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1000,"Serial Cataloging Problems: Rules of Entry and Definition of Title Alternatives to the present rule for entry of serials in the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR) are identified and arguments relating to the concept of authorship for serials are summarized.. The varying concepts of ""title"" in AACR, the International Serials Data System, and ISBD(S): International Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials are compared and the next steps relating to code revision and attempts at international agreement are described.."
1001,"The Current State of Standardization in the Cataloging of Serials Current standards for the cataloging of serials,including the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, ISBD(S): International Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials, and the Guidelines of the International Serials Data System, are discussed.. The varying needs of bibliographic catalogs and serials lists, the latter serving primarily the functions of finding lists, are described.. A distinction between complete and not complete works, regardless of medium, is suggested as an important consideration in the revision of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules.."
1002,"AACR 6: Time for a Review Two changes are proposed in the North American text of rule 6 of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR): the adoption of the British text of 6B and the deletion of 6C.. Both of these changes are intended to simplify the entry of serials.. With the deletion of 6C, serials would be entered only under title or corporate author.. The adoption of the British text od 6B would in turn greatly simplify the remaining choice between title or corporate author.."
1003,"AACR, ISBD(S) and ISSN: A Comment It has been proposed recently that rule 6 of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR), relating to entry of serials, be replaced by the conventions for description of serials outlined in ISBD(S): International Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials, which in itself incorporates (or accommodates) another convention, that of the ""keytitle"", an essential aspect of the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN).. Viewed in the current library context, this recommendation is irresponsible and indefensible on both a theoretical and practical level.."
1004,International Standards for the Interchange of Bibliographic Records in Machine-Readable Form The paper describes the work in progress toward an international machine-readable cataloging system and discusses the problems remaining..
1005,"Library Response to Urban Change; a study of the Chicago Public Library This is the third in a series of studies of the Chicago Public Library, spread over fifty years. The first (A Library Plan for the Whole City, adopted in 1916) proposed expansion, particularly in branch units.  The second (A Metropolitan Library in Action, completed in 1939) proposed quality, the achieving of recognized standards. The underlying theme of the present report is adaptability, the restructuring of the Library in a period of change.  The first report, practical and pragmatic, achieved results. The second,for all its internal excellence, had limited effect. It is hoped that the present effort partakes both of the relevance of the one and of the integrity of the other."
1006,Library Service to the Disadvantaged This volume is intended mainly as a source book for project and program ideas for libraries now engaged in working with the disadvantaged or planning to do so. It is also hoped that it will give an overview of the progress to date in work with the disadvantaged by bringing together much of the thinking and many of the ideas that have appeared in literature or in conferences in the last few years.
1007,"Library Systems Analysis Guidelines This book aims primarily to provide guidelines for library administrators and library systems analysts in analyzing and evaluating existing operating systems and in designing new or improved ones. In addition, we have found the material to be very useful in staff training programs conducted to ensure knowledgeable staff participation and cooperation in a systems study. This guide is also adaptable for introducing library school students to the concepts of systems study in the library."
1008,"The Measurement and Evaluation of Reference Service The measurement and evaluation of reference service has been more often discussed than attempted. In fact, the literature of this subject has itself spawned a fair-sized literature of review.     Admittedly, the task is formidable. As compared with other library activities such as circulation, acquisitions, and cataloging, reference service is ill-defined, with little agreement on its component parts. Is inter-library lending an integral part of reference work because many reference librarians are responsible for it? Formal instruction in the use of books and libraries? The supervision of reference reading rooms? The preparation of indexes? And having decided what the genus ""reference librarian"" does, how can one readily determine the effectiveness of his work or its impact? Reference librarians may have acted rather blindly in approaching their elephant of a problem, but it is undeniably a big one."
1009,"Service to Industry and Research Parks by College and University Libraries The phrase ""research parks"" in the title of this article recalls Eugene B. Jackson's 1961 prediction: In 1980 there will be universally-managed and industry-sponsored special libraries in the vicinity of the principal universities. Their advanced use of new methods of bibliographic control, information retrieval, and data exchange will make their operations indistinguishable from those of special libraries of outstanding profit-making organizations in the same subject fields . . . Significant assessments will be made on the participating organization in research parts not only for the financing of day-to-day operations of facilities, especially set up for their benefit, but also for the total enrichment of the university library resources."
1010,"The Science Citation Index: A New Concept in Indexing The purpose of this paper is to discuss citation indexing and its present application as exemplified by the Science Citation Index, published by the Institute for Scientific Information as a new, unique, and necessary tool for scientific work. It is necessary, therefore, to describe briefly, and in general terms, the nature of conventional subject indexing systems in order that a basis for contrast between these and citation indexing can be obtained. For those who wish to read extensively on the subject of indexing, references are provided at the end of the paper under the section ""Additional References."""
1011,"Information Network Prospects in the United States Unmistakable signs are pointing the way toward the creation sometime soon of a national information network in the United States. The concept of a national network implies the interconnection of existing information systems and libraries through communications. Certainly one of the great strengths of this nation is the great array of intellectual, scholarly, and research resources to be found in its libraries and information centers.  Without integration and close cooperation, however, these resources will remain a series of separate, insulated institutions. But if maximum communication can be established among them, this array can be converted into a national resource of immense value to citizens throughout the country."
1012,"Standardization Requirements of a National Program for Information Transfer The authors of this article represent two specializations in the spectrum of information transfer activities, that of the computer and communication system engineer and that of the librarian. These points of view are combined in examining the requirements for standardization in the national efforts to use automation in publication, library, abstracting and indexing, and information-retrieval activities. Standardization is necessary to both the representation of information and to the procedures being developed for handling it."
1013,"Bibliographic and Technical Problems in Implementing a National Library Network The problems facing the planners of automated library networks are rooted in the complexities of organizing and managing a vast flow of bibliographic information and its interface with users. Telecommunication equipment transmitting data in the form of electric signals, electronic memories holding large stores of information, and computers manipulating the data and graphic displays for human interaction are technological means for performing network functions more effectively than has been possible in the past."
1014,"The Microform Revolution Librarians have tried replacing some of their books and journal files with microfilm copies or other microforms in order to save valuable space in the bookstacks, instead of or in addition to extension of the stack area, decentralization, compact shelving, separate storage warehouse, or any of the other solutions to the storage problem discussed in earlier chapters. As a final paper, this solution for the storage of library materials will be discussed. Although the distinct forms will not often be designated, ""microform"" is used here to mean the four forms most common in the United States: 35 mm. roll microfilm, microfiche (now standardized in the United States and Great Britain at 4 by 6 inches) and the two micro-opaque forms - 3 by 5 inch Microcard, and 6 by 9 inch Microprint."
1015,"Participative Management as Related to Personnel Development Theory and practice regarding patterns of decision- making in libraries have been relatively neglected aspects of library administration. Yet the decisions by which a library attempts to control its operations are of major importance to its welfare and effectiveness. Recent theories in management and social psychology have addressed themselves to the implications of participative management and group decision-making, and their findings appear to have important applications to libraries, not the least of which is personnel development."
1016,"Numerical Methods of Bibliographic Analysis It is only in the last eight or ten years that the numerical aspects of bibliography have attracted attention, although some of the numerical regularities that occur in bibliography have been known for thirty or forty years. Results are, therefore, still meager and applications are still few. Moreover, most of the work so far reported has been limited to numerical analysis of the literature of the natural sciences. This is in part because the secondary sources in the natural sciences are the best organized and so provide the most accessible data; in part because the literature of the natural sciences are the least restricted by linguistic barriers; and in part because the proposed world- wide systems, such as those advocated in the UNISIST report, offer an immediate field of application in the design of economic and efficient systems based on the results of numerical bibliographic analysis. However, the field of possible application is gradually widening: serious efforts are now being made to organize the more diffused literatures of the social sciences, for example."
1017,"Evaluation of Adult Reference Service The evaluation of reference service has received considerable attention in the literature over a comparatively long period. But, as Samuel Rothstein pointed out in his 1964 Library Trends article on the measurement and evaluation of reference service, much of the literature has focused on discussing the lack of evaluation or the shortcomings of the evaluation that has taken place. In the ten years since Rothstein wrote his article, there does seem to be more effort at evaluation of reference service. Undoubtedly, many of the trends in recent evaluation are due to the influence of Rothstein's article."
1018,"The Library's Public; a report of the public library inquiry The following report on use of the public library is the product of two separate studies made for the Public Library Inquiry. One was the national sample survey of library use made for the Inquiry by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan. Personal interviews of a half-hour or more in length were held with 1,151 people selected at random in different counties scattered over the United States. The sample was designed so as to represent all adult persons living in private households.   By this tested method the survey gathered information concerning the amount and the kind of use people make of the public library and what changes or extension of library service people in general would prefer. The survey also gathered information on the use of books obtained from sources other than the public library, as well as the extent of regular use of newspapers, radio, magazines, and movies."
1019,"Determining the Optimal Number of Volumes for a Library's Core Collection The concept of the core collection in a large library is not new. The thought behind such a concept is to provide a separation of the more frequently used volumes from those that are infrequently used. There have been, however, difficulties in determining what volumes are to be included within the core collection. It is usually necessary to establish a committee or group of professional people who determine, usually by enumeration, those volumes that should be included in the core collection. Often the results of such a determination merely reflect the opinions of the individuals, and although valid in many cases as desirable reading, the core collection that results may not be a reflection of user requirements."
1020,"IFLA - Communications - FIAB The traditional pattern of organization of national and university libraries, apart from those in Germany or affected by German practice, was imposed by the weight given to the processing divisions.. The order department, which in university libraries did not include experts in book-selection, was not considered to be of comparable importance with the major department -- the cataloguing room, which also housed the classifiers.. Other divisions would be concerned with particular types of material -- maps, state papers or official documents, manuscripts, oriental books -- and would be largely autonomous with regard to acquisition and cataloguing.. The reading room staff were mainly employed in assisting readers to use the catalogue and in answering queries of a very specialized nature on the library's collections, especially on manuscripts or early printed books: they rarely dealt with the general bibliographical or reference type of enquiry which is put to present-day reference librarians.. In these circumstances members of staff tended to become expert in the work of their own department and not be invited to take any part in the activities of another.. Divisions between the various kinds of work were therefore hard and fast and the structure of the library's organization could become similarly rigid.. It must be appreciated that this is a generalization and that many libraries were more fluid in their approach. Nonetheless this conservative view of the library's function tended to freeze the administration into this form.. An expert in a particular subject field often undertook research in the subject outside the library and might occasionally be asked to deal with a reader enquiring about an aspect of his field, but usually he would not make much use of his expertise in connection with his library duties, unless of course he was appointed as a paleographer, orientalist or linguist.  The appointment of subject specialists may therefore necessitate a complete re-modelling of the staff organization if their influence is to extend beyond the bounds of the old departments."
1021,"The Subject Specialist in National and University Libraries, with Special Reference to Book Selection Of the world's numerous kinds of libraries, the national and the university may properly be characterized as having responsibilities for both general and universal or nearly universal collecting in the realm of scholarship. That is, these two, and only these two, commonly collect over a very broad spectrum, and in depth, material which makes possible the creation of new knowledge.  Herein lies the paramount importance of these libraries to society if it be granted, as it is here assumed, that almost no field of human endeavor can advance without resort to the recorded past. It is this twin aspect of the activity of these scholarly libraries - collecting simultaneously in breadth and in depth - which produces most of their major problems. The concern of this paper is with two of these problems which seem by far the most important and difficult: the selection of materials and the utilization of subject specialists."
1022,"Information Science in Librarianship These information systems create a real challenge for librarianship, since on the surface it would seem that librarians can have a central role in their development, their operation, and their management. But to do so, librarians must recognize the contribution they can make and be willing to accept the challenges."
1023,"Weeding the Collection: A Review of Research on Identifying Obsolete Stock Reverberations of the publishing explosion of recent years are reaching us now. Production of monographs and journals, research reports and government documents has been increasing exponentially to the point that British university librarians are beginning to feel the sense of constriction of space which their American counterparts have been struggling with for a number of years (judging by the amount of print devoted to the subject in American library journals). The force of this sense of constriction has been somewhat mitigated in all but the copyright libraries by the general lack of funds available for book purchasing, and by the increasing price of books. However, when space in the library does become filled, obviously something must be done to create more space, because the flow of material is certainly not going to cease."
1024,"PRECIS in a Multilingual Context The present paper is offered as the first of a series of articles in which PRECIS will be reviewed as a potential multi-lingual system, having in mind the obvious need, notably in a European context, for standard and language- independent methods of subject analysis and document description. This first paper outlines the origins of PRECIS, and considers its use in English- Language indexing. A second paper will deal in general terms with the syntactical model which is used for producing PRECIS input strings and index entries. Later papers will then review the application of this model to indexing in, firstly, the Germanic languages (e.g. German and Danish), and, secondly, the Romance languages, illustrated by French."
1025,"Limits Growth In April 1968, a group of thirty individuals from ten countries - scientists, educators, economists, humanists, industrialists, and national and international civil servants - gathered in the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome. They met at the instigation of Dr. Aurelio Peccei, an Italian industrial manager, economist, and man of vision, to discuss a subject of staggering scope - the present and future predicament of man.   A series of early meetings of The Club of Rome culminated in the decision to initiate a remarkably ambitious undertaking - the Project on the Predicament of Mankind.   The intent of the project is to examine the complex of problems troubling men of all nations: poverty in the midst of plenty; degradation of the environment; loss of faith in institutions; uncontrolled urban spread; insecurity of employment; alienation of youth; rejection of traditional values; and inflation and other monetary and economic disruptions."
1026,Line - Formula Chemical Notation This manual is the culmination of a long search for a chemical notation that should consist of symbols limited to those on the standard typewriter keyboard. The necessity for such a notation has been made almost inescapable by recent tremendous advances in technology and the vast growth of chemical literature.
1027,"Linguistics and Information Science This study was commissioned by the Committee on Linguistics in Documentation of the Federation Internationale de Documentation (FID). It is concerned with the linguistic aspects of information science, and in particular with the linguistic components of document analysis, description, and retrieval. We have attempted to relate linguistics and information science by considering the theories and techniques linguistics has to offer, and how far these have been, or could be, exploited by information scientists. We have examined these questions within the context of automated language processing and automated documentation. The use of computers for linguistic operations presents special challenges as well as interesting possibilities, and we have chosen to approach the field from this particular point of view."
1028,"A List of Books for College Libraries To permit a qualitative estimate of a college library's resources, the Advisory Group on College Libraries of the Carnegie Corporation authorized the compilation of a list of not less that 8,000 nor more than 15,000 titles which might be regarded as a statement of the minimum or basic book collection of a four-year liberal arts college.  The procedure on which the Advisory Group decided included (1) the selection of a librarian under whose direction the compilation should be made, (2) the checking and improvement of the original lists drawn up by this compiler by such a homogeneous group as the faculty of a single college, and (3) the submission of these revised recommendations to an able group of widely scattered college teachers for further revision."
1029,"A Little Commonwealth Family Life in Plymouth Colony The kind of study presented in this monograph has not as yet won a wide following among working historians. On the whole their interest has remained with the larger units of social action: the region, the class, the party, the ethnic or religious group. It has been left to the so-called behavioral sciences - anthropology, sociology, psychology - to demonstrate the fundamental importance of the smallest and most intimate of all group environments, the family."
1030,"Little Science, Big Science Pegram lecturers are supposed to talk about science and its place in society. The ordinary way of doing this would be either to talk popular science or to adopt one of the various styles in humanistic discussion of the reactions between men and science. Previous lecturers in this series have given accounts of the content of space science and made excursions into the philosophy and the history of science. Although professionally my concern is with the history of science, I have a certain prehistoric past as a physicist, and this has led me to treat these lectures in what is, perhaps, an extraordinary way.  My goal is not discussion of the content of science or even a humanistic analysis of its relations. Rather, I want to clarify these more usual approaches by treating separately all the scientific analyses that may be made of science. Why should we not turn the tools of science on science itself? Why not measure and generalize, make hypotheses, and derive conclusions?"
1031,"The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry The ideas presented in this book developed during the course of our participation in a comparative research project, the International Studies of Values in Politics, which was a study of the relationship between characteristics of local political leadership and the behavior of local governments in India, Poland, the United States, and Yugoslavia.  Among the first problems we confronted were those of measurement. In the fall of 1965 the first pretest of value-scale items was under way. The goal of the pretest was to develop valid and reliable scales of values in four national samples.  The second problem we had to face arose from the nees to obtain ""comparable"" measures of community ""activeness"" in four countries."
1032,"Londoner and His Library This report deals with a complementary theme: the public for which the public library service is provided. It does this in two ways - by giving information about the nature of that public, as it is at present made up, and by reporting what people say about public libraries, not only those who are members, but also those who used to belong and those who never have. Its closest relatives in British writing on this subject are, therefore, Mass Observation's now dated Reading in Tottenham (1947) and the Society of Young Publishers' Survey Books in London, 1959. It is more comprehensive in scope and more detailed in its analysis that the Tottenham survey, while it goes in some depth into issues that necessarily played only a small part in Books in London."
1033,"The Making of a Library A book like this is a cumulation of experience, thought, error, and hopefully, learning of many years. It did not start, like a water faucet, at precisely that moment in 1967 when the Office of Education so kindly awarded a grant to Hampshire college for the development of the concept of the extended and experimenting library, although the grant was certainly the means for, and a spur to, it formalization."
1034,"Man's Aggression The purpose of this book is to inquire into the validity of the views on human nature expressed in the widely read and influential books of Robert Ardrey and Konrad Lorenz. Ardrey's books are African Genesis (Atheneum, 1961), and The Territorial Imperative (Atheneum, 1966). Lorenz's book is On Aggression (Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966). In these books the authors argue that man is by instinct an aggressive creature, and it is this innate propensity to violence that accounts for individual and group aggression in man."
1035,"Man-Machine Communication This book is an introduction to the elements, methods, and problems of interactive systems and is tutorial in tone. It is intended for both users and designers of conversational systems: those who actually operate them as well as those who design the overall systems in which they are used. I would expect, primarily, to draw my readers from among the designers of information systems and such prospective users as teachers, writers, librarians, lawyers, design engineers, and professional managers. The book is a survey and is not intended as an exhaustive text. The reader wishing to pursue any topic in detail will have to seek further, but I have provided references to help him do so."
1036,"The Management of Innovation All the research reported in this book arose out of an attempt, some years ago, to study an industrial concern as a 'community of people at work', that is, in much the same terms one would use in a study of conduct and relationships in a village, an urban neighborhood, or a small primitive community. This aim was never realized, because it soon became evident that the social structure of the factory interlocked with, and often mirrored, that of the small isolated town in which it was situated. The wider study which then appeared necessary was not practicable and the enquiry petered out rather inconclusively, assuming its present significance only in the context of later studies."
1037,"Towards a Behavioral Theory of Communication This paper presents a conceptualization of information as related to the decision problems of the recipient. The orientation is toward a formal definition of behavioral elements in an individual's ""purposeful state"": specifically, these elements are his objectives, his valuation of each objective, his possible courses of action, the efficiency of each course of action in achieving each objective, and his probability of choice for each course of action.  The amount of information in a purposeful state is explicitly defined in terms of the probabilities of choice of the available courses of action. The amount of information in a message is defined as the difference between the amount of information in the purposeful state following the message, and the amount of information in the purposeful state preceding the message. The amount of instruction in a purposeful state is defined in terms of the efficiencies of the available courses of action; and the amount of motivation is defined in terms of the values of the objectives.	The amounts of instruction and motivation in a message are defined, just as information is, by comparing the amounts in a purposeful state before and after receipt of the message.  The value of a purposeful state to an individual is defined as a function of the amount of information, the amount of instruction, and the amount of motivation in the state. This concept can be generalized to express the value of the state to some other individual."
1038,"Management Misinformation Systems Five assumptions commonly made by designers of management information systems are identified. It is argued that these are not justified in many (if not most) cases and hence lead to major deficiencies in the resulting systems. These assumptions are: (1) the critical deficiency under which most managers operate is the lack of relevant information, (2) the manager needs the information he wants, (3) if a manager has the information he needs his decision making will improve, (4) better communication between managers improves organizational performance, and (5) a manager does not have to understand how his information system works, only how to use it. To overcome these assumptions and the deficiencies which result from them, a management information system should be imbedded in a management control system. A procedure for designing such a system is proposed and an example is given of the type of control system which it produces."
1039,"Computational Analysis of Scoring Models for R and D Project Selection Several authors have proposed using scoring models for prescriptive analysis of the R and D project selection decision problem. This research indicates that these models do not meet with important practical requirements. For example, many authors recommend a multiplicative index, over an additive index, in order to generate a wide range of project scores. The additive index is shown to have important advantages over the multiplicative index. The most serious shortcoming in the models, however, is the relatively arbitrary fashion in which the models have been constructed and the failure of the model builders to recognize the impact of certain structural considerations on resulting project scores. Comparative analyses relating project rankings produced by scoring models to rankings produced by a profitability index and by a linear programming model demonstrate that the performance of the scoring model is highly sensitive to decisions made during the development of the model. Considerations such as (1) the underlying distributions of project data, (2) time preferences, (3) the number of ranking intervals or categories, and (4) the width of the intervals, all have important implications for final project scores and associated rankings."
1040,"A Scoring Methodology for Assessing the Suitability of Management Science Models In this study, five major criteria (realism, flexibility, capability, case of use, and cost) for evaluating the suitability of management science models for R & D project selection are established, through personal interviews with R&D administrators and management scientists. A suitability rating system, based on these criteria, is used by the author to rate twenty-six management science models for their suitability of use in R&D project selection decision making. Profitability index and scoring types of models were found to have generally higher ease of use and lower cost performances than the other types. The linear and nonlinear models had generally higher flexibility, while the linear, nonlinear and zero-one models had generally higher realism than the other model types."
1041,"The Managerial Grid The Managerial Grid method of designating various styles of leadership avoids these semantic traps. Even more, it shows how a leader can simultaneously maximize both the methods which are production-oriented and those which are people-oriented. Thus instead of putting a manager in a dilemma of choosing one or the other alternative, it illustrates that there are ways he can gain the benefits of both. It puts various methods of managing problems into a framework where the leader can identify, study and change his own behavior. Thus he is in a position to understand it better, to evaluate the results it produces, and to encourage its use by others."
1042,"The Marc II Format:                        A Communications Format for Bibliographic Data The MARC (Machine-Readable-Cataloging) Pilot Project was an experiment to test the feasibility of distributing Library of Congress cataloging in machine-readable form to a variety of users. This project grew out of the conviction of many librarians that automation was becoming necessary if libraries were to keep up with the rising tide of new materials and the mounting demand for rapid information. Although there were other library procedures which stood to profit from mechanization, it was felt that devising a method of recording bibliographical information in machine-readable form was basic to the solution of other problems."
1043,"The MARC Pilot Project: The Final Report The MARC project has progressed from a pilot to test the feasibility of a distribution service of centrally produced machine-readable cataloging data to a full-scale operational system in the design stages in two short years. The library community, both here and abroad, has accepted MARC and recognizes its potential for the future. The single most significant result of MARC has been the impetus to set standards. There is no doubt that eventually standards would have been designed for machine-readable bibliographic records, character sets, and codes for place and language. MARC accelerated standardization and still more important, the standards are being set and agreed to be a large segment of the library community. The cooperation among the producers and users of bibliographic description has been a rewarding experience."
1044,"Mathematical Taxonomy In this book we give a mathematical account of some of the methods of data simplification which are involved in or suggested by the practice of biological taxonomy. The computable methods derived are offered as potentially useful tools for taxonomists, rather than as substitutes for their activities.  Superficially similar problems of data simplification arise in pattern recognition and in the various sciences which make substantial use of classificatory systems: biological taxonomy, ecology, psychology, linguistics, archaeology, sociology, etc. But more detailed examination shows that the kinds of classification used and the kinds of data on which they are based differ widely from science to science. Whilst we recognize that some of the methods described here, particularly in Part II of the book, are more widely applicable, we have deliberately limited discussion to biological taxonomy. The emphasis throughout is on the clarification of the mathematical properties of methods of automatic classification and of the conditions under which their application is valid, so that anyone who wishes to apply the methods in other fields shall be aware of their limitations, and of the lines along which they may profitably be developed and modified."
1045,"The Mathematical Theory of Communication The word communication will be used here in a very broad sense to include all of the procedures by which one mind may affect another. This, of course, involves not only written and oral speech, but also music, the pictorial arts, the theatre, the ballet, and in fact all human behavior. In some connections it may be desirable to use a still broader definition of communication, namely, one which would include the procedures by means of which one mechanism (say automatic equipment to track an airplane and to compute its probably future positions) affects another mechanism (say a guided missile chasing this airplane).  The language of this memorandum will often appear to refer to the special, but still very broad and important, field of the communication of speech; but practically everything said applies equally as well to music of any sort, and to still or moving pictures, as in television."
1046,"Meaning and the Structure of Language The work to which this chapter forms a preface arises out of a deep and prolonged dissatisfaction which the author has felt with both past and present theories of the structure of language. This dissatisfaction may be understood more readily, and the suggestions which make up the body of this work may appear in clearer perspective, if I begin with a few remarks of an autobiographical nature. The intrinsic importance of these remarks is minimal, but they may provide a useful background for what follows."
1047,"Measurement of Meaning The scientific study of language has been developing with particular rapidity during the past decade or so. One thinks immediately of the basic work of Zipf and Skinner, of the developments in information theory, in concept formation, in second language learning, in work association research, and generally of the increasing integration of the psychological and linguistic approaches as reflected in the activities of the Social Science Research Council Committee on Linguistics and Psychology. Almost every new issue of a social science journal brings additional evidence of this heightened activity. A significant aspect of much of this development has been the devising and application of new quantitative measurement techniques. During the past six or seven years, a group of us at the University of Illinois has been concentrating on the development of an objective measure of meaning, and this book is largely a progress report of that research."
1048,"Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement The focus of the book can be summed up in its subtitle: A Strategy for the Study of Attitudes. This strategy is developed by devoting considerable attention to the nature of the concept of satisfaction, and, particularly, to the requirements for scientifically adequate measures of satisfaction. In fact, it is the emphasis on a comprehensive set of requirements for sound measurement, rather than on just one or two elements of it, which is the quality that sets this book apart from any previous report in the area of job satisfaction.   Not the least of the values of this book is its basic utility for both academicians and practitioners. For the former, it should serve as a powerful spur and guide to further fundamental research on the nature and correlates of satisfaction. For too many years we in this area have been plagued by inadequately conceived and poorly developed measuring devices. This has led to a plethora of studies each using a different scale or measuring instrument. As a consequence, this has opened the door for almost anyone to claim the solution for making sense of the jigsaw pattern of findings relating to satisfaction. At the very least, the present volume should provide researchers with a thoroughly developed measuring instrument that will allow comparability of results across studies. If so, this may well bring some meaningful order to the present rather chaotically structured literature on job satisfaction."
1049,"Measuring the Quality of Library Service: A Handbook There is probably no measurement task which public servants face which is more difficult than that of measuring the quality of service. It is as difficult to measure the quality of hospital service, or of schools, or of social welfare programs, as it is to determine the quality of library service. It is equally as difficult to decide what actions to take in order to improve service.     Legislators, urban and regional planners, consultants, boards of trustees, accrediting teams, librarians, and a host of other decision makers must act on the basis of some conclusions about the quality of service offered by library systems. This handbook is intended for these groups, and especially for practicing librarians. The pervasiveness of the problem across all public service institutions, however, leads us to hope that the handbook will be of interest to other groups."
1050,"Medical Innovation: a diffusion study The research reported here constitutes a case study in the acceptance of an innovation. The innovation is a medical one, a drug which physicians use in everyday practice; the setting is in the Midwestern United States in the 1950's. This study gives a glimpse of one small part of the great changes that have recently occurred within medicine and thus is of specific interest to the medical profession and its allied institutions.  But more generally, the question of the spread of an innovation is of interest to all students of society. Particularly in an age of change, and in our complex and massive society, an understanding of the way in which an innovation can spread - for better or worse! - constitutes important knowledge of man. It is to aid in this understanding, as well as to describe the case at hand, that this report is written."
1051,"MEDLARS 1963-1967 The purpose of this document is to present a final description of the system as it has evolved through a period of four years of operation. This will add the final chapter to the present MEDLARS story at a time when the Library is on the threshold of developing an entirely new system, utilizing the latest techniques of documentation and information science coupled with modern, ""third- generation"" computer equipment.  The reader interested in a complete chronicle of the Library's experience with MEDLARS is advised to combine the reading of this report with a re-reading of the original MEDLARS story. Thus he will be able to develop a complete picture that answers the questions: (1) What did the Library set out to do? (2) What was actually accomplished? and (3) What changes were made in the original system design and why?"
1052,"Melcher on Acquisition This book originally set out to be a kind of reporting-in-depth of the American Library Association Pre-Conference on Acquisitions held in Atlantic City in the summer of 1969 - a report embracing not only the essential content of the formal speeches, but also the floor discussions and after-hours bull sessions.   Meanwhile, however, a closely similar treatment of the problem of how to buy library materials, long in process, suddenly shaped up and was published by ALA in November 1969. This was Purchasing Library Materials in Public and School Libraries by Evelyn Hensel and Peter D. Veilette.   A treatment of the acquisition process in college and university libraries was also taking shape at this time and became the January 1970 issue of Library Trends. The acquisition problems of research libraries were likewise getting detailed examination in the two annual International Seminars on Approval and Gathering Plans in Large and Medium Size Academic Libraries, sponsored by Western Michigan University in the fall of 1968 and the fall of 1969."
1053,"Methods of Information Handling This book is meant to be an aid and reference work for those people who are interested in the design of information systems. Such information systems are typified by the traditional libraries, but the same problems of information processing, storage, and retrieval are present in many government and industrial organizations in many places besides the library. This book provides an illustration of the tools, equipment, and methodology that might be applied to those problems."
