
Their Organization and Administration
.A
Strauss, L.J.
.W
The book is designed to serve multiple purposes. First the needs of
practicing librarians, particularly those who are just beginning their
careers, and require a general guide and source of operational and
bibliographic information, have been given special consideration. A
second purpose is to provide a textbook for library school and other
advanced students whose interests are oriented toward the literature of
the life and physical sciences. The book could also help persons in
management positions of organizations in which the establishment of a
library is contemplated, presenting, if only from a review of the contents,
the scope of such a department. Finally it should be a good resource for
library consultants engaged in assisting management to make the right
decisions. The requirements of all of these audiences have been assessed
and endeavor made to meet their somewhat varied requirements.
.X
90 1 1318
231 1 1318
261 1 1318
295 1 1318
299 1 1318
334 1 1318
354 1 1318
406 1 1318
608 1 1318
610 1 1318
617 1 1318
620 1 1318
815 1 1318
938 1 1318
939 1 1318
962 1 1318
991 1 1318
992 1 1318
1205 1 1318
1221 1 1318
1318 7 1318
1365 1 1318
1374 1 1318
1390 1 1318
1390 1 1318
.I 1319
.T
Scientific and Technological Communication
.A
Passman, S.
.W
My objective in this work has been to try to get at the fundamental
aspects of the elements and media of scientific and technological
communication and to describe the critical issues involving them as well
as the opportunities and techniques for exploiting them which hopefully
could aid both the "users" and the "handlers" of these important resources.
.X
15 1 1319
89 1 1319
105 1 1319
110 1 1319
152 1 1319
155 1 1319
157 1 1319
313 1 1319
314 1 1319
356 1 1319
440 1 1319
447 1 1319
449 1 1319
533 1 1319
544 1 1319
560 1 1319
574 1 1319
582 1 1319
625 1 1319
656 1 1319
685 2 1319
803 1 1319
1030 1 1319
1050 1 1319
1062 1 1319
1209 1 1319
1256 1 1319
1284 1 1319
1285 1 1319
1290 1 1319
1291 1 1319
1293 1 1319
1294 1 1319
1295 1 1319
1296 2 1319
1297 1 1319
1319 8 1319
1346 1 1319
1386 2 1319
1386 2 1319
.I 1320
.T
Scientists in Industry
.A
Kornhauser, W.
.W
This study analyzes relations between professional employees,
the professions to which they belong, and the organizations for
which they work.
.X
99 1 1320
101 1 1320
102 2 1320
170 1 1320
1186 1 1320
1320 7 1320
1321 1 1320
1337 1 1320
1339 1 1320
1347 1 1320
1387 1 1320
1387 1 1320
.I 1321
.T
Scientists in Organizations
Productive Climates for Research and Development
.A
Pelz, D.C.
.W
This book is addressed to scientists and engineers, to administrators
of research and development, and to all others who are concerned about the
effects of organizations upon the work of their members. This book is
one of the first major studies to examine the relationship between a
scientist's performance and the organization of his laboratory. Unlike many
previous expositions about the best environment for technical people, the
findings resulted from extensive analysis of factual data from a wide
range of research personnel.
Work progressed over the next four years, and a number of intriguing
results began to emerge. But as these were discussed with other
investigators studying different kinds of R & D laboratories, discrepancies
appeared. It became clear that a broader study was needed before one
could be sure what constitutes a stimulating environment for research
personnel. We set out to design a study in which standardized instruments
would be administered to scientists and engineers in several types of
laboratories.
.X
4 1 1321
9 1 1321
15 1 1321
32 1 1321
96 3 1321
109 1 1321
131 1 1321
132 1 1321
137 2 1321
163 1 1321
207 1 1321
313 2 1321
356 1 1321
426 2 1321
456 1 1321
656 1 1321
658 1 1321
768 1 1321
771 1 1321
774 1 1321
783 1 1321
799 1 1321
811 1 1321
816 1 1321
913 1 1321
961 1 1321
962 1 1321
964 1 1321
968 1 1321
1068 1 1321
1150 2 1321
1154 1 1321
1186 1 1321
1203 1 1321
1320 1 1321
1321 18 1321
1407 3 1321
1408 2 1321
1445 1 1321
1454 1 1321
1454 1 1321
.I 1322
.T
Selecting Materials
.A
Broadus, R.N.
.W
In reality, the building and shaping of the collection is the heart of
librarianship, involving the essential philosophy of the profession. Not
only is it one of the most fascinating tasks in the intellectual world, but
"book selection is the most important, most interesting, and most difficult
of the professional librarian's responsibilities." True, ready-made lists
of the "best books" need not be ignored, but they have to be evaluated
thoroughly and used only insofar as they prove helpful.
.X
11 2 1322
242 1 1322
1251 1 1322
1322 7 1322
1322 7 1322
.I 1323
.T
Issues in Semantics
.A
Lakhuti, D.G.
.W
The present collection of articles discusses three basic problems: the
typological classification of information retrieval languages, the formal
method of lexical semantic research, and textual semantics. Problems
connected with lexical word meaning, the building up of semantic fields using
computers, and automatic indexing are considered.
.X
175 1 1323
538 1 1323
1323 6 1323
1327 1 1323
1327 1 1323
.I 1324
.T
Serial Publications
.A
Osborn, A.D.
.W
This book has been designed as a theoretical and practical introduction
to the library aspects of serial publications. These publications are now
so profuse and at the same time so significant for library purposes that
librarians generally should have a good grasp of their nature and of the
modes of controlling them. Like rare books, serials give rise to frequent
and sometimes intricate technicalities with which not only specialists
but also head librarians, department heads, and others should be acquainted
since serials are part and parcel of the workday library.
.X
222 1 1324
267 1 1324
289 1 1324
342 1 1324
494 1 1324
515 1 1324
587 1 1324
792 1 1324
823 1 1324
840 1 1324
925 1 1324
948 1 1324
1219 1 1324
1324 6 1324
1416 1 1324
1417 1 1324
1417 1 1324
.I 1325
.T
Simulation Teaching of Library Administration
.A
Zachert, M.J.K.
.W
The underlying concepts of simulation and experimential teaching methods
presented in this book have been borrowed from other fields - business,
governmental and education administration primarily. The values for library
educators are not hypothetical, however, for the methodology has been
successfully used over a period of time by a number of teachers, and in a
variety of educational settings related to career training for librarians.
Neither is the approach overpersonalized. Much of the telling is in personal
terms, in order to limit generalization, to induce acceptance of responsibility
and to provide concrete examples in terms of teaching library administration.
The assumption is that it will be easier for library educators to react
creatively to methodological discourse couched in library science terms than
if the same methodology were described in terms of high finance, international
politics, militarism, or secondary school planning.
.X
1325 6 1325
1325 6 1325
.I 1326
.T
Dictionary of Terms in Information Theory
.A
Zhdanova, G.S.
.W
This dictionary contains 3035 terms in information theory, its system of
methods and practice.
Each terms give an interpretation in Russian and the equivalent term in
English.
The Dictionary has alphabetical indexes of terms in both languages, and a
list of abbreviations.
.X
78 1 1326
1099 1 1326
1102 1 1326
1103 1 1326
1107 1 1326
1110 1 1326
1118 1 1326
1136 2 1326
1163 1 1326
1165 1 1326
1326 9 1326
1412 1 1326
1412 1 1326
.I 1327
.T
The SMART Retrieval System Experiments in Automatic Document Processing
.A
Salton, G.
.W
The automatic SMART document retrieval system was designed at
Harvard University between 1961 and 1964, and has been operating of IBM
7094 and 360 equipment both at Harvard and at Cornell University for
several years. The system takes documents and search requests in the
natural language, performs a fully automatic content analysis of the
texts using one of several dozen programmed language analysis methods,
matches analyzed documents with analyzed search requests, and retrieves
for the user's attention those stored items believed to be most similar
to the submitted queries.
.X
30 1 1327
34 1 1327
38 1 1327
39 1 1327
45 1 1327
51 2 1327
53 1 1327
61 1 1327
63 1 1327
69 1 1327
71 1 1327
77 1 1327
79 1 1327
86 1 1327
114 1 1327
124 1 1327
125 1 1327
131 1 1327
133 1 1327
136 1 1327
138 1 1327
140 1 1327
144 1 1327
161 1 1327
165 1 1327
168 2 1327
174 2 1327
175 16 1327
176 2 1327
177 1 1327
179 1 1327
197 1 1327
218 1 1327
243 1 1327
253 1 1327
310 1 1327
315 1 1327
317 1 1327
321 1 1327
328 1 1327
332 2 1327
348 1 1327
363 1 1327
374 1 1327
375 2 1327
381 1 1327
382 4 1327
389 3 1327
390 3 1327
408 2 1327
416 1 1327
417 1 1327
419 2 1327
422 2 1327
443 1 1327
444 1 1327
445 2 1327
446 1 1327
447 1 1327
448 2 1327
449 1 1327
452 1 1327
454 2 1327
455 1 1327
458 2 1327
459 1 1327
471 1 1327
472 1 1327
479 1 1327
480 1 1327
483 2 1327
484 2 1327
485 2 1327
486 1 1327
487 1 1327
488 1 1327
489 1 1327
491 1 1327
492 1 1327
493 2 1327
497 1 1327
498 1 1327
499 1 1327
500 1 1327
502 1 1327
503 3 1327
506 2 1327
507 3 1327
508 1 1327
509 1 1327
510 2 1327
511 1 1327
512 1 1327
514 1 1327
516 1 1327
517 2 1327
518 2 1327
520 2 1327
521 1 1327
522 2 1327
523 2 1327
526 1 1327
527 3 1327
528 2 1327
529 1 1327
531 3 1327
532 1 1327
538 1 1327
546 1 1327
548 1 1327
554 2 1327
562 1 1327
564 1 1327
565 5 1327
566 2 1327
570 1 1327
572 1 1327
575 1 1327
576 1 1327
577 1 1327
579 2 1327
581 1 1327
583 1 1327
586 2 1327
591 1 1327
593 1 1327
594 2 1327
595 2 1327
596 3 1327
597 1 1327
599 1 1327
600 2 1327
601 2 1327
603 2 1327
604 2 1327
606 1 1327
607 1 1327
608 4 1327
610 1 1327
615 1 1327
625 2 1327
626 1 1327
633 1 1327
634 1 1327
636 2 1327
643 1 1327
644 1 1327
659 3 1327
660 2 1327
661 2 1327
662 2 1327
663 1 1327
664 1 1327
700 1 1327
705 1 1327
707 1 1327
715 1 1327
723 1 1327
724 1 1327
727 1 1327
752 1 1327
754 2 1327
769 1 1327
785 1 1327
790 1 1327
799 1 1327
801 1 1327
805 3 1327
806 1 1327
807 2 1327
809 1 1327
810 2 1327
812 4 1327
813 1 1327
814 2 1327
817 3 1327
820 1 1327
824 3 1327
825 1 1327
836 1 1327
863 1 1327
864 1 1327
866 2 1327
867 2 1327
875 1 1327
894 2 1327
902 1 1327
956 3 1327
963 1 1327
987 1 1327
988 1 1327
989 2 1327
1042 1 1327
1044 4 1327
1045 2 1327
1046 1 1327
1051 1 1327
1087 1 1327
1118 1 1327
1144 1 1327
1152 1 1327
1218 1 1327
1248 1 1327
1255 1 1327
1265 1 1327
1294 4 1327
1298 2 1327
1299 1 1327
1303 1 1327
1313 1 1327
1323 1 1327
1327 40 1327
1364 1 1327
1366 1 1327
1367 1 1327
1368 1 1327
1399 1 1327
1405 2 1327
1419 3 1327
1427 1 1327
1427 1 1327
.I 1328
.T
Developments in Data Analysis
.A
Armor, D.J.
.W
The last ten years have witnessed rapid and often radical changes in
computer programming systems for social science data. At least a dozen
different program packages, collections, or systems (not to mention
hundreds of individual programs) have emerged by now and are in use by
social scientists at universities and research centers all across the
country. It is probably safe to say that the bulk of these systems
and programs represent the individual efforts of a small group working
at one institution, often operating under a relatively restricted set
of research and computing assumptions. This parochial tendency has left
students and researchers with the often bewildering and always time-
consuming problem of learning new procedures for processing their data
each time they change institutions (or each time the institution changes
computers).
.X
345 2 1328
1031 1 1328
1234 1 1328
1328 5 1328
1328 5 1328
.I 1329
.T
The Social Construction of Reality
A Treatise on the Sociology of Knowledge
.A
Armor, D.J.
.W
The present volume is intended as a systematic, theoretical treatise
in the sociology of knowledge. It is not intended, therefore, to give
a historical survey of the development of this discipline, or to engage
in exegesis of various figures in this other other developments in
sociological theory, or even to show how a synthesis may be achieved
between several of these figures and developments. Nor is there any
polemic intent here. Critical comments on other theoretical positions
have been introduced (not in the text, but in the Notes) only
where they may serve to clarify the present argument.
.X
15 1 1329
21 1 1329
102 1 1329
105 2 1329
1030 1 1329
1063 1 1329
1235 1 1329
1271 1 1329
1272 1 1329
1311 1 1329
1329 5 1329
1386 3 1329
1387 1 1329
1389 1 1329
1389 1 1329
.I 1330
.T
The Social Function of Science
.A
Bernal, J.D.
.W
The events of the past few years have led to a critical examination
of the function of science in society. It used to be believed that
the results of scientific investigation would lead to continuous
progressive improvements in conditions of life; but first the War and
then the economic crisis have shown that science can be used as
easily for destructive and wasteful purpose, and voices have been
raised demanding the cessation of scientific research as the only
means of preserving a tolerable civilization. Scientists themselves,
faced with these criticisms, have been forced to consider, effectively
for the first time, how the work they are doing is connected with
the social and economic developments which are occurring around
them. This book is an attempt to analyze this connection; to
investigate how far scientists, individually and collectively, are
responsible for this state of affairs, and to suggest what possible
steps could be taken which would lead to a fruitful and not to a
destructive utilization of science.
.X
37 1 1330
63 1 1330
771 1 1330
965 1 1330
1030 1 1330
1099 1 1330
1158 1 1330
1330 7 1330
1330 7 1330
.I 1331
.T
Social Mobility in Industrial Society
.A
Lipset, S.M.
.W
In the present study, Professors Lipset and Bendix cast doubt
on the validity of a number of widely accepted generalizations
relating to social mobility: particularly (1) that there has been
substantially less mobility in Europe than in the United States,
(2) that social mobility tends to decline as industrial societies
mature, and (3) that opportunities for entrance into the business
elite become more restricted with mature industrialization. In
a careful analysis of the existing literature, the authors marshal
an imposing array of evidence in support of their major thesis
that social mobility is an integral and continuing aspect of the
process of industrialization.
.X
93 2 1331
308 1 1331
438 1 1331
1217 3 1331
1331 6 1331
1340 2 1331
1340 2 1331
.I 1332
.T
Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons
.A
Kummer, H.
.W
Baboons have adapted to a variety of habitats ranging from West
African rain forests to semidesert areas on the coast of the Red Sea.
While all baboons are morphologically adapted to life on the ground,
some species have become more independent of trees than others.
In a rough ecological series, we find on one end the forest dwelling
West African Species (Mandrillus leucophaneus, M. sphinx, Papio
papio), none of which has so far been studied in the field. The first
step into open country is realized by the savanna baboons of South
and East Africa, including, from south to north, the species Papio
ursinus, cynocephalus and anubis. Their social organization and its
ecological context have been subject to long range field work by
HALL (1962 a, b) in South Africa, by DEVORE (1962) in Kenya, and
by ALTMANN and ALTMANN (in preparation) in Kenya ad Tanzania.
In both regions, the groups can range far into the open grassland,
but at night, they withdraw to high trees or, as in the Cape region,
to vertical cliffs.
.X
118 2 1332
412 2 1332
549 1 1332
1034 1 1332
1332 7 1332
1332 7 1332
.I 1333
.T
The Social Psychology of Organizations
.A
Katz, D.
.W
In our attempts to extend the description and explanation of
organizational processes we have shifted from an earlier emphasis on
traditional concepts of individual psychology and interpersonal
relations to system constructs. The interdependent behavior of many
people in their supportive and complementary actions takes on a form
or structure which needs to be conceptualized at a more appropriate
collective level. Classical organization theory we found unsatisfactory
because of its implicit assumptions about the closed character of social
structures. The development of open-system theory, on the other hand,
furnished a much more dynamic and adequate framework. Hence, our
effort, in the pages that follow, is directed at the utilization of
an open-system point of view for the study of large-scale organizations.
.X
15 1 1333
139 1 1333
274 1 1333
298 1 1333
312 1 1333
348 1 1333
356 2 1333
436 1 1333
437 1 1333
954 1 1333
957 1 1333
959 1 1333
962 1 1333
1005 1 1333
1018 1 1333
1036 1 1333
1041 1 1333
1065 1 1333
1067 1 1333
1149 1 1333
1150 1 1333
1154 1 1333
1186 2 1333
1187 2 1333
1205 1 1333
1240 1 1333
1333 11 1333
1348 1 1333
1353 1 1333
1384 1 1333
1406 1 1333
1406 1 1333
.I 1334
.T
Cognitive, Technical and Social Factors
in the Growth of Radio Astronomy
.A
Mulkay, M.J.
Edge, D.O.
.W
We have tried in this paper to describe some of the main features of the
emergence and growth of radio astronomy, with special reference to the crucial
developments occurring in the UK. Much of what we have written above needs
to be discussed in the light of current theories about the nature of
scientific growth and compared with data from other case studies.
.X
33 1 1334
101 2 1334
103 1 1334
104 1 1334
105 1 1334
108 2 1334
170 1 1334
544 1 1334
560 1 1334
605 1 1334
667 1 1334
750 1 1334
775 1 1334
800 1 1334
893 1 1334
1063 1 1334
1081 1 1334
1082 1 1334
1088 1 1334
1285 1 1334
1286 1 1334
1287 1 1334
1308 1 1334
1312 1 1334
1334 5 1334
1342 2 1334
1343 2 1334
1345 1 1334
1387 1 1334
1387 1 1334
.I 1335
.T
Career Contingencies and the Fate of Sociological Research
.A
Oromaner, M.
.W
During the past three hundred years the journal article has become
the main institutionalized form of formal scholarly communication.
Potential contributions to a discipline acquire credibility because
they have been published in a reputable journal (Zuckerman and Merton,
1971). Who published what and where therefore becomes a central
question in the understanding of scholarly, and in particular
scientific, disciplines. There have recently been a number of
investigations concerning the career of such publications. This
career, I suggest, can be conceptualized into three stages.
1) Pre-publication. Here the scholar writes the article, circulates
it to colleagues and perhaps presents it at formal and informal
meetings (Garvey, Lin and Nelson, 1971).
2) Publication. Here the article is submitted to one or more journals
for publication consideration (Zuckerman and Merton, 1971).
3) Post-publication. Here colleagues either ignore the published
article or reward it through citations to it in their own work. The
practice of citing a colleague's work is perhaps the main way in which
scholars indicate what they consider to be a contribution to their discipline.
.X
33 2 1335
36 1 1335
41 1 1335
48 1 1335
88 2 1335
89 1 1335
97 1 1335
102 1 1335
103 1 1335
111 5 1335
112 2 1335
113 2 1335
163 1 1335
183 1 1335
184 1 1335
193 1 1335
199 1 1335
203 1 1335
210 1 1335
225 1 1335
233 1 1335
269 1 1335
373 1 1335
545 2 1335
552 1 1335
587 1 1335
605 1 1335
613 1 1335
614 1 1335
638 1 1335
735 1 1335
747 1 1335
750 1 1335
753 1 1335
764 1 1335
766 1 1335
767 1 1335
775 1 1335
782 1 1335
784 2 1335
788 1 1335
789 1 1335
793 2 1335
800 1 1335
808 1 1335
905 1 1335
953 1 1335
977 1 1335
983 1 1335
1016 1 1335
1023 1 1335
1030 1 1335
1055 1 1335
1062 1 1335
1082 1 1335
1087 1 1335
1090 1 1335
1135 1 1335
1260 1 1335
1275 1 1335
1276 1 1335
1278 1 1335
1280 1 1335
1285 1 1335
1286 2 1335
1287 2 1335
1302 2 1335
1335 7 1335
1338 1 1335
1341 1 1335
1390 1 1335
1397 1 1335
1417 1 1335
1428 1 1335
1432 1 1335
1432 1 1335
.I 1336
.T
"Exit, voice, and loyalty":
Further reflections and a survey of recent contributions
.A
Hirschman, A.O.
.W
My book Exit, voice and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms,
organizations, and states was published in l970. Reactions to it
and applications of its concepts have been fairly numerous and I
have myself had quite a few afterthoughts. It will therefore be
difficult to bring these matters together in a passably structured
paper. In the following, I shall limit myself to four broad
areas of inquiry which have been so arranged that my own further
reflections figure rather prominently though by no means exclusively
in the first two sections while the latter two are more heavily
weighted with reports and comments on the research and contributions
of others.
.X
1148 1 1336
1336 5 1336
1336 5 1336
.I 1337
.T
Social Stratification in Science
.A
Cole, J.R.
.W
In recent years social scientists have given increased attention to
problems of inequality, justice, and discrimination in American society.
The influence of ascribed statuses on the life chances of individuals
is being studied in an effort to estimate the "fairness" of social
institutions in rewarding talent. Social scientists are trying to
determine the extent to which so-called "irrelevant" characteristics
influence the ways in which people are judged by social institutions
and eventually reach social positions in the hierarchies of income,
prestige, and influence. Of the major institutions in American society,
science has received perhaps the least systematic attention. Little
is known about how scientists achieve positions of renown. This book
examines several aspects of a single basic question: is the stratification
of individuals in science based upon the quality of scientific performance,
or does discrimination obtain in the processes of status attainment?
A more technical way of putting the same question would be to ask whether
universalistic and rational criteria predominate as the basis for
recognition in the social system of science.
.X
48 2 1337
55 1 1337
99 1 1337
100 1 1337
102 2 1337
106 1 1337
108 2 1337
113 2 1337
170 1 1337
314 1 1337
545 1 1337
592 1 1337
632 1 1337
747 1 1337
777 1 1337
791 1 1337
893 1 1337
1085 1 1337
1087 1 1337
1200 1 1337
1270 1 1337
1273 2 1337
1274 1 1337
1285 3 1337
1287 1 1337
1291 1 1337
1301 2 1337
1304 2 1337
1313 1 1337
1320 1 1337
1337 6 1337
1338 3 1337
1344 1 1337
1347 1 1337
1386 1 1337
1387 1 1337
1444 1 1337
1444 1 1337
.I 1338
.T
Notes and Letters
.A
Moravcsik, M.J.
Murugesan, P.
.W
We tried to concentrate on a few variables that might define the
nature of a citation, and to keep the rest of the variables constant. In
particular, we used references in articles in a single journal, in a single
specialty of a single branch of science, and in a narrow time period.
Specifically, we investigated 30 articles dealing with theoretical high
energy physics, and published in Physical Review in the years 1968 to
1972 (inclusive).
.X
19 1 1338
33 2 1338
37 1 1338
39 1 1338
40 1 1338
47 1 1338
48 4 1338
55 1 1338
88 1 1338
97 1 1338
98 1 1338
100 1 1338
102 3 1338
103 1 1338
104 1 1338
106 1 1338
107 1 1338
108 2 1338
111 1 1338
113 3 1338
155 1 1338
233 2 1338
253 1 1338
313 1 1338
314 1 1338
359 1 1338
377 1 1338
379 1 1338
395 1 1338
439 1 1338
440 1 1338
456 1 1338
505 1 1338
533 1 1338
545 1 1338
560 1 1338
573 1 1338
592 1 1338
618 1 1338
632 1 1338
635 1 1338
667 1 1338
747 1 1338
748 1 1338
749 1 1338
751 1 1338
764 1 1338
765 1 1338
777 2 1338
778 1 1338
782 1 1338
784 1 1338
791 1 1338
804 1 1338
805 1 1338
893 2 1338
952 1 1338
1016 1 1338
1061 1 1338
1082 1 1338
1085 2 1338
1086 1 1338
1087 2 1338
1182 1 1338
1200 2 1338
1270 1 1338
1273 2 1338
1274 2 1338
1277 1 1338
1278 1 1338
1280 1 1338
1285 2 1338
1286 1 1338
1287 3 1338
1291 1 1338
1301 2 1338
1302 1 1338
1304 3 1338
1313 2 1338
1335 1 1338
1337 3 1338
1338 8 1338
1341 2 1338
1344 3 1338
1347 1 1338
1380 1 1338
1386 1 1338
1428 1 1338
1444 1 1338
1444 1 1338
.I 1339
.T
The Social System of Science
.A
Storer, N.W.
.W
This book, is an exercise in sociological theory-
building. It attempts to develop a theory of the social organization
of science. I have tried to indicate its possible broader relevance
by pointing out certain basic parallels between the "social system"
of science and other social systems within society. I hope, further,
that the approach used - even if not the specific conclusions I
have drawn from it - may be useful in bridging the gap that seems
now to exist between those sociologists who are concerned with
society as an entity and who analyze social behavior in terms of
its consequences for society as a whole and those sociologists who
are concerned first of all with the motives, attitudes, and goals
of the individual participants in these patterns of social behavior.
My approach hopes to answer the question of why it is that most
individuals, most of the time, come to "want" to do what it is
that society "needs" them to do. Only when we can answer this
question satisfactorily, can we develop a sociology capable of
providing both prediction and meaning.
.X
32 1 1339
89 1 1339
96 1 1339
102 1 1339
103 1 1339
105 1 1339
109 1 1339
297 1 1339
298 1 1339
343 1 1339
391 1 1339
560 1 1339
951 1 1339
952 1 1339
1050 1 1339
1296 1 1339
1308 1 1339
1315 1 1339
1320 1 1339
1339 9 1339
1340 1 1339
1345 2 1339
1365 1 1339
1386 2 1339
1406 1 1339
1406 1 1339
.I 1340
.T
Social Theory and Social Structure
.A
Merton, R.K.
.W
Of the four chapters, added to this edition, two come from published
symposia,one of which is out of print and the other of which, I am told,
is nearing that same state of exhaustion.
This chapter sets forth the concept of 'the influential,' identifies two
distinctive types of influentials, the 'local' and the 'cosmopolitan,' and
relates these types to the structure of influence in the local community.
The second of these chapters, "Contributions to the Theory of Reference
Group Behavior," draws upon the ample evidence provided by The American
Soldier to formulate certain conditions under which people orient themselves
to the norms of various groups, in particular the groups with which they are
not affiliated.
The other two chapters added to this edition have not been published
before. The first of these, "Continuities in the Theory of Social Structure
and Anomie," tries to consolidate recent empirical and theoretical analyses
of the sources and consequences of that breakdown of social norms which is
described as anomie. The second, "Continuities in the Theory of Reference
Groups and Social Structure," tries to bring out some of the specially
sociological, as distinct from the socio-psychological, implications of
current inquiries into reference-group behavior. The intent is to examine
some of the theoretical problems of social structure which must be solved
before certain further advances can be made in the sociological analysis of
reference groups.
.X
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102 1 1340
104 1 1340
106 1 1340
110 1 1340
111 1 1340
112 2 1340
113 1 1340
128 1 1340
170 1 1340
173 1 1340
308 2 1340
343 1 1340
456 1 1340
545 1 1340
560 2 1340
646 1 1340
647 1 1340
652 1 1340
793 1 1340
823 1 1340
827 1 1340
888 1 1340
919 1 1340
1003 1 1340
1062 1 1340
1217 2 1340
1234 1 1340
1285 1 1340
1287 1 1340
1291 2 1340
1308 1 1340
1315 1 1340
1331 2 1340
1339 1 1340
1340 11 1340
1344 1 1340
1345 1 1340
1346 2 1340
1347 1 1340
1348 1 1340
1386 2 1340
1445 1 1340
1445 1 1340
.I 1341
.T
Communication Nets in Science:
Status and Citation Patterns in Animal Physiology
.A
Whitley, R.D.
.W
By virtue of its peculiar links with the reward system in science,
the communication system plays a central part in the maintenance
and growth of science. It is the means by which the individual
scientist relates to the social system: he publishes his work to
gain recognition, and reads the publications of others to maintain his
knowledge. The formal communication system also forms the basis for
the allocation of rewards: instrumental and consumatory. Thus it is
a means of exercising social control.
The informal communication system, although important, is the distaff
side. Its recognition is personal with more immediate and consumatory
rewards. Legitimation of objective or methods of work is rarely given by
the social system through informal systems of communication, though it is
growing in importance as an information dissemination system.
.X
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39 1 1341
41 1 1341
48 1 1341
50 1 1341
89 1 1341
102 2 1341
103 1 1341
104 1 1341
105 1 1341
108 1 1341
113 2 1341
233 2 1341
473 1 1341
632 1 1341
748 1 1341
784 2 1341
791 1 1341
893 2 1341
1082 1 1341
1085 1 1341
1273 1 1341
1274 1 1341
1285 1 1341
1286 1 1341
1287 2 1341
1291 1 1341
1302 1 1341
1304 1 1341
1313 1 1341
1335 1 1341
1338 2 1341
1341 5 1341
1344 1 1341
1346 1 1341
1347 1 1341
1444 1 1341
1444 1 1341
.I 1342
.T
Problem Areas and Research Networks in Science
.A
Mulkay, M. J.
Gilbert, G. N.
Woolgar, S.
.W
A general account is presented of the emergence, growth, and decline of
scientific research networks and their associated problem areas.. Research
networks are seen to pass through three phases.. The first, exploratory phase
is distinguished by a lack of effective communication among participants and
by the pursuit of imprecisely defined problems.. The second phase is one of
rapid growth, associated with increasing social and intellectual integration,
made possible by improved communication.. An increasingly precise scientific
consensus gradually emerges from a process of negotiation, in which those
participants who are members of the scientific elite exert most influence..
But as consensus is achieved the problem area becomes less scientifically
fruitful; and as the network grows, career opportunities diminish..
Consequently, the third, final phase is one of decline and disbandment of the
network, together with the movement of participants to new areas of
scientific opportunity..
.X
99 1 1342
103 1 1342
104 1 1342
108 2 1342
170 1 1342
893 1 1342
1063 1 1342
1234 1 1342
1273 1 1342
1274 1 1342
1300 1 1342
1313 1 1342
1315 1 1342
1334 2 1342
1342 6 1342
1343 3 1342
1345 1 1342
1387 1 1342
1444 1 1342
1444 1 1342
.I 1343
.T
The Seven Sexes: A Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, or the
Replication of Experiments in Physics
.A
Collins, H. M.
.W
The replication of scientific experiments is discussed stressing the problem
of communication between the originator of an experiment and a scientist
intending to replicate it.. Models of communication are set up, with reference
to established fields.. A more marginal field is then investigated in the light
of these models and it is concluded that scientists in the latter field should
not be seen as engaged in replicating original experiment, but in negotiating
the rules of replication, and hence the nature of the phenomenon under
investigation..
.X
99 1 1343
103 1 1343
104 1 1343
108 2 1343
170 1 1343
893 1 1343
1316 1 1343
1334 2 1343
1342 3 1343
1343 7 1343
1345 1 1343
1386 1 1343
1387 1 1343
1387 1 1343
.I 1344
.T
Some Correlates of a Citation Measure of Productivity in Science
.A
Bayer, Alan E.
Folger, John
.W
The Science Citation Index provides an easy way to derive criterion
measures of scientific accomplishment.. Measures derived from citation counts,
the principal criterion, have high face validity.. These criterion measures are
found to have a low but positive correlation with the quality of scientists'
graduate education and no relation to his measured IQ score. Plans for
future research on the correlates of scientific productivity are briefly
discussed..
.X
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37 1 1344
39 1 1344
40 1 1344
47 1 1344
48 2 1344
88 2 1344
97 1 1344
102 3 1344
103 2 1344
104 2 1344
106 1 1344
108 1 1344
110 1 1344
111 1 1344
112 1 1344
113 3 1344
170 1 1344
233 1 1344
253 1 1344
313 1 1344
359 1 1344
377 1 1344
379 1 1344
395 1 1344
456 1 1344
505 1 1344
545 1 1344
560 2 1344
573 1 1344
618 1 1344
632 1 1344
635 1 1344
667 1 1344
748 1 1344
749 1 1344
751 1 1344
764 1 1344
765 1 1344
777 1 1344
778 1 1344
782 1 1344
793 1 1344
804 1 1344
805 1 1344
893 1 1344
952 1 1344
1016 1 1344
1061 1 1344
1062 1 1344
1085 1 1344
1086 1 1344
1087 2 1344
1182 1 1344
1200 1 1344
1270 1 1344
1273 1 1344
1274 2 1344
1277 1 1344
1278 1 1344
1280 1 1344
1285 2 1344
1287 3 1344
1291 2 1344
1301 2 1344
1302 1 1344
1304 4 1344
1313 2 1344
1337 1 1344
1338 3 1344
1340 1 1344
1341 1 1344
1344 7 1344
1346 1 1344
1347 4 1344
1380 1 1344
1428 1 1344
1444 1 1344
1444 1 1344
.I 1345
.T
Competition and Social Control in Science: An Essay in Theory-Construction
.A
Collins, Randall
.W
Social control in science operates through the process in which the
colleague group validates individual scientists' contributions to knowledge to
the laymen who provide support and rewards for science.. Descriptive research
in various areas of the sociology of science may be brought together into a
causal model which relates competitive conditions within colleague groups to
variations in scientific productivity, methods, values, and organizational
structures..
.X
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100 1 1345
107 2 1345
108 1 1345
110 1 1345
111 1 1345
112 1 1345
113 1 1345
343 1 1345
386 1 1345
544 1 1345
1300 2 1345
1302 1 1345
1312 1 1345
1313 1 1345
1315 1 1345
1334 1 1345
1339 2 1345
1340 1 1345
1342 1 1345
1343 1 1345
1345 5 1345
1347 1 1345
1386 2 1345
1406 1 1345
1406 1 1345
.I 1346
.T
Patterns of Intellectual Influence in Scientific Research
.A
Cole, Jonathan R.
.W
A widespread conception of the development of science holds that the great
discoveries are a result of the cumulative work of a vast number of
scientists.. Those historians and philosophers of science who express this
point of view see the scientist who produces pedestrian research as an integral
part of the developmental process.. The great men of science stand atop a
pyramid of less distinguished and, to a large extent, invisible scientists..
An alternative hypothesis holds that relatively few scientists are responsible
for advance in science and that, in the broader historical perspective, most of
the eminent scientists, even of the calibre of Nobel laureates and National
Academy members of today, are the "pedestrians" of history..
This paper attempts to put these conflicting ideas to empirical test for the
field of physics.. Three independent sets of data are analyzed: one is drawn
from a stratified random sample of American academic physicists, a second from
a subjective evaluation of significant contributions to recent physics, a third
from a set of papers cited in The Physical Review.. All three sets of data
indicate that there is a sharp stratification in the use of work published by
various types of scientists.. The data support the hypothesis that the
physicists who produce important discoveries depend almost wholly on the
research produced by a relatively small number of scientists.. The implications
of these findings for the social structure of science are discussed and areas
for necessary future research are suggested..
.X
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39 1 1346
48 2 1346
89 4 1346
102 3 1346
104 2 1346
105 3 1346
106 2 1346
110 2 1346
111 2 1346
112 1 1346
113 5 1346
155 1 1346
157 1 1346
161 1 1346
163 1 1346
170 1 1346
243 1 1346
312 1 1346
314 1 1346
356 3 1346
456 1 1346
544 2 1346
545 2 1346
560 4 1346
582 1 1346
592 1 1346
602 1 1346
607 1 1346
632 1 1346
656 1 1346
685 1 1346
784 1 1346
793 1 1346
893 1 1346
1030 2 1346
1050 1 1346
1062 2 1346
1200 1 1346
1234 1 1346
1256 1 1346
1273 1 1346
1280 1 1346
1284 1 1346
1285 4 1346
1286 1 1346
1287 3 1346
1290 1 1346
1291 3 1346
1293 2 1346
1294 1 1346
1295 1 1346
1296 2 1346
1297 1 1346
1298 1 1346
1300 1 1346
1302 2 1346
1308 1 1346
1319 1 1346
1340 2 1346
1341 1 1346
1344 1 1346
1346 9 1346
1347 3 1346
1386 2 1346
1444 1 1346
1444 1 1346
.I 1347
.T
Inputs, Outputs, and the Prestige of University Science Departments
.A
Hagstrom, Warren O.
.W
This paper reports correlates of departmental prestige (American Council on
Education rating of the quality of graduate faculty, 1966) for a sample of 125
departments in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology.. The analysis
mostly uses multivariate linear regression.. Large and significant correlations
with departmental prestige exist for measures of department size, research
production, research opportunities, faculty background (including quality of
PhD university), and faculty awards and offices.. Combinations of from six to
nine indicators of these variables account for about three-fourths of the
variance in departmental prestige; when other types of variables are held
constant, indicators of all except research opportunities remain significantly
associated with departmental prestige.. Correlations of prestige with rates of
inbreeding and the proportion of foreign doctorates are discussed.. Differences
in the correlates of prestige are small among the four fields studied.. It is
shown that prestige is correlated with average amount of informal scientific
communication and with departmental morale even after possible confounding
variables are held constant..
.X
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37 1 1347
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40 1 1347
41 1 1347
47 1 1347
48 1 1347
88 2 1347
89 1 1347
97 1 1347
99 1 1347
102 3 1347
103 2 1347
104 1 1347
105 1 1347
106 1 1347
107 1 1347
110 2 1347
111 3 1347
112 2 1347
113 4 1347
161 1 1347
163 1 1347
170 2 1347
233 1 1347
243 1 1347
253 1 1347
313 1 1347
356 1 1347
359 1 1347
377 1 1347
379 1 1347
395 1 1347
456 1 1347
505 1 1347
545 2 1347
560 3 1347
573 1 1347
592 1 1347
602 1 1347
607 1 1347
618 1 1347
632 2 1347
635 1 1347
667 1 1347
748 1 1347
749 1 1347
751 1 1347
764 1 1347
765 1 1347
777 1 1347
778 1 1347
782 1 1347
784 1 1347
793 1 1347
804 1 1347
805 1 1347
893 1 1347
952 1 1347
1010 1 1347
1016 1 1347
1030 1 1347
1061 1 1347
1062 1 1347
1085 1 1347
1086 1 1347
1087 1 1347
1182 1 1347
1200 1 1347
1273 1 1347
1274 1 1347
1277 2 1347
1278 1 1347
1280 1 1347
1283 1 1347
1285 2 1347
1287 3 1347
1291 1 1347
1293 1 1347
1296 1 1347
1298 1 1347
1300 1 1347
1301 1 1347
1302 4 1347
1304 2 1347
1313 1 1347
1315 1 1347
1320 1 1347
1337 1 1347
1338 1 1347
1340 1 1347
1341 1 1347
1344 4 1347
1345 1 1347
1346 3 1347
1347 9 1347
1380 1 1347
1428 1 1347
1444 2 1347
1444 2 1347
.I 1348
.T
Sociology and Modern system Theory
.A
Buckley, W.
.W
This book is intended as an exploratory sketch of a revolutionary
scientific perspective and conceptual framework as it might be applied
to the sociocultural system. This point of view and still developing
framework, as interpreted here, stems from the General Systems Research
movement and the now closely allied fields of cybernetics and information
or communication theory. The principal goal of the book is to bring to the
attention of a larger number of social scientists, particularly sociologists,
the wealth of principles, ideas, and insights that have already brought a
higher degree of scientific order and understanding to many areas of
biology, psychology, and some physical sciences to say nothing of the
applied areas of technology to which they are essential.
.X
308 1 1348
435 1 1348
557 1 1348
1036 1 1348
1067 2 1348
1069 1 1348
1333 1 1348
1340 1 1348
1348 7 1348
1389 1 1348
1389 1 1348
.I 1349
.T
Sources of Information in the Social Sciences
.A
White, C.M.
.W
Documentation in the social sciences is varied in form and content,
written for people in many walks of life, and fills several miles of shelving
in libraries that try to keep up with it. Graduate students who qualify for
positions as professional librarians have to learn about this vast
preserve, and it is their need of guidance that explains the origin of this
book.
The task of this book is to place in the reader's hands a sort of chart
and compass to use in finding his way around and learning how the system
works.
For each subject, the treatment falls into two parts. First a specialist,
sought out for his grasp of the literature, presents a bibliographical
review of basic monographic works for a collection of substantive material.
This review is followed by a list of reference works. Informative
annotations are provided for all works except those adequately explained
by the title. Specialized works are included, especially when they exemplify
types of sources important for reference purposes. First priority goes to
works which may be looked upon as basic for a program of service to a
general clientele made up of scholars, students and the public at large.
If some stress falls on bibliographies, it is because they serve as controls
for opening doorways to even vaster information and to sources that are
more obscure.
.X
405 2 1349
1349 7 1349
1349 7 1349
.I 1350
.T
Soviet Bibliography
.A
Levin, M.I.
.W
The first and most basic phase of research was the analysis of existing
bilbiographic publications.
The chronicles of the All-Union Book Reserve, VINITI abstract journals,
publications of subject information centers and main libraries, bulletins of
new publications, as well as the main current foreign bibliography on some
branches of knowledge were considered.
After comparative analysis valuable data were obtained in the completeness
of registration of literature and the efficiency of its reflection in
different publications; on the types of classificatory schemes and intermediate
instruments, on the quality of abstracts.
The merits and drawbacks of basic bibliographic publications were shown, and
recommendations for improving present bibliographic systems were suggested.
.X
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1104 2 1350
1190 2 1350
1350 7 1350
1350 7 1350
.I 1351
.T
The Special Cataloguing
.A
Horner, J.
.W
We feel, meanwhile, that many materials can be covered by general
or representative principles and rules. The content of this book can
be viewed as of two types. Firstly, the first and last chapters deal with
special materials in general, the former dealing with basic cataloguing
principles and problems, and the latter with the ultimate application
of such principles as manifested by the concept of the multi-media
catalogue and as aided by the computer. Secondly, in between come
chapters dealing with individual categories of materials in detail. Each
category receives two types of treatment. First, the problems of both
approaches and description are examined as they apply to the particular
medium. Second, the solutions put forward by representative codes are
summarized and commented upon.
.X
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299 2 1351
333 2 1351
354 1 1351
404 1 1351
522 1 1351
530 1 1351
627 2 1351
628 2 1351
873 1 1351
874 2 1351
875 2 1351
876 1 1351
892 2 1351
941 2 1351
992 1 1351
994 1 1351
995 2 1351
996 1 1351
997 1 1351
998 1 1351
1079 2 1351
1153 1 1351
1189 1 1351
1251 1 1351
1351 7 1351
1396 1 1351
1420 2 1351
1434 2 1351
1435 2 1351
1442 2 1351
1442 2 1351
.I 1352
.T
Evolving the 90% Pharmaceutical Library
.A
Basile, V.A.
Smith, R.W.
.W
The growing need for library space dictated a quantitative study to
ascertain user requirements. A monitoring operation has been established
whereby data are continuously collected on the use made of periodicals shelved
in a restricted storage area. The data, obtained from photocopy request forms,
identify the core collection of journals which satisfies 90% of our library
research requirements.
.X
31 1 1352
33 1 1352
41 1 1352
106 1 1352
183 1 1352
189 1 1352
193 1 1352
196 1 1352
201 3 1352
203 1 1352
205 1 1352
215 1 1352
219 1 1352
221 1 1352
269 1 1352
314 1 1352
359 1 1352
373 1 1352
614 1 1352
638 1 1352
672 1 1352
721 1 1352
724 1 1352
767 2 1352
821 1 1352
889 1 1352
938 1 1352
959 1 1352
977 3 1352
1014 1 1352
1071 1 1352
1085 1 1352
1086 1 1352
1090 1 1352
1147 1 1352
1203 2 1352
1256 1 1352
1302 1 1352
1352 8 1352
1369 1 1352
1397 1 1352
1451 1 1352
1451 1 1352
.I 1353
.T
How to Survive in Industry
Cost Justifying Library Services
.A
Kramer, J.
.W
Two services provided by the Boeing Co. Aerospace Group Library - literature
searches and reference/publication identification activities - were evaluated
by written and oral surveys of the library's users. The survey technique and
cost savings reported by the two studies are discussed in addition to the
beneficial impact of the survey results on high level corporate management.
.X
74 1 1353
83 1 1353
161 1 1353
245 1 1353
273 1 1353
279 1 1353
288 2 1353
291 1 1353
292 1 1353
331 1 1353
364 1 1353
381 1 1353
408 1 1353
470 1 1353
490 1 1353
496 1 1353
591 2 1353
592 1 1353
624 1 1353
723 1 1353
724 1 1353
772 1 1353
834 1 1353
860 1 1353
865 1 1353
915 1 1353
925 2 1353
957 2 1353
959 1 1353
960 1 1353
961 1 1353
962 1 1353
972 1 1353
976 1 1353
984 1 1353
1008 1 1353
1065 1 1353
1148 1 1353
1227 1 1353
1263 1 1353
1317 1 1353
1333 1 1353
1353 7 1353
1359 1 1353
1360 2 1353
1361 1 1353
1400 2 1353
1401 1 1353
1410 1 1353
1424 1 1353
1424 1 1353
.I 1354
.T
Cooperation Between Academic and Special Libraries
.A
Dagnese, J.M.
.W
The concept of library cooperation is examined generally and that among
academic libraries, among special libraries, and between academic and special
libraries as reported in the recent literature. The question of the probable
future of cooperation between academic and special libraries is addressed and
possible support mechanisms for establishing soundly based cooperative
undertakings are suggested.
.X
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222 1 1354
223 1 1354
296 1 1354
297 1 1354
298 1 1354
300 1 1354
301 1 1354
302 1 1354
340 1 1354
358 1 1354
364 1 1354
431 1 1354
515 1 1354
535 1 1354
625 1 1354
629 1 1354
631 1 1354
634 1 1354
791 1 1354
811 1 1354
816 1 1354
818 1 1354
823 1 1354
843 1 1354
844 1 1354
846 1 1354
915 1 1354
961 1 1354
962 1 1354
964 1 1354
994 1 1354
1009 1 1354
1015 1 1354
1242 1 1354
1247 2 1354
1268 1 1354
1354 6 1354
1354 6 1354
.I 1355
.T
Rational Selection of Primary Journals for a Biomedical Research Library:
The Use of Secondary Journal Citation
.A
Windsor, D.A.
.W
After considering several different methods, it was concluded that primary
journals for coverage of a given field can be selected rationally on the basis
of their citation frequencies in an appropriate secondary journal. Results
obtained on the example used, "rehabilitation" as cited in Index Medicus during
the years 1968-1971, were similar to those from five other fields, in that the
number of journals required for each percent gain in literature coverage
increased exponentially as the percentage of literature itself increased. As
a consequence, library coverage of any particular field can be specified as a
function of its budgeting commitment, so that the maximum percent
coverage will be obtained for each dollar spent.
.X
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195 1 1355
196 1 1355
198 1 1355
201 1 1355
219 1 1355
379 1 1355
543 1 1355
588 1 1355
614 2 1355
616 2 1355
638 2 1355
685 1 1355
735 1 1355
764 1 1355
775 1 1355
821 2 1355
905 1 1355
1111 1 1355
1114 1 1355
1275 2 1355
1290 1 1355
1302 3 1355
1355 5 1355
1369 2 1355
1397 1 1355
1397 1 1355
.I 1356
.T
The Scientist Versus Machine Search Services: We are the Missing Link
.A
Maier, J.M.
.W
To take advantage of computerized data bases to improve their services to
scientists without incurring prohibitive in-house expense, the librarians at
the Boulder Laboratories have campaigned to increase awareness and utilization
via personal interviews, seminars, surveys, and critiques. Data bases most
studied were DDC, NASA, SIE, ASCA, and the University of Georgia. The
conclusions: 1) The scientist needs continuous personal assistance by a
librarian or information specialist in order to make effective use of data
bases. 2) As local retailer, the librarian has an accordingly important role
to play now and in the future, a role at present generally ignored.
.X
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191 1 1356
197 1 1356
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214 1 1356
218 1 1356
243 1 1356
307 1 1356
330 1 1356
378 1 1356
450 1 1356
451 1 1356
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468 2 1356
484 1 1356
492 1 1356
508 2 1356
511 1 1356
512 1 1356
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524 1 1356
525 1 1356
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530 1 1356
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547 1 1356
553 1 1356
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594 1 1356
603 1 1356
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606 1 1356
609 1 1356
610 1 1356
611 1 1356
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625 1 1356
626 1 1356
629 1 1356
630 1 1356
636 1 1356
637 1 1356
642 1 1356
646 1 1356
648 1 1356
650 1 1356
692 1 1356
696 1 1356
699 1 1356
703 1 1356
705 1 1356
708 1 1356
726 1 1356
727 1 1356
728 1 1356
731 1 1356
732 1 1356
733 1 1356
734 1 1356
736 1 1356
738 1 1356
739 1 1356
740 1 1356
741 1 1356
742 1 1356
743 1 1356
744 1 1356
755 1 1356
820 1 1356
826 2 1356
827 1 1356
879 2 1356
883 2 1356
885 1 1356
1004 1 1356
1035 1 1356
1078 1 1356
1089 1 1356
1091 1 1356
1207 1 1356
1264 2 1356
1297 1 1356
1303 1 1356
1356 5 1356
1364 1 1356
1368 2 1356
1370 2 1356
1372 4 1356
1373 1 1356
1374 3 1356
1375 2 1356
1376 2 1356
1377 2 1356
1377 2 1356
.I 1357
.T
Freud, Frug, and Feedback
.A
Shosid, N.J.
.W
People ask one another, "Am I communicating?" The question should be,
"What do you think I am communicating?" The answer would be surprising.
Librarians are in the communications business. Theories of nonverbal
communication and role can be adapted to a library situation. Applied, they
would provide a basis for improving librarian-library user communication.
Awareness of feedback is the key to this improvement. Preliminary
investigations underway at the University of Southern California indicate
the reference encounter provides a investigative approach in which this
key can be utilized to enhance communication.
.X
270 1 1357
274 2 1357
459 1 1357
532 1 1357
625 1 1357
646 1 1357
826 1 1357
927 1 1357
1008 1 1357
1017 2 1357
1049 1 1357
1263 3 1357
1357 5 1357
1405 1 1357
1405 1 1357
.I 1358
.T
System Design, Evaluation, and Costing
.A
Herner, Saul
.W
The word "system" as applied to information programs and activities is one
which is very foggily defined. The purpose of this paper is to help clarify
the concept and discuss it in the context of the librarian's conventional
planning and administrative activities. This is done through a narration
of the step-by-step procedures followed in the conceptualization and
design of an actual library and information program. The steps involved
are the following: definition of the purpose of the program, and financial
and administrative constraints on its design and operation, as envisaged by
management; a user study to determine needs and preferences of the presumed
audience of the program; analysis and definition of program performance
requirements; selection of methods and mechanisms for implementing
performance requirements; conceptualization and documentation of program
design; evaluation of design; modification and completion of design.
Two basic principles that are discussed and emphasized are the need to
define what the program should be doing and what it should not be doing,
and the need and means for determining real as opposed to apparent costs
in the design process.
.X
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61 1 1358
67 1 1358
70 1 1358
71 1 1358
72 1 1358
73 1 1358
95 1 1358
135 2 1358
175 1 1358
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206 1 1358
207 1 1358
208 1 1358
245 2 1358
249 1 1358
291 1 1358
382 1 1358
408 1 1358
458 1 1358
475 1 1358
481 1 1358
483 1 1358
485 1 1358
779 1 1358
780 1 1358
925 1 1358
967 1 1358
981 1 1358
982 2 1358
1007 1 1358
1038 1 1358
1281 1 1358
1317 2 1358
1358 5 1358
1359 2 1358
1360 1 1358
1400 2 1358
1402 2 1358
1410 1 1358
1417 1 1358
1417 1 1358
.I 1359
.T
Time and Motion Study of Library Operations
.A
Kozumplik, W.A.
.W
Application of standard work measurement techniques to acquisitions,
cataloguing, and circulation functions of an aerospace library is
described. Sample of a representative production unit in included.
A 38 per cent saving in manpower without loss of quality effort proves
the library environment responds admirably to this management tool.
.X
31 1 1359
36 1 1359
41 1 1359
46 1 1359
74 2 1359
83 2 1359
135 1 1359
181 1 1359
182 1 1359
183 1 1359
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195 1 1359
198 1 1359
201 1 1359
245 2 1359
269 1 1359
273 1 1359
279 2 1359
288 1 1359
331 2 1359
381 1 1359
395 1 1359
408 1 1359
415 1 1359
490 1 1359
496 1 1359
584 1 1359
591 1 1359
592 1 1359
723 1 1359
724 1 1359
760 1 1359
767 1 1359
774 1 1359
778 1 1359
834 2 1359
848 1 1359
860 1 1359
891 1 1359
905 1 1359
922 1 1359
925 2 1359
952 1 1359
953 1 1359
957 1 1359
964 1 1359
968 1 1359
974 1 1359
976 1 1359
982 1 1359
984 1 1359
1009 1 1359
1018 1 1359
1019 1 1359
1148 1 1359
1227 1 1359
1240 1 1359
1317 2 1359
1353 1 1359
1358 2 1359
1359 6 1359
1360 3 1359
1397 1 1359
1400 2 1359
1402 1 1359
1410 1 1359
1417 1 1359
1424 1 1359
1424 1 1359
.I 1360
.T
Program Planning and Budget Theory
Improved Library Effectiveness by Use of
the Planning-Programming-Budgeting System
.A
Fazar, W.
.W
Libraries have a great need to participate
more effectively in decisions that influence
their capacity to serve their users. This paper
presents a means toward that end. The relatively
new Planning-Programming-Budgeting System
is described in the context of its proven
utility in the Department of Defense and of
its growing utility in the civil sector of
organizations. It describes the system's
background; its implementation in the federal
government; its spread into non-federal
sectors; and the system's methods, including
systems analysis, applied economics, and
quantitative reasoning. The paper includes
illustrative example of results needed for
decision-making by managers, and basic guiding
principles for PPBS application.