1054,"Relevance Predictability in Information Retrieval Systems An experiment is described which attempts to derive quantitative indicators regarding the potential relevance predictability of the intermediate stimuli used to represent documents in information retrieval systems. In effect, since the decision to peruse an entire document is often predicated upon the examination of one ""level of processing"" of the document (e.g., the citation and/or abstract), it became interesting to analyze the properties of what constitutes ""relevance"". However, prior to such an analysis, an even more elementary step had to be made, namely, to determine what portions of a document should be examined.  An evaluation of the ability of intermediate response products (IRPs), functioning as cues to the information content of full documents, to predict the relevance determination that would be subsequently made on these documents by motivated users of information retrieval systems, was made under controlled experimental conditions. The hypothesis that there might be other intermediate response products (selected extracts from the document i.e., first paragraph, last paragraph, and the combination of first and last paragraph), that would be representative of the full document as the traditional IRPs (citation and abstract) was tested systematically. The results showed that:   1. there is no significant difference among the several IRP treatment    groups on the number of cue evaluations of relevancy which match    the subsequent user relevancy decision on the document;   2. first and last paragraph combinations have consistently predicted    relevancy to a higher degree that the other IRPs;   3. abstracts were undistinguished as predictors; and   4. the apparent high predictability rating for citations was not    substantive.  Some of these results are quite different than would be expected from previous work with unmotivated subjects."
1055,"The Use of Biomedical Periodical Literature at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology The paper reports the results of a two week questionnaire survey of the use of biomedical periodical literature carried out at the UK National Lending Library in February 1969. The survey was designated to discover the subject, date and language characteristics of the borrowed literature, the most frequently requested journals, and the most popular sources of references to biomedical publications.  The loans were spread over 1,084 titles, although 9 per cent of the issues involved only 2 per cent of the titles. The literature in most demand was less than one year old and in the case of medicine 50 per cent of the requests were for literature lss than 3 1/2 years old. The half-life for the biological literature was somewhat longer at 5 3/4 years. The majority of issues (87.8 per cent) involved English language periodicals.  Overall, the principal sources of references to the requested literature were citation lists in other periodical articles. Regarding the more recent literature, however, abstracting and indexing journals were the primary sources of information. For medical references Index Medicus was the most used indexing publication, and for biological references Current Contents."
1056,Metropolitan Public Library Public libraries in the 1960's which are active and alert and interested in meeting the interests of their various publics face problems far different from those of even a decade ago. The Maryland metropolitan area is an example of the many changes taking place in metropolitan areas which require corresponding change in the type and form and arrangements for library service and even demand looking into the very nature of library service itself.
1057,"The Microtext Reading Room: Part II Part I dealt with the selection of a microtext manager and with procedural consideration in the acquisition process. Part II continues the discussion about acquisitions, including considerations of format, variation, and reliability of publisher-supplied project information. The Library's search for an adequate system of bibliographic control is examined. Cataloging methods, classification schemes, and hardcopy guides and indexes are discussed as components of bibliographic control."
1058,"User Resistance to Microforms in the Research Library Microforms enjoy only limited acceptance in research libraries, largely because of user resistance. A growing number of published studies indicate that improper production, inadequate bibliographic access, lack of standardization, defects in equipment design, maintenance problems, poor environments for microform usage, and certain inherent characteristics of the microforms themselves all combine to make their use inconvenient. Solutions to most of these problems have existed for some time, but the microform industry has been slow to correct them. Some positive developments have occurred in the last two years, but the major problems remain."
1059,"Microform Information Sources: Publications and Hardware This article lists and describes articles, books, and services that provide information about publications available in microform and about microform hardware.."
1060,"Microforms in Libraries Why do libraries use microforms? According to a 1974 survey by a micropublisher, saving space was the reason given by most respondents. Holmes, on the other hand, found, ""to acquire materials not otherwise available,"" as the major reason. Others include: (1) Instead of binding serials (journals are retained unbound for two to three years after publication, the period of heaviest use, and are then discarded and replaced by microform versions; (2) To preserve deteriorating materials; (3) Easing access to bulky materials such as newspapers; (4) To provide working copies of materials too delicate for continued use such as rare books; (5) to save money - in most cases the cost of an out-of-print set or serial backfile will be substantially less in microform than the cost of a full-size reprint or the cost of the original on the used book market; (6) Ease of acquisition - i.e., acquiring materials which would otherwise be difficult to acquire; (7) Mutilations reduced."
1061,"Milestones in Cataloging In the case of the present study, Dr.Lehnus was interested in applying a method - in a non-standard way for that method - to a type of literature that had not been addressed so far. He proposed to begin with a single monograph on the subject ""cataloging,"" apply the method of citation analysis to the references of that work, and determine whether a core literature on cataloging could be discovered in this way. There are innumerable examples of core literatures in scientific fields obtained from journal articles or through the Science citation index, but research via the monograph in non- scientific subjects has been minimal."
1062,"Patterns of Evaluation in Science: Institutionalization, Structure and Functions of the Referee System The referee system in science involves the systematic use of judges to assess the acceptability of manuscripts submitted for publication. The referee is thus an example of status-judges who are charged with evaluating the quality of role-performance in a social system. They are found in every institutional sphere. Other kinds of status-judges include teachers assessing the quality of work by students (and, as a recent institutional change, students officially assessing the quality of performance by teachers), critics in the arts, supervisors in industry and coaches and managers in sports. Status-judges are integral to any system of social control through their evaluation of role-performance and their allocation of rewards for that performance. They influence the motivation to maintain or to raise standards of performance."
1063,"The Development of a Scientific Specialty: The Phage Group and the Origins of Molecular Biology This paper analyses the formation of a new discipline, molecular biology, from the development of phage work. It argues that such social variables as the competitive position and relative status of each of the specialities or disciplines from which a new one is formed are not sufficient to explain phage work's development into the specialty of molecular biology. Even though persons in physics, a field with high academic standing, decided to enter biology, which had a lower academic standing, and even though some recruiting of students occurred, these factors alone are not sufficient to account for the development of the specialty, particularly given the competitiveness of modern conditions. In the emergence of molecular biology from phage work, the variables of status and competitive position, adduced by Professors Ben-David and Collins to explain the emergence of experimental psychology from the hybridization of physiology and philosophy, seem to be less important than other normal activities which occur in scientific development."
1064,"Modern Manuscripts A Practical Manual for Their Management, Care and Use The title of this book is intended to indicate that its scope is limited to manuscripts of the seventeenth century to the present. Examples and techniques are drawn from institutions in the United States with occasional references to practices in Great Britain and Canada. The book is directed toward the novice curator of manuscripts, and, again, as the title indicates, it is intended to serve as a practical guide, not as an exposition of theory."
1065,"Modern Organizations The plan of this book follows our definition of organizations as social units that pursue specific goals which they are structured to serve, obviously under some social circumstances. Therefore the book has three foci: organizational goals; organizational structure; and organizations and their social environment. Considerably more space is devoted to organizational structure than to the other topics, for two reasons: First, more research has been conducted and more writings are available on organizational structure than on organizational goals (Chapter 2) and environment. Second, the major schools of organizational analysis have fixed their interests on structural aspects of the organization, and thus, we may best evaluate these different approaches in the context of organizational structure."
1066,"A Modern Outline of Library Classification This outline is based mainly on lectures given at the North-Western Polytechnic to students studying for the Library Association's Registration Examination in Classification and Cataloguing.     It is hoped that it will help to meet the need, increasingly felt in recent years by students and teachers of the subject, for a reasonably simple textbook on Library Classification which takes account of the considerable developments which have occurred in the subject in the past 25 years. As is well known, a great deal of this has been due to Dr. Ranganathan, and also, in more recent years, to Mr. B. C. Vickery. As a result of these developments, a coherent theory of library classification has been established in each of its three major departments - in subject analysis, in notation, and in the alphabetical indexing of systematic orders. It is now possible to construct library classifications whose efficiency in the two basic functions (of relating subjects helpfully, and of locating them rapidly ad unerringly) is considerably greater than the schemes we have so far used. Moreover, they are easier to construct."
1067,"Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist. A Sourcebook Although it is hoped that this sourcebook will be of interest to those of any discipline concerned with new developments in science of the last quarter century, it is addressed principally to the student of human behavior as that study is approached from the social side. This is so partly because that is the editor's main competence and interest, but primarily because the study of human behavior is the general area of science that has least responded to the exciting challenge of the modern systems outlook. Yet it is precisely this general area that stands to gain the most from insights into the workings of the more complex types of systems."
1068,"Monteith College Library Experiment Our report on the analysis of social structure in the Monteith Library Project begins with discussion of certain general characteristics of research of this type and with comments on the academic institution as a specific type of formal organization. We turn next to a consideration of particular social science concepts found useful in bringing into focus significant features of the Monteith structure. Finally, we discuss the effect of these Monteith structural features upon the library project at each stage of its development."
1069,"Motivation and Personality This book was started during the years 1935-1936 and was intended to be a systematic psychology of the older type. My effort was to synthesize the holistic, the dynamic and the cultural emphases which, each one, excited so many young psychologists of the time. I felt that they were intrinsically related to each other, and that they were subaspects of a single, larger, encompassing whole. I felt also that they would make more meaningful my previous studies at the University of Wisconsin in comparative and experimental psychology, and in biology and neurophysiology. Furthermore, I felt that they would enable me to serve better my humanistic aims."
1070,"The Motivation to Work This book reports the findings from a study of job motivation based on a fresh approach to this problem. It is an important study, since the analyses and interpretations of the authors suggest that a breakthrough may well have been made to provide new insights into the nature and method of operation of job attitudes.  The senior authors were well prepared for their task, having recently completed a comprehensive review and analysis of the research in this field, reported in Job Attitudes: Review of Research and Opinion. This review of several thousand articles and books regarding the factors relating to job attitudes and the effect of job attitudes on work performance indicated much disagreement and confusion in the field. It appeared that one of the major contributors to this apparent diversity of results was the unstable nature of the subjective data on which studies in this field have been typically based."
1071,"An Integrated Health-Science Core Library for Physicians, Nurses and Allied Health Practitioners in Community Hospitals This Core Medical Library has been revised, updated and expanded in the hope of providing a single library facility for the entire health-care team.. Items were included in the list on the basis of recommendations submitted by specialists in the pertinent fields.. The expanded core collection costs about 4,000.. Space requirements are about 40 linear feet for books, 90 feet for journals and 15 feet for reference tools.."
1072,"GREMAS - A System for Classification and Documentation in Organic Chemistry The authors of this essay were faced with the task of organizing a documentation office in which a large number of publications and patents in chemistry would have to be processed. This large collection would be made available to a large group of elements without restrictions. To permit a large frequency of use, and to maintain this also with increases in file sizes, it becomes necessary to limit especially that faction of the task which consists in the retrieval activities paper.  Savings in the retrieval activity are possible only at the expense of greater effort in indexing and by heavier use of technical aids. We have taken the second path by consciously applying the principles	to a highly detailed faceted classification."
1073,"Automatic Construction of Thesauri and of Concept Systems for Dictionaries and Subject Lists After a synopsis of the relations existing between descriptors and their concepts, the EPD-program called ""GENTHES"" is described. The program supports the construction of a thesaurus and its use. The relational system corresponds to ISO/DIS 2788 (UNESCO) and DIN 1463. It differentiates, however, in addition generically related and contiguous terms pertaining to a part-whole system. Characteristics that determine narrower terms against their broader terms are introduced as new relation. Many types of associations are made available for experimenting. The programmed generation of dependent relations reduces the amount of work to one third although ensuring total avoidance of formal errors and logical contradictions, even in applying permitted polyhierarchy. The program is available in batch mode or in an interactive timesharing version (Remote GENTHES). The program functions are input, logical and formal input checking, generation of relations, display, delete, print on line printer and storage on disk. GENTHES is running in Vienna on a System IBM/370."
1074,"The DK (Decimal Classification) - a Multi-Faceted Classification Backed up by numerical data derived from an ASLIB analysis of the planned world-wide system of UNISIST, the author critically investigates the claimed university of the U.D.C. According to it, the so-called ""Universal Decimal Classification"" proves to be fragmentary. Terminological aspects are not provided for, hierarchical order often is fictitious, and the representation of special fields is inadequate. For the purpose of reforming the Decimal Classification, a reconstruction scheme is suggested, consisting of free facets, with the aid of which special classifications can be compiled, according to the modular principle."
1075,"Possibilities for Revisions of the DK (Decimal Classification) For a number of reasons mentioned it is proposed to reorganize in a new edition the existing UDC completely, to reallocate the subject fields of the UDC main classes according to present day views, state of knowledge and priorities, and to subdivide these main classes only by subfields of subject fields. The specific facets of each field should be represented by a uniform array of special auxiliaries attached to the fields through the technique of interrupted subdivision. These should express the following categories: (1) Theory, (2) Objects, (3) Processes, (4) Attributes, (6) Order, organization, (7) Relation, (8) Determination, (9) Evaluation. ((5) is left free for the moment). Proposals for further simplification of the scheme are outlined regarding the general categories, the symbols used and the rules for syntagmatic organization taking into account the implications of computer technology. Possible changes in the layout and editions of a new UDC are discussed."
1076,"The Documentation of Documentation Independently of the work as a cumulative index and thesaurus a study has been carried out about some information services in the field of documentation. The aim was to obtain an overview of the writer's work in the documentation area, and at the same time to generate the references necessary for a survey about the ""documentation of documentation."" Nine new information services were considered."
1077,"Comments about Terminology in Documentation. II: communication and Information Developing from the definitions of the concept language a terminological represented model of the communication process can be deduced that shows the transfer of meaning between communicator and recipient through communication channels and mediators. The distinguished communication structures are communication sequences, chains, nets and systems. With an universal definition of data as fixed representations of facts by means of signs the various meanings of the term ""information"" are terminological to differentiate as ""information,"" ""information process"" and ""informations."" The theory of signs makes the differentiation of syntactical, semantical, sigmatical and pragmatical information possible. Adequate to communication process and system we can determine informing process and information system."
1078,"Computerized Information Retrieval Services (Automatisierte Information Retrieval Dienste) Following an outline of the current trend in information storage, retrieval, and dissemination, this paper provides a description of some of the information services offered at the University of Calgary. The services include processing of data-bases supplied on magnetic tapes. The system is briefly characterized as featuring natural text processing. Selective dissemination of information is directed to users periodically in response to their profiles, and retrospective searches are performed on request, both in the batch mode. Feedback from users and system performance are also briefly reviewed."
1079,"National Aspects of Creating and Using MARC/RECON Records Concurrently with the RECON Pilot Project, the RECON working Task Force undertook to consider certain basic questions of retrospect conversation that are of national scope.  First, is it feasible to define a level or subset of the MARC format that would allow a library using the lower level to be part of a future national network?  Second, is it possible to use machine-readable records from a variety of sources in a national bibliographic store as a way to reduce the conversion effort on the national level?  Third, what are the problems of producing a National Union Catalog from machine-readable records?  As these studies and the pilot project progressed, it also became apparent that there were many practical difficulties in carrying out a large-scale conversion project. Therefore, it seemed essential to investigate alternative strategies for RECON that might yield broad benefits in a reasonable short time span."
1080,"National Document-Handling Systems for Science and Technology This book has grown out of a study undertaken for the Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (COSATI) Task Group on National Systems(s) for Scientific and Technical Information in support of their examination of national document and information systems. The emphasis of the study as stated by COSATI is as follows:   1. Initial and primary priority will be placed on national systems relating to scientific and technical documents, their handling and the management of such documents. Specific matters to be reported on will include, the current organizational and functional situation in the United States; the extent to which known deficiencies are causing a reduction in the potential for technical effectiveness in the United States scientific and technical community; the alternatives which are available and economically feasible for correction of these deficiencies; and one or more action plans which can be followed by governmental (especially including Congress) and non-governmental units.   2. Secondary attention will be given to development of programs which can be undertaken with Government support for identifying, analyzing, and giving a structure to the total flow of scientific and technical information in the United States."""
1081,"Generalization of Epidemic Theory An Application to the Transmission of Ideas One of the most fundamental problems in the field of information retrieval is that of determining the circumstances under which it might be necessary to introduce an information retrieval system as an aid to a given population of scientists. It is proposed that this problem be examined in terms of the transmission and development of ideas within a population. Specifically, the transmission of ideas within a population will be treated as if it were the transmission of an infectious disease, that is, in terms of an epidemic process. An attempt will be made to indicate the role of information retrieval in the development of such a process."
1082,"Mathematical Approach to the Spread of Scientific Ideas - The History of Mast Cell Research One of the most intriguing problems of modern science is the obscure nature of its own growth. Indeed, there are few notable scientists who have not, at one time or another, given serious thought to the questions of how their particular science has reached its present state and what will be the course of its future development. These questions seem to be of such importance to scientists that they have emerged as fundamental scientific problems in their own right.  Goffman and Newill have pointed out that the process by which ideas spread within a population of scientists possesses epidemiological properties and can therefore be investigated as an epidemic process. Consequently, a new set of mathematical tools can be applied to the problem of explaining the nature of scientific development. In particular, this approach makes it possible to establish the relative importance of past lines of inquiry within a given area of scientific research, and to predict the future behavior of existing lines of investigation as well as the emergence of important new ones within the given area.  The purpose of this communication is to demonstrate this method by applying it to the development of knowledge about mast cells. In his recent comprehensive survey of this subject, Prof. Hens Selye has assembled a ""full bibliography"" in which ""every aspect of the mast cell is dealt with."" This bibliography constitutes ideal data for the application of epidemic theory to the spread of scientific ideas, since it provides us with all the contributions to the subject area, from Ehrlich's discovery of the mast cell in 1877 until 1963."
1083,Dispersion of Papers among Journals based on a Mathematical Analysis of Two Diverse Medical Literatures Two entire literatures relating to research in mast cells and schistosomiasis have been found to differ in almost every respect.
1084,"Information, Communication, Knowledge At the British Association meeting in Exeter last month, Professor Ziman addressed the section devoted to general topics on the question of how scientific information becomes public knowledge. The system of communication, he implied, is not as rotten as some like to think."
1085,"Bradford's Law and the Bibliography of Science The rationalization of scientific library systems might be greatly facilitated by the application of Bradford's law, formulated more than twenty years ago."
1086,Bradfod's Law and Library Acquisitions Bradford's law holds for periodical circulation as well as literature dispersion.
1087,Citation Indexing for Studying Science By revealing who has really influenced the course of science the Science Citation Index seems to be a valuable sociometric tool for historians and sociologists.
1088,"Mathematical Approach to the Prediction of Scientific Discovery In the field of symbolic logic at least, fundamental discoveries seem to follow patterns, suggesting that future discoveries may in some sense be predictable.."
1089,"Scientific Information by Computer An evaluation of the Chemical Society's Chemical Titles information retrieval service compared with a parallel manual search of the literature has shown that, at least in certain disciplines, more than 90 per cent of the desired information can be obtained.. This is quite adequate for most commercial and scientific purposes.."
1090,"Library Optimum Sir,-In his recent article B.C. Brookes propounds an ingenious mathematical framework to determine which periodical volumes a library should hold. He is careful to point out that the selection will need regular review and revision, in case the value of the aging factor a or the contents of the Bradford set change from year to year. There is as yet very little experimental evidence on the consistency of either. Such limited evidence as there is suggests that the aging factor is reasonably constant. But the position of the Bradfod set is less satisfactory. The Nature Conservancy librarians (J. M. Weingott and S. M. Penny, unpublished) have lent me a list of titles cited in the Journal of Ecology three or more times in 1955-56, and a similar list for 1965-66. There are 150 periodical titles in the two lists, but only forty-two (28%) appear in both. Of the thirty-three titles cited nine or more times in either year, only eight (25%) attained that level in both, and twelve were cited less than three times in the other year. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient between the two years is 0.18 and not significant.  There is another major practical problem. The article assumes that the data analyzed to obtain aging or utility factors and Bradford sets are valid parameters of the relative value of the literature to the readers. There is no mention of the type of data to use. The reader who sought guidance from the earlier literature cited would find practical techniques described in which analyses of citation frequencies are used to calculate utilities discussed in terms of library use. Krauze and Hillinger have discussed the difference between citations in one article and future citations to that article. Their work implies a more complex relation between a and u than Brookes suggests. In any case, the validity of citations for forecasting library consultations remains unproven, and there are prima facie reasons why the relationship is not necessarily close. For example, one item in a list of references is often intended to lead to a chain of earlier papers. Again, each citation represents an author's selection from a wider group most of which he has consulted in a library. In neither case is there any inherent reason for similarity of age distribution or of pool of titles between the list of citations and the items read by the author or his readers."
1091,"Effectiveness of Combining Title Words and Index Terms in Machine Retrieval Searches Our experiment was based on volume 24 of Nuclear Science Abstracts (NSA) which contains about 53,000 citations; we used the generalized file-management system, Master Control, which can operate in either an inverted or a linear search mode. The inverted mode uses a table composed of the unique vocabulary contained in one or more data elements, along with all record numbers in which each vocabulary word occurs. For example, an inverted table constructed on titles will have one entry for each unique word of every title in the data base, plus the record numbers in which each vocabulary word occurs. For example, an inverted table constructed on titles will have one entry for each unique word of every title in the data base, plus the record numbers in which each word was found. (In Master Control, a word is defined as any set of characters bounded on either side by a legal separator such as a blank, period, comma, colon, etc.) On the other hand, in a linear search mode the data element is compared with the profile word, character by character, which results in a prohibitively time-consuming process for large data bases.  We chose the inverted-table technique because of the large amount of data to be searched. Individual tables were constructed from the titles of the articles, NSA index terms, and titles and index terms combined. NSA index terms are controlled by the Euratom Thesaurus, as revised for NSA.  We used two criteria in the study. First, the questions had to be of real interest to laboratory personnel. Some of the questions had actually been submitted by other members of the staff, to be run concurrently on the same data base on an SDI basis. The others were especially constructed by the authors for this experiment. Second, citations obtained were to be considered good (or relevant) only if they actually pertained to the subject in question; otherwise, they were to be considered ""false drops,"" regardless of the number of words matched between the profile and the citation."
1092,"Method for Relating the Structure and Properties of Chemical Compounds The structure diagrams of chemical compounds are widely used in the communication of chemistry. They are also used in chemical information systems, mainly as keys for the retrieval of associated information. However some chemical information systems hold property data as well as structure diagrams in machine-readable forms. If structure-property relationships could be investigated easily within chemical information systems, then the usefulness of the systems would be considerably increased. Described below are some results which have been obtained during investigation of structure- property relationships using a combination of regression analysis and some techniques of chemical structure handling used in information systems."
1093,Synthesis of Situations for a Stage of Scientific Activity Synthesis of situations is a stage of scientific activity.. The necessity and feasibility of a regular professional execution of that stage are argued.. Reasons for incorporating it in the organizational framework of an information system are given.. The practicability of the concept is tested with reference to some actual problems..
1094,Improving the Work of a Central Bureau of Technical Information The process of integration of sciences and the growing cooperation of creative efforts in the various fields of science and technology intensify the need for interdisciplinary information..  The prime task of a regional information agency is to meet the information wants of local enterprises..  An efficient fulfillment of that task presupposes a study of the demand for interdisciplinary information at the patron enterprises in order to set up an appropriate information and reference collection..  The basic measure of the efficiency of a central bureau of technical information are defined..
1095,"Specialist's Requirements for Scientific Information Describes the research in various countries to clear up specialist's requirements for scientific information.. Research areas and the results obtained are studied.. At present, no firm conclusions are yet possible as to the effective methods of improving information services.. Things to do are to widen the universe of specialists investigated, set up a common methodology, study the possibilities of preparing and launching world research program toward this end.."
1096,Timing Data for Information Processes Every R&D or design organization should have an efficient information service capable of minimizing time spent on searching and gathering pertinent data.. Generalized data on time spent by R&D project staff on information processes is cited.. Suggestions as to the improvement of information activity are offered.
1097,"Scatter of Metallurgical Publications in Abstract Journals The methods that have been used to analyze the scatter of metallurgical publications covered in METALLURGIYA abstract journal are briefly outlined.. It has been found out that METALLURGIYA abstracted 1,546 serials and periodicals in l967, including 290 Soviet and 1,256 foreign sources.  Special metallurgical periodicals accounted but for one-eighth of the sources, which carried 52.9 per cent of the articles abstracted; the other 47.1 per cent were scattered through 1,342 journals.  Data on the coverage of the publications of all the areas of the worlds by METALLURGIYA are given."
1098,"Concerning the Criterion for Evaluation of Current Secondary Information The findings are described of a study aimed at determining the prospects and methods for improving the system of current bibliographic information.. The analysis has shown that the existing criteria for evaluation of special bibliographies (scope, coverage, arrangement, speed of announcement, etc.) are inadequate for an unbiased characterization of their exhaustivity and subject contents.. This hampers a correct choice of the sources of secondary information and leads to duplication, parallelisms and loss of information.. Judgements of the leading Soviet and foreign bibliographers relating to the problems under consideration are reviewed, which are all essentially in favor of a reconstruction of the publishing processes, issuing of scientific publications on a world scale, and algorithmization of the information processes.. It is suggested that the first objective of research should be a method of comparative evaluation of periodicals.."
1099,"On Factors Influencing the Attitude of Scientists and Engineers towards Scientific Information The most important objective factors are considered influencing the limits and the depth of information needs of researchers and designers, i.e. the growth of information flow, the level of specialization, the qualification standard, the official position, the development rates of scientific or technical discipline in question the teamwork on scientific or engineering projects, the language barrier, the specifics of narrowly specialized terminology, as well as a number of subjective (psychological) factors like inclination to creative work, type of memory, the time available, methods of sources handling..  The investigations into, and account of, these factors are indispensable for raising the efficiency both of information systems performance and the activities of scientific and engineering communities served..  Some statistical data are cited obtained during investigations into information demand patterns for various personnel groups at research and development institutions.."
1100,On the Problem of Economic Efficiency Determination of Scientific and Technical Information A method for economic efficiency determination of scientific and technical information is suggested..
1101,"The Psychologic Criteria of Information Selection Defines and describes the information selection criteria in the psychological aspects of activity, suggestability, progressiveness, representativeness, and the optimal information minimum; their specific nature is shown in comparison with other criteria of information selection, and their significance for the further study of the psychological problems of informatics is made clear.."
1102,"Nature and Essence of Information Needs The individual, collegiate and social information needs are considered in conjunction with the scientific, economic and social interests of the community.. A classification of the information needs is given which takes into account their historic background and subject-specialty specifics.."
1103,"On Information Needs of Different User Categories The information need and its main properties are defined.. Classification of information needs in different activities is given.. Relationships between information needs and requests are considered, and the process of shaping of information needs and request formulation are traced.. Findings of a study of information utilization by different categories of specialists on the basis of the classification proposed by the author are given.."
1104,"Current Awareness Bibliographies in the State Information System Notes that at present the current awareness bibliography of Soviet publications (which is provided, in some form or other almost in all of the areas of knowledge, production, or culture) fails to ensure complete enough information even with respect to directly related literature. A set of measures are suggested, aimed at a cardinal improvement of the listings in the state bibliography system.."
1105,"Information Services for Supervisory Staff, Forms and Methods In the general practice, the management information systems are set aside as a special area.. The paper elaborates the aspects of selecting forms of management information, as well as those of the methods of its preparation, and the interrelation between the forms and the methods.. The basic criteria for this kind of information are defined, and the categories or types of likely demands for it are set up.. Examples of management information services are given based on the practice of information centers of Czechoslovakia, GDR, Great Britain.. The proceedings of the Prague symposium for the analysis of various methods of management information preparation are shortly reviewed..  The developed SDI system aimed to serve the management is described and also the results of its one year operation are analyzed.."
1106,"Efficiency of Information Service at a Research Institute (findings of a questionnaire survey) Discussing the problem of evaluation of the efficiency of an information service at a research institute, the paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in 1968 at an electronics industry research establishment; the objective of the survey was to work out improvements of the special information system.."
1107,"Principles of Selective Information Servicing of the Different Categories of R&D Staff The characteristics to be referred to in differentiating the R&D user needs are defined; depending on the administrative status of the user, information catered to him must possess the corresponding degree of generalization.."
1108,"Information Value of VINITI-published abstract journals in patent studies Methods of analysis of the VINITI abstract journals are described as applied for measuring the exhaustivity and speed of coverage of patents; the feasibility and efficiency of using the abstract journals of VINITI composition of the patent file of a plant, subject- or name-based patent searches, etc.. The mean time lags in signalization of the USSR patents in the abstract journals are 6 to 7 months, British patent -- 6 to 8 months, West German -- 10 to 12, French 12, and US -- 12 to 13 months.. Some improvements of the abstract journals as source in information on latest world inventions are suggested.."
1109,A System of Documentary Information Flow Analysis (Science Journals) The paper describes a system of analysis of primary science journals from the standpoint of the efficiency of their use as sources for abstracting in conjunction with punched cards and electronic computers.. The procedure employed to process the file of science documents is outlined..  The program of analysis provides for obtaining statistical data on the regularities of the concentration of special profile periodicals and the scattering of the interdisciplinary sources as well as the characteristics of the systems of relations existing between the individual series of the abstract journal..
1110,"The pattern of the Information Needs of an R&D Institute and the System for Meeting Them The functional structure of a research institute is analyzed s well as the functional structure of its information services, the latter's development, the overall subject pattern of the creative interests of the institute and the system for meeting these.."