.X
74 2 1360
83 2 1360
245 2 1360
273 1 1360
279 3 1360
288 2 1360
331 1 1360
381 1 1360
408 1 1360
490 1 1360
496 1 1360
584 1 1360
591 1 1360
592 1 1360
723 1 1360
724 1 1360
834 1 1360
860 1 1360
925 2 1360
957 1 1360
975 1 1360
976 2 1360
982 1 1360
1148 1 1360
1183 1 1360
1227 1 1360
1317 2 1360
1353 2 1360
1358 1 1360
1359 3 1360
1360 5 1360
1400 2 1360
1402 1 1360
1410 1 1360
1424 1 1360
1424 1 1360
.I 1361
.T
User Needs and Their Effect on Information Center Administration
A Review 1953/66
.A
Coover, R.W.
.W
A determination of the needs of users is
absolutely essential to the management of an
Information Center. Various techniques of
doing this (e.g., interview, diary, questionnaire,
etc.) are detailed along with their limitations.
Some specific user need studies
are described with their significant results.
Interactions between users and an information
system are described. Finally, all of these
factors are considered in assessing the user
needs that might be used to properly manage
Information Centers.
.X
2 1 1361
24 1 1361
32 1 1361
62 1 1361
65 1 1361
66 1 1361
75 1 1361
76 1 1361
137 1 1361
157 1 1361
161 1 1361
210 1 1361
278 1 1361
279 1 1361
280 1 1361
382 1 1361
386 1 1361
395 1 1361
398 1 1361
475 1 1361
624 1 1361
656 1 1361
658 2 1361
716 1 1361
748 1 1361
771 1 1361
772 1 1361
782 1 1361
788 1 1361
789 1 1361
837 1 1361
925 1 1361
955 1 1361
966 1 1361
967 1 1361
982 1 1361
1083 1 1361
1151 1 1361
1353 1 1361
1361 6 1361
1400 1 1361
1404 1 1361
1404 1 1361
.I 1362
.T
The CAN/SDI Project
Th SDI Program of Canada's National Science Library
.A
Brown, J.E.
.W
The National Science Library is not a
library in the conventional sense of the word
but rather an information transferral agency.
Its activities are designed to provide the
Canadian scientific and industrial communities
with direct and immediate access to the
publications and information required in their
day-to-day work. Through co-operative measures
with both national and international information
agencies, the NSL serves as the focal
point of a national scientific and technical
information network. The Library employs
a variety of mechanized techniques to
facilitate the storage, retrieval and
dissemination of information. During the past three
years it has operated an SDI service using CT
and ISI tapes. In November 1968 this SDI
service, which had been limited to meeting
the needs of approximately 170 scientists in
the Ottawa area, was expanded to provide a
national SDI service. The author describes
the evolution of these services from the local
to national level, outlines basic techniques,
describes the successes and failures of the
system and indicates future developments.
.X
13 1 1362
76 1 1362
121 1 1362
213 1 1362
243 1 1362
318 1 1362
329 1 1362
348 1 1362
442 1 1362
450 1 1362
465 1 1362
466 1 1362
491 1 1362
511 1 1362
565 1 1362
567 1 1362
582 1 1362
687 1 1362
720 1 1362
805 1 1362
859 1 1362
866 1 1362
914 1 1362
1087 1 1362
1150 1 1362
1186 1 1362
1285 1 1362
1287 1 1362
1297 1 1362
1302 1 1362
1362 11 1362
1363 2 1362
1363 2 1362
.I 1363
.T
Current Awareness Publications An Evaluation
.A
Bloomfield, M.
.W
Three types of current awareness publications
are defined in terms of their generation
and distribution characteristics. These
types are the SDI type, the intermediate type
such as NASA's SCAN program, and the unselected
type such as the usual library accession
list. A fourth type, the indexing and
abstracting journal is defined but not related
to the other three types. The three current
awareness publications are shown to have a
relationship in terms of the number of
requests they can produce from a given set of
references or notices. The SDI system will
produce about one request from ten notices;
the intermediate type about one request per
hundred notices; ad the unselected type,
one request per thousand notices. Despite
the differences in the number of notices to
generate one request, the cost to produce one
request is about the same for the three types
of tools. Also, the usage of these tools is
related to the amount of user time available
and a curve is presented based on various
assumptions to define this relationship.
.X
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34 1 1363
49 1 1363
53 1 1363
59 1 1363
76 1 1363
121 2 1363
164 1 1363
202 1 1363
213 2 1363
224 1 1363
243 1 1363
348 1 1363
421 1 1363
465 2 1363
466 2 1363
490 1 1363
491 1 1363
506 1 1363
507 1 1363
510 1 1363
512 1 1363
582 1 1363
591 1 1363
595 1 1363
603 1 1363
604 1 1363
622 1 1363
623 1 1363
629 1 1363
633 1 1363
639 1 1363
659 1 1363
676 1 1363
711 1 1363
720 1 1363
722 1 1363
723 1 1363
726 1 1363
728 1 1363
730 1 1363
731 1 1363
732 1 1363
809 1 1363
810 1 1363
813 1 1363
814 1 1363
820 1 1363
822 1 1363
828 1 1363
859 1 1363
870 1 1363
879 1 1363
914 1 1363
1091 1 1363
1283 1 1363
1298 1 1363
1299 1 1363
1362 2 1363
1363 5 1363
1366 1 1363
1367 1 1363
1368 1 1363
1396 1 1363
1396 1 1363
.I 1364
.T
The New York Times Information Bank
.A
Rothman, J.
.W
The New York Times Information
Bank is described in detail. Schedules to
be in operation in 1972, this project
makes available abstracts of newspaper
articles for on-line search and retrieval,
combined with microform copies of the
original articles.
.X
86 1 1364
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125 1 1364
127 1 1364
129 1 1364
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197 1 1364
211 1 1364
214 1 1364
218 1 1364
232 1 1364
243 1 1364
307 1 1364
330 1 1364
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378 1 1364
381 1 1364
406 1 1364
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451 1 1364
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520 1 1364
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522 1 1364
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526 2 1364
527 1 1364
528 1 1364
529 2 1364
530 1 1364
534 1 1364
546 1 1364
553 1 1364
575 1 1364
579 1 1364
594 1 1364
603 1 1364
604 1 1364
606 1 1364
607 1 1364
609 1 1364
610 2 1364
611 1 1364
612 1 1364
615 1 1364
625 2 1364
626 2 1364
630 1 1364
636 2 1364
637 1 1364
642 1 1364
648 1 1364
650 1 1364
692 1 1364
696 1 1364
699 1 1364
700 1 1364
703 1 1364
705 2 1364
707 1 1364
708 1 1364
725 1 1364
726 1 1364
727 2 1364
728 1 1364
731 1 1364
732 1 1364
733 1 1364
734 1 1364
736 1 1364
738 1 1364
739 1 1364
740 1 1364
741 1 1364
742 1 1364
743 1 1364
744 1 1364
754 1 1364
755 1 1364
812 1 1364
817 2 1364
820 1 1364
824 1 1364
826 1 1364
827 1 1364
875 1 1364
879 1 1364
883 1 1364
992 1 1364
1004 1 1364
1035 1 1364
1057 2 1364
1078 1 1364
1089 1 1364
1091 1 1364
1207 1 1364
1264 1 1364
1269 1 1364
1297 1 1364
1303 2 1364
1327 1 1364
1356 1 1364
1364 5 1364
1366 1 1364
1367 1 1364
1368 2 1364
1370 1 1364
1372 1 1364
1373 1 1364
1374 1 1364
1375 1 1364
1376 1 1364
1377 1 1364
1377 1 1364
.I 1365
.T
Centralization vs. Decentralization:
A Location Analysis Approach for Librarians
.A
Raffel, J.
Shishko, R.
.W
An application of location theory to
the question of centralized versus
decentralized library facilities for a
university, with relevance for special
libraries is presented. Locating university
libraries near classrooms, offices, and
dormitories requires a larger budget
than combining these libraries into a
centralized facility. Yet there is a cost
to the university community which does not
appear in the university budget - a cost
in time, energy, and decreased use resulting
from locating the library a longer distance
from users. The analysis provides models
for a single library, for two or more libraries,
or for decentralized facilities.
.X
5 1 1365
90 2 1365
91 1 1365
96 1 1365
158 1 1365
222 1 1365
223 1 1365
231 1 1365
261 1 1365
295 1 1365
297 1 1365
298 1 1365
299 1 1365
334 1 1365
354 1 1365
368 1 1365
435 1 1365
494 2 1365
515 2 1365
608 1 1365
610 1 1365
615 1 1365
617 1 1365
620 1 1365
787 1 1365
792 2 1365
815 2 1365
840 2 1365
925 2 1365
938 1 1365
939 1 1365
951 1 1365
952 1 1365
957 1 1365
991 1 1365
992 1 1365
1023 1 1365
1219 1 1365
1221 1 1365
1227 1 1365
1318 1 1365
1339 1 1365
1365 5 1365
1390 2 1365
1400 1 1365
1401 1 1365
1401 1 1365
.I 1366
.T
The Computerized File Management System
.A
Buginas, S.J.
Crow, N.B.
.W
A file management system can provide a powerful search tool for a library
reference group. The system described produces both current awareness and
retrospective searches from several diverse data bases. The same query
language can be used to interrogate all data bases in either on-line or batch
mode. Searches can be made for any word, word root, phrase, or number in any
part of any entry. Citations selected by coordination of terms can be either
printed or used to custom-make new machine-readable files. Costs are
reasonable; an average batch mode search requires 11 seconds of CDC 6600 time.
.X
18 2 1366
34 1 1366
49 1 1366
53 1 1366
59 1 1366
124 1 1366
125 3 1366
145 1 1366
164 1 1366
165 1 1366
202 1 1366
211 1 1366
213 1 1366
224 1 1366
243 1 1366
348 1 1366
378 1 1366
381 1 1366
421 1 1366
440 1 1366
448 1 1366
452 2 1366
453 1 1366
465 1 1366
466 1 1366
467 1 1366
468 1 1366
484 1 1366
490 1 1366
491 1 1366
495 1 1366
506 2 1366
507 1 1366
508 1 1366
510 1 1366
511 2 1366
512 2 1366
514 1 1366
516 1 1366
517 1 1366
518 1 1366
520 1 1366
521 2 1366
522 1 1366
523 2 1366
524 1 1366
526 2 1366
527 1 1366
528 2 1366
529 1 1366
575 1 1366
576 1 1366
580 1 1366
591 1 1366
595 1 1366
603 1 1366
604 2 1366
609 1 1366
610 1 1366
612 2 1366
615 1 1366
619 1 1366
622 2 1366
623 2 1366
625 1 1366
626 1 1366
629 2 1366
631 1 1366
632 1 1366
633 2 1366
636 1 1366
639 1 1366
659 1 1366
676 1 1366
699 1 1366
700 2 1366
705 2 1366
707 2 1366
711 1 1366
722 1 1366
723 2 1366
726 2 1366
727 2 1366
728 2 1366
729 1 1366
730 2 1366
731 2 1366
732 1 1366
754 2 1366
809 1 1366
810 1 1366
812 2 1366
813 2 1366
814 2 1366
817 1 1366
820 2 1366
822 2 1366
824 1 1366
828 1 1366
866 1 1366
870 2 1366
873 1 1366
875 1 1366
879 1 1366
1078 1 1366
1089 1 1366
1091 2 1366
1143 1 1366
1264 1 1366
1283 1 1366
1298 1 1366
1299 1 1366
1302 1 1366
1303 2 1366
1327 1 1366
1363 1 1366
1364 1 1366
1366 6 1366
1367 4 1366
1368 4 1366
1396 2 1366
1396 2 1366
.I 1367
.T
A Campus-Based Information Center
.A
Carmon, J.L.
.W
Several features of the University of Georgia Information Dissemination
Center, including current awareness, or SDI, and retrospective search services,
the information specialists who provide the interface between the user and the
computer system, and an experimental network linking individual centers, are
discussed. A survey which assessed the impact of the services on the
information habits of the university users is also discussed. Over 97% of the
survey respondees indicated that the services had contributed to their
professional activities. Some users reported that the service had been
a method of bypassing library reference works; others indicated that the
service had brought them back into the library and made them aware of
information sources previously unknown to them.
.X
18 2 1367
34 1 1367
49 1 1367
53 1 1367
59 1 1367
119 1 1367
122 1 1367
124 1 1367
125 4 1367
145 1 1367
164 1 1367
165 1 1367
202 1 1367
211 1 1367
213 1 1367
224 1 1367
243 1 1367
365 1 1367
378 1 1367
381 1 1367
394 1 1367
421 1 1367
440 1 1367
448 1 1367
452 2 1367
453 2 1367
465 1 1367
466 1 1367
467 1 1367
468 1 1367
484 1 1367
490 1 1367
491 1 1367
495 1 1367
506 2 1367
507 1 1367
508 1 1367
510 1 1367
511 2 1367
512 2 1367
514 1 1367
516 1 1367
517 1 1367
518 1 1367
520 1 1367
521 2 1367
522 1 1367
523 2 1367
524 1 1367
526 3 1367
527 1 1367
528 3 1367
529 1 1367
575 1 1367
576 1 1367
580 1 1367
591 1 1367
595 1 1367
603 1 1367
604 2 1367
609 1 1367
610 1 1367
612 3 1367
615 1 1367
619 1 1367
622 2 1367
623 2 1367
625 1 1367
626 1 1367
629 2 1367
631 1 1367
632 1 1367
633 2 1367
636 1 1367
639 1 1367
659 1 1367
676 1 1367
699 1 1367
700 2 1367
705 2 1367
707 2 1367
711 1 1367
722 1 1367
723 2 1367
726 2 1367
727 2 1367
728 2 1367
729 1 1367
730 2 1367
731 2 1367
732 1 1367
754 2 1367
809 1 1367
810 1 1367
812 2 1367
813 2 1367
814 2 1367
817 1 1367
820 2 1367
822 2 1367
824 1 1367
828 1 1367
866 1 1367
870 2 1367
872 1 1367
873 1 1367
875 1 1367
879 1 1367
940 1 1367
1078 1 1367
1089 1 1367
1091 2 1367
1143 3 1367
1247 1 1367
1264 2 1367
1283 1 1367
1298 1 1367
1299 1 1367
1302 1 1367
1303 2 1367
1327 1 1367
1363 1 1367
1364 1 1367
1366 4 1367
1367 7 1367
1368 5 1367
1396 2 1367
1435 1 1367
1436 1 1367
1436 1 1367
.I 1368
.T
Computer-Based Bibliographic Retrieval Services
.A
Park, M.K.
.W
The Information Dissemination Center has emerged as a broker or retailer for
computer-based information retrieval services, interfacing with both the tape
suppliers and with users of the search services. Five areas which impact the
center's interface with these two communities are discussed: the nature of the
data bases which are available for search; retrieval results and factors which
affect them; the timeliness of services; costs and prices; and practical
operational considerations related to library interests. Comparison shopping
between centers is advised as centers differ considerably
in the services which are offered, the data bases which are available, the
experience of the information specialists who construct search profiles,
pricing structures which are used, and the prices which are charged.
Implications of the growing trend toward licensing and leasing information
resources, especially magnetic tape services, are discussed briefly.
.X
18 2 1368
34 1 1368
49 1 1368
53 1 1368
59 1 1368
114 1 1368
124 2 1368
125 3 1368
127 1 1368
129 1 1368
145 2 1368
164 1 1368
165 1 1368
169 1 1368
190 1 1368
191 1 1368
197 1 1368
202 1 1368
211 3 1368
213 1 1368
214 1 1368
218 1 1368
224 1 1368
243 2 1368
289 1 1368
307 1 1368
330 1 1368
345 1 1368
378 2 1368
381 1 1368
382 1 1368
400 1 1368
421 1 1368
440 1 1368
448 1 1368
450 1 1368
451 1 1368
452 4 1368
453 1 1368
459 3 1368
465 1 1368
466 1 1368
467 1 1368
468 2 1368
484 2 1368
490 1 1368
491 1 1368
492 1 1368
493 1 1368
495 1 1368
506 2 1368
507 1 1368
508 2 1368
510 1 1368
511 3 1368
512 3 1368
514 2 1368
516 1 1368
517 1 1368
518 2 1368
520 2 1368
521 2 1368
522 1 1368
523 3 1368
524 2 1368
525 1 1368
526 3 1368
527 1 1368
528 2 1368
529 2 1368
530 1 1368
534 1 1368
546 2 1368
548 1 1368
553 1 1368
575 1 1368
576 1 1368
579 1 1368
580 1 1368
591 1 1368
594 2 1368
595 1 1368
603 2 1368
604 3 1368
606 1 1368
609 2 1368
610 2 1368
611 1 1368
612 3 1368
615 1 1368
619 1 1368
622 2 1368
623 2 1368
625 2 1368
626 2 1368
627 1 1368
629 2 1368
630 1 1368
631 1 1368
632 1 1368
633 2 1368
636 2 1368
637 1 1368
639 1 1368
642 1 1368
646 1 1368
648 1 1368
650 1 1368
659 1 1368
676 1 1368
692 1 1368
696 1 1368
699 2 1368
700 2 1368
703 1 1368
705 3 1368
707 2 1368
708 1 1368
711 1 1368
722 1 1368
723 2 1368
726 3 1368
727 3 1368
728 3 1368
729 1 1368
730 2 1368
731 3 1368
732 2 1368
733 1 1368
734 1 1368
736 1 1368
738 1 1368
739 1 1368
740 1 1368
741 1 1368
742 1 1368
743 1 1368
744 1 1368
754 2 1368
755 1 1368
809 1 1368
810 1 1368
812 2 1368
813 2 1368
814 2 1368
817 1 1368
820 3 1368
822 2 1368
824 1 1368
826 2 1368
827 1 1368
828 1 1368
866 1 1368
870 2 1368
873 1 1368
875 1 1368
879 3 1368
883 2 1368
885 1 1368
990 1 1368
1004 1 1368
1035 1 1368
1051 1 1368
1073 1 1368
1078 2 1368
1089 2 1368
1091 3 1368
1143 1 1368
1207 1 1368
1264 2 1368
1283 1 1368
1297 1 1368
1298 1 1368
1299 1 1368
1302 1 1368
1303 4 1368
1327 1 1368
1356 2 1368
1363 1 1368
1364 2 1368
1366 4 1368
1367 5 1368
1368 9 1368
1370 2 1368
1372 2 1368
1373 1 1368
1374 2 1368
1375 2 1368
1376 2 1368
1377 2 1368
1392 1 1368
1396 2 1368
1414 1 1368
1448 1 1368
1448 1 1368
.I 1369
.T
Journal Usage Survey Method and Application
.A
Langlois, D.C.
Von Schulz, J.V.
.W
A survey of the R.E. Gibson Library's journal collection was conducted
to determine 1) which journal titles could be discontinued, 2) which journal
holdings could be moved to remote storage, and 3) which journal holdings
could be converted to microfilm. Totals were maintained for three areas of
journal usage according to: 1) the number of times patrons used current
issues, 2) the number of times the journal issues were reshelved by library
staff, and 3) the number of times that journals were cited in articles by
Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) authors. The survey resulted in a 9.6%
reduction in journal subscriptions which, in effect, added 7.5% additional
shelf space in which to display journals. Further studies of the
accumulated data are being made to determine which holdings will be sent to
a remote storage area which is under construction. The survey data have been
and will continue to be consulted before any journals are converted to
microfilm.
.X
48 1 1369
167 1 1369
193 2 1369
195 1 1369
196 2 1369
201 2 1369
203 1 1369
204 1 1369
205 2 1369
210 1 1369
219 1 1369
614 4 1369
635 1 1369
638 4 1369
748 1 1369
753 1 1369
756 1 1369
757 1 1369
764 1 1369
787 1 1369
792 1 1369
821 2 1369
831 1 1369
905 1 1369
952 1 1369
953 1 1369
977 1 1369
1083 1 1369
1210 1 1369
1254 1 1369
1256 1 1369
1260 1 1369
1275 2 1369
1278 1 1369
1302 3 1369
1352 1 1369
1355 2 1369
1369 5 1369
1373 1 1369
1397 1 1369
1418 1 1369
1418 1 1369
.I 1370
.T
Computer Literature Searches in the Physical Sciences
.A
Murdock, L.
Opello, O.
.W
Selected computerized current awareness services and literature
searchs in physical sciences are listed. The information given
includes type of literature in each data base, time period covered,
prices, and sources of availability.
.X
18 1 1370
124 1 1370
127 2 1370
129 1 1370
145 1 1370
190 1 1370
191 1 1370
197 1 1370
211 1 1370
214 1 1370
218 1 1370
243 1 1370
307 1 1370
330 1 1370
357 1 1370
376 1 1370
378 1 1370
450 1 1370
451 1 1370
452 1 1370
459 3 1370
468 1 1370
484 1 1370
492 1 1370
508 1 1370
511 1 1370
512 1 1370
514 1 1370
518 1 1370
520 2 1370
523 1 1370
524 2 1370
525 2 1370
526 1 1370
527 1 1370
529 2 1370
530 2 1370
534 2 1370
546 1 1370
553 1 1370
579 1 1370
594 1 1370
603 1 1370
604 1 1370
606 1 1370
609 1 1370
610 1 1370
611 1 1370
612 2 1370
625 1 1370
626 1 1370
630 1 1370
633 1 1370
635 1 1370
636 2 1370
637 2 1370
642 2 1370
646 1 1370
648 1 1370
650 1 1370
692 1 1370
696 1 1370
699 1 1370
702 1 1370
703 2 1370
705 1 1370
708 1 1370
726 1 1370
727 1 1370
728 1 1370
730 1 1370
731 1 1370
732 2 1370
733 2 1370
734 2 1370
736 2 1370
738 1 1370
739 1 1370
740 1 1370
741 1 1370
742 1 1370
743 1 1370
744 1 1370
755 1 1370
820 1 1370
826 3 1370
827 2 1370
877 1 1370
879 3 1370
883 2 1370
885 1 1370
1004 1 1370
1035 1 1370
1078 1 1370
1089 1 1370
1091 1 1370
1207 1 1370
1264 1 1370
1297 1 1370
1303 1 1370
1356 2 1370
1364 1 1370
1368 2 1370
1370 5 1370
1372 3 1370
1373 1 1370
1374 2 1370
1375 2 1370
1376 2 1370
1377 2 1370
1383 1 1370
1396 1 1370
1396 1 1370
.I 1371
.T
Computer-Output Microfilm
.A
Bolef, D.
.W
Computer output in microfilm or microfiche form (COM) rather than
computer printout and conventional forms of reproduction is one possible way
special librarians can reduce their costs, space needs, and time lags. COM is
described among with the equipment needed, where to find it, and experiences of
one special library. Possible savins are compared with additional reading and
special reproduction equipment required as well as the advantages and
disadvantages to be weighed in deciding on COM.
.X
56 2 1371
178 1 1371
341 1 1371
886 1 1371
887 1 1371
892 1 1371
997 1 1371
1071 1 1371
1229 1 1371
1252 1 1371
1269 1 1371
1371 7 1371
1371 7 1371
.I 1372
.T
A Comparison of Manual and Machine Literature Searches
.A
Bivans, M.M.
.W
The NOAA/ERL library in Boulder, Colorado, performed a sample of six
literature searches in an effort to gain management support for
searches prior to launching research projects. It was found that manual
searches are very time consuming and, in our opinion, can better be
done by persons with subject background. The machine searches furnished a
higher percentage of unrelated materials. However, little staff time is required
to obtain them. Lacking qualified persons to do literature searches,
either in the library or in the research groups, greater use should be made of
the available computerized searches.
.X
18 1 1372
124 1 1372
127 2 1372
129 1 1372
145 1 1372
190 1 1372
191 1 1372
197 1 1372
211 1 1372
214 1 1372
218 1 1372
224 1 1372
243 1 1372
307 2 1372
330 1 1372
357 1 1372
376 1 1372
378 1 1372
450 1 1372
451 1 1372
452 1 1372
459 3 1372
468 2 1372
484 1 1372
492 1 1372
508 2 1372
511 1 1372
512 1 1372
514 1 1372
518 1 1372
520 1 1372
523 2 1372
524 2 1372
525 2 1372
526 1 1372
527 1 1372
529 2 1372
530 2 1372
534 2 1372
546 1 1372
547 1 1372
553 1 1372
579 1 1372
594 1 1372
603 1 1372
604 1 1372
606 1 1372
609 1 1372
610 1 1372
611 1 1372
612 1 1372
625 1 1372
626 1 1372
630 1 1372
633 1 1372
635 1 1372
636 2 1372
637 2 1372
642 2 1372
646 1 1372
648 1 1372
650 1 1372
692 1 1372
696 1 1372
699 1 1372
702 1 1372
703 2 1372
705 1 1372
708 1 1372
726 1 1372
727 1 1372
728 1 1372
730 1 1372
731 1 1372
732 2 1372
733 2 1372
734 2 1372
736 2 1372
738 1 1372
739 1 1372
740 1 1372
741 1 1372
742 1 1372
743 1 1372
744 1 1372
755 1 1372
820 1 1372
826 3 1372
827 2 1372
828 1 1372
845 1 1372
877 1 1372
879 3 1372
883 2 1372
885 1 1372
1004 1 1372
1035 1 1372
1078 1 1372
1089 1 1372
1091 1 1372
1207 1 1372
1264 2 1372
1297 1 1372
1303 1 1372
1356 4 1372
1364 1 1372
1368 2 1372
1370 3 1372
1372 8 1372
1373 1 1372
1374 5 1372
1375 2 1372
1376 2 1372
1377 2 1372
1383 1 1372
1396 2 1372
1396 2 1372
.I 1373
.T
How Do Scientists Meet Their Information Needs?
.A
Chen, C.
.W
A survey of the information use patterns and communication practices
of academic physicists in the greater Boston area reveals that academic
physicists rely heavily on formal and informal sources of information. Their
use of formal publications concentrates on a small number of journal titles.
Time and location factors play an important role
in their information seeking and gathering. A considerable number of the
physicists surveyed do not seek librarians' help when searching for
information in the library. Although libraries have been considered largely as
storehouses of materials and librarians organizers of these materials, more
active roles for librarians are possible.
.X
48 1 1373
124 1 1373
127 1 1373
129 1 1373
161 2 1373
167 1 1373
190 1 1373
191 1 1373
197 1 1373
211 1 1373
214 1 1373
218 1 1373
243 1 1373
295 1 1373
300 1 1373
307 1 1373
330 1 1373
358 1 1373
378 1 1373
433 1 1373
450 1 1373
451 1 1373
452 1 1373
459 1 1373
468 1 1373
470 1 1373
484 1 1373
492 1 1373
508 1 1373
511 1 1373
512 1 1373
514 1 1373
518 1 1373
520 1 1373
523 1 1373
524 1 1373
525 1 1373
526 1 1373
529 1 1373
530 1 1373
534 1 1373
546 1 1373
553 1 1373
579 1 1373
594 1 1373
603 1 1373
604 1 1373
606 1 1373
609 1 1373
610 1 1373
611 1 1373
612 1 1373
614 1 1373
624 1 1373
625 1 1373
626 1 1373
630 1 1373
631 1 1373
635 1 1373
636 1 1373
637 1 1373
638 1 1373
642 1 1373
648 1 1373
650 1 1373
692 1 1373
696 1 1373
699 1 1373
703 1 1373
705 1 1373
708 1 1373
726 1 1373
727 1 1373
728 1 1373
731 1 1373
732 1 1373
733 1 1373
734 1 1373
736 1 1373
738 1 1373
739 1 1373
740 1 1373
741 1 1373
742 1 1373
743 1 1373
744 1 1373
748 1 1373
753 1 1373
755 1 1373
756 1 1373
757 1 1373
787 1 1373
792 1 1373
820 1 1373
821 1 1373
826 1 1373
827 1 1373
831 1 1373
879 1 1373
883 1 1373
937 1 1373
946 1 1373
952 1 1373
953 1 1373
1004 1 1373
1035 1 1373
1056 1 1373
1078 1 1373
1083 1 1373
1089 1 1373
1091 1 1373
1200 1 1373
1207 1 1373
1210 1 1373
1254 1 1373
1256 1 1373
1260 1 1373
1264 1 1373
1275 1 1373
1278 1 1373
1297 1 1373
1302 1 1373
1303 1 1373
1356 1 1373
1364 1 1373
1368 1 1373
1369 1 1373
1370 1 1373
1372 1 1373
1373 5 1373
1374 1 1373
1375 1 1373
1376 1 1373
1377 1 1373
1418 1 1373
1418 1 1373
.I 1374
.T
Cost Comparison of Manual and On-Line Computerized
Literature Searching
.A
Elman, S.A.
.W
Cost and searching time comparisons are made between manual and on-line
literature searches. The formula Ctotal = (T X Csum) + P
is presented which captures all on-line cost factors. A minimum cost of $1.00
per minute of on-line searching is derived. Average searching time for
manual searching is 22 hours at a total cost of $250; for on-line it is 45
minutes at total cost of $47.00. It is pointed out that most reported low-on
line search costs fail to account for all cost factors.
Figures are those prevailing at the time of writing.
.X
124 2 1374
125 2 1374
127 2 1374
128 1 1374
129 3 1374
130 1 1374
167 1 1374
190 1 1374
191 1 1374
197 1 1374
211 1 1374
214 1 1374
218 1 1374
223 1 1374
224 1 1374
225 1 1374
234 1 1374
243 1 1374
280 1 1374
307 2 1374
330 1 1374
332 1 1374
363 1 1374
378 1 1374
393 1 1374
432 1 1374
434 1 1374
450 1 1374
451 1 1374
452 1 1374
459 4 1374
460 1 1374
461 1 1374
468 2 1374
484 2 1374
492 1 1374
494 1 1374
508 2 1374
511 1 1374
512 1 1374
514 1 1374
518 1 1374
520 1 1374
523 3 1374
524 1 1374
525 1 1374
526 2 1374
528 1 1374
529 1 1374
530 1 1374
534 3 1374
546 2 1374
553 1 1374
579 2 1374
580 1 1374
594 2 1374
603 1 1374
604 1 1374
606 2 1374
609 1 1374
610 1 1374
611 2 1374
612 1 1374
622 1 1374
625 1 1374
626 2 1374
630 1 1374
636 1 1374
637 2 1374
639 2 1374
642 6 1374
643 2 1374
644 1 1374
645 1 1374
646 3 1374
647 1 1374
648 2 1374
649 1 1374
650 2 1374
651 1 1374
692 1 1374
696 1 1374
699 1 1374
703 1 1374
705 1 1374
708 2 1374
726 1 1374
727 1 1374
728 1 1374
731 1 1374
732 1 1374
733 1 1374
734 3 1374
736 3 1374
737 1 1374
738 2 1374
739 2 1374
740 2 1374
741 3 1374
742 3 1374
743 4 1374
744 2 1374
755 1 1374
765 1 1374
818 1 1374
820 1 1374
822 1 1374
823 1 1374
826 3 1374
827 2 1374
828 1 1374
830 1 1374
845 1 1374
879 2 1374
883 3 1374
885 1 1374
925 1 1374
943 1 1374
944 1 1374
947 1 1374
1004 1 1374
1035 1 1374
1070 1 1374
1078 1 1374
1085 1 1374
1089 1 1374
1091 1 1374
1146 1 1374
1207 1 1374
1264 2 1374
1297 1 1374
1303 1 1374
1318 1 1374
1356 3 1374
1364 1 1374
1368 2 1374
1370 2 1374
1372 5 1374
1373 1 1374
1374 18 1374
1375 4 1374
1376 5 1374
1377 3 1374
1390 1 1374
1401 1 1374
1427 1 1374
1437 1 1374
1441 1 1374
1441 1 1374
.I 1375
.T
User Criteria for Selection of Commercial
On-Line Computer-Based Bibliographic Services
.A
Marshall, D.B.
.W
Many interrelating factors with examples have been cited as criteria for
selection and proper use of commercial on-line computer-based bibliographic
services in an industrial environment. These complex factors have been analyzed
under the needs of the users, the selection of hardware, the selection of mode
of transmission, the selection of vendors and systems, the selection of data
bases, the development of productive search strategy and the considerations of
measures to test it, the attitude of management, and the interaction of the
user with the system. In the author's experience exhaustive and comprehensive
searches were minimally requested, thus posing questions for determining
measures of evaluation.
.X
124 2 1375
127 1 1375
128 1 1375
129 1 1375
141 1 1375
190 1 1375
191 1 1375
197 1 1375
211 1 1375
214 1 1375
218 1 1375
243 1 1375
307 1 1375
330 2 1375
363 1 1375
378 1 1375
409 1 1375
450 1 1375
451 1 1375
452 1 1375
459 3 1375
468 1 1375
484 1 1375
492 1 1375
508 1 1375
511 1 1375
512 1 1375
514 1 1375
518 1 1375
520 1 1375
523 1 1375
524 1 1375
525 1 1375
526 1 1375
529 1 1375
530 1 1375
534 1 1375
546 1 1375
553 1 1375
579 1 1375
594 1 1375
603 1 1375
604 1 1375
606 1 1375
609 1 1375
610 1 1375
611 1 1375
612 1 1375
623 1 1375
625 1 1375
626 1 1375
630 1 1375
636 1 1375
637 1 1375
642 3 1375
643 1 1375
645 1 1375
646 1 1375
647 1 1375
648 2 1375
650 1 1375
651 1 1375
692 1 1375
696 1 1375
699 1 1375
703 1 1375
705 1 1375
708 1 1375
726 1 1375
727 1 1375
728 1 1375
729 1 1375
731 1 1375
732 1 1375
733 1 1375
734 3 1375
736 2 1375
738 1 1375
739 2 1375
740 1 1375
741 1 1375
742 3 1375
743 3 1375
744 3 1375
748 1 1375
755 1 1375
757 1 1375
820 1 1375
826 2 1375
827 1 1375
831 1 1375
879 2 1375
881 1 1375
882 1 1375
883 4 1375
884 1 1375
885 2 1375
886 1 1375
887 1 1375
893 1 1375
917 1 1375
999 1 1375
1000 1 1375
1001 1 1375
1002 1 1375
1003 1 1375
1004 2 1375
1035 1 1375
1078 1 1375
1089 1 1375
1091 1 1375
1146 1 1375
1207 1 1375
1264 2 1375
1297 1 1375
1303 1 1375
1356 2 1375
1364 1 1375
1368 2 1375
1370 2 1375
1372 2 1375
1373 1 1375
1374 4 1375
1375 6 1375
1376 5 1375
1377 3 1375
1377 3 1375
.I 1376
.T
Criteria for Evaluation and Selection of Data
Bases and Data Base Services
.A
Williams, M.E.
.W
Libraries, as potential users of bibliographic data base services, will need
to evaluate not only the contents of the many data bases available but the
different services provided by various processing centers. Criteria for
selection of data bases and data base services such as searching features,
logical capacity, document delivery, output format and medium, and costs are
examined.
.X
124 1 1376
125 2 1376
127 2 1376
128 2 1376
129 2 1376
130 1 1376
141 1 1376
190 1 1376
191 2 1376
197 1 1376
211 1 1376
214 1 1376
218 1 1376
243 1 1376
307 2 1376
330 2 1376
339 1 1376
363 2 1376
370 1 1376
376 1 1376
378 1 1376
387 1 1376
409 1 1376
432 1 1376
450 1 1376
451 1 1376
452 1 1376
453 1 1376
459 2 1376
460 1 1376
461 1 1376
468 1 1376
484 1 1376
492 1 1376
508 1 1376
511 1 1376
512 1 1376
514 1 1376
518 1 1376
520 1 1376
523 1 1376
524 1 1376
525 1 1376
526 1 1376
529 1 1376
530 1 1376
534 1 1376
546 1 1376
553 1 1376
579 1 1376
580 1 1376
594 1 1376
603 1 1376
604 1 1376
606 1 1376
609 1 1376
610 1 1376
611 2 1376
612 1 1376
622 1 1376
623 1 1376
625 1 1376
626 1 1376
629 1 1376
630 1 1376
636 1 1376
637 1 1376
642 3 1376
643 1 1376
644 1 1376
645 2 1376
646 2 1376
647 1 1376
648 2 1376
649 1 1376
650 2 1376
651 1 1376
652 1 1376
692 1 1376
696 1 1376
699 1 1376
703 1 1376
705 1 1376
708 2 1376
726 1 1376
727 1 1376
728 1 1376
729 1 1376
731 1 1376
732 1 1376
733 1 1376
734 2 1376
736 2 1376
737 1 1376
738 2 1376
739 3 1376
740 2 1376
741 2 1376
742 2 1376
743 3 1376
744 3 1376
748 1 1376
755 1 1376
757 1 1376
820 1 1376
826 2 1376
827 1 1376
831 1 1376
879 2 1376
881 1 1376
882 1 1376
883 3 1376
884 1 1376
885 2 1376
886 1 1376
887 1 1376
893 1 1376
917 1 1376
999 1 1376
1000 1 1376
1001 1 1376
1002 1 1376
1003 1 1376
1004 2 1376
1035 1 1376
1078 1 1376
1089 1 1376
1091 1 1376
1207 1 1376
1264 2 1376
1297 1 1376
1303 1 1376
1356 2 1376
1364 1 1376
1368 2 1376
1370 2 1376
1372 2 1376
1373 1 1376
1374 5 1376
1375 5 1376
1376 8 1376
1377 3 1376
1403 1 1376
1457 1 1376
1457 1 1376
.I 1377
.T
On-Line Reference Retrieval in a Public Library
.A
Summit, R.K.
Firschein, O.
.W
There are many useful computer-readable data bases that are accessible
only to major governmental units, universities, or industrial organizations.
An experiment is described in which the public library is used as a "linking
agent" between the public and such data bases. Retrieval terminals have been
placed in four public libraries in Northern California to provide access to
sixteen different data bases. The first year of this two-year experiment is
described, and some of the technical, organizational, and economic aspects of
the study are reviewed. Rapid acceptance of the system during this initial
no-cost period has been achieved and useful evaluative data have been obtained.
.X
124 1 1377
127 1 1377
129 1 1377
190 1 1377
191 1 1377
197 1 1377
211 1 1377
214 1 1377
218 1 1377
243 1 1377
307 1 1377
330 1 1377
378 1 1377
450 1 1377
451 2 1377
452 1 1377
459 2 1377
460 1 1377
468 1 1377
484 1 1377
492 1 1377
508 1 1377
511 1 1377
512 1 1377
514 1 1377
518 1 1377
520 1 1377
523 1 1377
524 1 1377
525 1 1377
526 2 1377
529 1 1377
530 1 1377
534 1 1377
546 2 1377
553 1 1377
579 1 1377
594 1 1377
603 1 1377
604 1 1377
606 2 1377
609 2 1377
610 1 1377
611 1 1377
612 2 1377
618 1 1377
625 1 1377
626 1 1377
630 1 1377
635 1 1377
636 1 1377
637 2 1377
641 1 1377
642 4 1377
645 1 1377
646 1 1377
648 1 1377
650 1 1377
692 1 1377
696 1 1377
699 1 1377
703 1 1377
705 1 1377
708 1 1377
726 1 1377
727 1 1377
728 1 1377
731 1 1377
732 1 1377
733 2 1377
734 2 1377
736 1 1377
738 1 1377
739 1 1377
740 1 1377
741 1 1377
742 2 1377
743 2 1377
744 3 1377
755 1 1377
820 1 1377
826 2 1377
827 1 1377
879 2 1377
883 2 1377
885 1 1377
1004 1 1377
1035 1 1377
1078 1 1377
1089 1 1377
1091 1 1377
1207 1 1377
1264 2 1377
1297 1 1377
1302 1 1377
1303 1 1377
1356 2 1377
1364 1 1377
1368 2 1377
1370 2 1377
1372 2 1377
1373 1 1377
1374 3 1377
1375 3 1377
1376 3 1377
1377 7 1377
1377 7 1377
.I 1378
.T
Standards for Library Service: An International Survey
.A
Withers, F.N.
.W
In recent years, it has become recognized that a country's
documentation and library services, indispensable for all forms of
economic, social and cultural development, should be considered
as one co-ordinated information system and accordingly included
in any national development plans. However, planning can only be
carried out if the necessary statistical data and other information
are available. Unesco therefore concluded a contract in 1968 with
the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) for a
survey of standards for library services currently recommended for
libraries of all types in different countries. The work was entrusted
to F.N. Withers, a research fellow at the Polytechnic of North
London School of Librarianship (United Kingdom).
.X
234 1 1378
304 1 1378
306 1 1378
338 1 1378
646 1 1378
647 1 1378
651 1 1378
942 1 1378
943 1 1378
944 1 1378
948 1 1378
1017 1 1378
1049 1 1378
1206 1 1378
1237 1 1378
1378 7 1378
1440 1 1378
1450 1 1378
1453 1 1378
1453 1 1378
.I 1379
.T
State Library Policy
.A
Stangelo, D.
.W
State library policy is the focus of this study. The approach to policy
is framed in the broadest possible terms currently permitted by empirical
research in the examination of governmental policy formation. A major
purpose of the study is to analyze state library policy in relationship to
the environment which provides the backdrop for its formation and
maintenance. The authors see this ambitious effort as a pioneering
thrust in library research and not as the final work on library policy.
.X
214 1 1379
218 1 1379
232 1 1379
241 1 1379
250 1 1379
331 1 1379
340 1 1379
348 1 1379
358 1 1379
375 1 1379
406 1 1379
855 1 1379
896 1 1379
946 1 1379
948 1 1379
986 1 1379
1012 1 1379
1033 1 1379
1079 1 1379
1188 1 1379
1379 6 1379
1403 1 1379
1403 1 1379
.I 1380
.T
Statistical Bibliography in Relation to the Growth of Modern Civilization
.A
Hulme, E.W.
.W
The following pages form the concluding portion of four lectures
delivered by me in the University of Cambridge as Sandars Reader
in Bibliography, 1921.
As the two pairs of lectures appeal to widely different classes
of the community, I have decided to print them separately, though
the underlying theme is the same, viz. the need for uniformity in
book classification as a preliminary to co-operative action in
library administration and bibliography.
Book classification is shelf classification, and shelf classification
carried to its furthest limits leads necessarily to uniformity
in the extension and definition of its classes. Add to this a
chronological order of books in their classes and your scheme of
classification acquires a new value; for it presents for each period
a bibliographical counterpart of the corresponding growth of the
activities of the human mind.
My first two lectures dealt with this thesis in its practical
application to library work and the compilation of subject
bibliographies. Here statistical bibliography is considered in
relation to the growth of modern civilization.
Strictly speaking, the province of statistical bibliography ends
with the presentation of the figures compiled. Their final
interpretation should be left to those possessing the necessary
qualifications. I am, therefore, conscious that in attempting to
furnish some explanation of the interrelations of the various factors
which are associated with the growth of modern civilization, I have
outstripped the limits of bibliographical propriety. On this count
I offer no defense.
.X
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39 2 1380
40 2 1380
47 1 1380
61 1 1380
88 1 1380
97 2 1380
102 1 1380
103 1 1380
199 1 1380
233 1 1380
253 2 1380
313 1 1380
359 1 1380
377 1 1380
379 4 1380
395 1 1380
470 1 1380
505 1 1380
560 1 1380
573 1 1380
618 3 1380
622 1 1380
632 1 1380
635 1 1380
667 1 1380
748 1 1380
749 2 1380
751 1 1380
764 1 1380
765 2 1380
777 2 1380
778 1 1380
782 1 1380
804 1 1380
805 1 1380
893 1 1380
907 1 1380
925 1 1380
952 1 1380
1016 1 1380
1018 1 1380
1030 1 1380
1032 1 1380
1061 1 1380
1083 1 1380
1085 2 1380
1086 2 1380
1087 2 1380
1182 1 1380
1200 1 1380
1201 1 1380
1255 1 1380
1268 1 1380
1274 1 1380
1275 2 1380
1277 1 1380
1278 1 1380
1280 1 1380
1285 1 1380
1286 1 1380
1287 1 1380
1301 2 1380
1302 3 1380
1304 1 1380
1313 1 1380
1338 1 1380
1344 1 1380
1347 1 1380
1380 8 1380
1428 1 1380
1444 1 1380
1444 1 1380
.I 1381
.T
Statistical Methods for the Study of Lexicon
.A
Frumkina, R.M.
.W
This book studies the qualitative relations between text and dictionary
compilation.
Chapter I considers general questions related to the compilation and use of
frequency vocabulary; a new Zipf's Law.
Chapter III considers various ways of describing the statistical properties
of a text and its lexicon, and presents the results of the author's research
on the statistic structure of Pushkin's lexicon.
Chapter IV considers methods for comparing the vocabulary of texts.
A new method for comparing word lists is suggested, which is then used for
comparing word lists from the different geures in Pushkin's works.
.X
26 1 1381
175 1 1381
361 1 1381
416 1 1381
664 1 1381
759 1 1381
761 1 1381
765 1 1381
1118 1 1381
1159 1 1381
1168 1 1381
1170 1 1381
1172 1 1381
1182 2 1381
1226 2 1381
1267 1 1381
1381 12 1381
1382 1 1381
1382 1 1381
.I 1382
.T
Statistics and Semantics
.A
Moskovich, V.A.
.W
This monograph is one of the few works in which the possibility of studying
semantics using statistical methods is proven with actual research.
The semantic field of words denoting color (in English, French, Russian and
Ukranian) was chosen as a representative semantic object.
The applied aspects of this work are particularly important: the application
of those methods tested by the authors for solving problems of automatic
information processing, as well as in language translation and instruction.
.X
26 2 1382
68 1 1382
77 1 1382
78 1 1382
79 1 1382
175 1 1382
328 1 1382
420 1 1382
422 1 1382
595 1 1382
660 1 1382
662 1 1382
664 1 1382
790 1 1382
1116 1 1382
1118 3 1382
1124 1 1382
1131 1 1382
1177 1 1382
1281 1 1382
1381 1 1382
1382 6 1382
1388 1 1382
1388 1 1382
.I 1383
.T
Strategies for Change in Information Programs
.A
Hug, W.E.
.W
The diverse energies framing library-media-information futures affect
everyone who needs to know, to understand, to do, and to grow. This
collection of articles and essays represents the many concerns and insights
that are helping shape the future, a future in which library-media-information
programs can play a vital role as they attempt to reach out to people
everywhere.
.X
18 1 1383
127 1 1383
145 1 1383
357 1 1383
376 1 1383
459 1 1383
524 1 1383
525 1 1383
527 1 1383
529 1 1383
530 1 1383
534 1 1383
633 1 1383
635 1 1383
636 1 1383
637 1 1383
642 1 1383
702 1 1383
703 1 1383
730 1 1383
732 1 1383
733 1 1383
734 1 1383
736 1 1383
826 1 1383
827 1 1383
877 1 1383
879 1 1383
1370 1 1383
1372 1 1383
1383 5 1383
1396 1 1383
1396 1 1383
.I 1384
.T
A Strategy for Public Library Change
.A
Martin, A.B.
.W
The fate of the American institutional phenomenon, the public
library, is in question. Its position has never been truly secure
in terms of general use or public support except in the large cities
until recent years, and for a few short periods of marked progress
countrywide.
.X
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298 1 1384
358 1 1384
376 1 1384
385 1 1384
470 1 1384
910 1 1384
935 1 1384
1005 1 1384
1006 1 1384
1018 1 1384
1049 1 1384
1056 1 1384
1145 2 1384
1186 1 1384
1227 1 1384
1240 1 1384
1333 1 1384
1384 6 1384
1396 1 1384
1396 1 1384
.I 1385
.T
Structural Models: an introduction to the theory of directed graphs
.A
Harary, F.
.W
The purpose of this book is to present an introduction to a body of
mathematics concerned with the abstract notion of "structure." Its
preparation has been motivated by the belief that knowledge of the
mathematics of abstract structures will be of value to investigators
interested in various kinds of empirical structures. The mathematics
with which we are concerned is known as the theory of directed graphs,
or more briefly as digraph theory. It deals with abstract configurations
called digraphs, which consist of "points" and "directed lines." When
these terms are given concrete referents, digraphs serve as mathematical
models of empirical structures, and properties of digraphs reflect
structural properties of the empirical world. Since the same mathematical
terms can be given a variety of empirical meanings, digraph theory has
applicability to many different fields of investigation.
.X
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109 1 1385
484 1 1385
654 1 1385
855 1 1385
972 1 1385
1232 1 1385
1385 5 1385
1427 1 1385
1427 1 1385
.I 1386
.T
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
.A
Kuhn, T.S.
.B
1962
.W
The essay that follows is the first full published report on a
project originally conceived almost fifteen years ago. At that
time I was a graduate student in theoretical physics already
within sight of the end of my dissertation. A fortunate involvement
with an experimental college course treating physical
science for the non-scientist provided my first exposure to
out-of-date scientific theory and practice radically undermined
some of my basic conceptions about the nature of science and
the reasons for its special success.
.X
15 1 1386
21 1 1386
48 1 1386
89 3 1386
95 1 1386
96 1 1386
99 1 1386
100 3 1386
101 1 1386
102 3 1386
105 3 1386
106 1 1386
107 1 1386
108 1 1386
109 1 1386
110 2 1386
113 2 1386
123 1 1386
152 1 1386
155 1 1386
157 1 1386
168 1 1386
312 1 1386
313 2 1386
314 2 1386
343 4 1386
356 2 1386
386 1 1386
391 1 1386
439 1 1386
440 1 1386
445 1 1386
447 1 1386
449 1 1386
503 1 1386
544 3 1386
545 1 1386
557 1 1386
560 2 1386
574 1 1386
582 1 1386
585 1 1386
625 1 1386
656 1 1386
665 1 1386
685 1 1386
791 1 1386
803 1 1386
902 1 1386
915 1 1386
1025 1 1386
1030 3 1386
1031 1 1386
1050 2 1386
1062 1 1386
1063 2 1386
1219 1 1386
1256 1 1386
1271 3 1386
1272 2 1386
1274 1 1386
1284 1 1386
1285 2 1386
1290 1 1386
1291 2 1386
1293 1 1386
1294 1 1386
1295 1 1386
1296 2 1386
1297 1 1386
1300 2 1386
1310 2 1386
1311 3 1386
1312 1 1386
1313 2 1386
1319 2 1386
1329 3 1386
1337 1 1386
1338 1 1386
1339 2 1386
1340 2 1386
1343 1 1386
1345 2 1386
1346 2 1386
1386 37 1386
1387 1 1386
1389 1 1386
1399 1 1386
1422 1 1386
1422 1 1386
.I 1387
.T
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
.A
Kuhn, T.S.
.W
The essay that follows is the first full published report on a
project originally conceived almost fifteen years ago. At that
time I was a graduate student in theoretical physics already
within sight of the end of my dissertation. A fortunate involvement
with an experimental college course treating physical
science for the non-scientist provided my first exposure to
out-of-date scientific theory and practice radically undermined
some of my basic conceptions about the nature of science and
the reasons for its special success.
Those conceptions were ones I had previously drawn partly
from scientific training itself and partly from a long-standing
avocational interest in the philosophy of science. Somehow,
whatever their pedagogic utility and their abstract plausibility,
those notions did not at all fit the enterprise that historical study
displayed. Yet they were and are fundamental to many discussions
of science, and their failures of verisimilitude therefore
seemed thoroughly worth pursuing. The result was a drastic
shift in my career plans, a shift from physics to history of
science and then, gradually, from relatively straightforward
historical problems back to the more philosophical concerns that
had initially led me to history. Except for a few articles, this
essay is the first of my published works in which these early
concerns are dominant. In some part it is an attempt to explain
to myself and to friends how I happened to be drawn from
science to its history in the first place.
.X
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89 1 1387
101 1 1387
102 1 1387
105 3 1387
172 1 1387
191 1 1387
194 1 1387
212 1 1387
274 1 1387
308 2 1387
343 2 1387
417 2 1387
446 1 1387
458 1 1387
485 1 1387
514 1 1387
546 1 1387
572 1 1387
577 1 1387
579 1 1387
606 1 1387
610 1 1387
611 1 1387
612 1 1387
615 1 1387
626 1 1387
632 1 1387
640 1 1387
902 1 1387
1030 1 1387
1033 1 1387
1063 2 1387
1084 1 1387
1235 1 1387
1273 1 1387
1274 1 1387
1279 1 1387
1285 1 1387
1304 1 1387
1311 1 1387
1313 1 1387
1314 1 1387
1315 1 1387
1316 1 1387
1320 1 1387
1329 1 1387
1334 1 1387
1337 1 1387
1342 1 1387
1343 1 1387
1386 1 1387
1387 19 1387
1444 1 1387
1444 1 1387
.I 1388
.T
Structure of Discourse
.A
Sevbo, I.P.
.W
This monograph studies the external links between the sentences within a
paragraph.
Two basic problems are solved: a formal apparatus for deriving simplified
versions of the text's phrases is devised and the regularities in the
formation of word strings are determined.
Also considers future developments in the field of automatized abstracting.
.X
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315 1 1388
399 1 1388
1099 1 1388
1118 1 1388
1121 1 1388
1159 1 1388
1225 1 1388
1382 1 1388
1388 15 1388
1388 15 1388
.I 1389
.T
Studies in Ethnomethodology
.A
Garfinkel, H.
.W
In doing sociology, lay and professional, every reference to the
"real world," even where the reference is to physical or biological
events, is a reference to the organized activities of everyday life.
Thereby, in contrast to certain versions of Durkheim that teach that
the objective reality of social facts is sociology's fundamental
principle, the lesson is taken instead, and used as study policy, that
the objective reality of social facts as an ongoing accomplishment
of the concerted activities of daily life, with the ordinary, artful
ways of that accomplishment being by members known, used, ad
taken for granted, is, for members doing sociology, a fundamental
phenomenon. Because, and in the ways it is practical sociology's
fundamental phenomenon, it is the prevailing topic for ethno-methodological
study. Ethnomethodological studies analyze everyday activities as
members' methods for making those same activities visibly-rational-
and-reportable-for-all-practical-purposes, i.e., "accountable," as
organizations of commonplace everyday activities. The reflexivity
of that phenomenon is a singular feature of practical actions, of
practical circumstances, of common sense knowledge of social structures,
and of practical sociological reasoning. By permitting us to locate
and examine their occurrence the reflexivity of that phenomenon establishes
their study.
.X
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168 1 1389
572 1 1389
590 1 1389
1030 1 1389
1045 1 1389
1046 1 1389
1047 1 1389
1063 1 1389
1213 1 1389
1227 1 1389
1312 1 1389
1329 1 1389
1348 1 1389
1386 1 1389
1389 5 1389
1443 1 1389
1443 1 1389
.I 1390
.T
A Study of the Characteristics, Cost and Magnitude of
Interlibrary Loans in Academic Libraries
.A
Palmour, V.E.