1111,"On Informal Processes of Science Communications The paper makes a discussion of major theoretical and experimental studies of the role of informal processes of communication in science.. The author holds that the system of scientific communications is based on formal processes (founded on scientific and technical literature, including the primary and secondary sources), whereas the informal processes (in which scientists play the leading part and which have no institutionalized and permanent interactive mechanisms) are also very important, but auxiliary.. The specific features of the informal processes and their interaction with the formal processes are analyzed in detail. Recommendations towards efficient use of the positive aspects of informal communications for raising the overall effectiveness of scientific communication system are offered.."
1112,State System of Scientific and Technical Information: Results and Prospects Some results of State information system activity for the past year are considered..  Disadvantages in work of scientific and technical information organs of different levels are noted and tasks for further improvements of information activity for 1973 year are defined..
1113,"Social and Economic Premises to the Development of an Information System More attention should be given to the creative personality, and better conditions ensuring the adequate information support to the more capable and gifted scientists holding key positions in science should be created..  The relationships connecting creative activity and informational activity are analyzed.. Certain general conditions of scientist-information interaction are examined as affecting the informational activity of a scientist..  The specifics of the development of a creative personality in conjunction with the growth of teamwork in research and development and the concomitant change of the interrelation between the user and the information base are investigated.."
1114,"Analysis of Information Flows in Shipbuilding and the Allied Fields Parameters of information flows are identified as reflected in VINITI's abstract journals carrying materials in shipbuilding and the related fields.. The objective of the large-scale analysis of these flows is to support the development of an automated system of ship design and the industry's sci-tech information subsystem.. More than 1400 periodicals and serials have been identified that are relevant to the field.. The file of secondary publications in the field carried by VINITI abstract journals since 1956 amounted to 185,000 items.."
1115,"Informational Reviews in the Age of Information Crisis A critical analysis is given of existing classification schemes for reviews. The author proposes to distinguish between two main review types: orienting and informative ones. The importance is stressed of informative (analytical and abstracting) reviews, which contain new information under the conditions of information crisis being interpreted as overproduction of documents rather than new knowledge."
1116,"Pragmatic Aspects of Scientific Information Postulating an interrelation between semantic and pragmatic properties of scientific information, the author formulates the information value function as depending on three arguments: subject, information, and purpose; thus, this value is a composite of subjective and objective factors.. Possible classifications scientific information values are discussed.. A methodological analysis of three approaches to the mathematical notion of information value is given and, by analogy, some propositions concerning measurement of scientific information value are expressed.."
1117,Mathematical Model of Classification Theory Sets of objects possessing specified characteristics are studied.. The similarity and equivalence relations between objects are established and explored..  A canonical system of characteristics is derived.. Similarity and commonness measures of the subsets of objects are investigated.. The implications of those notions for the problem of retrieval classification are pointed out..
1118,Methods for Thesaurus Generation The author gives a general definition of the IR thesaurus and outlines its inner structure.. He describes a procedure of accumulating the body of keywords which is required to compile the vocabulary of descriptors.. An attempt is made to determine how the rate of keyword accumulation depends on the number of abstracts' titles processed and in what way the volume of descriptor vocabulary is related to the number of documents indexed.. General rules are given for lexicographic processing of the keywords accumulated and for compiling of the descriptor vocabulary.. The algorithm has been constructed which is designed to generate the article of each descriptor in the thesaurus.. To construct this algorithm the author analyzed the results of word-association tests and selected 5 most important types of paradigmatic relations.. He formulates the basic rules for translation of the texts describing the main subject content of the documents and of the users' requests from a natural language into the IR language of descriptors.. (The block diagram of algorithm for translation of these texts is also given..) In conclusion the author describes general principles of lexicographic editing of the above mentioned texts..
1119,"Axiomatic Relevance Tolerance Theory Sets are considered on which a symmetric and reflexive relation, called tolerance (similarity) is defined..  The structure of such sets is explored..   A classificatory theorem is proved stating an isomorphism of embedding of such sets in a model space (R)..  The properties of particular sets' for which the similarity relation has been defined are investigated.."
1120,"A Grammatical Elements in a Descriptor Language for an Information Retrieval System The results are described of research and development activities of the Mechanized Information Retrieval Laboratory of the NIITEKHIM.. Research Institute aimed towards creating a descriptor language for an information retrieval system in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering.. The objectives of an optimum reduction of retrieval noise and maximum recall have required the introduction of grammatical and transformational devices into the language.. The former condition is provided for by a matrix notation of document search patterns and requests, while the latter condition is met with the help of the transformational devices of the language..  Examples of search requests and patterns are considered, which illustrate the ""resolution"" of the grammatical and transformational devices being developed.. These are said largely to eliminate subjectiveness in assigning relational factors in search patterns and requests..  The relevancy criterion is formulated.. A retrieval algorithm based on this criterion has been compiled..  Experimental searches were conducted on a Minsk-22 computer.. The results were analyzed to evaluate the grammatical and transformational devices and to verify indexing principles devised for the automated retrieval system under development..  Factors of ""silence"" are discussed, as well as the contribution of the grammatical and transformational devices to reducing noise and enhancing recall.."
1121,"The Outlook of Cybernetic and Computer Applications in the National System of Scientific and Technical Information The paper outlines the prospects of applying cybernetic methods to the analysis and synthesis of information processes in a national systems of scientific-technical information and in information agencies which are considered as ""big systems"" of differing ranks.. The main stages of research along these lines are investigated.."
1122,Analysis of Some Regularities of the Flow of Engineering Information Some theoretical propositions are considered with respect to the flow of engineering information with the purpose of drawing practical conclusions for the editing of information announcement publications..
1123,"Rank Distribution in Scientific Information Sets A study has been carried out dealing with the development of science in terms of sets of scientific and technical data.. It is assumed that the characteristics of a rank distribution provide unbiased data to reflect the process of differentiation of sciences..  Rank distribution over the sets of scientific and technical information are characterized by the formation of a ""kernel"" of the distribution and of the ""problematic"" nature as a phenomenon..  A mathematical model is considered to be used for computing the values of the ""kernelness"" and ""problematicity"" of a rank distribution.."
1124,"Some Aspects of Developing and Studying a Descriptor Information Language for General Technology The methods and results of an endeavor to develop an information retrieval language for automatic retrieval systems meant for handling a polytechnical document collection are described.. The descriptor dictionary includes general and special terms, both single-word and phrase terms, which is conducive to higher recall and relevance; it comprises a classified index and a lexico-semantic index as well as tables of generic relations.. The size of the dictionary is 5,542 descriptors and 3,073 keywords..  The indexing procedure includes: analysis of document content and its characterization by keywords elicited from natural text; and creation of the search pattern using the descriptor dictionary.. The techniques are described which are applied to analyze the documents into semantic aspects that constitute the elements of the formalized model of a document's condensed content.. The procedure employed to translate a text into the retrieval language comprises selection of words both from the title and the body of the document..  Main principles for retrieval efficiency determination using mathematical-statistic methods are given..  Tests on multi-subject collections show a probability of 85-% recall and 70-% relevance at a standard deviation of 25%.. These findings have been corroborated by the results of the basic experiment on a file of up to 2,500 search patterns using 42 requests.. Among the factors of losses there are the poor quality of abstracts (into cards) and the absence of a single abstracting procedure; it is proposed that abstractors should be in future charged with writing abstracts in keywords and, ultimately, in the descriptor language.. The experimental results attest to the feasibility and practical sensibility of creating a multi-disciplinary information retrieval system to be  based on a broad-scope descriptor dictionary and on the suggested methods for document and request indexing.."
1125,"A Contribution to the Theory of the Systems of Information Flows Certain structural properties of information distributions are explored, as well as the gnosiological aspects of informational relations and the capabilities of an information retrieval system based on information distribution methods (""MIR"").."
1126,"Evaluation of Indexing and a Technique for Formalized Search Request Statement A method for evaluation of indexing is expounded. The feasibility is examined of using marked documents instead of requests, called the ""beacon method"".. A M-algorithm for formalized statement of search requests is described and exemplified by an information retrieval system in the nitrogen industry.."
1127,"Evaluation of Information Loss Probability in Indexing A practical technique is proposed for assessing the losses of relevance documents, on the basis of probabilistic methods, and for entering ""marked"" documents into the system.."
1128,"Free Information of a Social System The structure of the information field of a social system is examined, analyzing the processes of formation of scientific concepts.. The functional  structure of the information field is shown to reflect that of human brain.. It is established that the effect of the ""wash-off"" of noise out of the information field with the course of time leads to concentration of the real, socially valid free information in publications covering finite time spans.. The interrelations within the service/user system are shown to be essentially different for scientific vs industrial information supplies.."
1129,"Creating an Information Language on the Basis of Semantic Text Analysis Discusses the possibility of setting up an IL with a development grammar and logic, capable of solving problems of diverse informational complexity (documentary search, data search, automatic text, condensation, automatic translation).. The semantic language EKHO is proposed as a language of this kind.. Its structure is described, and its potentialities for information are followed."
1130,"Aspect Abstracting: A New Technique The new technique has been developed on the basis of an analysis of the present methodological requirements laid to abstracting and a study of textual records as modelling the real world and reflecting the logic of research.. Aspects of meaning have been adopted as the invariant unit characteristics of a document's purport.. Semantic adequacy and semantic equivalence are proposed as criteria to evaluate abstracting precision and exhaustivity.. The aspect-based approach could be likewise applied to indexing of documents and information requests.. If introduced into the practices of information analysis, this technique is expected to raise the standard of abstracts and the efficiency of document-oriented retrieval.."
1131,"Algorithmic Procedure for Compiling a List of Keywords and Key Phrases by the Abstracts in ""Fizika"" Abstract Journal The algorithmic procedure is based on a linguistic approach; it serves to isolate key phrases from the abstracts of the ""Fizika"" abstract journal, recognizing set phrases with the aid of linguistic rules.. The feasibility is demonstrated of a completed formalization of the process of eliciting key phrases for a descriptor dictionary."
1132,Debugging the Technologies of an Automated IRS in Electrical Engineering: a Case Study The experience gained with adjusting and debugging the technologies of automatic document indexing at an electrical engineering reference information centre are outlined.. The procedure applied to document handling is compared to that of processing an equipment part in industrial production and it has been designed in the corresponding terms..
1133,"Thesauri in Informatics and in Theoretical Semantics The possibilities are discussed of a universal definition of the concept of ""thesaurus""; thesaurus structures and construction methods are considered.."
1134,"Information Retrieval Learning The statement of the problem and the results of an experiment in automatic choice of retrieval criterion are described.. The problem of criterion choice is interpreted in terms of a pattern recognition problem.. The criteria chosen as a result of learning are considered, as well as the retrieval noise and losses recorded in searches using these criteria.. The experiments suggest such ""limit"" noise level which is not liable to any substantial further reduction.. The efficiency of choosing a criterion through learning is discussed.. The relationship between information retrieval learning and nondeductive logic is investigated.."
1135,"An ""Invisible College"" for the Study of Experiment Planning The activity of an invisible college is surveyed formed around the Interdepartmental Laboratory for Statistical Methods of the Moscow State University in the area of experiment planning.. The analysis of publications by the members of this college was made referring to the ""Science Citation Index"" 1966 - 1967.. A graphical representation of the invisible college is suggested, comparative data on publications are cited, and various schools in experiment planning for basic and applied research are analyzed.."
1136,"Data Retrieval Systems: Specifics and Problems The essential differences between data retrieval system and document retrieval systems are considered.. The notion of ""fact"" is discussed, analyzing the influence of the definition adopted on the structure of a data retrieval system.. A proposition is advanced that a factographic JRS is a rudimentary but indispensable form on the way to a logical information system.. The latter type of system by a capability for automatic analysis of input data and synthesis of new information.. The problem of the information retrieval language for data retrieval system is discussed, as is its machine organization, intricately tied up with the specifics and functions of a system of that kind.."
1137,"Logic of Classification Formal definitions of characteristic, taxon, hierarchic and combinative systems of characteristics are given, establishing the elementary properties  of these concepts and their interpretations in conventional classifications systems.."
1138,Relevance and Pertinence The correspondences of documents to information requests and to information needs are investigated (as a special instance of informational correspondence of interrelated objects of a differing nature) in terms of the concepts of relevance and pertinence..
1139,"The Language of an Polytechnical Automated Information Retrieval System The principal design features are described of an information system using the natural language and a descriptor language: thesaurus organization, relevance criterion, indexing procedure, experimental estimates of the information language, and parametric information processing techniques.."
1140,"On the Symbolic Nature of Classifications The nature of an arbitrary classification is considered from the viewpoint of its sign function.. The structure of the taxons described by a given classification is treated as the referent (the denotate).. The formation of taxons is shown to be connected with the preliminary arrangement of the subject area into a classification field..  The classification concept is connected with the structure and nature of the classification characteristics.. A typology of classifications is introduced, distinguishing them by intensionality, or capacity for expression of the concept independent of the subject area.. Differences are pointed out that exist between the classificatory and thematic relationships and the correlations between these two groups of relationships are analyzed.."
1141,"Algebra of Classification Two alternative concepts of isomorphism of classification are examined.. It is shown that with the accuracy of up to isomorphism, the structure of a classification is characterized by a certain semigroup.. For an important type of classifications, the algebraic structure of these semigroups is completely characterized by the relation of order on the set of generants.. The case of ""perfect order"" on the generants corresponds to hierarchical (tree) classifications.. The case of ""incomparability"" of the generants corresponds to facet classifications.. All the other cases are ""intermediate"" between these two types of classification.."
1142,"Science on science - Introduction to a general science of science This book generalizes world and soviet experience of science, gives original representation of science as informational process which allows one to use quantitative methods in scientometrics, analyzes extensive data on the experience of formulating scientific potential and organizing scientific work, formulates general principles of organization, management and disposition of modern scientific centers. In particular methodological problems of planning and prediction of science are examined."
1143,"A Study of Six University-Based Information Systems A methodology for categorically describing computer-based information systems was developed and applied to six university-based, NSF-supported systems.. The systems under study all operate as retail information centers primarily serving campus communities by accessing large commercially-available data bases using 3rd generation computer configurations.. The systems vary in	 design philosophy, mode of user service, transferability characteristics, and operational status.. A summary matrix is included.."
1144,"Automatic Indexing A state-of-the-art survey of automatic indexing systems and experiments has been conducted by the Research Information Center and Advisory Service on Information Processing, Information Technology Division, Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards. Consideration is first given to indexes compiled by or with the aid of machines, including citation indexes. Automatic derivative indexing is exemplified by key-word-in-context (KWIC) and other word- in-context techniques. Advantages, disadvantages, and possibilities for modification and improvement are discussed. Experiments in automatic assignment indexing are summarized. Related research efforts in such areas as automatic classification and categorization, computer use of thesauri, statistical association techniques, and linguistic data processing are described. A major question is that of evaluation, particularly in view of evidence of human inter-indexer inconsistency. It is concluded that indexes based on words extracted from text are practical for many purposes today, and that automatic assignment indexing and classification experiments show promise for future progress."
1145,"Neighborhood Information Centers A Study and Some Proposals Our point of departure is a study of the feasibility and desirability of adapting the British Citizens' Advice Bureau (CAB) plan to the United States, carried out with the financial support and cooperation of the Ford Foundation.  We conclude that the British CAB pattern, while creative, richly implicative and a major source of valuable guidance, if merely duplicated would not make the optimum contribution to the current American scene.  We find overwhelming evidence that new information, advice, referral provision are necessary. Localities need and want Neighborhood Information Centers (NIC's).  We find promising beginnings and a number of attractive possibilities emerging out of the somewhat different efforts by a number of federal agencies, local government and local voluntary groups. However, no one of these provides auspices for all the needed functions in accord with qualities which we find to be essential."
1146,"Networks for Research and Education Responding to the heightened interest in the possibilities of networks, and reflecting its own continuing interest in improving the use of new technologies in research and education, the National Science Foundation in 1972 announced the mounting of ""an expanded research program . . . to explore . . . the resource-sharing potential of a national network in support of research and education."" The NSF was well aware of the obstacles and uncertainties, and it knew that although shareable resources and pockets of relevant information and experience existed, many of the people who should be involved in planning were not currently informed or discussing the possibilities with one another."
1147,"A Core Medical Library for Practitioners in Community Hospitals In a ongoing study designed in part to evaluate and encourage continuing education programs in community hospitals Postgraduate Medical Institute (PMI) has determined that there is need for guidance in the area of medical-library development. Reports from PMI physician consultants who visited more than 40 community hospitals indicate that medical-library facilities are generally poor and infrequently used by physicians. The basic weaknesses of these libraries fall into four categories: inadequate collections, inadequate personnel, inadequate space, and the absence of any practical indexing system to facilitate use of collections that do exist.  Failure to deal with these problems does not reflect lack of interest but rather lack of stimulation to do so and absence of any concerted source of guidance. In response to requests for such guidance PMI has undertaken a community hospital library development project in co-operation with the New England Regional Medical Library Service (NERMLS) at the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. This report is concerned with the first phase of this project - namely, the formulation of a list consisting of a minimal number of textbooks and journals that can function as the core for a medical library.  Explanatory letters and questionnaires were sent to 400 specialists representing 50 areas of medical practice, including the basic sciences. The specialists, chosen from regions throughout the country, were requested to recommend two textbooks and two journals in their area of special interest that they considered to be the most basic and fundamentally useful for practitioners. It was also requested that recommendations be made in order of preference."
1148,"The New Industrial State During the fifties and sixties it had become customary to depict the economic system of the United States, along with its European and Japanese counterparts, as an accomplishment unique since the Creation. This volume departed from the accustomed cheering. It is my impression that the adult reader was always more skeptical than the economists of the neo-Keynesian nirvana. Economic life was not meant to be that easy. And perhaps some sensed what I here urge, that what was called success was less what served the individual than what served the goals of great industrial and military bureaucracies which had come, the economic myth notwithstanding, to comprise so large a part of the economic system. Still, who could tell that a herald of such news would be welcomed - or even heard."
1149,"The New Librarianship A Challenge for Change Among the avenues explored were the following: the attractions the field holds for those now in it and those who might be drawn to it; the personality of those in the occupation and in its various subfields and work roles; the characteristics and perspectives of the institutional administrators; supply and demand facets of the manpower problem; organizational relationships in libraries and information centers; library education as a professionalizing and socializing force; and the implications of network development for manpower planning. Central to the study rationale was the notion that librarianship should be viewed not as a static institution committed solely to traditional objectives, but as one with the capacity to be responsive to changing environmental requirements. It was hoped that from the intelligence gathered from these inquiries certain of the significant dimensions of the field's manpower concerns would be illuminated and proposals to influence future development would be drawn. Thus, while the investigations were in the nature of more basic research, their ends were committedly pragmatic."
1150,"New Patterns of Management This volume is intended for persons concerned with the problems of organizing human resources and activity. It is written especially for those who are actively engaged in management and supervision and for students of administration and organization. It presents a new theory of organization based on the management principles and practices of the managers; who are achieving the best results in American business and government. It draws also upon research done in voluntary organizations.  To maintain a relatively consistent orientation, the focus of this volume is largely on the problems of business enterprises. People interested in other kinds of institutions, such as schools, hospitals, labor unions, professional and voluntary organizations, should, however, experience no difficulty in applying the general principles of the theory to their organizations."
1151,"Unintentional Duplication of Research A survey revealing instances of belated discovery of information in the literature leads to an estimate of what duplication costs In a letter in New Scientist (vol. 19, p. 148) the rate of duplication of research among scientists was said to have been estimated at about 10 per cent. The first systematic attempt to assess the size of this problem, carried out by the Aslib Research Department, suggests the actual figure is more than double this, and the consequent cost to the nation to be measurable in millions of pounds.  We put questions to 647 scientists engaged in industrial, academic or government research, including chemists, physicists, biologists, psychologists and mathematicians. One question was: ""Have you, during your current research, discovered in the literature information which you wish you had had at the beginning of your project?"" To this, 144 of them (22 per cent) replied that they had. Many had made more than one such find, so that the total number of instances was 245."
1152,"Non-book Materials: The Organization of Integrated Collections This book presupposes a knowledge of book cataloguing and basic cataloguing principles. The Dewey decimal classification 9th abridged edition, Sears list of subject headings 9th edition, and A list of Canadian subject headings together with a form of simplified cataloguing found in many school libraries have been used on the sample cards. It must be emphasized that the subject analysis systems chosen by a particular library for its print collection should be used for all media. Because of its school library orientation, this book distinguishes between essential and optional elements on the catalogue card. Libraries which require detailed cataloguing will consistently list these options, and may wish to augment the description of materials in the collation and in the notes. Items necessary for a minimum description and for a complete description will be subject to further study prior to the next edition of this work."
1153,"Nonbook Materials: The Organization of Integrated Collections Many segments of society are recognizing that access to information is a vital and fundamental contemporary need. To provide optimum access it is essential to be able to retrieve information in whatever physical format it is found. Such retrieval requires the development of cataloguing codes that will handle all media, including diverse kinds of audio and visual materials. To be most effective these cataloguing guidelines should be acceptable on an international level and should have the support of professional organizations most concerned with these problems."
1154,"Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences In this book I have presented the tests according to the research design for which each is suited. In discussing each test, I have attempted to indicate its ""function,"" i.e., to indicate the sort of data to which it is applicable, to convey some notion of the rationale of proof underlying the test, to explain its computation, to give examples of its application in behavioral scientific research, and to compare the test to its parametric equivalent, if any, and to any nonparametric tests of similar functions."
1155,"A Study of Information Requests for Scientific Research and Design This paper describes methods of studying information requests on source information, analyzes results of questionnaire distribution. On the basis of the questionnaire answers a card file of the subject requests and list of requests on source information was formed. Since the study these requests determines the content and purpose of the information process, the author suggests that the study of requests be the first phase of information process."
1156,"Formulation of Information Requests This article presents the results of a study of the information requests of inquirers. It was elucidated that engineers spent an average of 10 hours per week in search of needed information. Most valuable sources of information are theoretical journals. The study showed that ""stable life"" of theoretical journals equals about 12 years and information journals about 5-6 years. Some recommendations were formulated on how to construct a reference information collection."
1157,Definition of Active Stock This article considers the question of defining active stock for the electrical engineering field. Significant attention was paid to including specialized journals using methods which calculates number of bibliographical references made in bulletins and bibliography at the end of the articles with Bradford's distribution. Reliability of this method is discussed.
1158,"Principles of Studying of Information Requests Earlier publications on the study of information requests consisted of statistical listing of the most usable sources of information. Lately there is an increasing number of publications which consider the methods for studying information requests. Analysis of these publications shows that we can discern two basic tendencies: studying subfield groups of researchers and groups of researchers, classified by topical information sources. Some attempts were made to study information requests in connection with creative processes, psychology of creativity and also to establish the purposes of information retrieval and scientific sources of information."
1159,Characteristics of Text Structure Complexity This article considers the conditions under which V. Ingve's theorem on the depth of syntactic structures is applicable. The relations between graphs of generative phrase structure and phrase government are studied. New operators for the generation of syntactic structures are introduced.
1160,"Methodological problems of scientific-technical literature typology Two causes for inconsistency between a primary document is content and form are examined. 1) Inconsistency between document structure and structure of its information. 2) Insufficient development of theories of scientific, and technical literature,  in particular, the typology of primary scientific documents. It is suggested that the concept of genres of scientific-technical literature be introduced, based on the degree to which the material is generalized. Five basic genres are examined: technical reports, articles, monographs, text- books and reference works. The practical application of a typology of scientific and technological literature is shown to be possible."
1161,"Some problems of scientific information theory Examines aspects of scientific information theory, connected with assessing the semantic characteristics of information, statistical nature of texts and economic factors. The significance of automatic translation methods is considered from the point of view of the general problems of information science."
1162,"On basic features of information retrieval language for information retrieval by title. Part 1 Presents the basic features of variants of an informational language designed for searching titles of publications in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. The classification of terms from natural language and the specifics of translating them into information language are discussed. A method for selecting the synthetic means of informational languages is developed, and the criterion for semantic correspondence and search algorithm is briefly described. Experiments which were conducted with 3 variants of the language developed are discussed. Conclusions are drawn on the benefits of the languages for searching, recommendations are made regarding their field of application."
1163,"The Thesaurus and some Methods of its Construction. Part 1. It is suggested that the thesaurus be considered a hierarchical system for classifying factors. The problem of automatic construction of thesaurus is posed. A formal description ""input"" and ""output"" of this problem is given; a series of classificational concepts is formulated."
1164,"On basic features of information retrieval language for information retrieval by title. Presents the basic features of variants of an informational language designed for searching titles of publications in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. The classification of terms from natural language and the specifics of translating them into information language are discussed. A method for selecting the synthetic means of informational languages is developed, and the criterion for semantic correspondence and search algorithm is briefly described. Experiments which were conducted with 3 variants of the language developed are discussed. Conclusions are drawn on the benefits of the languages for searching, recommendations are made regarding their field of application."
1165,"Issues in the informational analysis of documents. In scientific process and primary scientific documents there are objective characteristics, which allow the accurate and unambiguous reflection of the form and content of primary statements n the informational analysis of their secondary pattern. Using these characteristics allows one to develop a model of standardized bibliographic and abstract document description and minimize subjectivity in information analysis.  The objective characteristics of form and content of documents and corresponding elements of bibliographic and abstractive description must be based on application of classification schemes. For each characteristic there must be a corresponding scheme of particular structural complexity."
1166,New Tasks of Information Services and Specialists Training Problem State-of-the-art in reference information servicing and training of specialists for information establishments is described..
1167,Prospects for Primary and Secondary Scientific Publications The problems facing specialized primary and abstract journals in the present environment of rapid publication growth are discussed..   An acceleration of publishing and higher information capacity of the journals can be achieved via depositing and up-to-date editing methods.. The situation of abstract journals in the context of growing differentiation of scientific and technical disciplines is depicted..
1168,"Analysis of Biological Publication Growth on the Basis of Periodical Sources The dynamics of the growth of biological publications is investigated.. An analysis of this growth reveals certain uniformities in the evolution of scientific communications, which depend on the field of biology, and discloses the uneven rate of development in the individual fields.. It is concluded that the specialty is a major factor to be taken into account in defining the volume of information necessary for a specialist.."
1169,"The Emerging Science of Information Discussing whether it is possible and sensible to build up a general science of information, the author comes to the conclusion that all the necessary prerequisites to formation of this new discipline, to be termed ""informology"", are ripe.. The structure of informology and its interrelationships with informatics are investigated.. A diagram showing the place occupied by informology within the overall framework of sciences and its inner structure is presented.."
1170,"Some Aspects of Subject Acquisition and Detailed Subject Retrieval of Patent Information Aspects of subject acquisition and retrieval of patent information are discussed.. A patent-information service system is conventionally separated into two parts: a subject acquisitions system designed for stock acquisition and search file building, and a detailed subject retrieval system designed to deal with specific user requests.. The performance of both systems is analyzed using patent classifications as examples.. The tasks of classification research in relation to subject acquisitions system requirements are formulated.."
1171,"Problems of Compatibility of Information on Retrieval Systems and Requirements to the Language of an Information Network The objectives of information network design are stated, analyzing the basic operations carried out in conjunction with system interaction within a network.. The notions of information network and information retrieval system compatibility are discussed.. A sine qua non of network functioning is an integrated retrieval language.. Descriptor languages appear to be most promising for broad-profile document files.. A descriptor language is conceived as a complex comprising a thesaurus for terminology control, classifiers for nomenclature control, and the working dictionaries of the system patrons, which comprise fragments of thesaurus and classifiers plus narrowly specialized terms as conforming to the file and user needs concerned.. Requirements to a thesaurus as the core of an information network language are considered.."
1172,A Statistical Analysis of Published Articles on Electrical and Power Engineering A statistical analysis of articles published in electrical and power engineering serials and periodicals is given.. The results have been used to refine the quantitative formulation of the Zipf law..  The computational method used can serve as a prototype for analysis of abstract-journal-like publications..
1173,"A Probability Distribution in Information Flow Systems The paper treats the probability distribution in information flow systems, and presents the analysis of a statistical distribution model called the ""hyperbolic ladder"" and of the consequences following from this model which were revealed in linguistics (Zipf), theory of scientific information (Bradford), and in science of science (Lotka), etc.. The identity of the mathematical essence of various distributions, investigated by many authors on their own objects of study, is shown..  The link is considered between the basic probability distribution and some problems studied in the modern mathematical theory of information.. Examples are presented of the use of distribution regularities in various systems analysis.."
1174,"A Standard Format of Progress Reports on Scientific Technical Information A standard format of progress reports is suggested, based on the experience of research institutes and drawing offices.. The schedule of reports and each of their sections proceed from the need for maximum ""noise-resistance"" of reports as used by various categories of users and giving an exhaustive description of final and intermediate R&D results.. The author shows that the difference between the notion of ""information value"" and of ""document value"" dictates a specific approach to organization of the flows of documentary information, duplication of data in documents of various kind, and to development of the logical format and literary style of scientific documents.."
1175,"Syntagmatic Relations Between Descriptors Syntagmatic relations (SR) are defined as connections between words that are established aposteriori and combine these words into phrases and sentences.. The lack of means for recording SR in descriptor languages results in a reduction of retrieval precision.. At present, roles and links and the evaluation of the extent to which these devices are used are the major devices used for the description of SR between descriptors in documents' search patterns.. An analysis of published results of experiments testing the performance of roles and links in 176 descriptor retrieval systems operative in the USA suggests the conclusion about a poor performance of roles as a precision device: an increase of 10 percent in precision with the aid of roles is accompanied by a 10 percent reduction of recall.. Links provide for approximately the same increase of precision.. The author states the general requirements to a simple and flexible grammar for descriptor languages, and show that the approach the suggest ts has been partially implemented in the information retrieval language for radioelectronics and computer technology developed at the Institute of Cybernetics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kiev, and in the SYNTOL (France).."