.W
The investigation of interlibrary loans among academic libraries was
initiated by the Interlibrary Loan Study Committee of the Association of
Research Libraries. It was seen as a fundamental first step toward the
solution of current problems and the exploration of the means to improve
interlibrary loan services nationally. This report provides solid
information that is basic to any future planning at the national level.
.X
5 1 1390
10 6 1390
33 1 1390
36 1 1390
41 1 1390
89 1 1390
90 2 1390
91 1 1390
97 1 1390
102 1 1390
111 1 1390
112 1 1390
128 1 1390
129 1 1390
130 1 1390
145 1 1390
158 1 1390
163 1 1390
167 2 1390
183 1 1390
184 1 1390
190 1 1390
193 1 1390
199 1 1390
203 1 1390
210 1 1390
216 1 1390
222 1 1390
223 2 1390
225 3 1390
231 1 1390
234 1 1390
244 1 1390
249 1 1390
250 1 1390
261 1 1390
269 1 1390
280 1 1390
295 2 1390
297 1 1390
299 1 1390
304 1 1390
305 1 1390
306 1 1390
334 1 1390
340 1 1390
354 1 1390
358 1 1390
368 1 1390
373 1 1390
385 1 1390
393 1 1390
394 3 1390
400 1 1390
431 1 1390
433 1 1390
435 1 1390
459 1 1390
468 1 1390
494 1 1390
534 1 1390
545 1 1390
551 1 1390
552 1 1390
587 1 1390
605 1 1390
608 1 1390
610 1 1390
613 1 1390
614 1 1390
615 1 1390
617 1 1390
620 1 1390
638 1 1390
639 1 1390
646 1 1390
647 1 1390
651 1 1390
702 1 1390
731 1 1390
732 1 1390
735 1 1390
747 1 1390
750 1 1390
753 1 1390
765 1 1390
766 1 1390
767 1 1390
775 1 1390
782 1 1390
784 1 1390
788 2 1390
789 1 1390
793 1 1390
800 1 1390
808 1 1390
815 2 1390
817 1 1390
818 1 1390
820 1 1390
822 1 1390
823 2 1390
825 1 1390
826 1 1390
827 2 1390
828 1 1390
831 1 1390
872 1 1390
891 1 1390
905 1 1390
925 1 1390
938 1 1390
939 2 1390
942 1 1390
943 1 1390
944 1 1390
947 2 1390
948 1 1390
953 1 1390
955 1 1390
957 1 1390
977 1 1390
981 1 1390
983 1 1390
991 1 1390
992 1 1390
1009 1 1390
1016 1 1390
1017 1 1390
1023 2 1390
1030 1 1390
1055 1 1390
1058 1 1390
1070 1 1390
1085 1 1390
1087 1 1390
1090 1 1390
1135 1 1390
1146 1 1390
1219 1 1390
1221 1 1390
1227 2 1390
1230 1 1390
1241 1 1390
1247 1 1390
1257 2 1390
1258 2 1390
1260 1 1390
1275 1 1390
1276 1 1390
1278 1 1390
1280 1 1390
1285 1 1390
1286 1 1390
1287 1 1390
1302 2 1390
1305 1 1390
1306 1 1390
1318 1 1390
1335 1 1390
1365 2 1390
1374 1 1390
1390 17 1390
1397 1 1390
1401 1 1390
1410 1 1390
1417 1 1390
1424 1 1390
1428 1 1390
1432 1 1390
1437 1 1390
1437 1 1390
.I 1391
.T
A Study of General Categories Applicable
to Classification and Coding in Documentation
.A
Grolier, E.D.
.W
The rapid development of information retrieval methods since
the last war - together with the development of systems using
mechanical or electromechanical means (punched cards) for such
purposes followed later by electronic retrieval (computers) - have
led to transformations in the structure of classification or coding
systems for books and documents. Generally speaking, document
specialists have tended to elaborate a large number of different
codes, usually totally unrelated to each other, each conceived
to meet the special documentation requirements of a particular
organization. This is farther than ever - at least to all
appearances - from the original intention of 1895 of the founders
of the Institut International de Bibliographie (now known as the
Federation Internationale de Documentation), i.e., the standardization
of classification methods.
.X
75 1 1391
154 2 1391
258 2 1391
259 1 1391
263 1 1391
388 1 1391
476 2 1391
477 5 1391
480 1 1391
516 1 1391
542 1 1391
653 2 1391
758 2 1391
838 4 1391
898 2 1391
1066 1 1391
1074 2 1391
1075 2 1391
1231 2 1391
1259 4 1391
1391 9 1391
1394 1 1391
1402 2 1391
1405 1 1391
1414 1 1391
1429 4 1391
1430 4 1391
1430 4 1391
.I 1392
.T
Subject Analysis: Computer Implications of Rigorous Definator
.A
Harris, J.L.
.W
Subject analysis for information retrieval is an area
which always seems deceptively simple to those without
previous background in it, however extensive their background
in specific subject disciplines may be. The basic
requirement seems easy enough: to structure the statement
of a subject in such a way that it can be placed into, and
retrieved from, an ordered file.
While attempts have been made to use simple, non-complex
terms or even single words, it always becomes
evident that single words are often insufficient to express a
subject, and that some subjects are in themselves complex.
To express such subjects requires either that their constituent
concepts -- not words -- be separated and then recombined,
or that only one part of the subject be shown.
The former solution requires that the indexer perform
the necessary analysis and synthesis, and then separate the
constituents for the searcher to reassemble. The latter
forces the seeker of information to sort through many items
to find those bearing on the complex topic he wants, and
ma require the indexer to decide under which part(s) of the
concept an entry should be made.
.X
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114 2 1392
154 1 1392
169 1 1392
194 1 1392
212 1 1392
235 1 1392
250 1 1392
289 2 1392
345 1 1392
400 1 1392
404 1 1392
458 1 1392
459 1 1392
493 1 1392
548 1 1392
627 2 1392
770 1 1392
796 1 1392
802 1 1392
863 1 1392
864 1 1392
897 1 1392
990 1 1392
1073 1 1392
1152 1 1392
1368 1 1392
1392 8 1392
1414 1 1392
1431 1 1392
1448 2 1392
1448 2 1392
.I 1393
.T
The Subject Approach to Information
.A
Foskett, A.C.
.W
The first edition of this book, published in 1969, was prompted
by changes in the Library Association syllabus which for the first time
enables lecturers to treat classification and subject cataloging as
different aspects of the same topic. These changes coincided with the
publication of the results of the Cranfield project, which showed
clearly that all indexing languages are basically the same. However,
although it was possible to teach these new approaches, there was no
one textbook which covered the subject approach in the way that I felt
was needed. The first edition was intended to fill this gap, and its
reception, both in Britain and abroad, showed that it did indeed fulfill a
real need. It met with a very positive welcome from lecturers and -
more importantly - from students, particularly in the United States,
where British textbooks on classification had previously been regarded
with something akin to suspicion. (As the Dean of one American
library school is alleged to have remarked, 'What theory of classification?')
.X
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71 1 1393
75 1 1393
77 1 1393
78 1 1393
79 1 1393
80 1 1393
81 1 1393
82 1 1393
83 1 1393
146 1 1393
154 1 1393
212 1 1393
247 1 1393
249 1 1393
257 1 1393
458 1 1393
581 1 1393
666 1 1393
715 1 1393
797 1 1393
798 1 1393
838 1 1393
853 1 1393
911 1 1393
930 1 1393
966 1 1393
1043 1 1393
1053 1 1393
1066 2 1393
1230 1 1393
1231 1 1393
1265 1 1393
1393 10 1393
1394 1 1393
1431 1 1393
1431 1 1393
.I 1394
.T
Subject Catalogues
Heading and Structure
.A
Coates, E.J.
.W
In 1955 the Publications Committee of the Library Association
approached my chief, Mr. A.J. Wells, with a request that he should
write a book on subject cataloguing. At the time, Mr. Wells was
preoccupied with the inauguration of the British National Bibliography
Card Service, and he made the suggestion, which was agreed by the
Committee, that I should undertake the task. The result is scarcely an
adequate substitute for the book which Mr. Wells would have written.
Nevertheless, he has had a major part in shaping my views on subject
cataloguing, and in this sense the present book stems back to him,
though he might not subscribe to all the views now put forward.
.X
42 1 1394
152 1 1394
154 1 1394
160 1 1394
257 2 1394
260 1 1394
324 1 1394
476 1 1394
477 1 1394
558 1 1394
600 1 1394
653 1 1394
714 1 1394
715 1 1394
746 1 1394
761 1 1394
781 1 1394
797 1 1394
798 1 1394
825 1 1394
901 1 1394
907 1 1394
1066 1 1394
1230 1 1394
1231 1 1394
1255 1 1394
1265 2 1394
1391 1 1394
1393 1 1394
1394 8 1394
1395 1 1394
1407 1 1394
1422 1 1394
1429 1 1394
1430 1 1394
1430 1 1394
.I 1395
.T
Subject Headings: A Practical Guide
.A
Haykin, D.J.
.W
The alphabetical subject catalog, either self-contained, or as the subject
element in the dictionary catalog, is a later development that the systematic,
or classed, catalog (Realkatalog, catalogue raisonne). In this country it
has almost completely displaced the latter. The principal classed catalogs
now remaining are those of the Engineering Societies Library in New York,
the John Crerar Library in Chicago, and the Science and Technology Department
of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. There are, nevertheless, many things
to commend the classed catalog. Rudolf Kaiser sums up the argument between
the classed and the dictionary catalog by stating that a library needs both
and explaining that the subject index fills the need as far as an alphabetical
catalog is concerned. However, his conclusion misses the mark, since, for
one not completely the master of the system of classification, there is no
approach to the classed catalog save through an index, yet the index is not
in fact as complete and direct a guide to the subject content of the library's
collections as an alphabetical catalog rationally and fully cross-referenced.
.X
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235 1 1395
246 1 1395
247 1 1395
324 1 1395
326 1 1395
333 1 1395
354 1 1395
361 1 1395
382 1 1395
502 1 1395
608 1 1395
825 1 1395
838 1 1395
874 1 1395
884 1 1395
887 1 1395
892 1 1395
950 1 1395
966 1 1395
970 1 1395
991 1 1395
997 2 1395
998 1 1395
1000 1 1395
1153 1 1395
1216 2 1395
1265 1 1395
1266 2 1395
1394 1 1395
1395 9 1395
1421 1 1395
1441 1 1395
1445 1 1395
1445 1 1395
.I 1396
.T
Survey of Commercially Available Computer-Readable Bibliographic Data Bases
.A
Schneider, John H.
Gechman, Marvin
Furth, Stephen E.
.W
This document contains the results of a survey of 94 US organizations,
and 36 organizations in other countries that were thought to prepare
machine-readable data bases.. Of those surveyed, 55 organizations (40 in U.S.,
15 in other countries) provided completed camera-ready forms describing
bibliographic information about published literature..
The following types of data were requested for each data base: Name,
frequency of issue, and time span covered by the data base; Name of
organizations and individuals who can provide information on the data base;
Subject matter and scope of data on the tape; Source of information in the
data base (journal articles, reports, patents, monographs, etc.); Method(s)
used for indexing or other types of subject analysis; Special data elements;
Tape specifications (density, tracks, labels, etc.); Availability of programs
for retrospective searching and selective dissemination of information (SDI);
Type and cost of search services offered; and Availability and charges for data
bases.. The information provided represents the status of these data bases as
of November 1972..
It is anticipated that libraries and other information centers will find
this document helpful in selecting data bases for providing SDI; retrospective
search services, and other bibliographic reference services to their users..
.X
18 5 1396
34 1 1396
49 1 1396
53 1 1396
59 1 1396
91 1 1396
125 1 1396
127 3 1396
129 1 1396
141 2 1396
145 5 1396
164 2 1396
202 1 1396
211 1 1396
213 1 1396
224 2 1396
228 1 1396
243 1 1396
244 1 1396
299 2 1396
307 1 1396
329 1 1396
333 1 1396
357 2 1396
365 1 1396
376 4 1396
378 1 1396
416 1 1396
421 2 1396
439 1 1396
440 2 1396
442 1 1396
452 1 1396
453 1 1396
459 4 1396
465 1 1396
466 1 1396
467 2 1396
468 1 1396
490 1 1396
491 1 1396
495 2 1396
506 2 1396
507 1 1396
508 1 1396
510 1 1396
511 2 1396
512 2 1396
514 1 1396
517 1 1396
520 1 1396
521 1 1396
522 1 1396
523 1 1396
524 3 1396
525 1 1396
526 1 1396
527 1 1396
528 1 1396
529 2 1396
530 2 1396
534 1 1396
576 1 1396
580 2 1396
591 1 1396
595 1 1396
603 1 1396
604 2 1396
609 3 1396
611 1 1396
612 2 1396
619 1 1396
622 2 1396
623 2 1396
627 1 1396
628 1 1396
629 2 1396
630 1 1396
631 1 1396
632 1 1396
633 3 1396
635 1 1396
636 1 1396
637 1 1396
639 1 1396
642 1 1396
659 1 1396
676 1 1396
696 1 1396
699 1 1396
700 1 1396
702 1 1396
703 1 1396
705 1 1396
707 1 1396
711 1 1396
722 1 1396
723 2 1396
726 2 1396
727 2 1396
728 2 1396
729 1 1396
730 4 1396
731 2 1396
732 2 1396
733 1 1396
734 1 1396
736 1 1396
754 1 1396
809 2 1396
810 1 1396
812 1 1396
813 3 1396
814 2 1396
820 2 1396
822 3 1396
826 1 1396
827 1 1396
828 1 1396
854 1 1396
866 1 1396
870 3 1396
871 1 1396
872 1 1396
873 3 1396
874 2 1396
875 2 1396
876 2 1396
877 2 1396
878 1 1396
879 4 1396
880 1 1396
892 2 1396
910 1 1396
935 1 1396
940 1 1396
941 2 1396
990 1 1396
994 2 1396
995 1 1396
996 1 1396
997 2 1396
998 2 1396
1006 1 1396
1049 1 1396
1078 1 1396
1079 2 1396
1089 1 1396
1091 2 1396
1143 3 1396
1145 1 1396
1153 1 1396
1189 1 1396
1194 1 1396
1227 1 1396
1230 1 1396
1251 1 1396
1257 1 1396
1264 1 1396
1283 1 1396
1298 3 1396
1299 1 1396
1302 1 1396
1303 2 1396
1351 1 1396
1363 1 1396
1366 2 1396
1367 2 1396
1368 2 1396
1370 1 1396
1372 2 1396
1383 1 1396
1384 1 1396
1396 17 1396
1398 1 1396
1420 1 1396
1434 1 1396
1435 2 1396
1436 1 1396
1442 1 1396
1442 1 1396
.I 1397
.T
Survey of the Interlibrary Loan Operation of the National Library of Medicine
.A
Kurth, W. H.
.W
This paper reports a survey of the interlibrary loan operations at the
National Library of Medicine.
The operations discussed here represent a significant departure from
conventional interlibrary loan routines. The substance of the present report
pertains to the handling of interlibrary loans through the instrumentality of
photoduplication. This concept - providing photoduplicates of desired
materials in lieu of loaning the originals - stems from thinking enunciated by
Atherton Seidell, a member of the Friends of the Army Medical Library who
pioneered in the development of photoduplication services.
.X
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33 1 1397
36 3 1397
41 2 1397
46 1 1397
76 1 1397
87 1 1397
89 2 1397
97 1 1397
102 1 1397
111 1 1397
112 1 1397
163 1 1397
181 1 1397
182 1 1397
183 3 1397
184 4 1397
185 1 1397
193 4 1397
195 2 1397
196 2 1397
198 3 1397
199 1 1397
201 5 1397
203 4 1397
204 2 1397
210 1 1397
211 1 1397
217 1 1397
219 1 1397
220 1 1397
225 1 1397
269 2 1397
373 2 1397
395 1 1397
415 2 1397
545 1 1397
552 4 1397
587 1 1397
605 1 1397
613 1 1397
614 2 1397
638 2 1397
735 2 1397
747 1 1397
750 1 1397
753 1 1397
760 1 1397
766 2 1397
767 2 1397
774 1 1397
775 1 1397
778 1 1397
782 1 1397
784 2 1397
788 1 1397
789 1 1397
793 1 1397
800 1 1397
808 1 1397
821 1 1397
828 1 1397
889 1 1397
891 3 1397
905 3 1397
926 1 1397
952 1 1397
953 2 1397
964 1 1397
968 1 1397
977 2 1397
983 1 1397
1009 1 1397
1016 1 1397
1018 1 1397
1019 1 1397
1023 1 1397
1030 1 1397
1055 2 1397
1087 1 1397
1090 1 1397
1135 1 1397
1147 1 1397
1203 1 1397
1240 1 1397
1256 1 1397
1260 1 1397
1275 3 1397
1276 1 1397
1278 1 1397
1280 1 1397
1285 1 1397
1286 1 1397
1287 1 1397
1302 2 1397
1335 1 1397
1352 1 1397
1355 1 1397
1359 1 1397
1369 1 1397
1390 1 1397
1397 11 1397
1417 2 1397
1428 1 1397
1432 2 1397
1432 2 1397
.I 1398
.T
Switching and Finite Automata Theory
.A
Kohavi, Z.
.W
The subject of switching and finite automata theory needs no introduction.
It has become a part of every computer science and electrical
engineering curriculum, and rightly so. It provides techniques useful
in a wide variety of applications and helps develop a way of thinking that
leads to understanding of the structure, behavior, and limitations and
capabilities of logical machines. In this book I have tried to cover the
whole subject, starting with introductory material and leading to the
more advanced topics, assuming a minimal technical background on the
part of the reader. I did not attempt to provide detailed techniques
for the design of specific circuits, but rather to formulate methods and to
develop algorithms that can be applied to a broad class of problems.
For once such general principles are understood, the relevance of specific
procedures and their applicability to given problems are a matter of
engineering decisions.
.X
228 1 1398
329 1 1398
397 3 1398
416 1 1398
417 3 1398
430 4 1398
442 1 1398
443 4 1398
455 4 1398
464 3 1398
495 1 1398
511 1 1398
524 1 1398
745 4 1398
1194 1 1398
1204 3 1398
1396 1 1398
1398 5 1398
1427 3 1398
1427 3 1398
.I 1399
.T
Syntactic Structures
.A
Chomsky, N.
.W
This study deals with syntactic structure both in the broad sense
(as opposed to semantics) and the narrow sense (as opposed to
phonemics and morphology). It forms part of an attempt to construct
a formalized general theory of linguistic structure and to
explore the foundations of such a theory. The search for rigorous
formulation in linguistics has a much more serious motivation than
mere concern for logical niceties or the desire to purify well-established
methods of linguistic analysis. Precisely constructed models
for linguistic structure can play an important role, both negative
and positive, in the process of discovery itself. By pushing a precise
but inadequate formulation to an unacceptable conclusion, we can
often expose the exact source of this inadequacy and, consequently,
gain a deeper understanding of the linguistic data. More positively,
a formalized theory may automatically provide solutions for many
problems other than those for which it was explicitly designed.
Obscure and intuition-bound notions can neither lead to absurd
conclusions nor provide new and correct ones, and hence they fail to
be useful in two important respects.
.X
21 1 1399
118 1 1399
149 1 1399
168 5 1399
175 1 1399
317 3 1399
320 1 1399
332 1 1399
417 1 1399
443 1 1399
546 1 1399
558 2 1399
572 2 1399
608 1 1399
628 1 1399
653 1 1399
902 2 1399
1046 3 1399
1118 1 1399
1265 1 1399
1310 1 1399
1327 1 1399
1386 1 1399
1399 11 1399
1443 1 1399
1443 1 1399
.I 1400
.T
Systematic Analysis of University Libraries
.A
Raffel, J.A.
.W
As the administrators and librarians on every campus know, limited
resources force hard choices among many desirable schemes for
expanding and improving library facilities. What percentage of new
books should be acquired, how much service should be provided,
how luxurious or austere should new library buildings be?
.X
4 1 1400
5 1 1400
24 1 1400
62 1 1400
65 1 1400
66 1 1400
74 1 1400
75 1 1400
76 1 1400
83 1 1400
137 1 1400
178 3 1400
206 2 1400
207 2 1400
208 1 1400
210 1 1400
245 7 1400
249 2 1400
266 1 1400
267 1 1400
273 1 1400
277 1 1400
278 1 1400
279 2 1400
280 1 1400
282 1 1400
287 1 1400
288 2 1400
291 2 1400
292 1 1400
311 1 1400
331 2 1400
350 1 1400
364 1 1400
381 1 1400
386 1 1400
395 1 1400
398 1 1400
406 1 1400
408 5 1400
490 1 1400
494 1 1400
496 1 1400
500 1 1400
515 1 1400
591 3 1400
592 1 1400
658 1 1400
716 1 1400
723 1 1400
724 1 1400
748 1 1400
766 1 1400
782 1 1400
787 1 1400
788 1 1400
789 1 1400
792 1 1400
811 1 1400
816 1 1400
834 1 1400
837 1 1400
840 1 1400
842 1 1400
860 1 1400
865 1 1400
915 1 1400
916 1 1400
925 11 1400
948 1 1400
957 2 1400
959 3 1400
960 3 1400
961 2 1400
962 4 1400
963 1 1400
964 2 1400
972 1 1400
976 3 1400
982 1 1400
984 1 1400
1005 1 1400
1007 2 1400
1019 1 1400
1033 1 1400
1083 1 1400
1148 1 1400
1227 1 1400
1232 1 1400
1236 1 1400
1317 4 1400
1353 2 1400
1358 2 1400
1359 2 1400
1360 2 1400
1361 1 1400
1365 1 1400
1400 22 1400
1401 1 1400
1402 1 1400
1404 1 1400
1410 1 1400
1416 1 1400
1417 1 1400
1424 1 1400
1424 1 1400
.I 1401
.T
Systems Analysis of a University Library; final report on a research project
.A
Buckland, M.K.
.W
The establishment of nine new universities in the 1960's provoked a highly
stimulating re-examination of the nature, purpose and management of academic
libraries. Long-established attitudes and methods were questioned, but although
changes were made, the basic difficulty remained - a lack of objective
information about the best ways of providing a library service in a university.
The report of the UGC Committee on Librarys (the Parry Report (267)), which,
in general, endorsed these changes, also stressed the need for research into
all aspects of academic library provision.
.X
36 1 1401
57 1 1401
81 1 1401
128 1 1401
129 1 1401
130 1 1401
158 1 1401
167 1 1401
184 1 1401
193 1 1401
195 1 1401
201 1 1401
203 1 1401
204 1 1401
205 1 1401
223 1 1401
225 1 1401
233 1 1401
234 1 1401
249 1 1401
267 1 1401
280 1 1401
288 1 1401
291 2 1401
292 2 1401
359 1 1401
393 1 1401
395 1 1401
468 1 1401
494 2 1401
515 1 1401
587 1 1401
591 1 1401
639 1 1401
646 1 1401
647 1 1401
651 1 1401
667 1 1401
748 1 1401
750 1 1401
751 1 1401
759 1 1401
765 2 1401
767 1 1401
768 1 1401
774 1 1401
778 1 1401
786 1 1401
787 1 1401
791 1 1401
792 2 1401
793 1 1401
800 1 1401
818 2 1401
822 1 1401
823 2 1401
827 1 1401
840 2 1401
841 1 1401
842 1 1401
843 1 1401
845 1 1401
865 1 1401
915 2 1401
925 5 1401
943 1 1401
944 1 1401
945 1 1401
948 1 1401
957 1 1401
959 1 1401
960 1 1401
961 4 1401
962 1 1401
972 1 1401
982 1 1401
984 1 1401
1020 1 1401
1070 1 1401
1081 1 1401
1082 1 1401
1083 1 1401
1085 2 1401
1086 1 1401
1201 1 1401
1242 1 1401
1253 1 1401
1278 1 1401
1317 1 1401
1353 1 1401
1365 1 1401
1374 1 1401
1390 1 1401
1400 1 1401
1401 12 1401
1417 2 1401
1418 1 1401
1437 1 1401
1437 1 1401
.I 1402
.T
Systems Approach
.A
Churchman, C.W.
.W
There is no question that in our age there is a good deal of
turmoil about the manner in which our society is run. Probably at
no prior point in the history of man has there been so much discussion
about the rights and wrongs of the policy makers, whether they be the
politicians in Albany or Sacramento, in Washington, Paris, or Moscow,
the managers of far-flung industrial firms, or the people who run
educational institutions. In all cases the citizen feels a perfect
right to have his say about the way in which the managers manage.
Not only has the citizen become far more vocal, but he has also
in many instances begun to suspect that the people who make
the major decisions that affect our lives don't know what they
are doing. They don't know what they are doing simply because
they have no adequate basis to judge the effects of their decisions.
.X
3 2 1402
61 1 1402
67 1 1402
70 1 1402
71 1 1402
72 1 1402
73 1 1402
75 1 1402
120 1 1402
128 1 1402
135 2 1402
154 2 1402
172 1 1402
175 1 1402
206 1 1402
207 1 1402
208 1 1402
244 1 1402
245 2 1402
291 1 1402
292 1 1402
350 1 1402
360 1 1402
382 1 1402
435 1 1402
458 1 1402
459 1 1402
477 1 1402
481 1 1402
483 1 1402
485 1 1402
575 1 1402
599 1 1402
621 1 1402
630 1 1402
692 1 1402
779 1 1402
780 1 1402
838 2 1402
898 1 1402
907 2 1402
925 2 1402
981 1 1402
982 2 1402
1067 1 1402
1074 2 1402
1075 2 1402
1219 1 1402
1268 1 1402
1317 1 1402
1358 2 1402
1359 1 1402
1360 1 1402
1391 2 1402
1400 1 1402
1402 10 1402
1410 1 1402
1417 1 1402
1426 1 1402
1429 2 1402
1430 2 1402
1456 1 1402
1456 1 1402
.I 1403
.T
Targets for Research in Library Education
.A
Borko, H.
.W
Few librarians and library educators who criticize research relating
to their fields realize in 1972 how far research has progressed during
the last decade and a half. The criticism usually relates to the
recognition that librarianship is more of a service and less of a fact-
finding field of endeavor and that librarians are primarily trained to assist in
the research activities of others rather than to conduct their own. One
can add here that the average librarian who spends about forty hours a
week on his job not always has the stamina to spend his free time on
original research or the writing of proposals, which either are not
adequately funded or are not published with the prominence hoped for. If
the librarian-researcher commits his findings to writing, he is occasionally
criticized for writing poorly or for having dwelled on topics of limited
interest to the reviewer. Or he finds that while many praise his work there
are no funds, possibilities, or opportunities to translate his conclusions
into action.
.X
128 1 1403
130 1 1403
171 1 1403
191 1 1403
217 1 1403
230 1 1403
232 1 1403
241 1 1403
243 1 1403
249 1 1403
331 1 1403
339 3 1403
358 1 1403
364 1 1403
370 1 1403
371 1 1403
376 1 1403
385 1 1403
387 3 1403
406 1 1403
453 1 1403
598 1 1403
616 1 1403
629 1 1403
648 1 1403
652 1 1403
779 1 1403
896 1 1403
923 1 1403
924 1 1403
946 1 1403
948 1 1403
1033 1 1403
1079 1 1403
1242 1 1403
1250 1 1403
1376 1 1403
1379 1 1403
1403 14 1403
1423 1 1403
1428 1 1403
1457 1 1403
1457 1 1403
.I 1404
.T
Technical Libraries; users and their demands:
a classification of user groups and user demands
in technical libraries
.A
Slater, M.