1176,"Techinical Bibliographies in Metallurgy The article presents preliminary results of an analysis of current technical bibliographies, specifically, in the field of metallurgy, conducted at the Chair of Technical Literature, Leningrad Krupskaya Institute of Culture.. The bibliographies have been analyzed in terms of selection quality and coverage; attention was focused mainly on permanent publications based on rich experience and elaborated procedures.. ""Metallurgiya"" abstract journal is shown to hold the lead among chief world publications in metallurgy in respect of scope, coverage, and depth of indexing.."
1177,On Rational Structure of a Science Journal Article A rational scheme for a scientific (or technical) article is proposed which is bound to improve its informativeness by purely formal means..
1178,"Psychological Problems in Informatics and the Prospects of their Solution The psychological problems arising in creating and utilizing scientific and industrial information are stated.. The subjects of study of the information science, labour psychology, engineering psychology and psycholinguistics are considered.. The analysis suggests the conclusion that a new trend of psychological research as emerged - the psychology of informatics.."
1179,"Topical Aspects of Informatics to-date A definition of informatics is given, its method and subject are discussed, and the aims and prospects of the science are outlined.. The author holds it to be an important achievement of the research in the fields of informatics and the science of science in the past few years that information flows have come to be viewed as system with definite and understandable regularities, which should be taken into consideration when working out information retrieval system.."
1180,"A Notation for Coding Organic Compounds A notation for coding organic structures has been developed which provides for very simple and rational rules of coding the common cyclic fragments..  The conventional unit used in coding regular structures is benzol ring, and the skeleton of the regular condensed system is coded using a sequence of even and odd integers.. The set of rules for coding regular systems might be used as component of a universal notation for organic compounds.. The code offered by the author is designed to cover an important and broad class of compounds with conjugate bonds and it can be used within the framework of a specialized computer-based information retrieval system in the capacity of both the input and the internal machine language.."
1181,"The Origins of the Information Crisis: A Contribution to the Statement of the Problem The different explanations of the nature of the information problems now facing science and their causes are cited and shown to be debatable.. It is necessary to give a definition of ""information crisis"", this widely used concept in informatics and the science of science.. The author suggests one such definition, which reflects the specific historical nature of the possible manifestations of the crisis.. The ""cumulativistic"" concept of the progress of science is criticized as it rules out the possibility of finding the true causes of the information crisis.. The major cause is asserted to lie with the nature of the contemporary social production.. An approach to studying into the origins of the problem is suggested.."
1182,"The Bibliography of Operational Research In his book on Documentation (1948) the librarian, S.C. Bradford, discussed certain regularities in the pattern of distribution of articles on a particular subject over different journals. He gives as examples the distributions for geophysics from 1928-31 inclusive and lubrication for 1931 to June, 1933, inclusive. The typical picture is one in which, to a bibliography covering a certain short term of years, a few journals contribute a large number of articles, more journals contribute fewer and so on in a monotonic sequence ending with a large number of journals contributing one article each. Patterns of this kind have been observed by several authors, but Bradford was the first, I think, to advance an explanation of the effect in bibliographical terms."
1183,"Operations Research: Implications for Libraries Library operations in recent times have been characterized by a great increase in complexity. The rapid expansion of collections, both in size and scope, the great variety of forms taken by items that now must be housed in the library, and the growth in expectations among library users are among the factors that have contributed to this complexity. In this setting, managerial decision making in the library has become an unenviably difficult task. Furthermore, the new technologies and new techniques which offer great opportunities for library planners and managers make even more difficult the use of traditional, intuitive approaches. It is reasonable to ask whether techniques such as Operations Research (O. R.) that have proved valuable in similar situations for business and government, might not also be of service in libraries."
1184,"Compact Book Storage in Libraries A method is developed for optimally shelving inventory items by size, with particular reference to large library collections.. The area presented by n+1 distinct shelf heights is minimized for any collection that can be characterized by an item-height distribution.. When item-height is continuous, the necessary conditions for the extremum are recursive in the optimal shelf heights, and the solution reduces to a simple computational search.. For certain distribution functions, as demonstrated in the example, an additional recursive relation between the solutions for different n further simplified the computation considerable.. Geometrical representations of both the model and the solution method are presented.. The maximum increase in storage capacity can be expressed generally as a simple function of the mean and the maximum item-height.."
1185,"Experimentation in the Theory of Linguistic Description The principle tool for the study and description of natural languages used in this book are working models of the type ""Sense <-> Text"". The similar model for a given actual language is a completely organized sum of rules whose purely mechanical application should ideally allow one to: 1) go from the given text in the language being studied to the formal description  of the sense of that text, i.e., to its semantic representation (= semantic  notation) 2) go from a given meaning, i.e., from a given semantic representation to a  text (in the language being studied) which will convey the same meaning. If the proposed meaning may be expressed in more than one way, then all the appropriate synonymous texts should be constructed."
1186,"Organization and Environment Managing Differentiation and Integration What organizational characteristics are required to deal effectively with different external market and technological conditions? This is the central question which this book addresses.. Such a question is quite different from the central theme of most earlier organizational studies, which have tended to focus on the question of what is the one best way to organize, irrespective of the external environmental conditions facing the business.. In this important respect this study breaks new ground.. Nevertheless, it draws heavily on earlier studies in the field of organization behavior at Harvard Business School and elsewhere, as well as the related literature of the behavioral sciences.. The authors not only report the findings of a comparative study of ten organizations with different levels of economic performance in three distinct industrial environments, but also use these findings to unravel some of the apparent contradictions in current organization theory.. A discussion of the implications of these findings for the design and administration of large organizations in relation to their specific market and technological environments is also included.."
1187,"Organizations This book is about the theory of formal organizations. It is easier, and probably more useful, to give examples of formal organizations than to define the term. The United States Steel Corporation is a formal organization; so is the Red Cross, the corner grocery store, the New York State Highway Department. The latter organization is, of course, part of a larger one - the New York State government. But for present purposes we need not trouble ourselves about the precise boundaries to be drawn around an organization or the exact distinction between an ""organization"" and a ""nonorganization."" We are dealing with empirical phenomena, and the world has an uncomfortable way of not permitting itself to be fitted into clean classifications.   Authors are often convinced that the particular subjects with which they are dealing are more significant than the world has acknowledged. We cheerfully make this claim for organization theory. However much organizations occupy the thoughts of practicing executives and administrators, and however many books for these practitioners have been written about them, the theory of organizations occupies an insignificant place in modern social science. Most current psychology and sociology textbooks do not devote even a short chapter to the subject of formal organizations. The Handbook of Social Psychology (Lindzey, 1954) contains chapters on small groups, mass media, ""industrial social psychology"" (with only passing references to organizations), leadership, and voting behavior. There is no comparable chapter on formal organizations, and only scattered reference to them throughout the text."
1188,"Organizations in Action Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory This book might be considered a conceptual inventory. This is a departure from the recent fashion of conducting ""propositional inventories,"" which assumes that important relationships have already been explored (Berelson and Steiner, 1964). I assume merely that the concepts relevant to important relationships exist, and once having identified some, I hope to generate potentially significant propositions. We lack the systematic evidence that eventually must come, but there are illustrative studies cited to indicate that the propositions which are neither time- nor space-bound.   I assume that there are differences among organizations, and hope to account for some of them. But I also assume that there is not a one- to-one correspondence between significant organizational differences and the typical categories of business, government, medicine, and education. Likewise, I believe there is not a direct correlation between the academic disciplines and useful categories of complex organizations."
1189,"Organizing Nonprint Material The object of this book is to establish a means for organizing collections of nonprint material so that greatest efficiency can match most effective service. No lesser goal is worthy of consideration. In discussing the problems of organization, the examples of material have been used to explain differences in treatment that can be made responsive to the needs of the community that the library serves. Nonprint material is a vital part of a modern library of whatever type. School libraries have made the greatest use of the material so far, to the point of becoming media-centers, but the avalanche of information is not only in print form and the need for information may often be satisfied only by nonprint material."
1190,"Basis of informatics Informatics is a new scientific discipline, studying the fracture and characteristics of scientific information, the regularities of scientific information activity, its theory, history, system of methods and organization. The book formulates subject and method of scientific information theory; gives specification of different kids of documents as sources of scientific information; sheds light on the methods and forms of analytical-synthetic document processing; expounds basic principles of information retrieval and ways to mechanize and automatize it; describes methods and resources of document copying and reproduction."
1191,"Basis of Scientific Information The present monograph is one of the first attempts to expound the basis of scientific information, its theory, systems of methods and organization. The monograph formulates subject and method of scientific information theory; gives specification of different kinds of documents as sources of scientific information; sheds light on method and forms of analytical-synthetic document processing; expounds basic principles of information retrieval and ways to mechanize and automatize it. Describes methods and resources of document copying and reproduction."
1192,"Out of the Dinosaurus; the evaluation of the National Lending Library for Science and Technology The establishment of the National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL) has been one of the most significant events in British librarianship in the twentieth century. This book attempts to trace the development of the library up to its merger into the impending British Library, and to describe the philosophies which shaped its policies and services. I hope that the book will be of value to British and overseas librarians as a case study of the development of a national library, and also to students of librarianship and information work in that it may help them to appreciate the context in which the library has evolved and in which it now operates."
1193,"An Overview of Operational Ballots BALLOTS (""Bibliographic Automation of Large Library Operations Using a Time-sharing System"") is an on-line system that assists book processing in the Acquisition and Catalog departments of the Stanford University Libraries.. The library staff use video (cathode ray tube or ""CRT"") terminals to perform a variety of functions involving several computerized files, and as a result of this on-line activity, the system updates the files and uses data from them to print the library outputs overnight.."
1194,"Compaction of Names by X-grams This paper presents a method for compacting proper given names for computer storage.. The method presented uses x-grams which are combinations of from one to eight letters.. Rather than spelling names letter by letter, they are ""spelled"" with x-grams..  An algorithm as been implemented in a computer program and used to obtain sets of x-grams for two large (42,165 and 43,875) given name samples.. Using the x-grams obtained, it was possible to represent the names from one sample in 1.78 bits per original character and in 2.1 bits per original character in the second sample.."
1195,"Comparative Effects of Titles, Abstracts and Full Texts on Relevance Judgements Twenty-two users submitted 99 questions to experimental IR systems and received 1086 documents as answers, receiving first titles, then abstracts, and finally full texts.. Ability of users to recognize relevance from shorter formats in comparison to full text judgement was observed.. Of 1086 answers evaluated, 843 or 78% had the same judgement on all three formats.. Of 207 answers judged relevant from full text, 131 were judged so from titles and 160 from abstracts.. Parallels between users' and IR systems' performance on shorter formats are drawn.."
1196,"Retrieval of Bibliographic Entries from a Name-Title Catalog by Use of Truncated Search Keys An experiment to produce information on the utility of co-ordinating derived, truncated search keys as enquiry terms to an on-line bibliographic system was performed on a file of 132,808 name-title entries.. Statistics on the number of entries associated with each key for keys varying from four to eight characters in length were obtained.. Assuming use of a keyboard cathode ray tube terminal capable of displaying at least ten lines of text, and taking spelling error probabilities into account, a derived key consisting of the first three characters of author name concatenate with the first three  characters of title was determined to be effective for at least four-fifths of all academic libraries.."
1197,"Retrieval of Single Entries from a Computerized Library Catalog File The major intellectual challenges confronting an architect of a total computerized library system is organization of a efficient file of millions of bibliographic references from which a single entry can be retrieved swiftly and uniquely. Research on file organization has concentrated on retrieval of multiple entries possessing some equal or similar characteristic. However, a basic library bibliographic file should be organized to yield a record unequal and dissimilar to all others. Such a file is analogous to the familiar main entry catalog, which every library maintains, and would have associated with it supplementary index files of subjects, titles, call numbers, and perhaps other attributes."
1198,"Proceedings. Conference on Interlibrary Communications and Information Networks Librarians and information scientists are vitally concerned with network development for a number of important reasons. First, the network concept implies removal of all geographic barriers to knowledge; this is made possible by advances in telecommunications technology. Second, a network implies equal access by any individual for any purpose to the sum total of the nation's knowledge resources; this has been a long-standing educational goal. And third, a network implies positive redirection of the basic professional goals and objectives of librarianship and information science."
1199,A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes An optimum method of coding an ensemble of messages consisting of a finite number of members is developed.. A minimum-redundancy code is one constructed in such a way that the average number of coding digits per message is minimized..
1200,"On the Statistics of Individual Variations of Productivity in Research Laboratories In the following pages a co-winner of the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics presents a novel study of one of today's most precious commodities - scientific productivity. The author not only measures the variations that exist between different research workers, he also explains these differences and draws some specific conclusions about the relationship of salary to productivity. PROCEEDINGS readers will find this an especially timely ad significant discussion, particularly in view of the present widespread concern about manpower shortages and proper utilization of scientific personnel."
1201,"Communication and Epidemic Processes It is pointed out that communication processes can be represented as epidemic processes.. Consequently, epidemic theory can be applied to the study of any process in which information is transmitted within a population.. The members of such populations need not be human beings but could be micro-organisms or even machines.. The fundamental notion of stability of an epidemic process is introduced and a stability theorem is derived.. A mechanism, called an information retrieval process, which instigates an epidemic process is defined, certain general properties of the mechanism are established and the means of controlling it are discussed.. Pontryagin's maximum principle is applied to the problem of achieving optimal control of an epidemic process and it is shown that stability of the process is equivalent to stability in the sense of Lyapunov.. This result makes it possible to determine the conditions for stability without knowledge of the solution of the differential equations which represent the process.."
1202,"Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis Our purpose in writing this book has been to give a systematic account of major topics in pattern recognition, a field concerned with machine recognition of meaningful regularities in noisy or complex environments.  The most prominent domain-independent theory is classification theory, the subject of Part I of this book. Based on statistical decision theory, it provides formal mathematical procedures for classifying patterns once they have been represented abstractly as vectors.  Attempts to find domain-independent procedures for constructing these vector representations have not yielded generally useful results. Instead, every problem area has acquired a collection of procedures suited to its special characteristics. Of the many areas of interest, the pictorial domain has received by far the most attention. Furthermore, work in this area has progressed from picture classification to picture analysis and description. Part II of this book is devoted to a systematic presentation of these topics in visual scene analysis."
1203,"Patterns in the Use of books in Large Research Libraries The accumulative growth, without limit in ultimate size, of the general research library must produce stresses and strains that many institutions will find difficult to resolve. The rising costs of space for library buildings and bookstacks; the scarcity of centrally located campus land; aesthetic and functional limitations on the heights, bulk, and areas of library buildings; and increasing complexity in the organization of materials and services for the efficient use of large research collections, are illustrative of some of these stresses and strains."
1204,"Perceptions An Introduction to Computational Geometry The goal of this study is to reach a deeper understanding of some concepts we believe are crucial to the general theory of computation. We will study in great detail a class of computations that make decisions by weighing evidence. Certainly, this problem is of great interest in itself, but our real hope is that understanding of its mathematical structure will prepare us eventually to go further into the almost unexplored theory of parallel computers."
1205,"Personnel Administration in Libraries Since 1958 when the first edition of the present work was issued, additional studies, research programs and experimentation have contributed to changes in personnel work and the large area of human relations. The impact of these developments has been and should be felt in libraries as well as in industry, government and business. The present edition views all the aspects of personnel work in the context of the most useful of the newer developments."
1206,"Personnel Utilization in Libraries A Systems Approach In the late 1960s nearly all professions in the United States thought they faced severe shortages of manpower in their fields, both in professional and supporting areas. Librarianship was not immune: there was more work to be done than existing staffs could do; there were budgeted professional vacancies that could not be filled. And, concurrently, there were concerns being quietly expressed that some of the shortages could be ameliorated by a changed utilization of existing manpower.  It was at this time and out of these concerns that Julius R. Chitwood, then president of the Illinois Library Association, appointed an ad hoc Committee on Manpower Training and Utilization to study patterns of staff assignments and to recommend to library administrators more effective ways of utilizing professional staff. After examining the use of professional staff in a few libraries, however, it became clear to this committee of volunteer researchers that they could not do the job which needed doing. It was also clear that a need was there, that a small segment of the library manpower problem could be more fully explored, that the results of a serious study in Illinois might have national implications, and that the resources for such a study should be sought."
1207,"Technical Information Project The model of a technical information system described there by Dr. Kessler involves a working literature taken from twenty-one journals in the field of physics.. The system, designed and constructed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a prototype operating in a realistic test environment, uses remote consoles having access to a time-sharing computer facility.. Programs have been developed for a large variety of search and processing techniques in real time as well as for delayed output.. The work is supported by the National Science Foundation and in part by Project MAC, the experimental computer facility at MIT which is sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency.."
1208,"Keeping up with What's Going on in Physics AIP's Current Physics Information program offers new products            to help scientists and engineers stay up-to-date In 1966, AIP had a modest program in physics information supported by the National Science Foundation. The program went back several years, and AIP was considering a major expansion. The first task faced in such an expansion was to augment the staff so as to be interdisciplinary in physics, computer operations and scientific information. The staff would be able to analyze and extend the studies made at AIP and elsewhere, and would formulate a basic approach."
1209,"Is Journal Publication Obsolescent? Orderly communication through research journals may be jeopardized by a developing national information system that is beginning to encroach on the domain of the primary publication system. The author also believes mass distribution of unedited, unreferred and often unproofed preprints, which has recently been proposed, would put journals out of business or transform them into depositories."
1210,"Is There a Pecking Order in Physics Journals? Analysis of close to a million citations puts Physical Review at the top of the list, but the order changes when we adjust for ""impact"" and ""immediacy."" When physicists wish to communicate their work by means of publication, several considerations are weighed before choosing the appropriate journal. There is the matter of audience; of the probable delay between acceptance and publication; of article format (letter, review, standard research report). If the article is potentially controversial, the author may estimate its chances of being accepted by different journals. Considerations of national pride may sway the choice: An author may submit a work to a journal in his own country rather than to one that has a greater circulation and impact but is published in a foreign country."
1211,"The Planning of Academic and Research Library Buildings This volume deals with the planning of academic and research library buildings. Library buildings house library collections of various kinds, chiefly books and other printed matter; seating accommodations and other facilities for library users; quarters for the library staff that acquires, catalogues, and serves the collections; and, in addition, architectural or what is preferably known as non-assignable space. (If there if space left over after caring for the above needs, it is sometimes assigned for other purposes.)"
1212,"Planning the College and University Library Building: A book for campus planners and architects This book is intended to help campus planners, architects, and librarians in the early stages of the planning process.  Three aspects of the problem deserve more careful treatment than they have received. These are: the effects of automation and electronics on planning; the overall organization of service patterns; and, the relevance of other audiovisual learning media.  This is a book about the planning process, not the details of all parts of a building. It will not tell you which floor covering is best, which light fixtures to use or which kind of library shelving to buy. These matters are treated in detail by Metcalf. It will, however, try to tell you how to go about solving these and the many other problems planners face.  Wherever it seems relevant and proper, I have included sketches to illustrate the point under discussion. For the simplicity of these illustrations, I beg the indulgence of the reader."
1213,"Plans and Structure of Behavior The notion of a Plan that guides behavior is, again not entirely accidentally, quite similar to the notion of a program that guides an electronic computer. In order to discover how to get the Image into motion, therefore, we reviewed once more the cybernetic literature on the analogies between brains and computers, between minds and programs.   Our fundamental concern, however, was to discover whether the cybernetic ideas have any relevance for psychology. The men who have pioneered in this area have been remarkably innocent about psychology - the creatures whose behavior they want to simulate often seem more like a mathematician's dream than like living animals. But in spite of all the evidence, we refused to believe that ignorance of psychology is a cybernetic prerequisite or even an advantage. There must be some way to phrase the new ideas so that they can contribute to and profit from the science of behavior that psychologists have created. It was the search for that favorable intersection that directed the course of our year-long debate."
1214,"The Practice of Management We have available today the knowledge and experience needed for the successful practice of management. But there is probably no field of human endeavor where the always tremendous gap between the knowledge and performance of the leaders and the knowledge and performance of the average is wider or more intractable. This book does not exclude from its aims the advancement of the frontier of knowledge; it hopes, indeed, to make some contribution to it. But its first aim is to narrow the gap between what can be done and what is being done, between the leaders in management and the average."
1215,"PRECIS: a manual of concept analysis and subject indexing In 1951, the British Bibliography introduced the relatively new technique of chain indexing to British libraries. Twenty years later, with chain procedure established as one of the standard techniques, BNB again pioneered a new approach to subject indexing when it adopted PRECIS from its first issues of 1971.  To explain why this change was felt to be necessary, we have to consider these indexing systems in the light of the new approaches to handling bibliographic data which have developed over the past decade of so. Two forces, in particular, have affected both descriptive cataloguing and subject indexing during this period; firstly, the introduction of computers; secondly, and concomitantly, the development of bibliographic data exchange networks, of which MARC is, perhaps, the primary example.  In some respects, PRECIS represents a parallel development in the field of subject indexing. Traditionally, indexing systems have also tended to be dominated by the concept of a most significant term which, once identified by the indexer, would be offered as the user's access point to the alphabetical file. This applied most obviously to subject heading systems. A good deal of Cutter's ""Rules for a dictionary catalog"" is devoted to the problem of identifying this most significant term in a compound heading and presenting it as the user's access point, even when this entailed a distortion of natural language, and the production of inverted headings. The unselected component would then be lost as an entry word, unless the indexer also created a further heading or headings, in which case none of these headings would be co-extensive with the subject of the document."
1216,"Prejudices and Antipathies: A tract on the LC subject heads concerning people Since the first edition of Library of Congress subject headings appeared 60 years ago, American and other libraries have increasingly relied on this list as the chief authority -- if not the sole basis -- for subject cataloging. There can be no quarrel about the practical necessity for such a labor-saving, worry-reducing work, nor--abstractly--about its value as a global standardizing agent, a means for achieving some uniformity in an area that would otherwise be chaotic. Undoubtedly, it is a real boon to scholars, as well as to ordinary readers, to find familiar, fairly constant headings in subject catalogs as far removed geographically as Washington, DC and Lusaka, Zambia. Knowledge and scholarship are, after all, universal. And a subject-scheme should, ideally, manage to encompass all the facets of what has been printed and subsequently collected in libraries to the satisfaction of the worldwide reading community. Should, that is. But in the realm of headings that deal with people and cultures--in short, with humanity--the LC list can only ""satisfy"" parochial, jingoistic Europeans and North Americans, white-hued, at least nominally Christian (and preferably Protestant) in faith, comfortably situated in the middle and higher-income brackets, largely domiciled in suburbia, fundamentally loyal to the Established Order, and heavily imbued with the transcendent, incomparable glory of Western civilization. Further, it reflects a host of untenable--indeed, obsolete and arrogant--assumptions with respect to young people and women. And exudes something less than sympathy or even fairness toward organized labor and the sexually unorthodox or ""avant-garde."""
1217,"Prestige, Class and Mobility This volume contains the report of a sample survey conducted in Denmark 1953-1954. In addition the author has attempted to integrate survey findings with relevant sociological theory and with previous research findings."
1218,"Principles of Numerical Taxonomy It is the purpose of this book to present a firm theoretical basis for numerical taxonomy, to show why we believe numerical taxonomy has advantages over conventionally practiced taxonomy, to report on the previous advances made in the field so far, and to furnish newcomers in the field with a detailed step-by-step description of the procedures employed in numerical taxonomy."
1219,"Principles of Operations Research with Applications to Managerial Decisions This book is written primarily for college students who have no previous background in operations research and who intend careers as administrators, consultants, executives, or managers in business, nonprofit enterprises, or government. The broad topic coverage also should make the text helpful for students who seek careers as teachers and researchers as well as for practitioners who desire an up-to-date review of operations research. The book can be used in half-year or full-year introductory courses for juniors, seniors, or graduates in business, economics, and engineering curricula.  The central goal of the book is to answer the question, ""What are the fundamental ideas of operations research?"" The text does not presuppose any advanced training in business administration, industrial engineering, mathematics, statistics, probability theory, or economics. Therefore, the main ideas do not rely on the reader's being expert in these areas. The text does assume, however, that the reader is not entirely naive about such subjects."
1220,"Nature of Information The book considers connections between the concept of information and some philosophical categories, reveals the possibility of applying theoretical- informational methods in logic, gnosiology (epistemology or theory of knowledge)."
1221,"Problems in Organizing Library Collections In the area of library work often called ""cataloging"" and, more broadly, ""technical services,"" the student may fall into two errors: that of assuming that all work is strictly routine and mechanical, and that of viewing the tasks of organizing a library collection as self-contained. One purpose of the case studies here presented is to help correct both these errors, and to do so by illuminating some of the ways in which interpersonal relations affect the character of the routines and by setting the organizational tasks in the broader context of the total library situation."
1222,"Russian descriptor informatics dictionary This dictionary contains general alphabetical list of descriptors and synonymous, keywords, and word combinations. It is intended for use in coordinating the indexing of documents."
1223,"Problems of Information Service A major prospect for meeting the present critical situation in the domain of scientific communications - which is a natural corollary of the advancement of scientific and technical revolution is the development and practical implementation of a special type of information systems, known as Integrated Information Systems."
1224,"On one model of semantic information theory Text processing problems (such as automatic translation and automatic abstracting) create a need for defining explicit concepts, which should be characterized as the properties and quantity of semantic information contained in document texts. In fact, we need a formal model, which lets us describe the process of semantic text analysis.  Semantic text analysis could be described from the point of view of someone with a different ""conception of the world"" - e.g. the text of very meaningful article does not contain, in fact, any information for people who are not specialists in the given mathematic field. Therefore, the formal model must contain descriptions of the ""conception of the world: of the given observer. Such a description we call a thesaurus.  Semantic text analysis we interpret as changing the thesaurus in response to a given text."
1225,On semantic synthesis This paper describes a system for the automatic synthesis of a text in a natural language (Russian). The primary characteristic of this system is its semantic nature and the plurality of its synthesis.
1226,"Evaluation of Methods of Formal Investigation of Texts in Dead Languages An account is given of the principles for automatic decipherment of historical documents which are used by te VINITI group under the leadership of M. A. Probst.. The author considers problems of dividing texts into blocks, classification of morphemes into auxiliary and root morphemes by means of the variational principle, and establishment of correspondences between related languages.."
1227,"Production and Distribution Anything that goes under the name of ""production and distribution"" sounds as if it clearly fell into the economist's domain. An analysis of ""knowledge,"" on the other hand, seems to be the philosopher's task, though some aspects of it are claimed by the sociologist. But if one speaks of the ""communication of knowledge in the United States,"" the specialist in education may feel that this is in his bailiwick; also the mathematician or operations researcher specializing in communication theory and information systems may prick up his ears. In fact, some of the knowledge to be discussed here is technological, and thus the engineer may properly be interested. When I tried out the title of this study on representatives of various disciplines, many were rather surprised that an economist would find himself qualified to undertake this kind of research."
1228,The Prognostication of science Science is developing at a rapid pace. The modern scientific and technical revolution has as its outcome an unprecedented fact: the transformation of science in an ever growing manner and along the growing front of scientific disciplines into an immediately productive and social force of society.
1229,"The Application of Microform to Manual and Machine-readable Catalogues At Birmingham University Library it is proposed to implement in October l972, a complete microfilm catalogue system.. This system originated from two sources.. Over the past two years various means have been evaluated of converting the library's card catalogues (which were closed at the end of 1971) to a more compact form.. An interim report mentioned microfilming as one of a number of possibilities.. At the time the production of hard copy was envisaged, but since then a true microform system has seemed preferable, in which the catalogue would exist as cassettes of film to be viewed by all users on reader machines.. This system has been specified and costed, and details are included in this paper.. The impetus in reaching this viewpoint was provided by the progress made over the last 18 months in the field of COM, which rapidly commended itself as the choice of output medium for the new mechanized MARC-based catalogue, which covers all the library's serials and all monographs acquired after January 1972.. BLCMP union catalogues in these categories will also be held in COM form at Birmingham University Library.."
1230,"Book Selection from MARC Tapes: a Feasibility Study The technical and economic feasibility of providing selective notifications of current books to specialized libraries by extraction from MARC tapes has been explored.. An experimental on-line system 'MARCAS' was used to test profile construction and the utility of the various elements in MARC records as search keys.. The programs allowed both weighted and Boolean searching on the title  and author, LC classification and subject headings, and the BNB Precis indexing terms and Reference Index Numbers.. Test profiles were constructed for nine libraries covering a range of subject fields, and run on six weeks of BNB and six weeks of LC MARC tapes.. The output was assessed for relevance and recall, and the results analyzed in terms of precision and recall for various combinations of searchable fields.. The best performance, with recall and precision both about 50%, was given by searching all verbal fields together - title and author, LC subject headings, and (BNB tapes only) Precis indexing terms.. Costs for the experimental on-line system, and a batch version of the system, are identified.."
1231,"Prolegomena to Library Classification Even while Edition 2 was under preparation, seeds had been sown to take the study of the Theory of Classification to a deeper level with the co-operation of a wider circle of workers. An International Conference of Libraries and Documentation Centres was held in Brussels from 11 to 18 September 1955. During the Conference, a whole forenoon was devoted to a Group Meeting on ""Classification, General and Special"", under my Chairmanship. The following two resolutions recommended by the Group Meeting were adopted by the Plenary Meeting on 16 September 1955.  ""1 The FID recommends that a deeper and more extensive study should be made of the general theory of classification, including facet analysis, and also of their application in the documentation of specific subjects.  ""2 The Commission proposes, that in liaison with the FID/CA Committee, a permanent Working Group be created in order to make mutual exchange of theoreticians' experiences and points of view possible. The rapporteurs shall bring about the creation of such a group and furnish the information and means of work in order that practical results may be obtained in the shortest time, by making mail exchanges easier and more frequent. The scheme proposed by Dr. Ranganathan will serve as the basic document"" [154]. Further, at its meeting held on 16 September 1955, the Council of FID requested its Bureau to convene an International Seminar on Classification. This was in accord with the memorandum prepared by me at the request of Donker Duyvis [133]."
1232,"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information My problem is that I have been persecuted by an integer. For seven years this number has followed me around, has intruded in my most private data, and has assaulted me from the pages of our most public journals. This number assumes a variety of disguises, being sometimes a little larger and sometimes a little smaller than usual, but never changing so much as to be unrecognizable. The persistence with which this number plagues me is far more than a random accident. There is, to quote a famous senator, a design behind it, some pattern governing its appearances. Either there really is something unusual about the number or else I am suffering from delusions of persecution."
1233,"A Theory of Human Motivation The present paper is an attempt to formulate a positive theory of motivation which will satisfy these theoretical demands and at the same time conform to the known facts, clinical and observational as well as experimental. It derives most directly, however, from clinical experience. This theory is, I think, in the functionalist tradition of James and Dewey, and is fused with the holism of Wertheimer, Goldstein, and Gestalt Psychology, and with the dynamicism of Freud and Adler. This fusion of synthesis may arbitrarily be called a 'general-dynamic' theory."
1234,"Multidimensional Scaling by Optimizing Goodness of Fit to a Nonmetric Hypothesis Multidimensional scaling is the problem of representing n objects geometrically by n points, so that the interpoint distances correspond in some sense to experimental dissimilarities between objects.. In just what sense distances and dissimilarities should correspond has been left rather vague in most approaches, thus leaving these approaches logically incomplete.. Our fundamental hypothesis is that dissimilarities and distances are monotonically related.. We define a quantitative, intuitively satisfying measure of goodness of fit to this hypothesis.. Our technique of multidimensional scaling is to compute that configuration of points which optimizes the goodness of fit.. A practical computer program for doing the calculations is described in a companion paper.."
1235,"Public Knowledge An Essay Concerning the Social Dimension of Science Natural Science, whose internal development for three centuries is so uniform, well-documented and relatively self- generating, is an obvious candidate for such treatment. And having noticed the intellectual connections between the ideas of various scholars, we must surely pass on to an investigation of the social relations through which those connections are established. How do scientists teach, communicate with, promote, criticize, honour, give ear to, give patronage to, one another? What is the nature of the community to which they adhere?"
1236,"Public Libraries in Cooperative Systems; Administrative patterns for service This book was written as an introduction to the administrative relationships between small and medium-sized public libraries and the cooperative library system. In this book, the definition of a cooperative system is as follows: A cooperative library system is the combining of the talents and the resources of a group of independent libraries, within a reasonable geographic radius, for the purpose of attaining excellence in service and resources for the benefit of the actual and potential users of all the member libraries. The plan for the book originated with questions directed to a public library administrator and to a system director. The most pertinent of the repeated questions was, ""How does system membership change local library administration?"" The sharpest question was, ""Will the system ultimately take over local rights and responsibilities?"""
1237,"Public Libraries as Culture and Social Centers: the origin of the concept This book is an attempt to trace the origins of non- book activities in public libraries, by which is meant the arrangement of fiestas, festivals, and exhibitions; the conduct of classes, contests, lectures, and excursions; the staging of plays, the exhibition of movies, the demonstration of karate and judo, and all similar activities not primarily concerned with books now carried on by public libraries. Since ideas about libraries, as well as librarians, have passed back and forth across the Atlantic with great facility, in this attempt to discover origins it seems wise to follow, however sketchily, developments in both America and Britain, and to note with some care what was happening in scholarly libraries, in popular libraries for the middle classes, and in libraries intended for the working classes."
1238,"Public Library and City This volume is an edited collection of some papers from the 1963 Symposium on Library Functions in the Changing Metropolis sponsored by the Joint Center for Urban Studies and the National Book Committee. Not all the papers delivered at the Symposium are included, and papers by Banfield, Blasingame, and myself were written especially for this volume. The authors are urban social scientists, economists, historians, sociologists, political scientists, planners, communication experts, library scholars, and library administrators. The papers are about libraries and cities, and their main purpose is to raise issues about the character of cities and the future of libraries whose milieu is the city."
1239,"Public Library Legislation Since its inception Unesco has engaged in activities designed to promote the expansion and improvement of public library services as a living force for popular education and international understanding. These activities have included public library pilot projects - Colombo (Ceylon), Medellin (Colombia), Delhi (India), Abidjan (Ivory coast), Enugu (Nigeria) - training of librarians, and meetings of experts on planning library services. It has become increasingly evident that effective public library services cannot be developed and maintained without appropriate legislation providing for a nation-wide service, offering, as far as possible, equal contract with the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), for a comparative study of existing library legislation that would be helpful to developing and developed countries alike in drafting legislation."
1240,"The Public Library in the United States The study as a whole is designed to stimulate public librarians to re-examine realistically their most useful function and greatest potential contribution at a time when methods of communication are undergoing rapid change. As the traditional custodian of the printed word, the librarian has long had a distinctive and widely accepted role. The Public Library Inquiry, especially in the concluding chapter of the present volume, brings to the center of attention problems and suggestions for change challenging a fresh appraisal. It should arouse the interest of the public served by the libraries as well as aid the librarians themselves to an appreciation of an important American institution that must be kept ever alert to the needs of a democratic society."
1241,"Publishers and Libraries The purpose of this study is to report on the viability of the journals' system for communicating scholarly and research information. Overall it examines the economics of the interaction between the publisher and library components in this system and seeks to identify the separate and interdependent problems of each. Data have been collected for the five-year period 1969-73 as a basis for analysis and interpretation. Emerging issues and trends are identified and evaluated for their possible future impact. When supported by data and information derived from the study, conclusions and recommendations are offered, aimed at possible solutions, or processes for stabilizing the present deteriorating situation and the consequent drift toward a general crisis in journal communication."
1242,"Quantitative Methods This Institute was designed both to encourage the use of quantitative measurement and to teach the techniques necessary for such use. It was hoped that an emphasis on statistical measurement would upgrade administrative and research skills and thus contribute to more efficient and effective library management.  Studies of librarians' academic backgrounds have indicated a preponderance of humanities and social science majors in the field. Too often librarians have had only a few courses in mathematics, and some actually have a psychological antipathy toward numbers. This anti-mathematics syndrome has kept librarians from taking proper advantage of quantitative methods."
1243,"Rare Book Librarianship Although there is an extensive and enjoyable literature on the subject of rare books, most of it is concerned with bibliography or book collecting, and relatively little on the librarianship of rare books is available. This book is an attempt to consider some of the problems of custodianship and exploitation of special collections in libraries; problems sufficiently different, I believe, to make the concept of rare book librarianship a valid one. It is based distantly upon lecture notes for a course on this subject which was offered to postgraduate students at Loughborough University."
1244,"Rate Distortion Theory A Mathematical Basis for Data Compression The branch of information theory devoted to situations in which the entropy of the source exceeds the capacity of the channel is called rate distortion theory. The name derives from C.E. Shannon's concept of the rate distortion function of an information source with respect to a fidelity criterion, which serves as the cornerstone of the theory. Rate distortion theory provides a mathematical basis for the rapidly evolving branch of communication engineering commonly referred to as ""data compression,"" ""bandwidth compression,"" or ""redundancy reduction."""
1245,"Reader in Documents of International Organizations The purpose of this volume is to give an insight into the nature and scope of the documents of international organizations and to provide information about the work of documentalists and librarians in making the mass of information available in these documents available to readers. All too many librarians regard government documents and in particular, the documents of international agencies as esoteric, unlike the usual library materials in format and publication pattern, and as presenting problems of acquisitions, control and service so complex and so frustrating that they are best left to the specialist in documents. The result is that international documents are a puzzlement to the general librarian, and a source of frustration to the ill informed administrator; a situation exacerbated by the present general tendency of library school curricula to ignore the question of international documents except for cursory mention in one or at most two sessions of a general course in government documents to which relatively few students are exposed. The information in this volume will allay the fears of the generalist librarian. It also provides the data on which to base additional emphasis on international documents in the library school curriculum."
1246,"Reader Instruction in Colleges and Universities DEFINITION: What is 'reader instruction'? Another currently used term is 'library instruction', which puts the emphasis on the library rather than the reader, and which also suggests to some that library instruction concerns the training of librarians. For the purpose of this introductory handbook 'reader instruction' is taken to mean instruction given to readers to help them make the best use of a library, particularly an academic library of some size and complexity."
1247,"Reader in Library Cooperation This volume is intended as a means of exploration for the practicing librarian and as a textbook for the library school student. It will try to draw attention to significant social, behavioral, theoretical, organizational, functional, and operational generalizations about library interrelationships; and to suggest a sense of the total fabric of the cooperative endeavor. It does not aim at identifying and incorporating the forms and the range of library cooperation in which individual libraries seek to extend the limits of their separate capabilities."
1248,"Reader in Library Service and the Computer The selections are intended mainly for students in library schools, and for librarians in the field who have not yet made themselves conversant with the literature of computer-based operations. This is not a book, to state the proposition in the negative, for those who wish to read on the theoretical aspects of computers.  The selections are brought together in seven sections. The first, the Challenge, includes material on what is expected of librarians in the age of the computer.  The second section, Varieties of Response, does not by any means exhaust developments in American libraries. It does, I believe, contain representative descriptions of some of the best work being accomplished.  The third section, Theory of Management, contains an outstanding article by Richard DeGennaro of Harvard. The particular contributions made in this article are described in the editorial comment immediately preceding this third section.  News Services, the fourth section, required a considerable degree of selection among a wealth of material, and is indicative of the wide variety of services which libraries are beginning to offer in the age of the computer. The considerable range of such services is exhaustively indicated in the first selection of this section, while those that follow describe specific services now being offered, or services in the planning stage.  The material in the fifth section, Catalogs and the Computer, is on a subject that has elicited considerable discussion. The two articles selected are on two aspects of the subject, namely, filing problems, and comparative costs.  The sixth section, Copyright, contains an article from the legal point of view. The more traditional library view of copyright has been ably represented by Verner Clapp in an article cited in the section on additional readings.  The seventh section, Information Retrieval Testing, is a subject which has excited the attention of but few librarians, yet its influence on subject indexing could in time prove considerable."
1249,"Reader in Medical Librarianship Each kind of librarianship partakes of the general elements of librarianship, and each has a flavor all its own. This book is intended to present the flavor and philosophy of medical librarianship to the student or novice. If it gives a new perspective to some practicing librarians or administrators in health science organizations, so much the better.  If it were ever possible to think of medical libraries in isolation, it is so no longer. One must conceive of them as part of a medical system, and indeed as part of a system that goes beyond the narrow confines of medicine as practiced by a single physician for a single patient. It extends into the health sciences as represented by dentists, pharmacists, nurses, veterinarians, medical technologists, medical associates and dozens of others, some not yet possessing a clear identity. It includes research, education and practice. In addition to the clinical sciences, the system involves the preclinical ones and preventive medicine and public health. Increasingly, socioeconomic considerations have moved into the mainstream of medicine."
1250,"Reader in Research Methods for Librarianship The fundamental purpose of this volume is to assist its reader to genuinely perceive the nature of scholarship and its relationship to the goals of librarianship. Viewed in this way, and perhaps as antidote to the more rigidly formalistic treatments of the technical matters of research, the editors' concern here has been less with the rituals and far more with the fundamental nature of intellectual inquiry and its societal contribution, with the modes of analysis, the habits of thought and expression which characterize scholarship and the scholar.  Another primary purpose has been to put research into a context which clearly depicts the task of the researcher, and so illuminates realistically not only the rigor and the discipline, but the human triumphs and joys which derive from its accomplishment. Seen thus, as a dynamic field fit for the adventurer of the mind, perhaps it may succeed in enticing more to its fold from among those in librarianship with imaginative and creative capacity, who have not before held this perspective of research."
1251,"Reader in Technical Services This collection attempts to bring together a readable and germane group of materials ranging from history, review papers, and practical exposition to reports on current research and development and conjecture about the future.. It is expected that these selections will be of interest and use to the teacher and student.. It is also hoped that they will be of equal interest to the professional librarian and researcher.. There has been a deliberate attempt to exclude materials that have appeared in recently published collections.. It is for this reason that the names of Panizzi, Cutter, Martel, Hanson, Dewey, Rider, Bliss, Haykin, Shera, Lubetzky and others do not appear.. A specific focus has been given to this book.. It is in the direction of a rational sharing of local, national, and international efforts and the eventual coordination and standardization of practices in the technical services insofar as this is practical.."
1252,"The Recording of Library of Congress Bibliographical Data in Machine Form This report describes the results of a study of a practical method of preparing Library of Congress card catalog data in machine form for (1) the automatic typesetting of cards and book catalogs, and (2) distribution to other libraries throughout the country for all foreseeable bibliographic and typographic applications of such data, including preparation of local catalogs..  The first step of the method proposed is to type the card data on a perforated tape typewriter in a way which identifies all of the items on the card.. After the data is edited and corrected, it is processed by a computer to form (1) catalog card typesetting tapes, (2) the National Union Catalog, (3) Library of Congress Books, Subjects Catalog, magnetic tape catalog files, and a master magnetic or perforated paper tape record copy for distribution.. The procedure also allows the recording of data which does not now appear on Library of Congress cards, should studies find that the value of the data exceeds the cost of recording it..  A demonstration was performed in which cards were typed to produce perforated tape records.. These record tapes were automatically converted to a variety of output forms ranging from phototypeset catalog cards and book catalog entries to tape typewriter and line printer produced catalog cards.."
1253,"Relegation and Stock Control in Libraries Stock control has been defined by Buckland as ""the managerial problem of organising the physical availability of books in relation to readers"". While it has long been recognised that only a proportion of the stock of academic libraries is actively used academic library buildings grow both more expensive and approach capacity fullness with remarkable speed. In certain cases some new buildings are full even before they have left the design-board stage. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion reached by R.B. Morris in 1963 that 'in terms of long range perspective, responsible judgement suggests that there is no feasible choice before libraries other than a wide and continuous programme of ""selective book retirement""'. Library stock control has not received the attention it merits from librarians whose energy, time and resources have been more than fully committed by the problems of acquisition and the provision of an ever-increasing range of services for readers. Early investigations of this issue have tended to be theoretical and Carol Seymour in her review ""Weeding the Collection"" put forward the view that ""a librarian should be able to begin his plan for weeding even if the day seems far off when weeding will be necessary... He also knows the sorts of information tools he will need to have at hand when the day does dawn on his overgrown garden"". The Pebul Report summarised the position in a remarkably appropriate metaphor when it observed that ""weeding the bookstock"" in academic libraries was the ""ungrasped nettle."""
1254,"Report of an Investigation on Literature Searching by Research Scientists This is a factual report of the investigation.. It includes all the numerical results which were judged to be worth reporting.. The whole of the data collected for the investigation is available on punched cards, and further analyzes can be made from these, if required, by members of Aslib..  The broad significance of the results, and any conclusions to be drawn from them, are discussed in papers now being prepared for publication elsewhere.. In this report only such discussion is included as is necessary to clarify the data presented.."
1255,"Report on the Testing and Analysis of an Investigation into the Comparative Efficiency of Indexing Systems This volume continues the account of the Aslib-Cranfield project as given in the ""Final Report of the First Stage of an Investigation into the Comparative Efficiency of Indexing Systems"". The major portion of the two years spent on this present stage has been involved with the analysis of the considerable amount of data which was obtained from the main test programme. A difficulty in this work was in deciding on the type of analysis which would be most likely to yield valuable information. In order to keep this volume within reasonable limits, it has been necessary to select from the analysis that was done, and even so in many cases only brief examples are given. The major emphasis has been placed on the reasons for failure to retrieve source documents, for this is considered to give some of the most interesting results of the project and has not, to our knowledge, been previously attempted. Of possible equal importance, but certainly more difficult to evaluate, is the reason for the retrieval of non-relevant references. This analysis has not been attempted within the present work, but will be one of the matters to be investigated in the continuation of the project."
1256,"The Growth of the Literature of Physics An examination is made of the current problems of the communication and dissemination of literature in the field of physics.. The growth of the literature is considered quantitatively with respect to the form, subject and origin of published material.. This is related to the general growth in scientific activity as exemplified by increases in numbers of physicists and of expenditure on research.. The results of surveys aimed at ascertaining the needs or demands of users of the physics literature are considered, particularly where these reveal weakness in the present organization of information transfer, and the reactions of users to new services intended to remedy the deficiencies.. Finally, a number of recently established services - some designed to meet hitherto unsatisfied needs - are described.. The role of the computer in the development of local, national and international documentation systems is examined.."
1257,"Research Libraries and Technology The focus of the report is primarily upon the problems of the large, university, research-oriented library. It is here that one finds the most difficult resource-access and bibliographical control problems. If one can significantly improve both of these operations for the large, research-oriented institutions, there are likely to be direct or indirect benefits for the smaller library, while the reverse situation is much less likely."
1258,"Resources and Bibliographic Support for a Nationwide Library Program Final Report to the National Commission for Libraries and Information Science Foremost among the nationwide goals of the library community is the access to needed information resources for all persons in all locations in the U.S. The perceived right of individuals to such access provides the foundation for national information planning.   For each library, even the largest, the hope of adequately supplying its identified user groups has been greatly constrained by simultaneous inflation of both cost and quantity of materials. While future technological developments may well make possible on-line full text retrieval of all library materials at local terminals or the instantaneous remote ""publication"" of materials upon demand, the present situation requires more immediate solutions."
1259,"Categories and Relators: A New Scheme If the (major) premise is accepted, that fully effective machine-strategization of a retrieval system depends upon the use of a (hierarchically) structural (but highly flexible) notation as the equivalent for the verbal access provided by either unitermic or articulated conceptual indicators, a faceted classification logically emerges as the desideratum.  The two aspects of a structural notation most determinative here are hierarchicality and uniform use of general categories (the latter, not merely for the sake of uniformity as such, but as the means to a heightened flexibility). These desiderata could of course be present on the ""idea plane"" alone; but without their being present notationally they do not furnish, to a mechanized retrieval system, the type of assistance it requires for optimal functioning.  The second (minor) premise ought to be that the Universal Decimal Classification, being both hierarchical and general-categoric, provides the desired structurality. But the melancholy fact is that this desideratum is not always satisfied, for instance when UDC uses direct division of a hierarchy when division by general category would be equally appropriate."
1260,The Review of Scientific Instruments with Physics News and Views A study of the periodicals for the subjects of physics and radio has been undertaken with the hope of indicating those which are most used in each field. The method selected is similar to that used by P.L.K. Gross and E.M. Gross.
1261,"The Ring Index The collection includes (1) simple parent rings and (2) parent systems of more than one ring in which the rings are united by having one or more atoms in common. It thus comparizes simple and ""fused"" (ortho- and ortho-peri-fused), or annelated, systems (including spiro forms), but not systems like biphenyl or triphenylmethane, in which the rings are united only by valences or by atoms not belonging to the rings. Some systems are included in which a polar valence is involved, e.g. the four-membered ring of betaine, since these are often shown in formulas as if true rings; but in such cases the presence of the polar bond is noted. Polar bonds in metallic salts (e.g. calcium succinate) are disregarded as ring formers; so also are coordinate linkages (as in the chelate compounds). The word ""system"" is used to mean a single ring or a combination of rings united one to another by atoms common to both.  Except for some special reason, only systems representing known compounds of generally accepted structure, or definitely believed by authors to have a certain structure, are included. The fact that a compound must have one or two alternative structures is not sufficient for the entry of a system based on either of them. Where there is doubt about an entry a query (?) is inserted after the reference."
1262,"The Rise of Anthropological Theory My main reason for writing this book is to reassert the methodological priority of the search for the laws of history in the science of man. There is an urgency associated with this rededication, which grows in direct proportion to the increase in the funding and planning of anthropological research and especially to the role anthropologists have been asked to assume in the planning and carrying out of international development programs. A general theory of history is required if the expansion of disposable research funds is to result in something other than the rapid growth in the amount of trivia being published in the learned journals. The publishing of more and more about less and less is an acceptable consequence of affluence only if specialization does not lead to an actual neglect or even obfuscation of fundamental issues."
1263,"Why Don't They Ask Questions? Recently, a great deal of emphasis has been placed upon communications, interviewing, and advisory counseling in the field of library science. Studies done in these areas have dealt mainly with communication barriers, verbal and nonverbal communication, question-negotiation and patterns of information seeking, interviewing techniques for librarians, customer relations, and reference performance as they relate to the user and his confrontation with a librarian in seeking an answer to his question. However, it seems that few people have been concerned with the user who for one reason or another, does not ask a librarian for assistance."
1264,"Cost of Computer Searching The program which I will discuss has the primary objective of making new technology and research information, generated in federally-supported research programs, available for use by industry and government for both private and public benefits. Our group had no part in creating the information resources which we use, except for the design of the computer retrieval system. Although we work with and depend on conventional libraries and librarians, we have no professional librarians on our staff."
1265,"Rules for a Dictionary Catalog No code of cataloging could be adopted in all points by every one, because the libraries for study and the libraries for reading have different objects, and those which combine the two do so in different proportions. Again, the preparation of a catalog must vary as it is to be manuscript or printed, and, if the latter, as it is to be merely an index to the library, giving in the shortest possible compass clues by which the public can find books, or is to attempt to furnish more information on various points, or finally is to be made with a certain regard to what may be called style. Without pretending to exactness, we may divide dictionary catalogs into short-title, medium title, and full-title or bibliographic; typical examples of the three being, 1, the Boston Mercantile (1869) or the Cincinnati Public (1871); 2, the Boston Public (1861 and 1866), the Boston Athenaeum (1874-82); 3, the catalog now making by the Library of Congress. To avoid the constant repetition of such phrases as ""the full catalog of a large library"" and ""a concise finding-list,"" I shall use the three words Short, Medium, and Full as proper names, with the preliminary caution that the Short family are not all the same size, that there is more than one Medium, and that Full may be Fuller and Fullest. Short, if single-columned, is generally a title-a-liner; if printed in double columns, it allows the title occasionally to exceed one line, but not, if possible, two; Medium does not limit itself in this way, but it seldom exceeds four lines, and gets many titles into a single line. Full usually fills three or four lines and often takes six or seven for a title."
1266,"Rules for a Dictionary Catalog No code of cataloguing could be adopted in all points by everyone, because the libraries for study and the libraries for reading have different objects, and those which combine the two do so in different proportions. Again, the preparation of a catalogue must vary as it is to be manuscript or printed, and, if the latter, as it is to be merely an index to the library, giving in the shortest possible compass clues by which the public can find books, or is to attempt to furnish more information on various points, or finally is to be made with a certain regard to what may be called style."
1267,"Russian Declension This book describes exhaustive classification of the declensional types (noun, adjective, participle, mineral, pronoun) in modern Russian literary language and rules of formation for all word-forms of any declinable Russian word. The Description of the Russian declensional system which given in present monography has great importance, on the one hand, for such practical problems as the teaching Russian and the development of automatic Russian text synthesis; and, on the another hand, for a general-theory of declension and for the typological study of Slavic languages."
1268,"The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library Of all the problems which have, of recent years, engaged the attention of educators and librarians none have been more puzzling than those posed by the astonishing growth of our great research libraries. My own interest in this subject has, over several years, resulted in a series of papers, some of them mainly analyzes, but others of them endeavoring to suggest answers to what has sometimes seemed to be an almost insoluble puzzle."
1269,"Scholarly Reprint Publishing in the United States With this book I try to offer readers a broad picture of the current reprint industry, as well as an account detailed enough to capture the fast-moving reprint scene from various viewpoints."
1270,"Science Since Babylon This book had its origin in a set of five public lectures given at the Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University during October and November 1959 under the auspices of the Yale Department of History.  The subject (whatever its name) had just come through a stage in its growing up during which it almost seemed as though every would-be practitioner of the art deemed it necessary to exhibit the completeness of his dedication by writing the history of the whole of science through all its periods. Hoping that this historiographic phase had evaporated, and feeling incompetent in too many scientific and historical directions, I resolved instead to essay the experiment of speaking only from those areas in which I had reasonable firsthand experience at research."
1271,"Is a Scientific Revolution Taking Place in Psychology? My plan in this paper is to try to apply to the field of experimental psychology the analysis of the characteristics of science (and, more particularly, the structure of scientific revolutions) as conceptualized by T.S. Kuhn. Kuhn has not been accepted without criticism, but that need not prevent us from using his book as a point of departure for discussion. I assume that the reader will be familiar with Kuhn's analysis,so that only a sketchy summary of his position is necessary. I will then take a brief look at some of the history of psychology, with special emphasis upon the major tenets of behaviorism. Finally, I will advance some evidence to suggest that we may well be living in an era of revolution within psychology (as well as without)."
1272,"Is a Kuhnian Analysis Applicable to Psychology? As my title might suggest, I wish to discuss some aspects of Palermo's recent paper. The thesis which Palermo advocated is that Kuhn's view of scientific revolution is applicable to the recent history of experimental psychology, and that, in particular, experimental psychology has had two paradigms already, with the appropriate scientific revolution between them, and that the current behavioristic paradigm may well be in a state of Kuhnian crisis. The present note is divided into three parts: the first questions Palermo's assertion that the transition from introspectionism to behaviorism was a standard Kuhnian paradigm-change; the second, closely tied to the first, challenges the assumption that behaviorism itself can really be seen as a Kuhnian paradigm; finally, the third supports Palermo's thesis that behaviorism is in a 'crisis-state' but advances an alternative account of the reasons for this."
1273,"Bibliographical Statistics as a Guide to Growth Points in Science Efforts have been made in recent years to use statistical studies of scientific research papers as a means for deriving general statements about trends in science. For example, there has been a continuing interest in the question of how the frequency of citation of a scientific paper depends on its age. These investigations have, however, been mainly concerned with the major branches of science only, and have also, perhaps, been rather more interested in identifying past trends than in making specific predictions for the future. Although such results are obviously valuable, it is also important to push these analyses further into smaller areas within a main scientific subject division, since such areas may have significantly different bibliographical properties from the subject average. One particularly important aspect of such work concerns the origin of new growth areas within a major discipline. We can specifically pose the question: is it possible, purely from a statistical analysis of scientific research papers, to identify the appearance of a new growth area and, if so, how soon after its first appearance can such an area be identified?"
1274,"The Structure of Scientific Literatures II: Toward a Macro- and Microstructure for Science Part I of this paper described the first steps in mapping the scientific literature, using a new technique - co-citation - to measure the degree of similarity among documents. The work developed directly from an earlier paper which defined this measure, and explored its relationship to other citation measures for identifying relationships among documents. We now report the outcome of an attempt to create 'maps' of the scientific literature. The scales of these maps have been systematically manipulated so that they present, not only an overview of all highly-cited papers in natural science, but also a detailed view of a single scientific specialty. At each level we have systematically sought indications of the validity of the mapping operation, and have indications that the maps display at least certain important aspects of the specialty structure of science."
1275,"College Libraries and Chemical Education The small college has stood staunch in its desire to supply the liberal education and perhaps it has done well in maintaining this position. On the other hand, many of the large universities have shifted the emphasis from undergraduate work to graduate study. Still others have tried to develop both side by side. Few of the small colleges have kept astride with the inevitable consequences of such a situation. The few who have are sending an increasing number of their graduates to these universities to complete their training. As an example of this, it is the boast of Pomona College that over seventy per cent of her graduates have taken subsequent professional training. It has become the evident duty, therefore, of the small college to prepare its men, not only to enter such graduate schools, but also to meet successfully the ever-increasing intensity of competition found there. This in addition to supplying a broad cultural education. This duty has brought with it a number of problems of first magnitude. One of the biggest of these is the problem of adequate library facilities.  It is the purpose of this paper to discuss this problem with special reference to the student whose college major is chemistry."
1276,"Serial Literature Used by American Geologists The present investigation deals with the serial literature of geology, including mineralogy. Six American journals for 1929 were chosen, and the references tabulated. In Table I are listed these source journals, together with the total number of pages of the actual articles studied, the total number of citations in each journal, the number of references to books and to personal communications, and the net total, which represents the citations to serial literature. It is these last mentioned references which will be considered in further detail. The totals are probably slightly high, due to unintentional counting in single articles of repetitions of the same citation."
1277,"Citation Indexes for Science In this paper I propose a bibliographic system for science literature that can eliminate the uncritical citation of fraudulent, incomplete, or obsolete data by making it possible for the conscientious scholar to be aware of criticisms of earlier papers. It is too much to expect a research worker to spend an inordinate amount of time searching for the bibliographic descendants of antecedent papers. It would not be excessive to demand that the thorough scholar check all papers that have cited or criticized such papers, if they could be located quickly. The citation index makes this check practicable.  Even if there were no other use for a citation index than that of minimizing the citation of poor data, the index would be well worth the effort required to compile it.  This paper considers the possible utility of a citation index that offers a new approach to subject control of the literature of science. By virtue of its different construction, it tends to bring together material that would never be collated by the usual subject indexing. It is best described as an association-of-ideas index, and it gives the reader as much leeway as he requires. Suggestiveness through association-of-ideas is offered by conventional subject indexes but only within the limits of a particular subject heading."
1278,"Mathematical Evaluation of the Scientific Serial In this article is offered an improved citation-count method, designed to measure qualitatively the value of any scientific serial by means of a related quantitative citation count."
1279,Identifying Significant Research Literature citation counting is evaluated as a means for identification of significant research.
1280,Searching Natural Language Text by computer Machine indexing and text searching offer an approach to the basic problems of library automation.
1281,Relative Effectiveness of Document Titles and Abstracts for Determining Relevance of Documents Abstract. Individuals who received documents through a selective dissemination of information system were asked to determine the relevance of documents to their work interests on the basis of titles and of abstracts. The results indicate that there was no significant difference between the usefulness of titles and of abstracts for this purpose.