.W
This study of the habits of customers of technical
libraries and information departments had three main aims.
1. Determination of user demands: to discover what items of
information or documents customers seek, why they seek
them and how they obtain them.
2. Classification of user groups and their demands: to test a
hypothesis; that it is possible to classify customers into
meaningful user groups possessing recognizable common
features and characteristic behavior patterns, and to
classify group needs.
3. Estimation of the significance of the above for librarians:
to measure the demand on librarians and libraries, in
terms of expenditure of their time and skill, and use of
stock made by different user groups.
.X
24 1 1404
62 1 1404
65 1 1404
66 1 1404
75 1 1404
76 1 1404
137 1 1404
147 2 1404
161 1 1404
165 1 1404
210 2 1404
278 1 1404
279 1 1404
280 1 1404
355 1 1404
371 1 1404
382 1 1404
386 1 1404
395 1 1404
398 1 1404
475 1 1404
560 1 1404
614 1 1404
658 2 1404
716 1 1404
748 1 1404
760 1 1404
763 1 1404
770 1 1404
776 1 1404
782 1 1404
788 2 1404
789 1 1404
837 1 1404
889 1 1404
925 1 1404
967 1 1404
986 1 1404
1050 1 1404
1083 1 1404
1089 1 1404
1254 1 1404
1291 1 1404
1361 1 1404
1400 1 1404
1404 5 1404
1404 5 1404
.I 1405
.T
Techniques of Information Retrieval
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.W
Information retrieval is now an accepted part of the new discipline of
information science and technology, and its principles are taught not only in
librarianship and documentation, but also in courses of systems design.
There are half a dozen useful texts available, each with a special emphasis
arising from the varied backgrounds and interests of the authors.
.X
39 1 1405
159 1 1405
161 1 1405
175 1 1405
197 1 1405
257 1 1405
258 1 1405
375 1 1405
429 1 1405
445 1 1405
454 1 1405
459 1 1405
472 1 1405
480 1 1405
485 1 1405
489 1 1405
493 1 1405
498 1 1405
501 1 1405
503 2 1405
506 1 1405
507 1 1405
532 1 1405
554 1 1405
579 1 1405
582 1 1405
583 1 1405
591 1 1405
593 1 1405
594 1 1405
595 1 1405
596 1 1405
597 1 1405
599 1 1405
600 1 1405
603 1 1405
604 1 1405
606 1 1405
625 1 1405
646 1 1405
653 1 1405
655 1 1405
688 1 1405
723 1 1405
724 1 1405
758 1 1405
796 1 1405
797 1 1405
798 1 1405
801 2 1405
802 1 1405
805 1 1405
806 1 1405
826 1 1405
836 1 1405
866 1 1405
867 1 1405
956 1 1405
989 1 1405
1263 1 1405
1298 1 1405
1299 1 1405
1327 2 1405
1357 1 1405
1391 1 1405
1405 11 1405
1405 11 1405
.I 1406
.T
Technology; economic growth and public policy
.A
Nelson, R.R.
.W
This book explores the relations among research, development, innovation,
and economic growth; considers the manner in which the economy adapts to
technical change and the problems encountered in the processes of adaption;
and recommends several policy changes designed to encourage technological
change consistent with other public policy objectives. Since they address
policy makers as well as scholars, the authors have tried to avoid scholarly
jargon without sacrificing scholarly rigor.
.X
312 1 1406
356 1 1406
369 1 1406
436 1 1406
437 1 1406
1036 1 1406
1041 1 1406
1148 1 1406
1154 1 1406
1187 1 1406
1227 1 1406
1333 1 1406
1339 1 1406
1345 1 1406
1406 5 1406
1406 5 1406
.I 1407
.T
Technology, Information, and Organization Information Transfer in Industrial
R and D
.A
Rosenbloom, R. S.
.W
This is an empirical study of information transfer in the R&D operations of
large industrial corporations.. Its basis is a body of survey data collected
from 2000 engineers and scientists in 13 establishments of four corporations
and from 1200 members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers.. The data describe instances in which respondents acquired useful
technical information from sources outside their immediate circle of
colleagues.. The analysis is descriptive in character, following a functional
approach in which the use of various means of information transfer is
considered in relation to the purposes of technical work..
While the data, in general, confirm the results of other studies of this
sort, they demonstrate also that the relative use of alternative means will
vary significantly with the circumstances of their use.. The report explores
the association of variations in a number of specific personal, organizational,
and technological factors with variations in the use of sources of
information.. In a more general interpretation of these findings, those
variations are related to aspects of the goals of the work to which the
information was applied..
The purposes of technical work are considered along two basic dimensions,
one relating to the potential for contribution to the development of some body
of systematic knowledge, the other to the support of particular operational
objectives.. When the focus of work is on operational goals, local and informal
sources account for most instances of information transfer.. Formal and more
distant sources are the most common means used when the focus is on
"professional" goals, i.e., those concerned with contributions to knowledge..
In conclusion, the report discusses the effects which management may have,
within an organization, on the process of information transfer, and the need
for managers and students of the process to take into account the interplay in
this process of personal values, task requisites, and the structure of formal
and social groups.. Firms need to establish two-way communication about needs
and possibilities; by so doing they may enhance the effectiveness with which
advances in knowledge are translated into innovations in technology meeting the
needs of society..
.X
4 1 1407
9 1 1407
32 1 1407
42 1 1407
96 1 1407
137 1 1407
152 1 1407
163 1 1407
206 1 1407
207 2 1407
208 1 1407
270 1 1407
272 1 1407
356 1 1407
456 1 1407
714 1 1407
761 1 1407
768 1 1407
774 1 1407
783 1 1407
799 1 1407
811 1 1407
816 1 1407
907 1 1407
913 1 1407
925 1 1407
961 1 1407
962 1 1407
964 1 1407
968 1 1407
1068 1 1407
1203 1 1407
1205 1 1407
1317 1 1407
1321 3 1407
1394 1 1407
1407 5 1407
1445 1 1407
1445 1 1407
.I 1408
.T
Technology and Information Transfer
.A
Rosenbloom, R.S.
.W
In 1963 research at the Harvard Business School was initiated
by Richard Rosenbloom and Frank Wolek to describe the process
by which technical information is communicated and used. National
and corporate attention had been increasingly drawn to the
interaction between scientific and technological advance and social
change. This problem was considered to be of considerable
practical importance at that time, as it still is. This volume
is a product of that effort. The research focuses upon the flow of
technical information across organizational lines in the research and
development operations of large industrial corporations. The basis of
the work is a body of survey data collected from 2,000 engineers and
scientists in 13 establishments of 4 corporations, and from 1,200
members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
The data describe instances in which respondents acquired useful
technical information from sources outside their immediate circle
of colleagues. The analysis is descriptive in character, following a
functional approach in which the use of various means of information
transfer is considered in relation to the purposes of technical
work.
.X
15 2 1408
95 1 1408
96 1 1408
98 1 1408
105 2 1408
109 1 1408
313 1 1408
386 1 1408
398 1 1408
544 1 1408
560 1 1408
658 1 1408
771 1 1408
965 1 1408
1037 1 1408
1048 1 1408
1063 1 1408
1154 1 1408
1186 1 1408
1187 1 1408
1188 1 1408
1284 1 1408
1300 1 1408
1321 2 1408
1408 7 1408
1408 7 1408
.I 1409
.T
Text, Machine, and Man
.A
Piotrovskii, R.G.
.W
This work describes a native Soviet experiment in creating machine translation
and the automatic annotation of texts in foreign languages.
Also generalizes the theoretical results of research in the area of probabilistic
text processing within the system "man-machine'man".
.X
25 1 1409
180 1 1409
363 1 1409
455 1 1409
1117 1 1409
1119 1 1409
1137 1 1409
1140 1 1409
1141 1 1409
1409 5 1409
1409 5 1409
.I 1410
.T
Telefacsimile in Libraries
.A
Schieber, W.D.
.W
The use of telefacsimile systems to provide rapid transfer of
information has great appeal. Because of a growing interest in the
possible applicability of this technology to libraries, the Council
on Library Resources provided a grant to the Institute of Library
Research to conduct an experiment using telefacsimile equipment in a
working library situation. The study was designed to explore the
feasibility of telefacsimile for present interlibrary use. It provides
information on the performance, cost, and utility of telefacsimile
systems for libraries.
.X
59 1 1410
61 1 1410
63 1 1410
67 1 1410
70 1 1410
71 1 1410
72 1 1410
73 1 1410
74 1 1410
83 1 1410
135 1 1410
175 2 1410
206 1 1410
207 1 1410
208 1 1410
245 1 1410
249 1 1410
250 1 1410
273 1 1410
279 1 1410
288 1 1410
295 1 1410
331 1 1410
355 1 1410
381 1 1410
382 1 1410
394 1 1410
408 1 1410
458 1 1410
481 2 1410
482 1 1410
483 1 1410
485 1 1410
490 1 1410
496 1 1410
591 1 1410
592 1 1410
717 1 1410
718 1 1410
719 1 1410
723 1 1410
724 1 1410
779 1 1410
780 1 1410
834 1 1410
860 1 1410
872 1 1410
925 1 1410
957 1 1410
976 1 1410
980 3 1410
981 2 1410
982 1 1410
1042 1 1410
1051 1 1410
1148 1 1410
1227 1 1410
1247 1 1410
1257 1 1410
1317 1 1410
1353 1 1410
1358 1 1410
1359 1 1410
1360 1 1410
1390 1 1410
1400 1 1410
1402 1 1410
1410 7 1410
1415 1 1410
1417 1 1410
1424 1 1410
1426 1 1410
1426 1 1410
.I 1411
.T
Probability Theory
.A
Ventsel, E.W.
.W
This book is a textbook intended for those generally familiar with mathematics
who are interested in the technical applications of probability theory, in
particular of the theory of shooting [?].
The book will also be of interest to engineers in other fields who find it
necessary to use the theory of probability.
The book is distinguished by the major attention it pays to new branches of
probability theory which are important in application (for example, the
theory of probabilistic processes, information theory, the theory of mass
servicing, etc.).
.X
538 1 1411
1106 1 1411
1126 1 1411
1411 6 1411
1411 6 1411
.I 1412
.T
Terminology of Documentation
.A
Wersig, G.
.W
The Terminology of Documentation is intended to help standardize basic
terminology in the rapidly developing field of documentation and thus to
foster international co-operation. It should also be useful as a reference
work for organizations and individuals working in the fields of documentation,
libraries and information processing, to translators and to students in these
fields.
.X
1165 1 1412
1326 1 1412
1412 5 1412
1412 5 1412
.I 1413
.T
Thesaurus Construction
.A
Aitchison, J.
.W
Before work can begin on the construction of a thesaurus, a study
should be made of the information retrieval system it is intended to
serve. Only when the requirements of the system are known can
consideration be given to the type of thesaurus which would be most
effective in a specific situation.
.X
57 1 1413
75 1 1413
168 1 1413
176 1 1413
263 1 1413
317 1 1413
329 1 1413
388 2 1413
434 3 1413
501 1 1413
565 1 1413
572 1 1413
595 1 1413
596 1 1413
608 1 1413
619 1 1413
810 1 1413
812 1 1413
813 1 1413
814 1 1413
870 1 1413
894 1 1413
928 1 1413
963 1 1413
990 1 1413
991 1 1413
1074 1 1413
1075 1 1413
1162 1 1413
1164 1 1413
1231 1 1413
1255 1 1413
1413 8 1413
1414 1 1413
1445 1 1413
1448 3 1413
1448 3 1413
.I 1414
.T
The Thesaurus in Retrieval
.A
Gilchrist, A.
.W
This book does not purport to provide all the answers to the problem (such a
claim would be rightly suspect) but to collect together problems and experiences
pertaining to the technique. Though three of the case studies in Chapter 8 are
from outside the United Kingdom, there is an inevitable bias towards British
experience and English-language thesauri. It is hoped that people outside
this country will find the book useful, but there is little mention of, for
example, the language problem. The way in which compound terms are treated
clearly depends on whether one is indexing in German, French or English, and
each language exhibits a different morphology.
.X
2 1 1414
30 1 1414
114 1 1414
149 1 1414
158 1 1414
169 1 1414
175 1 1414
176 1 1414
258 1 1414
263 1 1414
289 1 1414
345 1 1414
363 1 1414
388 1 1414
400 1 1414
419 1 1414
434 3 1414
459 1 1414
477 1 1414
483 1 1414
486 1 1414
493 1 1414
516 2 1414
548 1 1414
600 1 1414
627 1 1414
653 1 1414
661 1 1414
770 1 1414
776 1 1414
781 1 1414
795 1 1414
815 1 1414
990 1 1414
1066 1 1414
1073 1 1414
1231 1 1414
1255 1 1414
1259 1 1414
1368 1 1414
1391 1 1414
1392 1 1414
1413 1 1414
1414 12 1414
1448 4 1414
1448 4 1414
.I 1415
.T
Computer-Based Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Service for
Faculty Using Library of Congress Machine-Readable Catalog (MARC) Records
.A
Studer, William Joseph
.W
From November 1966 through June 1968 the Library of Congress conducted a
pilot project involving the weekly distribution of its traditional 3x5 catalog
cards in machine-readable form.. The MARC records provided a search data base
for an experiment in current awareness service designed to furnish faculty with
biweekly lists of bibliographic notices of new monographs in their specified
fields of interest..
Of the 298 social sciences faculty members queried about their interest in
participating, 209 (70 percent) responded affirmatively.. Only 40 participants
could be accommodated, so they were chosen in proportion to the number of
faculty members in each department or school: anthropology-l, business-10,
economics-3, education-15, government-4, history-4, and sociology-3..
An "interest" statement from each faculty member was translated into both
Library of Congress classification numbers (e.g., E6ll) and subject heading
terms, i.e., elements of discrete heading separated by a comma, dash,
parenthesis, or period (e.g., U.S.--HIST.--CIVIL WAR--PRISONERS, EXCHANGE OF
becomes six terms: U/S/HIST/CIVIL WAR/PRISONERS/EXCHANGE OF).. The resulting
"interest profiles" were recorded on punched cards for computer matching with
subject headings and class numbers..
The weighted term search strategy was used in comparing profiles with MARC
records.. Each profile was assigned a "cutoff weight" or "hit level" of 6..
Subject heading terms were assigned positive or negative weights so that the
sum of weights on matching terms would be equal to, exceed, or be less than
the hit level, thereby appropriately causing or preventing the selection of a
particular record.. All class numbers were assigned a weight of 6 so that a
hit would occur on any matching number..
Three computer programs were employed in producing the SDI lists.. Program
Extract used MARC Master Tapes as input and extracted the card number
(accession number), subject heading terms, and class number for current
records; Program Retrieve compared these terms and class numbers with those in
the profiles and recorded the card numbers for "hits"; Program Print compared
these card numbers with those on complete MARC records and printed three copies
of each record to be sent to the faculty.. One copy was for the faculty
member's own use; one was to be evaluated and returned; and one was to be used
for making recommendations to the library..
Subject headings proved to be more effective in searching the MARC file
mainly because multiple subject headings may be assigned to each record,
whereas there is only one class number; and a hit often occurred on a record's
second or third heading..
The SDI system performed well in selecting performed well in selecting
relevant records, and overall evaluations were highly favorable.. Some 73
percent of notices received by faculty members were for works judged new to the
faculty. The majority felt that the SDI service provided an automatic,
regular notification of new works.. They felt that it usually brought works to
their attention quicker than other sources; it informed them of items they
otherwise would have missed; it furnished a compact source listing books in all
but only their fields; it required very little time; and it provided a
convenient means for making library recommendations and therefore increased the
amount of recommending done.. All faculty expressed a desire to have SDI
service continued..
.X
59 1 1415
63 1 1415
64 1 1415
175 2 1415
243 1 1415
245 1 1415
355 1 1415
374 1 1415
382 1 1415
481 1 1415
482 1 1415
717 2 1415
718 1 1415
719 1 1415
781 1 1415
783 1 1415
834 1 1415
835 1 1415
848 1 1415
849 1 1415
850 1 1415
851 1 1415
852 1 1415
857 1 1415
859 1 1415
922 1 1415
925 1 1415
980 1 1415
981 1 1415
982 1 1415
1042 2 1415
1051 2 1415
1410 1 1415
1415 5 1415
1426 1 1415
1426 1 1415
.I 1416
.T
Synthesis, Identification and Control of Distributed Parameter Systems
.A
Jain, Anil Kumar
.W
Many synthesis, identification and control problems that arise in
distributed parameter systems are studied.. Two major approaches, viz., the
frequency domain approach and the time domain approach, are considered.. The
techniques developed overcome many difficulties that are associated with
optimization problems in distributed parameter systems..
In the frequency domain, distributed systems described by the general
(linear) telegrapher's equations are considered, over a finite band of
frequencies.. An electric network, equivalent to these systems, is developed..
Many optimization problems, that are of practical interest, are formulated
in terms of this new equivalent network.. Some of the basic principles of
lumped network theory are applied to formulate these optimization problems..
Many advantages in the method of solution due to this formulation are
discussed..
In the time domain, a method of characteristics is developed as a method of
solution for optimization problems.. First and second order hyperbolic systems
are considered.. Imbedding and Gradient techniques developed along the
characteristics are shown to have numerous computational advantages.. It is
shown that solving for Green's function (and associated eigenvalue problem) is
not required..
It is hoped that the methods developed here will lead efficiently to actual
realization of optimal distributed systems..
.X
36 1 1416
46 2 1416
61 1 1416
62 1 1416
67 1 1416
222 1 1416
267 2 1416
269 2 1416
280 1 1416
290 1 1416
494 1 1416
515 1 1416
587 1 1416
792 1 1416
823 1 1416
840 1 1416
925 4 1416
948 1 1416
1019 2 1416
1187 1 1416
1203 1 1416
1219 1 1416
1324 1 1416
1400 1 1416
1416 6 1416
1417 3 1416
1417 3 1416
.I 1417
.T
Least Cost Decision Rules for the Selection of Library Materials for
Compact Storage
.A
Lister, Winston Charles
.W
For the last several decades library collections have been growing at
exponential rates with no relief evident in the future..
To help ease the growing financial burden of housing their collections,
many librarians have suggested employment compact storage depositories for
little-used materials.. Two aspects to be considered in designing a storage
system are: the fraction of the collection which is to be stored; and the
criteria to be used for selecting materials for storage.. This study
demonstrates that for a given selection criterion least-cost storage
quantities can be assessed by balancing the large circulation costs and the
small shelving costs associated with stored materials..
Two storage criteria, one based upon the age of the materials and the
other utilizing the individual book usage rates, are discussed and compared..
For the age policy the objective is the determination of a least-cost critical
age at which materials are transferred to storage and which defines the
fraction of the collection that should be stored.. The model assumes that the
circulation rate of the books decline with age according to an average
geometric pattern of obsolescence..
The average time gap between the most recent circulations of books is
utilized as the measure for rate of usage of a book.. The storage decision
variable resulting from the minimization of the total cost function of the usage
rate policy is a critical intercirculation gap, the maximum amount of time that
a book should be permitted to remain in a working collection without being
used.. Those books which are stored by the above rule might be those for which
the time since last use exceeds the critical intercirculation gap.. Hence,
although the least-cost selection rule is independent of the composite
distribution of usage rates, the fraction of the collection stored depends upon
the circulation activities of the individual libraries..
An empirical evaluation of the storage models was made using data collected
from three libraries at Purdue University and estimates of cost parameters
extracted from the literature.. Calculations for the least-cost decision rules
and the related costs demonstrate that significant savings can be realized from
storage of materials, but the calculations indicate that a large portion of the
collection must be stored..
Comparisons of the age policy and the usage rate policy indicate that the
latter criterion is preferred for all cases examined, including a situation
where the usage rate policy is handicapped with a relatively high unit
relocation cost..
Sensitivity analyses of the cost parameters for practical ranges of values
show that the choice for the length of the planning horizon has a relatively
insignificant effect on the decision rules; that changes in the
capacity-related cost parameters will cause significant changes in the results;
and that the rules are extremely sensitive to changes in the circulation cost
differential.. An important component of the latter consideration is a rather
subjective estimate for the cost of a service delay, which appears to have a
potentially large influence on the decision rules..
.X
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33 1 1417
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46 3 1417
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61 1 1417
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67 2 1417
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72 1 1417
73 1 1417
81 1 1417
89 1 1417
97 1 1417
102 1 1417
111 1 1417
112 1 1417
115 1 1417
135 1 1417
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172 1 1417
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208 1 1417
210 1 1417
222 1 1417
225 1 1417
233 1 1417
267 3 1417
269 3 1417
280 1 1417
359 1 1417
360 1 1417
373 1 1417
382 1 1417
395 2 1417
415 1 1417
435 1 1417
458 1 1417
471 1 1417
481 1 1417
483 1 1417
485 1 1417
494 1 1417
515 1 1417
545 1 1417
552 1 1417
587 3 1417
605 1 1417
613 1 1417
614 1 1417
638 1 1417
667 1 1417
735 1 1417
747 1 1417
748 1 1417
750 2 1417
751 1 1417
753 1 1417
759 1 1417
760 1 1417
765 1 1417
766 1 1417
767 3 1417
774 1 1417
775 1 1417
778 2 1417
779 1 1417
780 1 1417
782 1 1417
784 1 1417
786 1 1417
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791 1 1417
792 2 1417
793 2 1417
800 2 1417
808 1 1417
823 1 1417
840 2 1417
891 1 1417
905 2 1417
907 1 1417
925 4 1417
948 1 1417
952 1 1417
953 2 1417
964 1 1417
968 1 1417
977 1 1417
981 1 1417
982 1 1417
983 2 1417
1009 1 1417
1016 1 1417
1018 1 1417
1019 3 1417
1023 1 1417
1030 1 1417
1055 1 1417
1081 1 1417
1082 2 1417
1083 1 1417
1085 1 1417
1086 1 1417
1087 1 1417
1090 1 1417
1135 1 1417
1184 1 1417
1187 1 1417
1201 1 1417
1203 1 1417
1219 3 1417
1240 1 1417
1260 1 1417
1268 1 1417
1275 1 1417
1276 1 1417
1278 2 1417
1280 1 1417
1285 1 1417
1286 1 1417
1287 1 1417
1302 1 1417
1324 1 1417
1335 1 1417
1358 1 1417
1359 1 1417
1390 1 1417
1397 2 1417
1400 1 1417
1401 2 1417
1402 1 1417
1410 1 1417
1416 3 1417
1417 13 1417
1418 3 1417
1426 1 1417
1428 1 1417
1432 1 1417
1450 1 1417
1450 1 1417
.I 1418
.T
Journal Usage Patterns and their Implications in the Planning of Library
Systems
.A
O'Neill, Edward True
.W
Access to the literature is an essential requirement for advanced research..
Libraries, particularly academic libraries, have traditionally borne the major
responsibility for providing public access to the world's literature.. Most
universities have developed rather complex multilibrary systems of specialized
libraries in order to meet the needs of various groups which they serve.. This
use of special libraries to meet the needs of particular groups has, generally,
resulted in a somewhat arbitrary division of the literature by disciplines..
The purpose of this study is to investigate some of the effects that this
division of the literature has on its accessibility and in particular to
examine the disciplines, the interdisciplinary relationships, and the
scattering characteristics as they are revealed by journal usage patterns..
These results are applied to the problem of planning and design of library
systems..
Measures of journal productivity are proposed and means of actually
estimating these measures, based on citations, usage, and abstract data are
developed.. Each of these means of estimating journal productivity has its
advantages and limitations.. Since these value measures are usually made
relative to a particular discipline, many problems arise unless disciplines can
be defined in comparable terms.. A "discipline wheel" is proposed which can
serve as a conceptual framework in which to view the different disciplines..
This framework provides a basis for measuring the breadth of a discipline and
also for measuring the similarity between two disciplines..
One of the more important characteristics which has emerged from the study
of journal productivity is the concept of "scattering" of articles or "title
dispersion".. A powerful tool for describing this phenomenon which has
resulted from earlier studies is the Bradford distribution.. The Bradford
distribution is fitted to over fifty groups of productivity data from various
sources with mixed results.. Other possible distributions, particularly the
Yule, Borel, and the Fisher distributions, are also considered..
The applications of productivity functions in the operation, design, and
evaluation of library systems are virtually unlimited.. Their use in
determining the size of a collection, finding the marginal value of adding
additional journals to a collection, determining user convenience, and
building mathematical models of library systems are among some of the
applications which are considered.. It is also possible, based on productivity
functions, to predict the comprehensiveness of a particular library system as
a function of the number of subscriptions it receives..
The Purdue University Libraries provided an actual library system to which
the above concepts could be applied.. A large set of citation data was
collected.. This data consisted of 24,953 citations from 752 Ph.D.
dissertations written in technical fields at Purdue University.. Complete
records of the university's scientific journal holdings were also obtained..
The Bradford distribution is fitted to the citation data with generally
satisfactory results.. The similarity between the different scientific
disciplines is measured as is the similarity
between the different libraries.. The breadth of the disciplines is also
measured.. Differences between the journal usage patterns and the system's
holdings are examined.. Alternate library system configurations are proposed
and evaluated through the use of comprehensiveness functions..
This study shows that it is possible to quantitatively measure such concepts
as title dispersion, breadth of a discipline, the similarity between
disciplines, and others.. The quantification of these concepts leads to a basis
for the design and evaluation of complete library systems..
.X
36 1 1418
48 1 1418
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57 1 1418
62 1 1418
167 1 1418
172 1 1418
184 1 1418
193 1 1418
195 1 1418
201 1 1418
203 1 1418
204 1 1418
205 1 1418
233 1 1418
267 1 1418
359 1 1418
360 1 1418
379 1 1418
395 1 1418
471 1 1418
587 1 1418
614 1 1418
635 1 1418
638 1 1418
667 1 1418
748 4 1418
750 1 1418
751 2 1418
753 1 1418
756 1 1418
757 1 1418
759 1 1418
765 1 1418
767 1 1418
778 3 1418
787 2 1418
791 1 1418
792 2 1418
793 1 1418
800 1 1418
804 1 1418
821 1 1418
831 1 1418
889 1 1418
907 1 1418
952 1 1418
953 1 1418
1081 1 1418
1082 2 1418
1083 2 1418
1085 3 1418
1086 1 1418
1182 1 1418
1201 1 1418
1210 1 1418
1219 2 1418
1254 1 1418
1256 1 1418
1260 1 1418
1268 1 1418
1275 1 1418
1278 2 1418
1302 1 1418
1369 1 1418
1373 1 1418
1401 1 1418
1417 3 1418
1418 7 1418
1426 1 1418
1426 1 1418
.I 1419
.T
Utility of Automatic Classification Systems for Information Storage and
Retrieval
.A
Litofsky, Barry
.W
Large-scale, on-line information storage and retrieval systems pose numerous
problems above those encountered by smaller systems.. The more critical of
these problems involve: degree of automation, flexibility, browsability,
storage space, and retrieval time.. A step toward the solution of these problems
is presented here along with several demonstrations of feasibility and
advantages..
The methodology on which this solution is based is that of a posteriori
automatic classification of the document collection.. Feasibility is
demonstrated by automatically classifying a file of 50,000 document
descriptions.. The advantages of automatic classification are demonstrated by
establishing methods for measuring the quality of classification systems and
applying these measures to a number of different classification strategies..