1282,Information Retrieval Systems Statistical decision theory may provide a measure of effectiveness better than measures proposed to date.
1283,"""Science Citation Index"" - A New Dimension in Indexing This unique approach underlies versatile bibliographic systems for communicating and evaluating information."
1284,Scientific Information Exchange in Psychology The immediate dissemination of research findings is described for one science. The immediate dissemination of research findings is described for one science.
1285,Networks of Scientific Papers This article is an attempt to describe in the broadest outline the nature of the total world network of scientific papers. We shall try to picture the network which is obtained by linking each published paper to the other papers directly associated with it.
1286,"Quantitative Growth of the Mathematical Literature Since 1868 the number of mathematical publications per year (measured by counts of titles abstracted) has grown from about 800 to 13,000 at an average continuous compound rate of about 2.5 percent per year, doubling about four times a century. Deviations from the exponential curve are clearly related to war, depression, and recovery. If the total number of publications prior to 1868 is estimated by extrapolating from the curve of annual output, the cumulative grand total of mathematical titles grows from 41,000 in 1867 to 419,000 by the end of 1965. Deviations from an exponential growth of 2.5 percent per year are negligible except for two ""pauses"" during world wars, after which the observations continue parallel to the theoretical curve. The well-known hypothesis of exponential growth of the scientific literature is strongly confirmed but at a rate less than half that found by Price and other investigators.	The discrepancy appears to be due to the failure of previous studies to take into account the titles published before the beginnings of the time series used."
1287,Citation Indexing and Evaluation of Scientific Papers The spread of influence in populations of scientific papers may become a subject for quantitative analysis.
1288,Project Hindsight Defense Department study of the utility of research.
1289,Scientific Communication as a Social System The exchange of information on research evolves predictably and can be experimentally modified.
1290,The Future of Scientific Journals A computer-based system will enable a subscriber to receive a personalized stream of papers.
1291,"The Matthew Effect in Science This paper develops a conception of ways in which certain psychosocial processes affect the allocation of rewards to scientists for their contributions - an allocation which in turn affects the flow of ideas and findings through the communication networks of science. The conception is based upon an analysis of the composite of experience reported in Harriet Zuckerman's interviews with Nobel laureates in the United States (1) and upon data drawn from the diaries, letters, notebooks, scientific papers, and biographies of other scientists."
1292,Computer-Assisted Design of Complex Organic Synthesis This article is concerned with the general theory of chemical synthesis and with the application of machine computation to the generation of chemical pathways for the synthesis of complicated organic molecules. The basis for the approach which has been developed comes in large measure from the methods used by chemists in the solution of certain types of synthetic problems.
1293,"Psychology: Apprehension over a New Communications System Dissension has arisen in the American Psychological Association (APA) over a multimillion dollar plan to establish a ""national information system for psychology."" The plan would supplement the existing psychology journals with a computerized system for distributing unedited manuscripts on a rapid-fire basis."
1294,"Automatic Text Analysis In this article the principal experiments in automatic text analysis are briefly reviewed, and an indication is given of developments to be expected in the future."
1295,Communication or Chaos? Effective transfer of scientific and technical information continues to be a pressing national problem.
1296,Computer-Based Chemical Information Services Some new aids for the research scientist are described.
1297,Communication in the Physical and Social Sciences This article focuses on differences between the physical and the social sciences regarding three major factors associated with the dissemination and assimilation of scientific information: (i) lags in the process of information flow; (ii) the organization and effectiveness of informal networks; and (iii) the transfer of information from the informal to the formal domain.
1298,"Selective Dissemination and Indexing of Scientific Information Automated methods for selective dissemination of information (SDI) to individual scientists and engineers play an important role in dealing with the increasing avalanche of scientific information.. This article presents some basic aspects of SDI systems and describes recent developments and problems.. Two different approaches to indexing information for SDI systems are discussed, with emphasis on the desirability of using enumerative hierarchical classifications to improve the precision and quality of matching scientists with useful documents.."
1299,"Current Physics Information A new concept in science communication will be given its first test in calendar year 1972.. Primary and secondary contents of a selected subset of the world's journal literature in physics will be provided in a variety of output formats.. Among them are a monthly microfilm containing the full texts of all articles in the set of journals (Current Physics Microform); an advance abstracts journal describing the articles (Current Physics Advance Abstracts); a printed, classified index of the titles of the articles (Current Physics Titles); and a computer tape index to the articles (Searchable Physics Information Notices).."
1300,"Coherent Social Groups in Scientific Change This article examines findings from surveys, individual interviews, and bibliographical essays, and discusses the similarities among contemporary groups that developed into small, coherent, activist groups and that subsequently had major impacts on their ""home"" disciplines."
1301,Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation Journals can be ranked by frequency and impact of citations for science policy studies.
1302,The Ortega Hypothesis Citation analysis suggests that only a few scientists contribute to scientific progress.
1303,On-Line Services in Medicine and Beyond A national and international bibliographic information network for science and technology is now evolving.
1304,"Citation Analysis The Science Citation Index is a valuable and powerful tool when used for the purpose for which it was intended, as an aid in literature search. It also invites a variety of statistical investigations, which must, however, be considered with prudence, since they may lead to misleading results. No matter how cautiously the authors express themselves, the casual readers, that is the majority, will treat the results as established facts and forget about the assumptions underlying them. This is also happening with the computer output for economic models, which is accepted as if it were experimental observation."
1305,"Copyright, Public Policy, and Information Technology It is my purpose to single out two major information technologies that have already fostered considerable controversies - computer-based information storage and retrieval systems and photocopying technologies - and analyze the costs and benefits they have produced in various knowledge- sensitive circles of American society. I also suggest some immediate policy steps that might be taken concerning computers, photocopiers, and other information technologies."
1306,Copyright: Its Adequacy in Technological Societies The traditional copyright concept may not be appropriate to knowledge management in a technological society.
1307,Information Retrieval Systems In this review I present the measures to some extent in the terms of their originators and to some extent in common terms which will make it easier to compare and contrast them with the measure proposed here.
1308,"Science: Growth and Change More and more examples accumulated of highly variable growth rates and of their influence on scientific careers. Gradually the study began to incorporate calculations of the effects of variable growth on a wide range of scientific concerns: studying, teaching, research, publishing, citations, the basis of scientific prestige, promotions, unemployment. It became apparent that generally unsuspected forces have a powerful influence on the careers of scientists and everyone else enmeshed in rapid change.  This book presents some evidence for change and speculates about many effects. It also makes a beginning toward understanding the forces that cause and do not cause change. It may provide some solace for those in dormant fields who have wondered why life has passed them by. It may, perhaps, make a few highly successful scientists a little more modest. Most of all it may guide those who still have a choice - and so have we all."
1309,"Science and Information Theory A new scientific theory has been born during the last few years, the theory of information. It immediately attracted a great deal of interest and has expanded very rapidly. This new theory was initially the result of a very practical and utilitarian discussion of certain basic problems: How is it possible to define the quantity of information contained in a message or telegram to be transmitted? How does one measure the amount of information communicated by a system of telegraphic signals? How does one compare these two qualities and discuss the efficiency for coding devices? All of these problems, and many similar ones, are of concern to the telecommunication engineer and can now be discussed quantitatively.  From these discussions there emerged a new theory of both mathematical and practical character. This theory is based on probability considerations. Once stated in a precise way, it can be used for many fundamental scientific discussions. It enables one to solve the problem of Maxwell's demon and to show a very direct connection between information and entropy. The thermodynamic entropy measures the lack of information about a certain physical system. Whenever an experiment is performed in the laboratory, it is paid for by an increase of entropy, and a generalized Carnot Principle states that the price paid in increase of entropy must always be larger than the amount of information gained. Information corresponds to negative entropy, a quantity for which the author coined the word negentropy. The generalized Carnot Principle may also be called the negentropy principle of information. This principle imposes a new limitation on physical experiments and is independent of the well-known uncertainty relations of quantum mechanics."
1310,"Two Paradigms for Scientific Knowledge? The growing interest in the sociology of science makes the publication of this collection of papers particularly timely because, in broad outline, it deals with the clash which occurs when the sociological approach makes incursions into the field normally occupied by philosophers of science."
1311,"Is a Scientific Revolution Taking Place in Psychology? - Doubts and Reservations We were introduced by Kuhn to the notion of scientific progress as a series of qualitative changes, each involving the overthrow of a prevailing paradigm of thought by a new paradigm which alters the whole perspective of a science. Palermo has appropriately summarized Kuhn's analysis. It seems, if we judge by constant citations of Kuhn and the references to paradigms, crises and revolutions among scientists and philosophers, that he has induced a novel self-consciousness about the growth of scientific knowledge and the nature of cumulativeness in the expansion of understanding - and not least among psychologists. This may be in small part (though I doubt it) because one of psychology's concerns is the empirical study of the growth of knowledge: Jean Piaget, whose influence in some quarters has now become so great that he is hailed as a revolutionary in those quarters, has for several decades been developing a theory of the growth of knowledge - or, if you insist, of the development of cognition - which, like Kuhn's account (in his preface Kuhn acknowledges illumination from Piaget), eschews accumulation and posits a sequence of qualitative changes each of which completely reorganizes thinking."
1312,The Development of Specialities in Science: the Case of X-ray Protein Crystallography This paper discusses the intellectual structure of a scientific specialty in great detail.
1313,"The Structure of Scientific Literatures I: Identifying and Graphing Specialities In this paper we report a first experiment using a new computer-based technique to identify clusters of highly interactive documents in science. We contend that these clusters represent the scientific specialties which currently exhibit high levels of activity. This technique, we believe, opens the way to a systematic exploration of the entire specialty structure of science, including both the internal structure of specialities and their relationship to one another."
1314,"Popper's Mystification of Objective Knowledge For Popper, science is the very epitome of objective knowledge. The central papers of his latest book argue and elaborate on this theme. He says:  All work in science is work directed towards the growth of objective knowledge. We are workers who are adding to the growth of objective knowledge as masons work on a cathedral.  I will first make some preliminary points about the word 'objective'. This will give substance to issues which are in danger of becoming too rarefied. Second, I will outline Popper's account of objectivity. Third, I will argue that despite the value of what he says, his approach is seriously misleading. I will propose a formula for systematically transforming Popper's theses and exposing what is important in them. This 'transformative method' points the way towards an entirely different conception of what makes knowledge objective."
1315,"The Scientific Community This work is concerned with the influence of scientific colleagues on the conduct of one another's research. With few exceptions, the discussion is limited to basic research in experimental sciences with well-established theories. In this type of research, the scientific community is relatively autonomous, and the group of colleagues is the most important source of social influence on research. Colleagues influence decisions to select problems and techniques, to publish results, and to accept theories."
1316,"Scientific Knowledge This is an essay in the sociology of scientific knowledge written with the sociology of knowledge and culture, generally, very much in mind. As a sociological study it is unusual in that the form and content of scientific knowledge is the main concern and not its organization or distribution."
1317,"Scientific Management of Library Operations This book is intended both as a textbook for library school students and a handbook for practicing librarians. It will acquaint the former with the basic tools of the management analyst and will aid the latter in improving their present systems. The major analysis techniques are described in step-by-step detail, with a wealth of illustrations and library examples."
1318,"Scientific and Technical Libraries: Their Organization and Administration The book is designed to serve multiple purposes. First the needs of practicing librarians, particularly those who are just beginning their careers, and require a general guide and source of operational and bibliographic information, have been given special consideration. A second purpose is to provide a textbook for library school and other advanced students whose interests are oriented toward the literature of the life and physical sciences. The book could also help persons in management positions of organizations in which the establishment of a library is contemplated, presenting, if only from a review of the contents, the scope of such a department. Finally it should be a good resource for library consultants engaged in assisting management to make the right decisions. The requirements of all of these audiences have been assessed and endeavor made to meet their somewhat varied requirements."
1319,"Scientific and Technological Communication My objective in this work has been to try to get at the fundamental aspects of the elements and media of scientific and technological communication and to describe the critical issues involving them as well as the opportunities and techniques for exploiting them which hopefully could aid both the ""users"" and the ""handlers"" of these important resources."
1320,"Scientists in Industry This study analyzes relations between professional employees, the professions to which they belong, and the organizations for which they work."
1321,"Scientists in Organizations Productive Climates for Research and Development This book is addressed to scientists and engineers, to administrators of research and development, and to all others who are concerned about the effects of organizations upon the work of their members. This book is one of the first major studies to examine the relationship between a scientist's performance and the organization of his laboratory. Unlike many previous expositions about the best environment for technical people, the findings resulted from extensive analysis of factual data from a wide range of research personnel.  Work progressed over the next four years, and a number of intriguing results began to emerge. But as these were discussed with other investigators studying different kinds of R & D laboratories, discrepancies appeared. It became clear that a broader study was needed before one could be sure what constitutes a stimulating environment for research personnel. We set out to design a study in which standardized instruments would be administered to scientists and engineers in several types of laboratories."
1322,"Selecting Materials In reality, the building and shaping of the collection is the heart of librarianship, involving the essential philosophy of the profession. Not only is it one of the most fascinating tasks in the intellectual world, but ""book selection is the most important, most interesting, and most difficult of the professional librarian's responsibilities."" True, ready-made lists of the ""best books"" need not be ignored, but they have to be evaluated thoroughly and used only insofar as they prove helpful."
1323,"Issues in Semantics The present collection of articles discusses three basic problems: the typological classification of information retrieval languages, the formal method of lexical semantic research, and textual semantics. Problems connected with lexical word meaning, the building up of semantic fields using computers, and automatic indexing are considered."
1324,"Serial Publications This book has been designed as a theoretical and practical introduction to the library aspects of serial publications. These publications are now so profuse and at the same time so significant for library purposes that librarians generally should have a good grasp of their nature and of the modes of controlling them. Like rare books, serials give rise to frequent and sometimes intricate technicalities with which not only specialists but also head librarians, department heads, and others should be acquainted since serials are part and parcel of the workday library."
1325,"Simulation Teaching of Library Administration The underlying concepts of simulation and experimential teaching methods presented in this book have been borrowed from other fields - business, governmental and education administration primarily. The values for library educators are not hypothetical, however, for the methodology has been successfully used over a period of time by a number of teachers, and in a variety of educational settings related to career training for librarians. Neither is the approach overpersonalized. Much of the telling is in personal terms, in order to limit generalization, to induce acceptance of responsibility and to provide concrete examples in terms of teaching library administration. The assumption is that it will be easier for library educators to react creatively to methodological discourse couched in library science terms than if the same methodology were described in terms of high finance, international politics, militarism, or secondary school planning."
1326,"Dictionary of Terms in Information Theory This dictionary contains 3035 terms in information theory, its system of methods and practice. Each terms give an interpretation in Russian and the equivalent term in English. The Dictionary has alphabetical indexes of terms in both languages, and a list of abbreviations."
1327,"The SMART Retrieval System Experiments in Automatic Document Processing The automatic SMART document retrieval system was designed at Harvard University between 1961 and 1964, and has been operating of IBM 7094 and 360 equipment both at Harvard and at Cornell University for several years. The system takes documents and search requests in the natural language, performs a fully automatic content analysis of the texts using one of several dozen programmed language analysis methods, matches analyzed documents with analyzed search requests, and retrieves for the user's attention those stored items believed to be most similar to the submitted queries."
1328,"Developments in Data Analysis The last ten years have witnessed rapid and often radical changes in computer programming systems for social science data. At least a dozen different program packages, collections, or systems (not to mention hundreds of individual programs) have emerged by now and are in use by social scientists at universities and research centers all across the country. It is probably safe to say that the bulk of these systems and programs represent the individual efforts of a small group working at one institution, often operating under a relatively restricted set of research and computing assumptions. This parochial tendency has left students and researchers with the often bewildering and always time- consuming problem of learning new procedures for processing their data each time they change institutions (or each time the institution changes computers)."
1329,"The Social Construction of Reality A Treatise on the Sociology of Knowledge The present volume is intended as a systematic, theoretical treatise in the sociology of knowledge. It is not intended, therefore, to give a historical survey of the development of this discipline, or to engage in exegesis of various figures in this other other developments in sociological theory, or even to show how a synthesis may be achieved between several of these figures and developments. Nor is there any polemic intent here. Critical comments on other theoretical positions have been introduced (not in the text, but in the Notes) only where they may serve to clarify the present argument."
1330,"The Social Function of Science The events of the past few years have led to a critical examination of the function of science in society. It used to be believed that the results of scientific investigation would lead to continuous progressive improvements in conditions of life; but first the War and then the economic crisis have shown that science can be used as easily for destructive and wasteful purpose, and voices have been raised demanding the cessation of scientific research as the only means of preserving a tolerable civilization. Scientists themselves, faced with these criticisms, have been forced to consider, effectively for the first time, how the work they are doing is connected with the social and economic developments which are occurring around them. This book is an attempt to analyze this connection; to investigate how far scientists, individually and collectively, are responsible for this state of affairs, and to suggest what possible steps could be taken which would lead to a fruitful and not to a destructive utilization of science."
1331,"Social Mobility in Industrial Society In the present study, Professors Lipset and Bendix cast doubt on the validity of a number of widely accepted generalizations relating to social mobility: particularly (1) that there has been substantially less mobility in Europe than in the United States, (2) that social mobility tends to decline as industrial societies mature, and (3) that opportunities for entrance into the business elite become more restricted with mature industrialization. In a careful analysis of the existing literature, the authors marshal an imposing array of evidence in support of their major thesis that social mobility is an integral and continuing aspect of the process of industrialization."
1332,"Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons Baboons have adapted to a variety of habitats ranging from West African rain forests to semidesert areas on the coast of the Red Sea. While all baboons are morphologically adapted to life on the ground, some species have become more independent of trees than others. In a rough ecological series, we find on one end the forest dwelling West African Species (Mandrillus leucophaneus, M. sphinx, Papio papio), none of which has so far been studied in the field. The first step into open country is realized by the savanna baboons of South and East Africa, including, from south to north, the species Papio ursinus, cynocephalus and anubis. Their social organization and its ecological context have been subject to long range field work by HALL (1962 a, b) in South Africa, by DEVORE (1962) in Kenya, and by ALTMANN and ALTMANN (in preparation) in Kenya ad Tanzania. In both regions, the groups can range far into the open grassland, but at night, they withdraw to high trees or, as in the Cape region, to vertical cliffs."
1333,"The Social Psychology of Organizations In our attempts to extend the description and explanation of organizational processes we have shifted from an earlier emphasis on traditional concepts of individual psychology and interpersonal relations to system constructs. The interdependent behavior of many people in their supportive and complementary actions takes on a form or structure which needs to be conceptualized at a more appropriate collective level. Classical organization theory we found unsatisfactory because of its implicit assumptions about the closed character of social structures. The development of open-system theory, on the other hand, furnished a much more dynamic and adequate framework. Hence, our effort, in the pages that follow, is directed at the utilization of an open-system point of view for the study of large-scale organizations."
1334,"Cognitive, Technical and Social Factors in the Growth of Radio Astronomy We have tried in this paper to describe some of the main features of the emergence and growth of radio astronomy, with special reference to the crucial developments occurring in the UK. Much of what we have written above needs to be discussed in the light of current theories about the nature of scientific growth and compared with data from other case studies."
1335,"Career Contingencies and the Fate of Sociological Research During the past three hundred years the journal article has become the main institutionalized form of formal scholarly communication. Potential contributions to a discipline acquire credibility because they have been published in a reputable journal (Zuckerman and Merton, 1971). Who published what and where therefore becomes a central question in the understanding of scholarly, and in particular scientific, disciplines. There have recently been a number of investigations concerning the career of such publications. This career, I suggest, can be conceptualized into three stages. 1) Pre-publication. Here the scholar writes the article, circulates it to colleagues and perhaps presents it at formal and informal meetings (Garvey, Lin and Nelson, 1971). 2) Publication. Here the article is submitted to one or more journals for publication consideration (Zuckerman and Merton, 1971). 3) Post-publication. Here colleagues either ignore the published article or reward it through citations to it in their own work. The practice of citing a colleague's work is perhaps the main way in which scholars indicate what they consider to be a contribution to their discipline."
1336,"""Exit, voice, and loyalty"": Further reflections and a survey of recent contributions My book Exit, voice and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states was published in l970. Reactions to it and applications of its concepts have been fairly numerous and I have myself had quite a few afterthoughts. It will therefore be difficult to bring these matters together in a passably structured paper. In the following, I shall limit myself to four broad areas of inquiry which have been so arranged that my own further reflections figure rather prominently though by no means exclusively in the first two sections while the latter two are more heavily weighted with reports and comments on the research and contributions of others."
1337,"Social Stratification in Science In recent years social scientists have given increased attention to problems of inequality, justice, and discrimination in American society. The influence of ascribed statuses on the life chances of individuals is being studied in an effort to estimate the ""fairness"" of social institutions in rewarding talent. Social scientists are trying to determine the extent to which so-called ""irrelevant"" characteristics influence the ways in which people are judged by social institutions and eventually reach social positions in the hierarchies of income, prestige, and influence. Of the major institutions in American society, science has received perhaps the least systematic attention. Little is known about how scientists achieve positions of renown. This book examines several aspects of a single basic question: is the stratification of individuals in science based upon the quality of scientific performance, or does discrimination obtain in the processes of status attainment? A more technical way of putting the same question would be to ask whether universalistic and rational criteria predominate as the basis for recognition in the social system of science."
1338,"Notes and Letters We tried to concentrate on a few variables that might define the nature of a citation, and to keep the rest of the variables constant. In particular, we used references in articles in a single journal, in a single specialty of a single branch of science, and in a narrow time period. Specifically, we investigated 30 articles dealing with theoretical high energy physics, and published in Physical Review in the years 1968 to 1972 (inclusive)."
1339,"The Social System of Science This book, is an exercise in sociological theory- building. It attempts to develop a theory of the social organization of science. I have tried to indicate its possible broader relevance by pointing out certain basic parallels between the ""social system"" of science and other social systems within society. I hope, further, that the approach used - even if not the specific conclusions I have drawn from it - may be useful in bridging the gap that seems now to exist between those sociologists who are concerned with society as an entity and who analyze social behavior in terms of its consequences for society as a whole and those sociologists who are concerned first of all with the motives, attitudes, and goals of the individual participants in these patterns of social behavior. My approach hopes to answer the question of why it is that most individuals, most of the time, come to ""want"" to do what it is that society ""needs"" them to do. Only when we can answer this question satisfactorily, can we develop a sociology capable of providing both prediction and meaning."
1340,"Social Theory and Social Structure Of the four chapters, added to this edition, two come from published symposia,one of which is out of print and the other of which, I am told, is nearing that same state of exhaustion.  This chapter sets forth the concept of 'the influential,' identifies two distinctive types of influentials, the 'local' and the 'cosmopolitan,' and relates these types to the structure of influence in the local community.  The second of these chapters, ""Contributions to the Theory of Reference Group Behavior,"" draws upon the ample evidence provided by The American Soldier to formulate certain conditions under which people orient themselves to the norms of various groups, in particular the groups with which they are not affiliated.  The other two chapters added to this edition have not been published before. The first of these, ""Continuities in the Theory of Social Structure and Anomie,"" tries to consolidate recent empirical and theoretical analyses of the sources and consequences of that breakdown of social norms which is described as anomie. The second, ""Continuities in the Theory of Reference Groups and Social Structure,"" tries to bring out some of the specially sociological, as distinct from the socio-psychological, implications of current inquiries into reference-group behavior. The intent is to examine some of the theoretical problems of social structure which must be solved before certain further advances can be made in the sociological analysis of reference groups."
1341,"Communication Nets in Science: Status and Citation Patterns in Animal Physiology By virtue of its peculiar links with the reward system in science, the communication system plays a central part in the maintenance and growth of science. It is the means by which the individual scientist relates to the social system: he publishes his work to gain recognition, and reads the publications of others to maintain his knowledge. The formal communication system also forms the basis for the allocation of rewards: instrumental and consumatory. Thus it is a means of exercising social control.   The informal communication system, although important, is the distaff side. Its recognition is personal with more immediate and consumatory rewards. Legitimation of objective or methods of work is rarely given by the social system through informal systems of communication, though it is growing in importance as an information dissemination system."
1342,"Problem Areas and Research Networks in Science A general account is presented of the emergence, growth, and decline of scientific research networks and their associated problem areas.. Research networks are seen to pass through three phases.. The first, exploratory phase is distinguished by a lack of effective communication among participants and by the pursuit of imprecisely defined problems.. The second phase is one of rapid growth, associated with increasing social and intellectual integration, made possible by improved communication.. An increasingly precise scientific consensus gradually emerges from a process of negotiation, in which those participants who are members of the scientific elite exert most influence.. But as consensus is achieved the problem area becomes less scientifically fruitful; and as the network grows, career opportunities diminish.. Consequently, the third, final phase is one of decline and disbandment of the network, together with the movement of participants to new areas of scientific opportunity.."
1343,"The Seven Sexes: A Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, or the Replication of Experiments in Physics The replication of scientific experiments is discussed stressing the problem of communication between the originator of an experiment and a scientist intending to replicate it.. Models of communication are set up, with reference to established fields.. A more marginal field is then investigated in the light of these models and it is concluded that scientists in the latter field should not be seen as engaged in replicating original experiment, but in negotiating the rules of replication, and hence the nature of the phenomenon under investigation.."
1344,"Some Correlates of a Citation Measure of Productivity in Science The Science Citation Index provides an easy way to derive criterion measures of scientific accomplishment.. Measures derived from citation counts, the principal criterion, have high face validity.. These criterion measures are found to have a low but positive correlation with the quality of scientists' graduate education and no relation to his measured IQ score. Plans for future research on the correlates of scientific productivity are briefly discussed.."
1345,"Competition and Social Control in Science: An Essay in Theory-Construction Social control in science operates through the process in which the colleague group validates individual scientists' contributions to knowledge to the laymen who provide support and rewards for science.. Descriptive research in various areas of the sociology of science may be brought together into a causal model which relates competitive conditions within colleague groups to variations in scientific productivity, methods, values, and organizational structures.."
1346,"Patterns of Intellectual Influence in Scientific Research A widespread conception of the development of science holds that the great discoveries are a result of the cumulative work of a vast number of scientists.. Those historians and philosophers of science who express this point of view see the scientist who produces pedestrian research as an integral part of the developmental process.. The great men of science stand atop a pyramid of less distinguished and, to a large extent, invisible scientists.. An alternative hypothesis holds that relatively few scientists are responsible for advance in science and that, in the broader historical perspective, most of the eminent scientists, even of the calibre of Nobel laureates and National Academy members of today, are the ""pedestrians"" of history..  This paper attempts to put these conflicting ideas to empirical test for the field of physics.. Three independent sets of data are analyzed: one is drawn from a stratified random sample of American academic physicists, a second from a subjective evaluation of significant contributions to recent physics, a third from a set of papers cited in The Physical Review.. All three sets of data indicate that there is a sharp stratification in the use of work published by various types of scientists.. The data support the hypothesis that the physicists who produce important discoveries depend almost wholly on the research produced by a relatively small number of scientists.. The implications of these findings for the social structure of science are discussed and areas for necessary future research are suggested.."
1347,"Inputs, Outputs, and the Prestige of University Science Departments This paper reports correlates of departmental prestige (American Council on Education rating of the quality of graduate faculty, 1966) for a sample of 125 departments in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology.. The analysis mostly uses multivariate linear regression.. Large and significant correlations with departmental prestige exist for measures of department size, research production, research opportunities, faculty background (including quality of PhD university), and faculty awards and offices.. Combinations of from six to nine indicators of these variables account for about three-fourths of the variance in departmental prestige; when other types of variables are held constant, indicators of all except research opportunities remain significantly associated with departmental prestige.. Correlations of prestige with rates of inbreeding and the proportion of foreign doctorates are discussed.. Differences in the correlates of prestige are small among the four fields studied.. It is shown that prestige is correlated with average amount of informal scientific communication and with departmental morale even after possible confounding variables are held constant.."
1348,"Sociology and Modern system Theory This book is intended as an exploratory sketch of a revolutionary scientific perspective and conceptual framework as it might be applied to the sociocultural system. This point of view and still developing framework, as interpreted here, stems from the General Systems Research movement and the now closely allied fields of cybernetics and information or communication theory. The principal goal of the book is to bring to the attention of a larger number of social scientists, particularly sociologists, the wealth of principles, ideas, and insights that have already brought a higher degree of scientific order and understanding to many areas of biology, psychology, and some physical sciences to say nothing of the applied areas of technology to which they are essential."
1349,"Sources of Information in the Social Sciences Documentation in the social sciences is varied in form and content, written for people in many walks of life, and fills several miles of shelving in libraries that try to keep up with it. Graduate students who qualify for positions as professional librarians have to learn about this vast preserve, and it is their need of guidance that explains the origin of this book.  The task of this book is to place in the reader's hands a sort of chart and compass to use in finding his way around and learning how the system works.  For each subject, the treatment falls into two parts. First a specialist, sought out for his grasp of the literature, presents a bibliographical review of basic monographic works for a collection of substantive material. This review is followed by a list of reference works. Informative annotations are provided for all works except those adequately explained by the title. Specialized works are included, especially when they exemplify types of sources important for reference purposes. First priority goes to works which may be looked upon as basic for a program of service to a general clientele made up of scholars, students and the public at large. If some stress falls on bibliographies, it is because they serve as controls for opening doorways to even vaster information and to sources that are more obscure."
1350,"Soviet Bibliography The first and most basic phase of research was the analysis of existing bilbiographic publications. The chronicles of the All-Union Book Reserve, VINITI abstract journals, publications of subject information centers and main libraries, bulletins of new publications, as well as the main current foreign bibliography on some branches of knowledge were considered. After comparative analysis valuable data were obtained in the completeness of registration of literature and the efficiency of its reflection in different publications; on the types of classificatory schemes and intermediate instruments, on the quality of abstracts. The merits and drawbacks of basic bibliographic publications were shown, and recommendations for improving present bibliographic systems were suggested."
1351,"The Special Cataloguing We feel, meanwhile, that many materials can be covered by general or representative principles and rules. The content of this book can be viewed as of two types. Firstly, the first and last chapters deal with special materials in general, the former dealing with basic cataloguing principles and problems, and the latter with the ultimate application of such principles as manifested by the concept of the multi-media catalogue and as aided by the computer. Secondly, in between come chapters dealing with individual categories of materials in detail. Each category receives two types of treatment. First, the problems of both approaches and description are examined as they apply to the particular medium. Second, the solutions put forward by representative codes are summarized and commented upon."
1352,"Evolving the 90% Pharmaceutical Library The growing need for library space dictated a quantitative study to ascertain user requirements. A monitoring operation has been established whereby data are continuously collected on the use made of periodicals shelved in a restricted storage area. The data, obtained from photocopy request forms, identify the core collection of journals which satisfies 90% of our library research requirements."
1353,How to Survive in Industry Cost Justifying Library Services Two services provided by the Boeing Co. Aerospace Group Library - literature searches and reference/publication identification activities - were evaluated by written and oral surveys of the library's users. The survey technique and cost savings reported by the two studies are discussed in addition to the beneficial impact of the survey results on high level corporate management.
1354,"Cooperation Between Academic and Special Libraries The concept of library cooperation is examined generally and that among academic libraries, among special libraries, and between academic and special libraries as reported in the recent literature. The question of the probable future of cooperation between academic and special libraries is addressed and possible support mechanisms for establishing soundly based cooperative undertakings are suggested."
1355,"Rational Selection of Primary Journals for a Biomedical Research Library: The Use of Secondary Journal Citation After considering several different methods, it was concluded that primary journals for coverage of a given field can be selected rationally on the basis of their citation frequencies in an appropriate secondary journal. Results obtained on the example used, ""rehabilitation"" as cited in Index Medicus during the years 1968-1971, were similar to those from five other fields, in that the number of journals required for each percent gain in literature coverage increased exponentially as the percentage of literature itself increased. As a consequence, library coverage of any particular field can be specified as a function of its budgeting commitment, so that the maximum percent coverage will be obtained for each dollar spent."
1356,"The Scientist Versus Machine Search Services: We are the Missing Link To take advantage of computerized data bases to improve their services to scientists without incurring prohibitive in-house expense, the librarians at the Boulder Laboratories have campaigned to increase awareness and utilization via personal interviews, seminars, surveys, and critiques. Data bases most studied were DDC, NASA, SIE, ASCA, and the University of Georgia. The conclusions: 1) The scientist needs continuous personal assistance by a librarian or information specialist in order to make effective use of data bases. 2) As local retailer, the librarian has an accordingly important role to play now and in the future, a role at present generally ignored."
1357,"Freud, Frug, and Feedback People ask one another, ""Am I communicating?"" The question should be, ""What do you think I am communicating?"" The answer would be surprising. Librarians are in the communications business.	Theories of nonverbal communication and role can be adapted to a library situation. Applied, they would provide a basis for improving librarian-library user communication. Awareness of feedback is the key to this improvement. Preliminary investigations underway at the University of Southern California indicate the reference encounter provides a investigative approach in which this key can be utilized to enhance communication."
1358,"System Design, Evaluation, and Costing The word ""system"" as applied to information programs and activities is one which is very foggily defined. The purpose of this paper is to help clarify the concept and discuss it in the context of the librarian's conventional planning and administrative activities. This is done through a narration of the step-by-step procedures followed in the conceptualization and design of an actual library and information program. The steps involved are the following: definition of the purpose of the program, and financial and administrative constraints on its design and operation, as envisaged by management; a user study to determine needs and preferences of the presumed audience of the program; analysis and definition of program performance requirements; selection of methods and mechanisms for implementing performance requirements; conceptualization and documentation of program design; evaluation of design; modification and completion of design. Two basic principles that are discussed and emphasized are the need to define what the program should be doing and what it should not be doing, and the need and means for determining real as opposed to apparent costs in the design process."
1359,"Time and Motion Study of Library Operations Application of standard work measurement techniques to acquisitions, cataloguing, and circulation functions of an aerospace library is described. Sample of a representative production unit in included. A 38 per cent saving in manpower without loss of quality effort proves the library environment responds admirably to this management tool."
1360,"Program Planning and Budget Theory Improved Library Effectiveness by Use of the Planning-Programming-Budgeting System Libraries have a great need to participate more effectively in decisions that influence their capacity to serve their users. This paper presents a means toward that end. The relatively new Planning-Programming-Budgeting System is described in the context of its proven utility in the Department of Defense and of its growing utility in the civil sector of organizations. It describes the system's background; its implementation in the federal government; its spread into non-federal sectors; and the system's methods, including systems analysis, applied economics, and quantitative reasoning. The paper includes illustrative example of results needed for decision-making by managers, and basic guiding principles for PPBS application."
1361,"User Needs and Their Effect on Information Center Administration A Review 1953/66 A determination of the needs of users is absolutely essential to the management of an Information Center. Various techniques of doing this (e.g., interview, diary, questionnaire, etc.) are detailed along with their limitations. Some specific user need studies are described with their significant results. Interactions between users and an information system are described. Finally, all of these factors are considered in assessing the user needs that might be used to properly manage Information Centers."
1362,"The CAN/SDI Project Th SDI Program of Canada's National Science Library The National Science Library is not a library in the conventional sense of the word but rather an information transferral agency. Its activities are designed to provide the Canadian scientific and industrial communities with direct and immediate access to the publications and information required in their day-to-day work. Through co-operative measures with both national and international information agencies, the NSL serves as the focal point of a national scientific and technical information network. The Library employs a variety of mechanized techniques to facilitate the storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. During the past three years it has operated an SDI service using CT and ISI tapes. In November 1968 this SDI service, which had been limited to meeting the needs of approximately 170 scientists in the Ottawa area, was expanded to provide a national SDI service. The author describes the evolution of these services from the local to national level, outlines basic techniques, describes the successes and failures of the system and indicates future developments."
1363,"Current Awareness Publications An Evaluation Three types of current awareness publications are defined in terms of their generation and distribution characteristics. These types are the SDI type, the intermediate type such as NASA's SCAN program, and the unselected type such as the usual library accession list. A fourth type, the indexing and abstracting journal is defined but not related to the other three types. The three current awareness publications are shown to have a relationship in terms of the number of requests they can produce from a given set of references or notices. The SDI system will produce about one request from ten notices; the intermediate type about one request per hundred notices; ad the unselected type, one request per thousand notices. Despite the differences in the number of notices to generate one request, the cost to produce one request is about the same for the three types of tools. Also, the usage of these tools is related to the amount of user time available and a curve is presented based on various assumptions to define this relationship."
1364,"The New York Times Information Bank The New York Times Information Bank is described in detail. Schedules to be in operation in 1972, this project makes available abstracts of newspaper articles for on-line search and retrieval, combined with microform copies of the original articles."
1365,"Centralization vs. Decentralization: A Location Analysis Approach for Librarians An application of location theory to the question of centralized versus decentralized library facilities for a university, with relevance for special libraries is presented. Locating university libraries near classrooms, offices, and dormitories requires a larger budget than combining these libraries into a centralized facility. Yet there is a cost to the university community which does not appear in the university budget - a cost in time, energy, and decreased use resulting from locating the library a longer distance from users. The analysis provides models for a single library, for two or more libraries, or for decentralized facilities."
1366,"The Computerized File Management System A file management system can provide a powerful search tool for a library reference group. The system described produces both current awareness and retrospective searches from several diverse data bases. The same query language can be used to interrogate all data bases in either on-line or batch mode. Searches can be made for any word, word root, phrase, or number in any part of any entry. Citations selected by coordination of terms can be either printed or used to custom-make new machine-readable files. Costs are reasonable; an average batch mode search requires 11 seconds of CDC 6600 time."
1367,"A Campus-Based Information Center Several features of the University of Georgia Information Dissemination Center, including current awareness, or SDI, and retrospective search services, the information specialists who provide the interface between the user and the computer system, and an experimental network linking individual centers, are discussed. A survey which assessed the impact of the services on the information habits of the university users is also discussed. Over 97% of the survey respondees indicated that the services had contributed to their professional activities. Some users reported that the service had been a method of bypassing library reference works; others indicated that the service had brought them back into the library and made them aware of information sources previously unknown to them."
1368,"Computer-Based Bibliographic Retrieval Services The Information Dissemination Center has emerged as a broker or retailer for computer-based information retrieval services, interfacing with both the tape suppliers and with users of the search services. Five areas which impact the center's interface with these two communities are discussed: the nature of the data bases which are available for search; retrieval results and factors which affect them; the timeliness of services; costs and prices; and practical operational considerations related to library interests. Comparison shopping between centers is advised as centers differ considerably in the services which are offered, the data bases which are available, the experience of the information specialists who construct search profiles, pricing structures which are used, and the prices which are charged. Implications of the growing trend toward licensing and leasing information resources, especially magnetic tape services, are discussed briefly."
1369,"Journal Usage Survey Method and Application A survey of the R.E. Gibson Library's journal collection was conducted to determine 1) which journal titles could be discontinued, 2) which journal holdings could be moved to remote storage, and 3) which journal holdings could be converted to microfilm. Totals were maintained for three areas of journal usage according to: 1) the number of times patrons used current issues, 2) the number of times the journal issues were reshelved by library staff, and 3) the number of times that journals were cited in articles by Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) authors. The survey resulted in a 9.6% reduction in journal subscriptions which, in effect, added 7.5% additional shelf space in which to display journals. Further studies of the accumulated data are being made to determine which holdings will be sent to a remote storage area which is under construction. The survey data have been and will continue to be consulted before any journals are converted to microfilm."
1370,"Computer Literature Searches in the Physical Sciences Selected computerized current awareness services and literature searchs in physical sciences are listed. The information given includes type of literature in each data base, time period covered, prices, and sources of availability."
1371,"Computer-Output Microfilm Computer output in microfilm or microfiche form (COM) rather than computer printout and conventional forms of reproduction is one possible way special librarians can reduce their costs, space needs, and time lags. COM is described among with the equipment needed, where to find it, and experiences of one special library. Possible savins are compared with additional reading and special reproduction equipment required as well as the advantages and disadvantages to be weighed in deciding on COM."
1372,"A Comparison of Manual and Machine Literature Searches The NOAA/ERL library in Boulder, Colorado, performed a sample of six literature searches in an effort to gain management support for searches prior to launching research projects. It was found that manual searches are very time consuming and, in our opinion, can better be done by persons with subject background. The machine searches furnished a higher percentage of unrelated materials. However, little staff time is required to obtain them. Lacking qualified persons to do literature searches, either in the library or in the research groups, greater use should be made of the available computerized searches."
1373,"How Do Scientists Meet Their Information Needs? A survey of the information use patterns and communication practices of academic physicists in the greater Boston area reveals that academic physicists rely heavily on formal and informal sources of information. Their use of formal publications concentrates on a small number of journal titles.  Time and location factors play an important role in their information seeking and gathering. A considerable number of the physicists surveyed do not seek librarians' help when searching for information in the library. Although libraries have been considered largely as storehouses of materials and librarians organizers of these materials, more active roles for librarians are possible."
1374,Cost Comparison of Manual and On-Line Computerized Literature Searching Cost and searching time comparisons are made between manual and on-line literature searches. The formula   Ctotal = (T X Csum) + P is presented which captures all on-line cost factors. A minimum cost of $1.00 per minute of on-line searching is derived. Average searching time for manual searching is 22 hours at a total cost of $250; for on-line it is 45 minutes at total cost of $47.00. It is pointed out that most reported low-on line search costs fail to account for all cost factors. Figures are those prevailing at the time of writing.
1375,"User Criteria for Selection of Commercial On-Line Computer-Based Bibliographic Services Many interrelating factors with examples have been cited as criteria for selection and proper use of commercial on-line computer-based bibliographic services in an industrial environment. These complex factors have been analyzed under the needs of the users, the selection of hardware, the selection of mode of transmission, the selection of vendors and systems, the selection of data bases, the development of productive search strategy and the considerations of measures to test it, the attitude of management, and the interaction of the user with the system. In the author's experience exhaustive and comprehensive searches were minimally requested, thus posing questions for determining measures of evaluation."
1376,"Criteria for Evaluation and Selection of Data Bases and Data Base Services Libraries, as potential users of bibliographic data base services, will need to evaluate not only the contents of the many data bases available but the different services provided by various processing centers. Criteria for selection of data bases and data base services such as searching features, logical capacity, document delivery, output format and medium, and costs are examined."
1377,"On-Line Reference Retrieval in a Public Library There are many useful computer-readable data bases that are accessible only to major governmental units, universities, or industrial organizations. An experiment is described in which the public library is used as a ""linking agent"" between the public and such data bases. Retrieval terminals have been placed in four public libraries in Northern California to provide access to sixteen different data bases. The first year of this two-year experiment is described, and some of the technical, organizational, and economic aspects of the study are reviewed. Rapid acceptance of the system during this initial no-cost period has been achieved and useful evaluative data have been obtained."
1378,"Standards for Library Service: An International Survey In recent years, it has become recognized that a country's documentation and library services, indispensable for all forms of economic, social and cultural development, should be considered as one co-ordinated information system and accordingly included in any national development plans. However, planning can only be carried out if the necessary statistical data and other information are available. Unesco therefore concluded a contract in 1968 with the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) for a survey of standards for library services currently recommended for libraries of all types in different countries. The work was entrusted to F.N. Withers, a research fellow at the Polytechnic of North London School of Librarianship (United Kingdom)."
1379,State Library Policy State library policy is the focus of this study. The approach to policy is framed in the broadest possible terms currently permitted by empirical research in the examination of governmental policy formation. A major purpose of the study is to analyze state library policy in relationship to the environment which provides the backdrop for its formation and maintenance. The authors see this ambitious effort as a pioneering thrust in library research and not as the final work on library policy.
1380,"Statistical Bibliography in Relation to the Growth of Modern Civilization The following pages form the concluding portion of four lectures delivered by me in the University of Cambridge as Sandars Reader in Bibliography, 1921.  As the two pairs of lectures appeal to widely different classes of the community, I have decided to print them separately, though the underlying theme is the same, viz. the need for uniformity in book classification as a preliminary to co-operative action in library administration and bibliography.  Book classification is shelf classification, and shelf classification carried to its furthest limits leads necessarily to uniformity in the extension and definition of its classes. Add to this a chronological order of books in their classes and your scheme of classification acquires a new value; for it presents for each period a bibliographical counterpart of the corresponding growth of the activities of the human mind.  My first two lectures dealt with this thesis in its practical application to library work and the compilation of subject bibliographies. Here statistical bibliography is considered in relation to the growth of modern civilization.  Strictly speaking, the province of statistical bibliography ends with the presentation of the figures compiled. Their final interpretation should be left to those possessing the necessary qualifications. I am, therefore, conscious that in attempting to furnish some explanation of the interrelations of the various factors which are associated with the growth of modern civilization, I have outstripped the limits of bibliographical propriety. On this count I offer no defense."
1381,"Statistical Methods for the Study of Lexicon This book studies the qualitative relations between text and dictionary compilation. Chapter I considers general questions related to the compilation and use of frequency vocabulary; a new Zipf's Law. Chapter III considers various ways of describing the statistical properties of a text and its lexicon, and presents the results of the author's research on the statistic structure of Pushkin's lexicon. Chapter IV considers methods for comparing the vocabulary of texts. A new method for comparing word lists is suggested, which is then used for comparing word lists from the different geures in Pushkin's works."
1382,"Statistics and Semantics This monograph is one of the few works in which the possibility of studying semantics using statistical methods is proven with actual research. The semantic field of words denoting color (in English, French, Russian and Ukranian) was chosen as a representative semantic object. The applied aspects of this work are particularly important: the application of those methods tested by the authors for solving problems of automatic information processing, as well as in language translation and instruction."
1383,"Strategies for Change in Information Programs The diverse energies framing library-media-information futures affect everyone who needs to know, to understand, to do, and to grow. This collection of articles and essays represents the many concerns and insights that are helping shape the future, a future in which library-media-information programs can play a vital role as they attempt to reach out to people everywhere."
1384,"A Strategy for Public Library Change The fate of the American institutional phenomenon, the public library, is in question. Its position has never been truly secure in terms of general use or public support except in the large cities until recent years, and for a few short periods of marked progress countrywide."
1385,"Structural Models: an introduction to the theory of directed graphs The purpose of this book is to present an introduction to a body of mathematics concerned with the abstract notion of ""structure."" Its preparation has been motivated by the belief that knowledge of the mathematics of abstract structures will be of value to investigators interested in various kinds of empirical structures. The mathematics with which we are concerned is known as the theory of directed graphs, or more briefly as digraph theory. It deals with abstract configurations called digraphs, which consist of ""points"" and ""directed lines."" When these terms are given concrete referents, digraphs serve as mathematical models of empirical structures, and properties of digraphs reflect structural properties of the empirical world. Since the same mathematical terms can be given a variety of empirical meanings, digraph theory has applicability to many different fields of investigation."
1386,The Structure of Scientific Revolutions The essay that follows is the first full published report on a project originally conceived almost fifteen years ago. At that time I was a graduate student in theoretical physics already within sight of the end of my dissertation. A fortunate involvement with an experimental college course treating physical science for the non-scientist provided my first exposure to out-of-date scientific theory and practice radically undermined some of my basic conceptions about the nature of science and the reasons for its special success.
1387,"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions The essay that follows is the first full published report on a project originally conceived almost fifteen years ago. At that time I was a graduate student in theoretical physics already within sight of the end of my dissertation. A fortunate involvement with an experimental college course treating physical science for the non-scientist provided my first exposure to out-of-date scientific theory and practice radically undermined some of my basic conceptions about the nature of science and the reasons for its special success.  Those conceptions were ones I had previously drawn partly from scientific training itself and partly from a long-standing avocational interest in the philosophy of science. Somehow, whatever their pedagogic utility and their abstract plausibility, those notions did not at all fit the enterprise that historical study displayed. Yet they were and are fundamental to many discussions of science, and their failures of verisimilitude therefore seemed thoroughly worth pursuing. The result was a drastic shift in my career plans, a shift from physics to history of science and then, gradually, from relatively straightforward historical problems back to the more philosophical concerns that had initially led me to history. Except for a few articles, this essay is the first of my published works in which these early concerns are dominant. In some part it is an attempt to explain to myself and to friends how I happened to be drawn from science to its history in the first place."
1388,Structure of Discourse This monograph studies the external links between the sentences within a paragraph. Two basic problems are solved:	a formal apparatus for deriving simplified versions of the text's phrases is devised and the regularities in the formation of word strings are determined. Also considers future developments in the field of automatized abstracting.
1389,"Studies in Ethnomethodology In doing sociology, lay and professional, every reference to the ""real world,"" even where the reference is to physical or biological events, is a reference to the organized activities of everyday life. Thereby, in contrast to certain versions of Durkheim that teach that the objective reality of social facts is sociology's fundamental principle, the lesson is taken instead, and used as study policy, that the objective reality of social facts as an ongoing accomplishment of the concerted activities of daily life, with the ordinary, artful ways of that accomplishment being by members known, used, ad taken for granted, is, for members doing sociology, a fundamental phenomenon. Because, and in the ways it is practical sociology's fundamental phenomenon, it is the prevailing topic for ethno-methodological study. Ethnomethodological studies analyze everyday activities as members' methods for making those same activities visibly-rational- and-reportable-for-all-practical-purposes, i.e., ""accountable,"" as organizations of commonplace everyday activities. The reflexivity of that phenomenon is a singular feature of practical actions, of practical circumstances, of common sense knowledge of social structures, and of practical sociological reasoning. By permitting us to locate and examine their occurrence the reflexivity of that phenomenon establishes their study."
1390,"A Study of the Characteristics, Cost and Magnitude of Interlibrary Loans in Academic Libraries The investigation of interlibrary loans among academic libraries was initiated by the Interlibrary Loan Study Committee of the Association of Research Libraries. It was seen as a fundamental first step toward the solution of current problems and the exploration of the means to improve interlibrary loan services nationally. This report provides solid information that is basic to any future planning at the national level."
1391,"A Study of General Categories Applicable to Classification and Coding in Documentation The rapid development of information retrieval methods since the last war - together with the development of systems using mechanical or electromechanical means (punched cards) for such purposes followed later by electronic retrieval (computers) - have led to transformations in the structure of classification or coding systems for books and documents. Generally speaking, document specialists have tended to elaborate a large number of different codes, usually totally unrelated to each other, each conceived to meet the special documentation requirements of a particular organization. This is farther than ever - at least to all appearances - from the original intention of 1895 of the founders of the Institut International de Bibliographie (now known as the Federation Internationale de Documentation), i.e., the standardization of classification methods."
1392,"Subject Analysis: Computer Implications of Rigorous Definator Subject analysis for information retrieval is an area which always seems deceptively simple to those without previous background in it, however extensive their background in specific subject disciplines may be. The basic requirement seems easy enough: to structure the statement of a subject in such a way that it can be placed into, and retrieved from, an ordered file.  While attempts have been made to use simple, non-complex terms or even single words, it always becomes evident that single words are often insufficient to express a subject, and that some subjects are in themselves complex. To express such subjects requires either that their constituent concepts -- not words -- be separated and then recombined, or that only one part of the subject be shown.  The former solution requires that the indexer perform the necessary analysis and synthesis, and then separate the constituents for the searcher to reassemble. The latter forces the seeker of information to sort through many items to find those bearing on the complex topic he wants, and ma require the indexer to decide under which part(s) of the concept an entry should be made."
1393,"The Subject Approach to Information The first edition of this book, published in 1969, was prompted by changes in the Library Association syllabus which for the first time enables lecturers to treat classification and subject cataloging as different aspects of the same topic. These changes coincided with the publication of the results of the Cranfield project, which showed clearly that all indexing languages are basically the same. However, although it was possible to teach these new approaches, there was no one textbook which covered the subject approach in the way that I felt was needed. The first edition was intended to fill this gap, and its reception, both in Britain and abroad, showed that it did indeed fulfill a real need. It met with a very positive welcome from lecturers and - more importantly - from students, particularly in the United States, where British textbooks on classification had previously been regarded with something akin to suspicion. (As the Dean of one American library school is alleged to have remarked, 'What theory of classification?')"
1394,"Subject Catalogues Heading and Structure In 1955 the Publications Committee of the Library Association approached my chief, Mr. A.J. Wells, with a request that he should write a book on subject cataloguing. At the time, Mr. Wells was preoccupied with the inauguration of the British National Bibliography Card Service, and he made the suggestion, which was agreed by the Committee, that I should undertake the task. The result is scarcely an adequate substitute for the book which Mr. Wells would have written. Nevertheless, he has had a major part in shaping my views on subject cataloguing, and in this sense the present book stems back to him, though he might not subscribe to all the views now put forward."
1395,"Subject Headings: A Practical Guide The alphabetical subject catalog, either self-contained, or as the subject element in the dictionary catalog, is a later development that the systematic, or classed, catalog (Realkatalog, catalogue raisonne). In this country it has almost completely displaced the latter. The principal classed catalogs  now remaining are those of the Engineering Societies Library in New York, the John Crerar Library in Chicago, and the Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. There are, nevertheless, many things to commend the classed catalog. Rudolf Kaiser sums up the argument between the classed and the dictionary catalog by stating that a library needs both and explaining that the subject index fills the need as far as an alphabetical catalog is concerned. However, his conclusion misses the mark, since, for one not completely the master of the system of classification, there is no approach to the classed catalog save through an index, yet the index is not in fact as complete and direct a guide to the subject content of the library's collections as an alphabetical catalog rationally and fully cross-referenced."
1396,"Survey of Commercially Available Computer-Readable Bibliographic Data Bases This document contains the results of a survey of 94 US organizations, and 36 organizations in other countries that were thought to prepare machine-readable data bases.. Of those surveyed, 55 organizations (40 in U.S., 15 in other countries) provided completed camera-ready forms describing bibliographic information about published literature..  The following types of data were requested for each data base: Name, frequency of issue, and time span covered by the data base; Name of organizations and individuals who can provide information on the data base; Subject matter and scope of data on the tape; Source of information in the data base (journal articles, reports, patents, monographs, etc.); Method(s) used for indexing or other types of subject analysis; Special data elements; Tape specifications (density, tracks, labels, etc.); Availability of programs for retrospective searching and selective dissemination of information (SDI); Type and cost of search services offered; and Availability and charges for data bases.. The information provided represents the status of these data bases as of November 1972..  It is anticipated that libraries and other information centers will find this document helpful in selecting data bases for providing SDI; retrospective search services, and other bibliographic reference services to their users.."
1397,"Survey of the Interlibrary Loan Operation of the National Library of Medicine This paper reports a survey of the interlibrary loan operations at the National Library of Medicine.   The operations discussed here represent a significant departure from conventional interlibrary loan routines. The substance of the present report pertains to the handling of interlibrary loans through the instrumentality of photoduplication. This concept - providing photoduplicates of desired materials in lieu of loaning the originals - stems from thinking enunciated by Atherton Seidell, a member of the Friends of the Army Medical Library who pioneered in the development of photoduplication services."
1398,"Switching and Finite Automata Theory The subject of switching and finite automata theory needs no introduction. It has become a part of every computer science and electrical engineering curriculum, and rightly so. It provides techniques useful in a wide variety of applications and helps develop a way of thinking that leads to understanding of the structure, behavior, and limitations and capabilities of logical machines. In this book I have tried to cover the whole subject, starting with introductory material and leading to the more advanced topics, assuming a minimal technical background on the part of the reader. I did not attempt to provide detailed techniques for the design of specific circuits, but rather to formulate methods and to develop algorithms that can be applied to a broad class of problems. For once such general principles are understood, the relevance of specific procedures and their applicability to given problems are a matter of engineering decisions."
1399,"Syntactic Structures This study deals with syntactic structure both in the broad sense (as opposed to semantics) and the narrow sense (as opposed to phonemics and morphology). It forms part of an attempt to construct a formalized general theory of linguistic structure and to explore the foundations of such a theory. The search for rigorous formulation in linguistics has a much more serious motivation than mere concern for logical niceties or the desire to purify well-established methods of linguistic analysis. Precisely constructed models for linguistic structure can play an important role, both negative and positive, in the process of discovery itself. By pushing a precise but inadequate formulation to an unacceptable conclusion, we can often expose the exact source of this inadequacy and, consequently, gain a deeper understanding of the linguistic data. More positively, a formalized theory may automatically provide solutions for many problems other than those for which it was explicitly designed. Obscure and intuition-bound notions can neither lead to absurd conclusions nor provide new and correct ones, and hence they fail to be useful in two important respects."
1400,"Systematic Analysis of University Libraries As the administrators and librarians on every campus know, limited resources force hard choices among many desirable schemes for expanding and improving library facilities. What percentage of new books should be acquired, how much service should be provided, how luxurious or austere should new library buildings be?"
1401,"Systems Analysis of a University Library; final report on a research project The establishment of nine new universities in the 1960's provoked a highly stimulating re-examination of the nature, purpose and management of academic libraries. Long-established attitudes and methods were questioned, but although changes were made, the basic difficulty remained - a lack of objective information about the best ways of providing a library service in a university. The report of the UGC Committee on Librarys (the Parry Report (267)), which, in general, endorsed these changes, also stressed the need for research into all aspects of academic library provision."
1402,"Systems Approach There is no question that in our age there is a good deal of turmoil about the manner in which our society is run. Probably at no prior point in the history of man has there been so much discussion about the rights and wrongs of the policy makers, whether they be the politicians in Albany or Sacramento, in Washington, Paris, or Moscow, the managers of far-flung industrial firms, or the people who run educational institutions. In all cases the citizen feels a perfect right to have his say about the way in which the managers manage.  Not only has the citizen become far more vocal, but he has also in many instances begun to suspect that the people who make the major decisions that affect our lives don't know what they are doing. They don't know what they are doing simply because they have no adequate basis to judge the effects of their decisions."
1403,"Targets for Research in Library Education Few librarians and library educators who criticize research relating to their fields realize in 1972 how far research has progressed during the last decade and a half. The criticism usually relates to the recognition that librarianship is more of a service and less of a fact- finding field of endeavor and that librarians are primarily trained to assist in the research activities of others rather than to conduct their own. One can add here that the average librarian who spends about forty hours a week on his job not always has the stamina to spend his free time on original research or the writing of proposals, which either are not adequately funded or are not published with the prominence hoped for. If the librarian-researcher commits his findings to writing, he is occasionally criticized for writing poorly or for having dwelled on topics of limited interest to the reviewer. Or he finds that while many praise his work there are no funds, possibilities, or opportunities to translate his conclusions into action."
1404,"Technical Libraries; users and their demands: a classification of user groups and user demands in technical libraries This study of the habits of customers of technical libraries and information departments had three main aims. 1. Determination of user demands: to discover what items of information or documents customers seek, why they seek them and how they obtain them. 2. Classification of user groups and their demands: to test a hypothesis; that it is possible to classify customers into meaningful user groups possessing recognizable common features and characteristic behavior patterns, and to classify group needs. 3. Estimation of the significance of the above for librarians: to measure the demand on librarians and libraries, in terms of expenditure of their time and skill, and use of stock made by different user groups."
1405,"Techniques of Information Retrieval Information retrieval is now an accepted part of the new discipline of information science and technology, and its principles are taught not only in librarianship and documentation, but also in courses of systems design. There are half a dozen useful texts available, each with a special emphasis arising from the varied backgrounds and interests of the authors."