By indexing the 50,000 documents by two independent methods, one manual and
one automatic, it is shown that these advantages are not dependent upon the
indexing method used..
It was found that among those automatic classification algorithms studied,
one particular algorithm, CLASFY, consistently outperformed the others.. In
addition, it was found that this algorithm produced classifications at least
as good, with respect to the measured established in this dissertation, as
the a priori, manual classification system currently in use with the
aforementioned file..
The actual classification schedules produced by CLASFY in classifying a
file of almost 50,000 document descriptions into 265 categories are included
as an appendix to this dissertation..
.X
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174 1 1419
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310 2 1419
315 1 1419
318 1 1419
324 1 1419
363 1 1419
382 2 1419
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422 1 1419
448 1 1419
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528 1 1419
531 1 1419
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565 1 1419
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576 1 1419
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586 1 1419
596 1 1419
603 1 1419
604 1 1419
608 2 1419
633 1 1419
636 1 1419
643 1 1419
659 2 1419
661 1 1419
662 1 1419
663 1 1419
678 1 1419
682 1 1419
715 1 1419
737 1 1419
754 1 1419
769 1 1419
790 1 1419
805 1 1419
809 1 1419
810 1 1419
812 1 1419
813 1 1419
814 1 1419
817 1 1419
820 1 1419
824 1 1419
825 1 1419
853 1 1419
875 1 1419
883 1 1419
894 2 1419
1051 1 1419
1274 1 1419
1294 1 1419
1313 1 1419
1327 3 1419
1419 7 1419
1427 1 1419
1427 1 1419
.I 1420
.T
Time-Lag in Cataloging
.A
Pope, S.E.
.W
Any who have the arduous task of assisting a student
through that ultimate of academic exercises, the preparation
and defense of a dissertation, are likely to define happiness
as a good book written by an advisee. This book is a cause
of joy. The author expended much more effort than is usually
the case to gain even the smallest detail, because the subject
matter is strangely intractable, hedged round with perplexities
and not a few vested interests. Letters and reports get locked
away where they may not be seen except by the most persistent
investigator and one who somehow meets criteria that no one else
can claim. In the end, the author deserves the praise and the
advisor is well rewarded with the inner satisfaction that comes
from participation in an important investigation finished as an
influential and well-written book.
.X
141 1 1420
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333 2 1420
522 1 1420
530 1 1420
627 2 1420
628 2 1420
873 1 1420
874 2 1420
875 2 1420
876 1 1420
892 2 1420
941 2 1420
994 1 1420
995 2 1420
996 1 1420
997 1 1420
998 1 1420
1079 2 1420
1153 1 1420
1189 1 1420
1251 1 1420
1351 2 1420
1396 1 1420
1420 6 1420
1434 2 1420
1435 2 1420
1442 2 1420
1442 2 1420
.I 1421
.T
Title Derivative Indexing Techniques; a comparative study
.A
Feinberg, H.
.W
The increasing volume of published literature continues to present
problems in relation to information handling and information representation.
As the magnitude and complexity of the available information has continued
to increase, investigators have examined means of reducing the costly and
time-consuming processes involved when human beings assign index terms to
documents. Recognition of the general inadequacy of present indexing, and
concern over time and cost factors in index preparation have prompted
experimentation in the development and application of machines to assist
in the indexing process. As a result, use of suitable mechanized or partly
mechanized procedures to replace or complement the manual indexing process
has become more widespread. Machine indexing is a process whereby mechanized
or automatic selection or generation of indexing terms is accomplished. The
present study investigates one aspect of automatic computer-based indexing,
the permuted title index.
.X
38 1 1421
52 1 1421
79 1 1421
150 1 1421
333 1 1421
361 1 1421
382 1 1421
449 1 1421
530 1 1421
553 1 1421
589 1 1421
603 1 1421
608 1 1421
628 1 1421
722 1 1421
802 1 1421
819 1 1421
825 1 1421
830 1 1421
874 1 1421
877 1 1421
878 1 1421
940 1 1421
941 1 1421
966 1 1421
992 1 1421
993 1 1421
995 1 1421
997 1 1421
1079 1 1421
1144 1 1421
1195 1 1421
1216 2 1421
1266 1 1421
1395 1 1421
1421 6 1421
1434 1 1421
1435 1 1421
1436 1 1421
1436 1 1421
.I 1422
.T
Towards Information Retrieval
.A
Fairthorne, R.A.
.W
The selection of papers published here explores activities in which
indefinite neglect of either aspect, the conceptual or the mechanical,
will lead to practical and theoretical disaster. They centre on the
recovery of records according to their subject matter.
Since libraries began, librarians have evolved, studied, and taught
procedures for indexing and classifying. These allow some delegation
from subject specialists who understand the subject matter, to
library staff who can recognize the ways in which specialists talk
about it. The procedures consider mostly only the interpretation
of texts, not the text itself as an object with recognizable marks
subject to the laws of physics and the principles of engineering.
They assume the problems of topic identification solved, and the
methods for recovering physical texts as independent of the methods
for describing the interpretations of texts.
.X
73 1 1422
134 1 1422
160 1 1422
233 1 1422
306 1 1422
474 1 1422
477 1 1422
558 1 1422
566 1 1422
600 1 1422
653 1 1422
665 2 1422
746 1 1422
748 1 1422
765 1 1422
780 1 1422
781 1 1422
785 1 1422
786 1 1422
789 1 1422
791 1 1422
795 1 1422
901 1 1422
1030 1 1422
1045 1 1422
1250 1 1422
1307 1 1422
1386 1 1422
1394 1 1422
1422 7 1422
1422 7 1422
.I 1423
.T
Training for Library Service: a report prepared for the
Carnegie Corporation of New York
.A
Williamson, C.C.
.W
The primary purpose in preparing the following report was
to present existing conditions in this country with respect to
training for library work in such a way that the educator and
the layman interested in educational problems might be able to form
a true conception of the steps that should be taken to improve this
phase of the library situation.
The author has been obliged to limit the scope of his study to the
so-called professional schools. He has treated only incidentally training
classes, summer schools, and other types of library training agency. An
effort has been made to discover and to point out the strong and weak
points in the organization of these library schools and in the training
which they offer. Many of the defects disclosed could be remedied by
the schools themselves; others are due to extreme poverty and can be
remedied only by increased income.
.X
22 1 1423
171 1 1423
230 2 1423
274 1 1423
339 1 1423
387 2 1423
470 1 1423
585 1 1423
832 1 1423
934 1 1423
954 1 1423
1154 1 1423
1280 1 1423
1285 1 1423
1403 1 1423
1423 12 1423
1423 12 1423
.I 1424
.T
University Library Administration
.A
Rogers, R.D.
.W
A university library is both a collegiate library and a research library.
It is collegiate in its provision of books and other documentary records
to support the students' program of instruction and to encourage the
habit of reading and the use of libraries. As does the college library,
the university library must also provide materials for use by the faculty
members in the preparation of their courses of instruction and by the staff
of the institution in the performance of their administrative responsibilities.
However, the university library differs from the college library in offering
a wider range of undergraduate programs, offering graduate instruction beyond
the Master's level, and usually offering advanced professional programs in a
number of fields.
.X
7 1 1424
14 3 1424
74 1 1424
83 1 1424
153 1 1424
170 1 1424
223 1 1424
240 1 1424
245 1 1424
262 1 1424
266 1 1424
271 1 1424
273 1 1424
279 1 1424
288 1 1424
302 1 1424
331 1 1424
340 1 1424
381 1 1424
408 1 1424
431 1 1424
490 1 1424
496 1 1424
550 1 1424
559 1 1424
591 1 1424
592 1 1424
723 1 1424
724 1 1424
834 1 1424
843 1 1424
844 1 1424
860 1 1424
925 1 1424
939 1 1424
955 1 1424
957 1 1424
976 1 1424
1009 1 1424
1019 1 1424
1028 2 1424
1086 1 1424
1090 1 1424
1148 1 1424
1211 1 1424
1212 1 1424
1227 1 1424
1266 1 1424
1317 1 1424
1353 1 1424
1359 1 1424
1360 1 1424
1390 1 1424
1400 1 1424
1410 1 1424
1424 10 1424
1424 10 1424
.I 1425
.T
Undergraduate Library
.A
Hoadley, I.B.
.W
The development of the separately housed undergraduate library on the
modern university campus is a recent innovation - so recent, in fact, that
in September, 1965, there were only six such libraries in the United States.
The interest in effective undergraduate education which led to the creation
of these libraries, however, is not of such recent origin. As early as 1608,
when Thomas James was appointed to Bodley's Library, "he proposed the
establishment of an undergraduate library to help the younger student. But
Sir Thomas Bodley was opposed." So it is to Harvard that we turn for an
example of the protracted concern for the undergraduate's plight.
Despite the concern voiced by these earlier writers, most universities and
their libraries were relatively small until this century. More important,
they were largely undergraduate institutions. The great expansion of
graduate education is a twentieth-century phenomenon. The problems of the
undergraduate in using university collections were greatly compounded by
the striking growth in the size of collections and by an increasing emphasis
on the acquisition of materials suitable for research.
The large university collections became increasingly difficult for the
undergraduate to use. When he had to select his books from the card catalog
and obtain them through paging in a closed-stack system, he might well
abandon the attempt before finally locating a book which was not checked out,
missing, or at the bindery - and which was suitable for his purposes. The
university library was also difficult to use because it was crowded - study
conditions were unsatisfactory and staff was insufficient to handle the
volume of work.
.X
262 1 1425
353 1 1425
365 1 1425
1068 1 1425
1203 1 1425
1211 1 1425
1212 1 1425
1266 1 1425
1425 5 1425
1425 5 1425
.I 1426
.T
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
.A
Mcluhan, M
.W
With the advent of individual detribalized man, a new
education was needed. Plato devised such a new program for
literate men. It was based on the Ideas. With the
phonetic alphabet, classified wisdom took over from the
operational wisdom of Homer and Hesiod and the tribal
encyclopedia. Education by classified data has been the
Western program ever since.
Now, however, in the electronic age, data classification
yields to pattern recognition, the key phrase at IBM. When
data moves instantly, classification is too fragmentary. In
order to cope with data at electric speed in typical situations
of "information overload," men resort to the study of configurations,
like the sailor in Edgar Allan Poe's Maelstrom.
"The medium is the message" means, in terms of the electronic
age, that a totally new environment has been created. The "content"
of this new environment is the old mechanized environment of
the industrial age.
.X
3 1 1426
39 1 1426
50 1 1426
59 1 1426
62 1 1426
63 1 1426
120 1 1426
140 1 1426
172 3 1426
175 1 1426
326 1 1426
355 1 1426
360 2 1426
446 1 1426
473 1 1426
481 1 1426
482 1 1426
485 1 1426
503 1 1426
572 1 1426
616 1 1426
632 1 1426
717 1 1426
718 1 1426
719 1 1426
773 1 1426
907 3 1426
958 1 1426
980 1 1426
1042 1 1426
1051 1 1426
1207 1 1426
1219 2 1426
1268 2 1426
1283 1 1426
1402 1 1426
1410 1 1426
1415 1 1426
1417 1 1426
1418 1 1426
1426 8 1426
1426 8 1426
.I 1427
.T
Understanding Media: the extensions of man
.A
Winograd, T.
.W
When it was decided that Cognitive Psychology would not specify
size limits for articles, and that we would publish relevant papers in
artificial intelligence, we hardly anticipated devoting an entire issue to a
single piece of work. However, Winograd's "Program for Understanding
Natural Language" seems sufficiently general and important in its
implications to warrant the experiment. Some readers will find sufficient
the first two sections, which present, respectively, an overview of the
system and what it does, and a first-rate evaluation of research in artificial
intelligence on natural language processing, semantics, and theorem proving.
Others will want to explore in detail the structure of the syntactic
component, the treatment of semantics, and the programming language
for specifying theories of problem solving. Each of these contributions
is significant in its own right. Together they form a unique, integrated
system capable of parsing, interpreting, and acting upon the information
contained in complex natural language discourse.
.X
26 1 1427
51 1 1427
54 1 1427
69 1 1427
71 1 1427
73 1 1427
77 1 1427
79 1 1427
168 1 1427
175 1 1427
176 1 1427
310 1 1427
315 1 1427
319 1 1427
320 1 1427
321 1 1427
332 1 1427
382 1 1427
397 3 1427
399 1 1427
417 3 1427
430 3 1427
443 3 1427
448 1 1427
455 3 1427
464 3 1427
480 1 1427
483 1 1427
484 3 1427
486 1 1427
488 1 1427
491 1 1427
493 1 1427
503 1 1427
507 1 1427
508 1 1427
509 2 1427
510 1 1427
512 1 1427
517 1 1427
519 1 1427
520 1 1427
522 1 1427
523 1 1427
526 1 1427
527 1 1427
528 2 1427
531 1 1427
534 1 1427
546 1 1427
565 2 1427
566 1 1427
579 1 1427
581 1 1427
594 1 1427
596 1 1427
603 1 1427
606 1 1427
608 1 1427
625 1 1427
626 1 1427
633 1 1427
637 1 1427
643 1 1427
659 1 1427
660 1 1427
715 1 1427
745 3 1427
754 1 1427
780 1 1427
785 1 1427
790 1 1427
805 1 1427
809 1 1427
810 2 1427
812 1 1427
813 1 1427
814 1 1427
817 1 1427
824 1 1427
825 1 1427
826 1 1427
830 1 1427
894 1 1427
1051 1 1427
1185 1 1427
1204 3 1427
1232 1 1427
1294 1 1427
1307 1 1427
1327 1 1427
1374 1 1427
1385 1 1427
1398 3 1427
1419 1 1427
1427 15 1427
1427 15 1427
.I 1428
.T
Understanding Scientific Literatures:
A Bibliographic Approach
.A
Donohue, J.C.
.W
As the author states, the methods he describes treat the growth
of a scientific literature as a social phenomenon in its own
right, not as a material byproduct of the knowledge and
concepts of the science written about. Management of the
literature of physics, say, does not first demand the study of
physics, but of physicists. Management of the literature of
information sciences demands first the study of information
scientists.
.X
19 1 1428
33 1 1428
36 1 1428
37 1 1428
39 2 1428
40 1 1428
41 1 1428
47 1 1428
88 1 1428
89 1 1428
97 2 1428
102 2 1428
103 1 1428
111 1 1428
112 1 1428
163 1 1428
175 1 1428
183 1 1428
184 1 1428
193 1 1428
199 1 1428
203 1 1428
210 1 1428
225 1 1428
233 1 1428
253 1 1428
269 1 1428
313 1 1428
359 1 1428
360 1 1428
373 1 1428
377 1 1428
379 1 1428
395 1 1428
505 1 1428
516 1 1428
527 1 1428
545 1 1428
552 1 1428
560 1 1428
572 1 1428
573 1 1428
587 1 1428
605 1 1428
613 1 1428
614 1 1428
616 1 1428
618 1 1428
632 2 1428
635 1 1428
638 1 1428
666 1 1428
667 1 1428
735 1 1428
747 1 1428
748 1 1428
749 2 1428
750 1 1428
751 1 1428
753 2 1428
764 1 1428
765 1 1428
766 1 1428
767 2 1428
775 1 1428
777 1 1428
778 1 1428
782 2 1428
784 1 1428
788 1 1428
789 1 1428
793 1 1428
800 1 1428
804 1 1428
805 1 1428
808 1 1428
893 2 1428
905 1 1428
952 1 1428
953 1 1428
977 1 1428
983 1 1428
1016 2 1428
1023 1 1428
1030 1 1428
1055 1 1428
1061 1 1428
1085 1 1428
1086 1 1428
1087 2 1428
1090 1 1428
1135 1 1428
1182 1 1428
1200 1 1428
1242 1 1428
1250 1 1428
1260 1 1428
1274 1 1428
1275 1 1428
1276 1 1428
1277 1 1428
1278 2 1428
1280 2 1428
1285 1 1428
1286 1 1428
1287 2 1428
1301 1 1428
1302 2 1428
1304 1 1428
1313 1 1428
1335 1 1428
1338 1 1428
1344 1 1428
1347 1 1428
1380 1 1428
1390 1 1428
1397 1 1428
1403 1 1428
1417 1 1428
1428 9 1428
1432 1 1428
1444 1 1428
1444 1 1428
.I 1429
.T
The Universal Decimal Classification
.A
Kyle, B.
.W
Purpose of this paper. The purpose of this preliminary study is to attempt
to discover how far it succeeds at present and how far and by what methods
it may continue to succeed or be made to succeed in the future. One person
(or two, for Brian Vickery is tackling the problem from the point of view
of scientific and technological users) with however many helpful consultants
can only hope to isolate some of the problems and to indicate some of the
possible solutions. This, it is hoped, may prepare the ground and stimulate
the critical and creative efforts of others towards fruitful developments.
.X
75 1 1429
154 3 1429
257 1 1429
260 1 1429
476 2 1429
477 3 1429
653 2 1429
838 4 1429
898 2 1429
1066 1 1429
1074 2 1429
1075 2 1429
1231 1 1429
1255 1 1429
1259 2 1429
1391 4 1429
1394 1 1429
1402 2 1429
1429 5 1429
1430 5 1429
1430 5 1429
.I 1430
.T
The Universal Decimal Classification and Technical Information Indexing
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.W
This study of the UDC sets out from the assumption that both general and
special documentation services can make use of a general classification. On the
other hand, it assumes that the criticisms of the UDC - the preference of
some documentalists for alternative special schemes - imply that the UDC
does not adequately provide the facilities currently needed. In examining these
criticisms and some special schemes an effort is made here to elucidate those
features of the UDC which prevent it from being more widely used and then to
suggest how the UDC might be developed to provide the facilities needed.
.X
75 1 1430
154 3 1430
257 1 1430
260 1 1430
476 2 1430
477 3 1430
653 2 1430
838 4 1430
898 2 1430
1066 1 1430
1074 2 1430
1075 2 1430
1231 1 1430
1255 1 1430
1259 2 1430
1391 4 1430
1394 1 1430
1402 2 1430
1429 5 1430
1430 5 1430
1430 5 1430
.I 1431
.T
The Intermediate Lexicon
.A
Gardin, N.
.W
A new step towards international co-operation
in scientific and technical information.
The agencies specializing in documentation of documentation (i.e., handling
the literature on scientific and technical information) are in turn having
problems with the growth of information. The number of their centres has
been growing during the last few years - often several in a country and all
with activities that are often very similar; scanning and abstracting of
documents from the same sources, indexing jobs that may differ only in
practical details, more or less identical end-products (descriptive
bibliographies, abstracting bulletins, indexes, selective distribution
programmes, card-indexes, and so on).
.X
16 1 1431
30 1 1431
71 1 1431
75 1 1431
77 1 1431
78 1 1431
79 1 1431
80 1 1431
81 1 1431
82 1 1431
83 1 1431
114 1 1431
154 3 1431
194 1 1431
212 2 1431
247 1 1431
458 1 1431
581 1 1431
627 1 1431
666 1 1431
770 1 1431
796 2 1431
802 2 1431
838 2 1431
853 1 1431
989 1 1431
1392 1 1431
1393 1 1431
1431 5 1431
1448 1 1431
1448 1 1431
.I 1432
.T
The Ranking of Biomedical Periodicals from the Indian Scientist's Point
of View
.A
Sengupta, I. N.
.W
The output of scientific literature has been increasing exponentially since
the second quarter of this century.. New journals in specialized branches of
science keep appearing and established periodicals either multiply the number of
volumes per year or split into different titles covering narrower subject
areas in order to cope with the flow of communications received for
publication.. The limited resources or libraries, particularly in the
developing countries, do not permit them to increase library space or budget at
a rate commensurate with this rise in publication.. Consequently research
libraries in such countries as India must be highly selective in their
acquisition programmes and to do so without detriment to the research interests
of the institution they serve, they urgently need dependable data on the ranking
of periodicals according to the particular research needs of their respective
countries.. In this article an attempt is made to rank periodicals in the field
of the biomedical sciences, from the point of view of the Indian scientist..
This method may also be followed in the libraries of other developing countries
by changing the citing journals according to their country's needs..
.X
33 1 1432
36 1 1432
41 1 1432
76 1 1432
89 2 1432
97 1 1432
102 1 1432
111 1 1432
112 1 1432
163 1 1432
183 2 1432
184 2 1432
193 2 1432
198 1 1432
199 1 1432
201 1 1432
203 1 1432
204 1 1432
210 1 1432
225 1 1432
269 1 1432
360 3 1432
361 1 1432
373 1 1432
543 3 1432
545 1 1432
552 2 1432
587 1 1432
605 1 1432
613 1 1432
614 1 1432
638 1 1432
735 2 1432
747 1 1432
750 1 1432
753 1 1432
759 1 1432
766 2 1432
767 1 1432
775 2 1432
776 1 1432
782 1 1432
784 2 1432
788 1 1432
789 1 1432
793 1 1432
800 1 1432
808 1 1432
828 1 1432
905 1 1432
953 1 1432
977 1 1432
983 1 1432
1016 1 1432
1023 1 1432
1030 1 1432
1055 2 1432
1087 1 1432
1090 1 1432
1135 1 1432
1260 1 1432
1275 3 1432
1276 2 1432
1278 1 1432
1280 1 1432
1285 1 1432
1286 1 1432
1287 1 1432
1302 1 1432
1335 1 1432
1390 1 1432
1397 2 1432
1417 1 1432
1428 1 1432
1432 7 1432
1432 7 1432
.I 1433
.T
Universal Bibliographical Control (UBC)
.A
Kaltwasser, Franz Georg
.W
The author outlines a plan for the systematic handling of bibliographical
data from the time a book is printed anywhere in the world until its
cataloguing in the libraries.. The various problems are set forth and possible
solutions proposed..
.X
172 1 1433
177 1 1433
246 2 1433
333 1 1433
365 1 1433
453 1 1433
652 1 1433
825 1 1433
856 1 1433
886 1 1433
888 1 1433
913 1 1433
943 1 1433
963 1 1433
1004 1 1433
1013 1 1433
1257 1 1433
1258 1 1433
1433 7 1433
1441 1 1433
1441 1 1433
.I 1434
.T
Cataloguing in Publication: A New Programme of Pre-Publication Cataloguing
in the United States of America, with Comments on some Similar Programmes
.A
Clapp, Verner W.
.W
The cataloguing in source experiment carried out by the United States
Library of Congress ended in 1959.. Studies on the feasibility of a new
pre-publication cataloguing programme were undertaken and on 1 July 1971 a new
cataloguing in publication programmes were started.. Other programmes for
pre-publication cataloguing, namely in Brazil and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, are described..
.X
141 1 1434
299 2 1434
333 3 1434
449 1 1434
522 1 1434
530 2 1434
553 1 1434
627 2 1434
628 3 1434
768 1 1434
783 1 1434
802 1 1434
819 1 1434
872 1 1434
873 1 1434
874 3 1434
875 2 1434
876 1 1434
877 1 1434
878 1 1434
892 2 1434
913 1 1434
940 1 1434
941 3 1434
970 1 1434
987 1 1434
988 1 1434
992 1 1434
993 1 1434
994 1 1434
995 3 1434
996 1 1434
997 1 1434
998 1 1434
1079 3 1434
1153 1 1434
1189 1 1434
1216 1 1434
1251 1 1434
1351 2 1434
1396 1 1434
1420 2 1434
1421 1 1434
1434 6 1434
1435 3 1434
1436 1 1434
1442 2 1434
1442 2 1434
.I 1435
.T
International Standardization of Cataloguing and Bibliographical Records:
The Work of the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing
.A
Anderson, D.
.W
The ILFA Committee on Cataloguing has been at work since 1954 to establish
international standards for cataloguing and bibliographical records, and
was responsible for the International conference on Cataloguing Principles,
Paris, 1961, and the International Medical of Cataloguing Experts,
Copenhagen, 1969. A new impetus to its work has been given in 1971
with the establishment of its permanent Cataoguing Secretariat whose
function were to act as a co-ordinating centre, to promote cataloguing
projects and to disseminate information.
.X
119 1 1435
122 1 1435
141 2 1435
244 1 1435
299 3 1435
333 3 1435
361 1 1435
365 2 1435
394 1 1435
449 1 1435
453 1 1435
522 1 1435
526 1 1435
528 1 1435
529 1 1435
530 2 1435
553 1 1435
612 1 1435
627 2 1435
628 3 1435
630 1 1435
802 1 1435
819 1 1435
822 1 1435
854 1 1435
871 1 1435
872 3 1435
873 2 1435
874 4 1435
875 3 1435
876 2 1435
877 2 1435
878 2 1435
879 1 1435
880 1 1435
892 3 1435
939 1 1435
940 4 1435
941 5 1435
990 1 1435
992 1 1435
993 1 1435
994 2 1435
995 3 1435
996 2 1435
997 2 1435
998 2 1435
1079 4 1435
1080 1 1435
1143 2 1435
1153 1 1435
1189 1 1435
1216 1 1435
1230 1 1435
1247 1 1435
1251 1 1435
1257 1 1435
1264 1 1435
1303 1 1435
1351 2 1435
1367 1 1435
1396 2 1435
1420 2 1435
1421 1 1435
1434 3 1435
1435 6 1435
1436 4 1435
1441 1 1435
1442 2 1435
1442 2 1435
.I 1436
.T
ISDS and the Functions and Activities of National Centres
.A
Koster, C.J.
.W
An International Serials Data System (ISDS) is being established within
the framework of UNISIST - a world science information system. Each serial
will be assigned an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). An
International Centre for the Registration of Serial Publications, with
headquarters in Paris, will be responsible for specifying the characteristics
of the world register and maintaining an up-to-date file of serial titles.
National and regional centres will supply input on new titles to the register
and act as a link between the international centre and individual users.
.X
119 1 1436
122 1 1436
141 1 1436
244 1 1436
299 1 1436
333 1 1436
361 1 1436
365 2 1436
394 1 1436
449 1 1436
453 1 1436
526 1 1436
528 1 1436
529 1 1436
530 1 1436
553 1 1436
612 1 1436
628 1 1436
630 1 1436
802 1 1436
819 1 1436
822 1 1436
854 1 1436
871 1 1436
872 3 1436
873 1 1436
874 2 1436
875 1 1436
876 1 1436
877 3 1436
878 4 1436
879 1 1436
880 1 1436
892 1 1436
939 1 1436
940 4 1436
941 3 1436
990 1 1436
992 1 1436
993 1 1436
994 1 1436
995 1 1436
996 1 1436
997 1 1436
998 1 1436
1079 2 1436
1080 1 1436
1143 2 1436
1216 1 1436
1230 1 1436
1247 1 1436
1257 1 1436
1264 1 1436
1303 1 1436
1367 1 1436
1396 1 1436
1421 1 1436
1434 1 1436
1435 4 1436
1436 6 1436
1441 1 1436
1441 1 1436
.I 1437
.T
NATIS: the theme for the 1970s
.A
Green, S.
.W
In this article Stephen Green, a member of the British delegation to the
Intergovernmental Conference on the Planning of National Documentation,
Library and Archives Infrastructures, gives his views on the results of
the conference and its implications for the future development of
national information systems (NATIS) in member states.
.X
128 1 1437
129 1 1437
130 1 1437
167 1 1437
223 1 1437
225 1 1437
234 1 1437
280 1 1437
335 1 1437
342 1 1437
393 1 1437
434 1 1437
468 1 1437
494 1 1437
639 1 1437
643 1 1437
644 1 1437
645 1 1437
646 1 1437
647 1 1437
651 1 1437
765 1 1437
818 1 1437
822 1 1437
823 1 1437
827 1 1437
881 1 1437
882 1 1437
885 1 1437
888 1 1437
904 1 1437
925 1 1437
943 1 1437
944 1 1437
947 1 1437
999 1 1437
1000 1 1437
1001 1 1437
1002 1 1437
1003 1 1437
1004 1 1437
1060 1 1437
1070 1 1437
1085 1 1437
1374 1 1437
1390 1 1437
1401 1 1437
1437 6 1437
1441 1 1437
1441 1 1437
.I 1438
.T
An Unhurried View of Copyright
.A
Kaplan, B.
.W
Copyright protection became necessary with the invention
of the printing press and had its early beginnings in the
British censorship laws. The fortunes of the law of copyright
have always been closely connected with freedom of expression,
on the one hand, and with technological improvements
in means of dissemination, on the other. Successive ages have
drawn different balances among the interest of the writer in
the control and exploitation of his intellectual property, the
related interest of the publisher, and the competing interest of
society in the untrammeled dissemination of ideas. It is this
striking of balances in the law of copyright in the past, at
present, and for the future, which constitutes the central
theme of the James Carpentier Lectures delivered by
Professor Benjamin Kaplan at the Columbia University School
of Law in March, 1966.
.X
337 1 1438
1438 5 1438
1438 5 1438
.I 1439
.T
Union Library Catalogs in the United States
.A
Downs, R.B.
.W
This volume on union library catalogs in the United States presents
the results of a nationwide survey of all aspects of union cataloging by a
group of investigators who have been engaged with the task for more than
a year. The aim is to cover the history, current status, and future prospects
of various types of union catalogs for American libraries.
.X
249 1 1439
251 1 1439
431 1 1439
926 2 1439
1439 5 1439
1439 5 1439
.I 1440
.T
Book Availability and the Library User
.A
Guyton, T.L.
.W
The essentially logistical problem of making library books physically
available when wanted by library users is central to librarianship. This
book is a tentative attempt to provide a treatise on this problem. As such
it has to deal with both theoretical analysis and the practicality of
solutions. No apology is made for the attention devoted to theoretical
analysis, because the author believes that a clear conceptual understanding
of the factors involved is important for improved librarianship. The
fact that analytical models are not always usable does not mean that the
insight that can sometimes be derived from such analyses will not lead to
a better understanding of the problems and, thereby, to improved library
services.
.X
234 1 1440
304 1 1440
306 1 1440
338 1 1440
646 1 1440
647 1 1440
651 1 1440
942 1 1440
943 1 1440
944 1 1440
948 1 1440
1017 1 1440
1049 1 1440
1206 1 1440
1237 1 1440
1378 1 1440
1440 8 1440
1450 1 1440
1453 1 1440
1453 1 1440
.I 1441
.T
Universal Bibliographic Control
.A
Anderson, D.
.W
IFLA will be nearly fifty years old when Dorothy Anderson's UBC paper is
published. It is tempting to say that it is a half a century overdue. When
librarians first began to look beyond their national borders, bibliographic
control was in the forefront of their concern. Gradually, however, these
pioneers of international librarianship began to realize that technical
problems were too ambitious for multilateral action and in their discussions
the emphasis was placed more on functions and organizations, on the social
and even economic achievements of the international library community -
which was not fully international at all - were limited to comparisons of
national efforts, with some countries constantly over-critical and others
overgenerous. Outstanding bibliographic projects, like the Gesamtkatalog der
Wiegendrucke, were international in scope, but national in conception.
.X
92 1 1441
94 1 1441
121 1 1441
172 1 1441
235 1 1441
246 1 1441
247 1 1441
299 1 1441
326 1 1441
333 1 1441
361 1 1441
365 1 1441
434 1 1441
453 1 1441
530 1 1441
534 1 1441
541 1 1441
639 1 1441
652 1 1441
824 1 1441
825 2 1441
856 1 1441
872 1 1441
873 1 1441
874 1 1441
878 1 1441
880 1 1441
881 1 1441
886 1 1441
888 1 1441
913 1 1441
919 1 1441
920 1 1441
921 1 1441
939 1 1441
940 1 1441
941 1 1441
943 1 1441
947 1 1441
950 1 1441
963 1 1441
991 1 1441
996 1 1441
997 1 1441
1000 1 1441
1004 1 1441
1061 1 1441
1080 1 1441
1146 1 1441
1153 1 1441
1215 1 1441
1216 1 1441
1257 1 1441
1258 1 1441
1266 1 1441
1374 1 1441
1395 1 1441
1433 1 1441
1435 1 1441
1436 1 1441
1437 1 1441
1441 15 1441
1441 15 1441
.I 1442
.T
The Universal Decimal Classification
.A
Foskett, A.C.
.W
This study represents the result of some fifteen years of contact with
the Universal Decimal Classification, as a user, as a reviser and as a
classification teacher. As a Information Officer at the Atomic Energy
Research Establishment, Harwell, I was concerned with the use of the
Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), both as classifier and as user
of the resulting catalogues; I was also directly concerned as Liaison
Officer for the Atomic Energy Research committee for UDC with the
development of the Code of Practice which later became the basis of the
Special subject edition for nuclear science and engineering. With
accelerators; this work was carried out along the general lines indicated
in this study, and is now part of UDC, which indicates that modern ideas
can be accommodated within the scheme without undue strain.
.X
141 1 1442
299 2 1442
333 2 1442
522 1 1442
530 1 1442
627 2 1442
628 2 1442
873 1 1442
874 2 1442
875 2 1442
876 1 1442
892 2 1442
941 2 1442
994 1 1442
995 2 1442
996 1 1442
997 1 1442
998 1 1442
1075 1 1442
1079 2 1442
1153 1 1442
1189 1 1442
1251 1 1442
1351 2 1442
1396 1 1442
1420 2 1442
1434 2 1442
1435 2 1442
1442 8 1442
1448 1 1442
1448 1 1442
.I 1443
.T
Universals in Linguistic Theory
.A
Fillmore, C.J.
.W
We feel that a profound change has occurred in linguistic thinking
in the last decade. It is not longer of any interest to describe
one after another language 'anyhow' without regard to the relevance
of the facts to general linguistic theory. As Ross put it, it makes
no sense to talk about 'describing a language in terms of its own
structure alone.' Toward the end of the conference, when it had become
apparent that the general agreement did not encompass any currently
explicitly formulated model, the question was raised: What should we
be teaching our students? Langendoen's answer seems to us most apt:
We should give them the ability to recognize a interesting linguistic
problem when they see one, that is, one which throws some light -
negative or positive - on our conceptions of what languages in general
are like.
.X
77 1 1443
79 1 1443
117 1 1443
168 4 1443
175 1 1443
317 2 1443
320 3 1443
488 1 1443
489 1 1443
493 1 1443
498 1 1443
499 2 1443
558 1 1443
570 1 1443
572 2 1443
581 1 1443
590 2 1443
659 1 1443
664 1 1443
790 1 1443
819 1 1443
1024 1 1443
1027 1 1443
1045 1 1443
1046 3 1443
1047 1 1443
1118 1 1443
1213 1 1443
1215 1 1443
1231 1 1443
1294 1 1443
1389 1 1443
1399 1 1443
1443 6 1443
1443 6 1443
.I 1444
.T
The Case of Citation Data in Writing the History of Science
.A
Garfield, E.
.W
Can a computer write the history of science? Probably not in the sense
usually implied. However, the research reported herein is a preliminary
attempt to understand and define some basic problems that must be solved
if computers are ever to aid the historian of science - no less supplant him.
In this study, it was necessary to select a recent important scientific
breakthrough which was based on the cumulation of years of diverse
scientific achievement. For this reason we selected the discovery of the
DNA code. For a concise historical description of the events, we then
selected "The Genetic Code," a book by Dr. Isaac Asimov which describes
the major scientific developments that eventually led to the duplication
in the laboratory of the process of protein synthesis under control of DNA.
.X
19 1 1444
37 1 1444
39 3 1444
40 1 1444
41 1 1444
47 2 1444
88 1 1444
89 1 1444
97 1 1444
102 1 1444
103 1 1444
106 1 1444
113 1 1444
144 1 1444
233 1 1444
253 2 1444
313 1 1444
359 1 1444
377 2 1444
379 1 1444
395 1 1444
505 1 1444
560 2 1444
573 1 1444
602 1 1444
618 2 1444
632 6 1444
635 1 1444
667 1 1444
677 1 1444
706 1 1444
748 1 1444
749 1 1444
751 1 1444
764 2 1444
765 1 1444
777 1 1444
778 1 1444
782 1 1444
784 1 1444
789 1 1444
804 1 1444
805 1 1444
893 1 1444
952 1 1444
1010 1 1444
1016 1 1444
1044 1 1444
1061 1 1444
1081 1 1444
1082 2 1444
1085 1 1444
1086 1 1444
1087 1 1444
1182 1 1444
1200 1 1444
1201 1 1444
1227 1 1444
1234 1 1444
1270 1 1444
1273 3 1444
1274 4 1444
1277 1 1444
1278 2 1444
1280 2 1444
1285 2 1444
1287 1 1444
1300 2 1444
1301 3 1444
1302 3 1444
1304 2 1444
1313 4 1444
1337 1 1444
1338 1 1444
1341 1 1444
1342 1 1444
1344 1 1444
1346 1 1444
1347 2 1444
1380 1 1444
1387 1 1444
1428 1 1444
1444 10 1444
1444 10 1444
.I 1445
.T
User Requirements in Identifying Desired Works in Large Libraries
.A
Lipetz, B.A.
.W
The work reported here is a study of the utilization of the card
catalog of a very large library, specifically the principal catalog of
the library system of Yale University.
The study was motivated by two basic concerns, one of them of a
long-term, or exploratory, nature, the other of a short-term, or
operationally supportive, nature. The long-term concern is the question
of how to design a computerized catalog for a very large library that
can be expected to give the best possible performance. The short-term
concern is the question of whether, and, of so, how, existing card
catalogs in very large libraries may be made more responsive to user
requirements. It was recognized that a carefully designed study of actual
utilization of a catalog of a large library could shed useful light in
both areas of concern.
.X
4 1 1445
9 1 1445
32 1 1445
57 1 1445
75 1 1445
96 1 1445
128 1 1445
132 1 1445
137 1 1445
163 1 1445
176 1 1445
207 1 1445
246 1 1445
265 1 1445
274 1 1445
276 1 1445
287 1 1445
329 1 1445
331 1 1445
348 1 1445
408 1 1445
456 1 1445
502 1 1445
554 1 1445
560 1 1445
565 1 1445
572 1 1445
584 1 1445
595 1 1445
596 1 1445
608 1 1445
619 1 1445
646 1 1445
647 1 1445
652 1 1445
654 1 1445
655 1 1445
768 1 1445
774 1 1445
783 3 1445
799 2 1445
810 1 1445
811 1 1445
812 1 1445
813 1 1445
814 1 1445
816 1 1445
823 1 1445
827 1 1445
851 1 1445
856 1 1445
857 1 1445
858 1 1445
859 1 1445
860 1 1445
861 1 1445
862 1 1445
870 1 1445
888 1 1445
894 1 1445
913 1 1445
919 2 1445
920 1 1445
922 1 1445
928 1 1445
961 1 1445
962 1 1445
963 1 1445
964 1 1445
968 1 1445
970 1 1445
990 1 1445
991 1 1445
1003 1 1445
1012 1 1445
1013 1 1445
1035 1 1445
1068 1 1445
1203 1 1445
1255 1 1445
1291 1 1445
1315 1 1445
1321 1 1445
1340 1 1445
1395 1 1445
1407 1 1445
1413 1 1445
1445 10 1445
1445 10 1445
.I 1446
.T
Distill or Drown: The Need for Reviews
.A
Herring, C.
.W
The information explosion sparks a need
for creative synthesis of facts and ideas.
For efficient access to good scientific
literature we must devise new schemes for
compression.
.X
37 1 1446
63 2 1446
132 1 1446
161 1 1446
166 1 1446
386 1 1446
398 1 1446
771 1 1446
907 1 1446
1095 1 1446
1102 1 1446
1103 1 1446
1107 1 1446
1110 1 1446
1111 1 1446
1113 1 1446
1115 2 1446
1142 2 1446
1160 1 1446
1177 1 1446
1181 1 1446
1284 1 1446
1446 7 1446
1447 4 1446
1447 4 1446
.I 1447
.T
Information, Communication, Knowledge
.A
Ziman, J.M.
.W
At the British Association meeting in Exeter last month,
Professor Ziman addressed the section devoted to general
topics on the question of how scientific information becomes
public knowledge. The system of communication, he implied,
is not as rotten as some like to think.
.X
37 1 1447
63 1 1447
132 1 1447
161 1 1447
166 1 1447
386 1 1447
398 1 1447
771 1 1447
907 1 1447
1095 1 1447
1102 1 1447
1110 1 1447
1111 1 1447
1115 1 1447
1142 1 1447
1160 2 1447
1177 1 1447
1181 1 1447
1284 1 1447
1446 4 1447
1447 5 1447
1447 5 1447
.I 1448
.T
Vocabulary Control for Information Retrieval
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
This book deals with properties of vocabularies for
indexing and searching document collections; the
construction, organization, display, and maintenance
of these vocabularies; and the vocabulary as a factor
affecting the performance of retrieval systems. Most
of the text is concerned with vocabularies for post-
coordinate retrieval systems, with special emphasis
on thesauri and machine-based systems. Vocabularies
for pre-coordinate systems (e.g., alphabetical subject
catalogs and classified catalogs) are discussed only
briefly to provide historical perspective and for the
light they shed on the problems o vocabulary control in
general. This type of vocabulary is well covered in
existing texts.
.X
30 1 1448
34 1 1448
38 1 1448
73 1 1448
114 2 1448
150 1 1448
154 1 1448
160 1 1448
168 1 1448
169 1 1448
175 1 1448
176 1 1448
194 1 1448
212 1 1448
257 1 1448
259 1 1448
263 1 1448
289 1 1448
317 1 1448
345 1 1448
363 1 1448
381 1 1448
382 1 1448
388 2 1448
400 1 1448
419 1 1448
434 5 1448
445 1 1448
449 1 1448
458 3 1448
459 2 1448
478 1 1448
483 1 1448
493 1 1448
501 1 1448
510 3 1448
514 1 1448
516 2 1448
520 1 1448
548 1 1448
582 1 1448
603 3 1448
627 2 1448
661 1 1448
702 1 1448
726 2 1448
733 1 1448
734 1 1448
738 1 1448
741 1 1448
755 1 1448
770 1 1448
796 1 1448
802 1 1448
807 1 1448
813 2 1448
820 2 1448
822 1 1448
827 1 1448
874 1 1448
990 1 1448
1073 1 1448
1075 1 1448
1091 1 1448
1118 1 1448
1162 1 1448
1164 1 1448
1215 1 1448
1231 1 1448
1255 1 1448
1265 1 1448
1279 1 1448
1368 1 1448
1392 2 1448
1413 3 1448
1414 4 1448
1431 1 1448
1442 1 1448
1448 27 1448
1448 27 1448
.I 1449
.T
The Weapons Acquisitition Process: An Economic Analysis
.A
Peck, M.J.
.W
A distinctive feature of American weapons development and
production is the use of private firms to carry forward most of the
effort. This volume is primarily concerned with the government-
business relationships within which these activities take place.
Our title reflects our emphasis. Weapons Acquisition is defined to
include the conception, development, and production of technically
advanced weapons for ultimate use by the armed forces. Process
emphasizes the flow of decisions and activities during weapons
programs, including the actions, reactions, and interactions of
government agencies and defense contractors. Economic Analysis indicates
our concern with how these activities and relationships affect the
quality, time, cost, and value outcomes of weapons programs.
The principal objective of this volume is increased knowledge of
these facets of weapons development and production. Such an
objective classified the volume as a social science, rather than
administrative study. Yet most social science research,
however "pure" the form, is ultimately directed at changing public
policy. That is the intention here, but this book does not conclude with a
specific set of public policy recommendations. Rather, it is largely limited
to providing understanding - a prerequisite to criticism, debate, revision,
and improvement.
.X
369 1 1449
423 1 1449
424 1 1449
425 1 1449
426 1 1449
427 1 1449
428 1 1449
561 1 1449
1039 1 1449
1040 1 1449
1154 1 1449
1449 5 1449
1449 5 1449
.I 1450
.T
Weeding Library Collections
.A
Slote, S.J.
.W
This book is based upon two recent research projects in weeding and
identifying core collections. However, it became apparent that the principles
and techniques studied are applicable to almost all types of library
collections.
This work has been designed to be used for four distinct purposes:
1. As a comprehensive source summarizing the opinion, knowledge, and
serious research in the field of weeding. The author's own research is
reported in such detail that replication of the studies is possible. In
addition, this book contains the first report of the Harrison study.
2. As a do-it-yourself guide for librarians wishing to weed out their
present collections. It is the aim of this book not only to explain and
justify its methods, but to include a step-by-step procedure for "weeding
without tears."
3. As a textbook in library schools, especially in courses that deal with
the acquisition and maintenance of library collections, for weeding is one
of the best techniques available for the long-range building of useful
collections.
4. As a stimulus to further study in this entire area. It is hoped that
libraries using the recommended methods will measure and report upon the costs
of weeding and the impact of such weeding upon changes in the amount of
circulation and in user satisfaction.
.X
46 1 1450
115 1 1450
234 1 1450
304 1 1450
306 1 1450
338 1 1450
646 1 1450
647 1 1450
651 1 1450
942 1 1450
943 2 1450
944 1 1450
948 1 1450
983 1 1450
1017 1 1450
1021 1 1450
1023 1 1450
1049 1 1450
1203 1 1450
1206 1 1450
1237 1 1450
1378 1 1450
1417 1 1450
1440 1 1450
1450 9 1450
1453 1 1450
1453 1 1450
.I 1451
.T
Some Behavioral Patterns of Library Users: The 80/20 rule
.A
Trueswell, R.L.
.W
A characteristic of inventory in business or industry
is that approximately 80 percent of the number of
transactions taken from a warehouse represents about
20 percent of the items stocked. This may also be
considered as a ranking of stock items by their
transaction activity which will show that the top 20
percent of the stocked items (i.e., the most active
items) account for about 80 percent of the total
number of transactions. The rule is sometimes
expressed as the 75/25 rule with the same interpretation.
It is only by coincidence that the figures add to 100
as the phenomena relate to the relationships between
the two statistical measures.
.X
2 1 1451
24 1 1451
31 1 1451
74 1 1451
75 1 1451
76 1 1451
111 1 1451
119 1 1451
122 1 1451
132 1 1451
137 1 1451
139 1 1451
152 1 1451
155 1 1451
183 2 1451
193 1 1451
195 1 1451
201 1 1451
203 1 1451
204 1 1451
210 1 1451
269 1 1451
336 1 1451
475 1 1451
552 1 1451
684 1 1451
760 1 1451
767 1 1451
774 1 1451
775 1 1451
778 1 1451
788 2 1451
789 2 1451
955 1 1451
961 1 1451
977 2 1451
1011 1 1451
1055 1 1451
1056 1 1451
1203 1 1451
1275 1 1451
1352 1 1451
1451 6 1451
1451 6 1451
.I 1452
.T
The Wiswesser Line-Formula Chemical Notation (WLN)
.A
Smith, E.G.
.W
The line-formula chemical notation described in this manual
is a precise and concise means of expressing the structural
formulas of chemical compounds. Its basic idea is to use
letter symbols to denote functional groups and to use numbers
to express the lengths of alkyl chains and the sizes of rings.
These symbols then are cited in connecting order from one end of
the molecule to the other. For the past hundred years, ever
since structural chemistry began, chemists have been using graphic
symbols in this way. This line-formula notation is simply an
extension and standardization of this practice.
.X
116 1 1452
117 1 1452
165 1 1452
252 1 1452
254 2 1452
327 2 1452
347 1 1452
568 1 1452
569 1 1452
641 2 1452
668 1 1452
669 3 1452
670 2 1452
671 5 1452
673 5 1452
674 2 1452
677 2 1452
678 2 1452
679 4 1452
681 4 1452
682 3 1452
683 1 1452
687 4 1452
688 1 1452
689 2 1452
690 1 1452
693 1 1452
694 3 1452
695 3 1452
697 3 1452
698 3 1452
700 2 1452
704 3 1452
706 2 1452
707 1 1452
714 1 1452
730 1 1452
738 1 1452
833 2 1452
1026 3 1452
1072 1 1452
1092 1 1452
1261 2 1452
1292 3 1452
1452 26 1452
1452 26 1452
.I 1453
.T
Women in Librarianship
.A
Myers, M.
.W
There are some who question whether the status of women in the
library profession is a major issue. A survey of library literature,
however shows an increase in the factual data available regarding
differences between men and women in salaries, promotional patterns
and other professional situations. There are local library groups
which are examining the status of women in their own libraries and
organizing to improve their employment situations. On the state
and national level, conference programs and workshops at library
association meetings have dealt with various aspects of sex
discrimination, affirmative action policies, sexism in children's
materials and the like.
.X
8 1 1453
20 2 1453
171 1 1453
234 1 1453
237 1 1453
304 1 1453
306 1 1453
338 1 1453
646 1 1453
647 1 1453
651 1 1453
909 1 1453
918 1 1453
942 1 1453
943 1 1453
944 1 1453
948 1 1453
1017 1 1453
1049 1 1453
1061 1 1453
1206 1 1453
1237 1 1453
1378 1 1453
1440 1 1453
1450 1 1453
1453 6 1453
1453 6 1453
.I 1454
.T
Work and Motivation
.A
Vroom, V.H.
.W
The basic plan for this book was evolved during the summer of 1959.
At that time I was working on a chapter entitled "Industrial Social
Psychology" for the annual Review of Psychology. I was impressed by
the large amount of research being conducted in the field, but found
the task of integrating that research and of identifying the progress
made during the period of the review exceedingly difficult. In part,
this difficulty was a result of the great differences among investigators
in the phenomena they selected for study and the methods they used
to study it. A more troublesome problem, however, was the apparent
theoretical implications of their research. Concepts tended to be
highly specific and inadequately defined. There was little standardization
of terminology and little consideration for the nature of the processes
underlying empirical data.
.X
270 1 1454
285 2 1454
296 1 1454
301 2 1454
302 1 1454
418 1 1454
925 1 1454
1015 3 1454
1048 1 1454
1065 1 1454
1069 1 1454
1070 1 1454
1150 2 1454
1214 1 1454
1321 1 1454
1454 6 1454
1455 1 1454
1455 1 1454
.I 1455
.T
Work and the Nature of Man
.A
Herzberg, F.
.W
Work and the Nature of Man is the third book of a
trilogy concerning job attitudes. In the first book,
Job Attitudes: Review of Research and Opinion, my
colleagues and I attempted to review and systematize
what had been gleaned from research and contemplation
after a half-century of effort. In the Motivation to
Work that followed, we described an original research
study that offered a completely new hypothesis about the
way people feel about their jobs. In this book, I have
taken that hypothesis and expanded it to a general theory
of Work and the Nature of Man. While the trilogy contains
the three basic stages of scientific inquiry, knowledge
of what has gone before, new research and finally a
theory, the task that I set out for myself many years
ago, upon graduation for the School of Public Health
at the University of Pittsburgh, is just beginning.
That task was to give original substance to the new
discipline of Industrial Mental Health and, if possible,
to make some positive contributions.
.X
418 3 1455
1041 1 1455
1069 1 1455
1070 2 1455
1150 1 1455
1233 2 1455
1454 1 1455
1455 5 1455
1455 5 1455
.I 1456
.T
World Dynamics
.A
Forrester, J.W.
.W
Over the last several decades interest in economic development,
population growth, and the world environment has expanded rapidly.
As world-wide stresses have increased, many individuals and
organizations have begun to study and to influence the changing
aspects of the world situation. But it seems fair to observe
that most of the activity has been addressed to separate facets
of the world system. Little has yet been done to show how the many
actions and forces are affecting one another to produce the total
consequences that we observe. Now however, many persons are coming
to believe that the interactions within the whole are more important
than the sum of the separate parts. This book was undertaken as one
step toward showing how the behavior of the world system results from
mutual interplay between its demographic, industrial, and agricultural
subsystems.
.X
350 1 1456
435 1 1456
1025 1 1456
1402 1 1456
1456 6 1456
1456 6 1456
.I 1457
.T
World Trends in Library Education
.A
Bramley, G.
.W
One of the most significant aspects of the evolution of
librarianship in the twentieth century has been the emergence
of the library schools as a potent factor in shaping new
philosophies and new attitudes in the library profession. The
intention of the present work is to examine some of the
implications of this rapid growth in the number of library
schools, noting current trends and possible changes in the
future. Inevitably, some limitations have had to be imposed,
and there has been a deliberate concentration upon Anglo-
American library education, while at the same time examining
other major patterns of professional education for librarians
which exist in the world, and comparing these with the
approach of the English speaking countries. An attempt has
been made to trace the influences which the British and
America systems of library education have had, particularly
in the developing countries.
.X
128 1 1457
130 1 1457
191 1 1457
339 1 1457
370 1 1457
376 1 1457
387 1 1457
453 1 1457
629 1 1457
648 1 1457
652 1 1457
1376 1 1457
1403 1 1457
1457 5 1457
1457 5 1457
.I 1458
.T
Legal Restrictions on Exploitation of the Patent Monopoly:
An Economic Analysis
.A
Baxter, W.A.
.W
The patent laws confer on a patentee power to exclude all others
from making, using or selling his invention. In furtherance of a
constitutionally recognized goal - "To promote the Progress of
Science and the useful Arts" - Congress has thus adopted a
constitutionally authorized means - "securing...to Inventors
the exclusive Right to their respective...Discoveries." The
constitutional clause is remarkable in several respects. Its
recognition of the possibility that invention might require
encouragement implies not only that technological innovation is
desirable but also that, but for legal subsidization, the quantity
of innovation forthcoming would or might be less than optimum.
This recognition, coming on the morn of an era during which the
tendency of a free market to achieve optimality in all activities
was greatly and religiously overestimated, prompts brief inquiry
into the soundness of the supposition.
.X
1458 5 1458
1458 5 1458
.I 1459
.T
Language and Thought
.A
Poluskin, V.A.
.W
This book considers the basic aspects of this complex problem - the historical
and social essence of language and thought, their interaction in historical
evolution, the essence of linguistic meaning in relation to the content side
of thought, and the physiological mechanism of the processes of abstraction,
generalization, etc.
.X
362 1 1459
585 1 1459
1093 1 1459
1107 1 1459
1138 1 1459
1141 1 1459
1169 2 1459
1459 5 1459
1459 5 1459
.I 1460
.T
Modern Integral Information Systems for Chemistry and Chemical Technology
.A
Chernyi, A.I.
.W
At the present time, about 15% of all the world publications of
scientific and technical literature relate to chemistry and chemical
technology. Each year throughout the world more than 250,000
documents are published: journal papers, specifications for authors'
certificates and patents, scientific and technical reports, monographs,
etc., and in the last twenty years the number of such documents has
increased by an average of 9% a year. In these scientific documents
information on 100-150 thousand new chemical compounds is published.
.X
347 1 1460
452 1 1460
1095 1 1460
1136 1 1460
1223 1 1460
1261 1 1460
1285 1 1460
1460 6 1460
1460 6 1460