1406,"Technology; economic growth and public policy This book explores the relations among research, development, innovation, and economic growth; considers the manner in which the economy adapts to technical change and the problems encountered in the processes of adaption; and recommends several policy changes designed to encourage technological change consistent with other public policy objectives. Since they address policy makers as well as scholars, the authors have tried to avoid scholarly jargon without sacrificing scholarly rigor."
1407,"Technology, Information, and Organization Information Transfer in Industrial R and D This is an empirical study of information transfer in the R&D operations of large industrial corporations.. Its basis is a body of survey data collected from 2000 engineers and scientists in 13 establishments of four corporations and from 1200 members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.. The data describe instances in which respondents acquired useful technical information from sources outside their immediate circle of colleagues.. The analysis is descriptive in character, following a functional approach in which the use of various means of information transfer is considered in relation to the purposes of technical work..  While the data, in general, confirm the results of other studies of this sort, they demonstrate also that the relative use of alternative means will vary significantly with the circumstances of their use.. The report explores the association of variations in a number of specific personal, organizational, and technological factors with variations in the use of sources of information.. In a more general interpretation of these findings, those variations are related to aspects of the goals of the work to which the information was applied..  The purposes of technical work are considered along two basic dimensions, one relating to the potential for contribution to the development of some body of systematic knowledge, the other to the support of particular operational objectives.. When the focus of work is on operational goals, local and informal sources account for most instances of information transfer.. Formal and more distant sources are the most common means used when the focus is on ""professional"" goals, i.e., those concerned with contributions to knowledge..  In conclusion, the report discusses the effects which management may have, within an organization, on the process of information transfer, and the need for managers and students of the process to take into account the interplay in this process of personal values, task requisites, and the structure of formal and social groups.. Firms need to establish two-way communication about needs and possibilities; by so doing they may enhance the effectiveness with which advances in knowledge are translated into innovations in technology meeting the needs of society.."
1408,"Technology and Information Transfer In 1963 research at the Harvard Business School was initiated by Richard Rosenbloom and Frank Wolek to describe the process by which technical information is communicated and used. National and corporate attention had been increasingly drawn to the interaction between scientific and technological advance and social change. This problem was considered to be of considerable practical importance at that time, as it still is. This volume is a product of that effort. The research focuses upon the flow of technical information across organizational lines in the research and development operations of large industrial corporations. The basis of the work is a body of survey data collected from 2,000 engineers and scientists in 13 establishments of 4 corporations, and from 1,200 members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The data describe instances in which respondents acquired useful technical information from sources outside their immediate circle of colleagues. The analysis is descriptive in character, following a functional approach in which the use of various means of information transfer is considered in relation to the purposes of technical work."
1409,"Text, Machine, and Man This work describes a native Soviet experiment in creating machine translation and the automatic annotation of texts in foreign languages. Also generalizes the theoretical results of research in the area of probabilistic text processing within the system ""man-machine'man""."
1410,"Telefacsimile in Libraries The use of telefacsimile systems to provide rapid transfer of information has great appeal. Because of a growing interest in the possible applicability of this technology to libraries, the Council on Library Resources provided a grant to the Institute of Library Research to conduct an experiment using telefacsimile equipment in a working library situation. The study was designed to explore the feasibility of telefacsimile for present interlibrary use. It provides information on the performance, cost, and utility of telefacsimile systems for libraries."
1411,"Probability Theory This book is a textbook intended for those generally familiar with mathematics who are interested in the technical applications of probability theory, in particular of the theory of shooting [?]. The book will also be of interest to engineers in other fields who find it necessary to use the theory of probability. The book is distinguished by the major attention it pays to new branches of probability theory which are important in application (for example, the theory of probabilistic processes, information theory, the theory of mass servicing, etc.)."
1412,"Terminology of Documentation The Terminology of Documentation is intended to help standardize basic terminology in the rapidly developing field of documentation and thus to foster international co-operation. It should also be useful as a reference work for organizations and individuals working in the fields of documentation, libraries and information processing, to translators and to students in these fields."
1413,"Thesaurus Construction Before work can begin on the construction of a thesaurus, a study should be made of the information retrieval system it is intended to serve. Only when the requirements of the system are known can consideration be given to the type of thesaurus which would be most effective in a specific situation."
1414,"The Thesaurus in Retrieval This book does not purport to provide all the answers to the problem (such a claim would be rightly suspect) but to collect together problems and experiences pertaining to the technique. Though three of the case studies in Chapter 8 are from outside the United Kingdom, there is an inevitable bias towards British experience and English-language thesauri. It is hoped that people outside this country will find the book useful, but there is little mention of, for example, the language problem. The way in which compound terms are treated clearly depends on whether one is indexing in German, French or English, and each language exhibits a different morphology."
1415,"Computer-Based Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Service for Faculty Using Library of Congress Machine-Readable Catalog (MARC) Records From November 1966 through June 1968 the Library of Congress conducted a pilot project involving the weekly distribution of its traditional 3x5 catalog cards in machine-readable form.. The MARC records provided a search data base for an experiment in current awareness service designed to furnish faculty with biweekly lists of bibliographic notices of new monographs in their specified fields of interest..  Of the 298 social sciences faculty members queried about their interest in participating, 209 (70 percent) responded affirmatively.. Only 40 participants could be accommodated, so they were chosen in proportion to the number of faculty members in each department or school: anthropology-l, business-10, economics-3, education-15, government-4, history-4, and sociology-3..  An ""interest"" statement from each faculty member was translated into both Library of Congress classification numbers (e.g., E6ll) and subject heading terms, i.e., elements of discrete heading separated by a comma, dash, parenthesis, or period (e.g., U.S.--HIST.--CIVIL WAR--PRISONERS, EXCHANGE OF becomes six terms: U/S/HIST/CIVIL WAR/PRISONERS/EXCHANGE OF).. The resulting ""interest profiles"" were recorded on punched cards for computer matching with subject headings and class numbers..  The weighted term search strategy was used in comparing profiles with MARC records.. Each profile was assigned a ""cutoff weight"" or ""hit level"" of 6.. Subject heading terms were assigned positive or negative weights so that the sum of weights on matching terms would be equal to, exceed, or be less than the hit level, thereby appropriately causing or preventing the selection of a particular record.. All class numbers were assigned a weight of 6 so that a hit would occur on any matching number..  Three computer programs were employed in producing the SDI lists.. Program Extract used MARC Master Tapes as input and extracted the card number (accession number), subject heading terms, and class number for current records; Program Retrieve compared these terms and class numbers with those in the profiles and recorded the card numbers for ""hits""; Program Print compared these card numbers with those on complete MARC records and printed three copies of each record to be sent to the faculty.. One copy was for the faculty member's own use; one was to be evaluated and returned; and one was to be used for making recommendations to the library..  Subject headings proved to be more effective in searching the MARC file mainly because multiple subject headings may be assigned to each record, whereas there is only one class number; and a hit often occurred on a record's second or third heading..  The SDI system performed well in selecting performed well in selecting relevant records, and overall evaluations were highly favorable.. Some 73 percent of notices received by faculty members were for works judged new to the faculty. The majority felt that the SDI service provided an automatic, regular notification of new works.. They felt that it usually brought works to their attention quicker than other sources; it informed them of items they otherwise would have missed; it furnished a compact source listing books in all but only their fields; it required very little time; and it provided a convenient means for making library recommendations and therefore increased the amount of recommending done.. All faculty expressed a desire to have SDI service continued.."
1416,"Synthesis, Identification and Control of Distributed Parameter Systems Many synthesis, identification and control problems that arise in distributed parameter systems are studied.. Two major approaches, viz., the frequency domain approach and the time domain approach, are considered.. The techniques developed overcome many difficulties that are associated with optimization problems in distributed parameter systems..  In the frequency domain, distributed systems described by the general (linear) telegrapher's equations are considered, over a finite band of frequencies.. An electric network, equivalent to these systems, is developed.. Many optimization problems, that are of practical interest, are formulated in terms of this new equivalent network.. Some of the basic principles of lumped network theory are applied to formulate these optimization problems..  Many advantages in the method of solution due to this formulation are discussed..  In the time domain, a method of characteristics is developed as a method of solution for optimization problems.. First and second order hyperbolic systems are considered.. Imbedding and Gradient techniques developed along the characteristics are shown to have numerous computational advantages.. It is shown that solving for Green's function (and associated eigenvalue problem) is not required..  It is hoped that the methods developed here will lead efficiently to actual realization of optimal distributed systems.."
1417,"Least Cost Decision Rules for the Selection of Library Materials for Compact Storage For the last several decades library collections have been growing at exponential rates with no relief evident in the future..  To help ease the growing financial burden of housing their collections, many librarians have suggested employment compact storage depositories for little-used materials.. Two aspects to be considered in designing a storage system are: the fraction of the collection which is to be stored; and the criteria to be used for selecting materials for storage.. This study demonstrates that for a given selection criterion least-cost storage quantities can be assessed by balancing the large circulation costs and the small shelving costs associated with stored materials..  Two storage criteria, one based upon the age of the materials and the other utilizing the individual book usage rates, are discussed and compared.. For the age policy the objective is the determination of a least-cost critical age at which materials are transferred to storage and which defines the fraction of the collection that should be stored.. The model assumes that the circulation rate of the books decline with age according to an average geometric pattern of obsolescence..  The average time gap between the most recent circulations of books is utilized as the measure for rate of usage of a book.. The storage decision variable resulting from the minimization of the total cost function of the usage rate policy is a critical intercirculation gap, the maximum amount of time that a book should be permitted to remain in a working collection without being used.. Those books which are stored by the above rule might be those for which the time since last use exceeds the critical intercirculation gap.. Hence, although the least-cost selection rule is independent of the composite distribution of usage rates, the fraction of the collection stored depends upon the circulation activities of the individual libraries..  An empirical evaluation of the storage models was made using data collected from three libraries at Purdue University and estimates of cost parameters extracted from the literature.. Calculations for the least-cost decision rules and the related costs demonstrate that significant savings can be realized from storage of materials, but the calculations indicate that a large portion of the collection must be stored..  Comparisons of the age policy and the usage rate policy indicate that the latter criterion is preferred for all cases examined, including a situation where the usage rate policy is handicapped with a relatively high unit relocation cost..  Sensitivity analyses of the cost parameters for practical ranges of values show that the choice for the length of the planning horizon has a relatively insignificant effect on the decision rules; that changes in the capacity-related cost parameters will cause significant changes in the results; and that the rules are extremely sensitive to changes in the circulation cost differential.. An important component of the latter consideration is a rather subjective estimate for the cost of a service delay, which appears to have a potentially large influence on the decision rules.."
1418,"Journal Usage Patterns and their Implications in the Planning of Library Systems Access to the literature is an essential requirement for advanced research.. Libraries, particularly academic libraries, have traditionally borne the major responsibility for providing public access to the world's literature.. Most universities have developed rather complex multilibrary systems of specialized libraries in order to meet the needs of various groups which they serve.. This use of special libraries to meet the needs of particular groups has, generally, resulted in a somewhat arbitrary division of the literature by disciplines.. The purpose of this study is to investigate some of the effects that this division of the literature has on its accessibility and in particular to examine the disciplines, the interdisciplinary relationships, and the scattering characteristics as they are revealed by journal usage patterns.. These results are applied to the problem of planning and design of library systems..  Measures of journal productivity are proposed and means of actually estimating these measures, based on citations, usage, and abstract data are developed.. Each of these means of estimating journal productivity has its advantages and limitations.. Since these value measures are usually made relative to a particular discipline, many problems arise unless disciplines can be defined in comparable terms.. A ""discipline wheel"" is proposed which can serve as a conceptual framework in which to view the different disciplines.. This framework provides a basis for measuring the breadth of a discipline and also for measuring the similarity between two disciplines..  One of the more important characteristics which has emerged from the study of journal productivity is the concept of ""scattering"" of articles or ""title dispersion"".. A powerful tool for describing this phenomenon which has resulted from earlier studies is the Bradford distribution.. The Bradford distribution is fitted to over fifty groups of productivity data from various sources with mixed results.. Other possible distributions, particularly the Yule, Borel, and the Fisher distributions, are also considered..  The applications of productivity functions in the operation, design, and evaluation of library systems are virtually unlimited.. Their use in determining the size of a collection, finding the marginal value of adding additional journals to a collection, determining user convenience, and building mathematical models of library systems are among some of the applications which are considered.. It is also possible, based on productivity functions, to predict the comprehensiveness of a particular library system as a function of the number of subscriptions it receives..  The Purdue University Libraries provided an actual library system to which the above concepts could be applied.. A large set of citation data was collected.. This data consisted of 24,953 citations from 752 Ph.D. dissertations written in technical fields at Purdue University.. Complete records of the university's scientific journal holdings were also obtained.. The Bradford distribution is fitted to the citation data with generally satisfactory results.. The similarity between the different scientific disciplines is measured as is the similarity between the different libraries.. The breadth of the disciplines is also measured.. Differences between the journal usage patterns and the system's holdings are examined.. Alternate library system configurations are proposed and evaluated through the use of comprehensiveness functions..  This study shows that it is possible to quantitatively measure such concepts as title dispersion, breadth of a discipline, the similarity between disciplines, and others.. The quantification of these concepts leads to a basis for the design and evaluation of complete library systems.."
1419,"Utility of Automatic Classification Systems for Information Storage and Retrieval Large-scale, on-line information storage and retrieval systems pose numerous problems above those encountered by smaller systems.. The more critical of these problems involve: degree of automation, flexibility, browsability, storage space, and retrieval time.. A step toward the solution of these problems is presented here along with several demonstrations of feasibility and advantages..  The methodology on which this solution is based is that of a posteriori automatic classification of the document collection.. Feasibility is demonstrated by automatically classifying a file of 50,000 document descriptions.. The advantages of automatic classification are demonstrated by establishing methods for measuring the quality of classification systems and applying these measures to a number of different classification strategies.. By indexing the 50,000 documents by two independent methods, one manual and one automatic, it is shown that these advantages are not dependent upon the indexing method used..  It was found that among those automatic classification algorithms studied, one particular algorithm, CLASFY, consistently outperformed the others.. In addition, it was found that this algorithm produced classifications at least as good, with respect to the measured established in this dissertation, as the a priori, manual classification system currently in use with the aforementioned file..  The actual classification schedules produced by CLASFY in classifying a file of almost 50,000 document descriptions into 265 categories are included as an appendix to this dissertation.."
1420,"Time-Lag in Cataloging Any who have the arduous task of assisting a student through that ultimate of academic exercises, the preparation and defense of a dissertation, are likely to define happiness as a good book written by an advisee. This book is a cause of joy. The author expended much more effort than is usually the case to gain even the smallest detail, because the subject matter is strangely intractable, hedged round with perplexities and not a few vested interests. Letters and reports get locked away where they may not be seen except by the most persistent investigator and one who somehow meets criteria that no one else can claim. In the end, the author deserves the praise and the advisor is well rewarded with the inner satisfaction that comes from participation in an important investigation finished as an influential and well-written book."
1421,"Title Derivative Indexing Techniques; a comparative study The increasing volume of published literature continues to present problems in relation to information handling and information representation. As the magnitude and complexity of the available information has continued to increase, investigators have examined means of reducing the costly and time-consuming processes involved when human beings assign index terms to documents. Recognition of the general inadequacy of present indexing, and concern over time and cost factors in index preparation have prompted experimentation in the development and application of machines to assist in the indexing process. As a result, use of suitable mechanized or partly mechanized procedures to replace or complement the manual indexing process has become more widespread. Machine indexing is a process whereby mechanized or automatic selection or generation of indexing terms is accomplished. The present study investigates one aspect of automatic computer-based indexing, the permuted title index."
1422,"Towards Information Retrieval The selection of papers published here explores activities in which indefinite neglect of either aspect, the conceptual or the mechanical, will lead to practical and theoretical disaster. They centre on the recovery of records according to their subject matter.  Since libraries began, librarians have evolved, studied, and taught procedures for indexing and classifying. These allow some delegation from subject specialists who understand the subject matter, to library staff who can recognize the ways in which specialists talk about it. The procedures consider mostly only the interpretation of texts, not the text itself as an object with recognizable marks subject to the laws of physics and the principles of engineering. They assume the problems of topic identification solved, and the methods for recovering physical texts as independent of the methods for describing the interpretations of texts."
1423,"Training for Library Service: a report prepared for the Carnegie Corporation of New York The primary purpose in preparing the following report was to present existing conditions in this country with respect to training for library work in such a way that the educator and the layman interested in educational problems might be able to form a true conception of the steps that should be taken to improve this phase of the library situation.   The author has been obliged to limit the scope of his study to the so-called professional schools. He has treated only incidentally training classes, summer schools, and other types of library training agency. An effort has been made to discover and to point out the strong and weak points in the organization of these library schools and in the training which they offer. Many of the defects disclosed could be remedied by the schools themselves; others are due to extreme poverty and can be remedied only by increased income."
1424,"University Library Administration A university library is both a collegiate library and a research library. It is collegiate in its provision of books and other documentary records to support the students' program of instruction and to encourage the habit of reading and the use of libraries. As does the college library, the university library must also provide materials for use by the faculty members in the preparation of their courses of instruction and by the staff of the institution in the performance of their administrative responsibilities. However, the university library differs from the college library in offering a wider range of undergraduate programs, offering graduate instruction beyond the Master's level, and usually offering advanced professional programs in a number of fields."
1425,"Undergraduate Library The development of the separately housed undergraduate library on the modern university campus is a recent innovation - so recent, in fact, that in September, 1965, there were only six such libraries in the United States. The interest in effective undergraduate education which led to the creation of these libraries, however, is not of such recent origin. As early as 1608, when Thomas James was appointed to Bodley's Library, ""he proposed the establishment of an undergraduate library to help the younger student. But Sir Thomas Bodley was opposed."" So it is to Harvard that we turn for an example of the protracted concern for the undergraduate's plight.   Despite the concern voiced by these earlier writers, most universities and their libraries were relatively small until this century. More important, they were largely undergraduate institutions. The great expansion of graduate education is a twentieth-century phenomenon. The problems of the undergraduate in using university collections were greatly compounded by the striking growth in the size of collections and by an increasing emphasis on the acquisition of materials suitable for research.   The large university collections became increasingly difficult for the undergraduate to use. When he had to select his books from the card catalog and obtain them through paging in a closed-stack system, he might well abandon the attempt before finally locating a book which was not checked out, missing, or at the bindery - and which was suitable for his purposes. The university library was also difficult to use because it was crowded - study conditions were unsatisfactory and staff was insufficient to handle the volume of work."
1426,"Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man With the advent of individual detribalized man, a new education was needed. Plato devised such a new program for literate men. It was based on the Ideas. With the phonetic alphabet, classified wisdom took over from the operational wisdom of Homer and Hesiod and the tribal encyclopedia. Education by classified data has been the Western program ever since.  Now, however, in the electronic age, data classification yields to pattern recognition, the key phrase at IBM. When data moves instantly, classification is too fragmentary. In order to cope with data at electric speed in typical situations of ""information overload,"" men resort to the study of configurations, like the sailor in Edgar Allan Poe's Maelstrom.  ""The medium is the message"" means, in terms of the electronic age, that a totally new environment has been created. The ""content"" of this new environment is the old mechanized environment of the industrial age."
1427,"Understanding Media: the extensions of man When it was decided that Cognitive Psychology would not specify size limits for articles, and that we would publish relevant papers in artificial intelligence, we hardly anticipated devoting an entire issue to a single piece of work. However, Winograd's ""Program for Understanding Natural Language"" seems sufficiently general and important in its implications to warrant the experiment. Some readers will find sufficient the first two sections, which present, respectively, an overview of the system and what it does, and a first-rate evaluation of research in artificial intelligence on natural language processing, semantics, and theorem proving. Others will want to explore in detail the structure of the syntactic component, the treatment of semantics, and the programming language for specifying theories of problem solving. Each of these contributions is significant in its own right. Together they form a unique, integrated system capable of parsing, interpreting, and acting upon the information contained in complex natural language discourse."
1428,"Understanding Scientific Literatures: A Bibliographic Approach As the author states, the methods he describes treat the growth of a scientific literature as a social phenomenon in its own right, not as a material byproduct of the knowledge and concepts of the science written about. Management of the literature of physics, say, does not first demand the study of physics, but of physicists. Management of the literature of information sciences demands first the study of information scientists."
1429,"The Universal Decimal Classification Purpose of this paper. The purpose of this preliminary study is to attempt  to discover how far it succeeds at present and how far and by what methods it may continue to succeed or be made to succeed in the future. One person (or two, for Brian Vickery is tackling the problem from the point of view of scientific and technological users) with however many helpful consultants can only hope to isolate some of the problems and to indicate some of the possible solutions. This, it is hoped, may prepare the ground and stimulate the critical and creative efforts of others towards fruitful developments."
1430,"The Universal Decimal Classification and Technical Information Indexing This study of the UDC sets out from the assumption that both general and special documentation services can make use of a general classification. On the other hand, it assumes that the criticisms of the UDC - the preference of some documentalists for alternative special schemes - imply that the UDC does not adequately provide the facilities currently needed. In examining these criticisms and some special schemes an effort is made here to elucidate those features of the UDC which prevent it from being more widely used and then to suggest how the UDC might be developed to provide the facilities needed."
1431,"The Intermediate Lexicon A new step towards international co-operation in scientific and technical information.  The agencies specializing in documentation of documentation (i.e., handling the literature on scientific and technical information) are in turn having problems with the growth of information. The number of their centres has been growing during the last few years - often several in a country and all with activities that are often very similar; scanning and abstracting of documents from the same sources, indexing jobs that may differ only in practical details, more or less identical end-products (descriptive bibliographies, abstracting bulletins, indexes, selective distribution programmes, card-indexes, and so on)."
1432,"The Ranking of Biomedical Periodicals from the Indian Scientist's Point of View The output of scientific literature has been increasing exponentially since the second quarter of this century.. New journals in specialized branches of science keep appearing and established periodicals either multiply the number of volumes per year or split into different titles covering narrower subject areas in order to cope with the flow of communications received for publication.. The limited resources or libraries, particularly in the developing countries, do not permit them to increase library space or budget at a rate commensurate with this rise in publication.. Consequently research libraries in such countries as India must be highly selective in their acquisition programmes and to do so without detriment to the research interests of the institution they serve, they urgently need dependable data on the ranking of periodicals according to the particular research needs of their respective countries.. In this article an attempt is made to rank periodicals in the field of the biomedical sciences, from the point of view of the Indian scientist.. This method may also be followed in the libraries of other developing countries by changing the citing journals according to their country's needs.."
1433,Universal Bibliographical Control (UBC) The author outlines a plan for the systematic handling of bibliographical data from the time a book is printed anywhere in the world until its cataloguing in the libraries.. The various problems are set forth and possible solutions proposed..
1434,"Cataloguing in Publication: A New Programme of Pre-Publication Cataloguing in the United States of America, with Comments on some Similar Programmes The cataloguing in source experiment carried out by the United States Library of Congress ended in 1959.. Studies on the feasibility of a new pre-publication cataloguing programme were undertaken and on 1 July 1971 a new cataloguing in publication programmes were started.. Other programmes for pre-publication cataloguing, namely in Brazil and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, are described.."
1435,"International Standardization of Cataloguing and Bibliographical Records:  The Work of the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing The ILFA Committee on Cataloguing has been at work since 1954 to establish international standards for cataloguing and bibliographical records, and was responsible for the International conference on Cataloguing Principles, Paris, 1961, and the International Medical of Cataloguing Experts, Copenhagen, 1969. A new impetus to its work has been given in 1971 with the establishment of its permanent Cataoguing Secretariat whose function were to act as a co-ordinating centre, to promote cataloguing projects and to disseminate information."
1436,"ISDS and the Functions and Activities of National Centres An International Serials Data System (ISDS) is being established within the framework of UNISIST - a world science information system. Each serial will be assigned an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). An International Centre for the Registration of Serial Publications, with headquarters in Paris, will be responsible for specifying the characteristics of the world register and maintaining an up-to-date file of serial titles. National and regional centres will supply input on new titles to the register and act as a link between the international centre and individual users."
1437,"NATIS: the theme for the 1970s In this article Stephen Green, a member of the British delegation to the Intergovernmental Conference on the Planning of National Documentation, Library and Archives Infrastructures, gives his views on the results of the conference and its implications for the future development of national information systems (NATIS) in member states."
1438,"An Unhurried View of Copyright Copyright protection became necessary with the invention of the printing press and had its early beginnings in the British censorship laws. The fortunes of the law of copyright have always been closely connected with freedom of expression, on the one hand, and with technological improvements in means of dissemination, on the other. Successive ages have drawn different balances among the interest of the writer in the control and exploitation of his intellectual property, the related interest of the publisher, and the competing interest of society in the untrammeled dissemination of ideas. It is this striking of balances in the law of copyright in the past, at present, and for the future, which constitutes the central theme of the James Carpentier Lectures delivered by Professor Benjamin Kaplan at the Columbia University School of Law in March, 1966."
1439,"Union Library Catalogs in the United States This volume on union library catalogs in the United States presents the results of a nationwide survey of all aspects of union cataloging by a group of investigators who have been engaged with the task for more than a year. The aim is to cover the history, current status, and future prospects of various types of union catalogs for American libraries."
1440,"Book Availability and the Library User The essentially logistical problem of making library books physically available when wanted by library users is central to librarianship. This book is a tentative attempt to provide a treatise on this problem. As such it has to deal with both theoretical analysis and the practicality of solutions. No apology is made for the attention devoted to theoretical analysis, because the author believes that a clear conceptual understanding of the factors involved is important for improved librarianship. The fact that analytical models are not always usable does not mean that the insight that can sometimes be derived from such analyses will not lead to a better understanding of the problems and, thereby, to improved library services."
1441,"Universal Bibliographic Control IFLA will be nearly fifty years old when Dorothy Anderson's UBC paper is published. It is tempting to say that it is a half a century overdue. When librarians first began to look beyond their national borders, bibliographic control was in the forefront of their concern. Gradually, however, these pioneers of international librarianship began to realize that technical problems were too ambitious for multilateral action and in their discussions the emphasis was placed more on functions and organizations, on the social and even economic achievements of the international library community - which was not fully international at all - were limited to comparisons of national efforts, with some countries constantly over-critical and others overgenerous. Outstanding bibliographic projects, like the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, were international in scope, but national in conception."
1442,"The Universal Decimal Classification This study represents the result of some fifteen years of contact with the Universal Decimal Classification, as a user, as a reviser and as a classification teacher. As a Information Officer at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, I was concerned with the use of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), both as classifier and as user of the resulting catalogues; I was also directly concerned as Liaison Officer for the Atomic Energy Research committee for UDC with the development of the Code of Practice which later became the basis of the Special subject edition for nuclear science and engineering. With accelerators; this work was carried out along the general lines indicated in this study, and is now part of UDC, which indicates that modern ideas can be accommodated within the scheme without undue strain."
1443,"Universals in Linguistic Theory We feel that a profound change has occurred in linguistic thinking in the last decade. It is not longer of any interest to describe one after another language 'anyhow' without regard to the relevance of the facts to general linguistic theory. As Ross put it, it makes no sense to talk about 'describing a language in terms of its own structure alone.' Toward the end of the conference, when it had become apparent that the general agreement did not encompass any currently explicitly formulated model, the question was raised: What should we be teaching our students? Langendoen's answer seems to us most apt: We should give them the ability to recognize a interesting linguistic problem when they see one, that is, one which throws some light - negative or positive - on our conceptions of what languages in general are like."
1444,"The Case of Citation Data in Writing the History of Science Can a computer write the history of science? Probably not in the sense usually implied. However, the research reported herein is a preliminary attempt to understand and define some basic problems that must be solved if computers are ever to aid the historian of science - no less supplant him. In this study, it was necessary to select a recent important scientific breakthrough which was based on the cumulation of years of diverse scientific achievement. For this reason we selected the discovery of the DNA code. For a concise historical description of the events, we then selected ""The Genetic Code,"" a book by Dr. Isaac Asimov which describes the major scientific developments that eventually led to the duplication in the laboratory of the process of protein synthesis under control of DNA."
1445,"User Requirements in Identifying Desired Works in Large Libraries The work reported here is a study of the utilization of the card catalog of a very large library, specifically the principal catalog of the library system of Yale University.   The study was motivated by two basic concerns, one of them of a long-term, or exploratory, nature, the other of a short-term, or operationally supportive, nature. The long-term concern is the question of how to design a computerized catalog for a very large library that can be expected to give the best possible performance. The short-term concern is the question of whether, and, of so, how, existing card catalogs in very large libraries may be made more responsive to user requirements. It was recognized that a carefully designed study of actual utilization of a catalog of a large library could shed useful light in both areas of concern."
1446,Distill or Drown: The Need for Reviews The information explosion sparks a need for creative synthesis of facts and ideas. For efficient access to good scientific literature we must devise new schemes for compression.
1447,"Information, Communication, Knowledge At the British Association meeting in Exeter last month, Professor Ziman addressed the section devoted to general topics on the question of how scientific information becomes public knowledge. The system of communication, he implied, is not as rotten as some like to think."
1448,"Vocabulary Control for Information Retrieval This book deals with properties of vocabularies for indexing and searching document collections; the construction, organization, display, and maintenance of these vocabularies; and the vocabulary as a factor affecting the performance of retrieval systems. Most of the text is concerned with vocabularies for post- coordinate retrieval systems, with special emphasis on thesauri and machine-based systems. Vocabularies for pre-coordinate systems (e.g., alphabetical subject catalogs and classified catalogs) are discussed only briefly to provide historical perspective and for the light they shed on the problems o vocabulary control in general. This type of vocabulary is well covered in existing texts."
1449,"The Weapons Acquisitition Process: An Economic Analysis A distinctive feature of American weapons development and production is the use of private firms to carry forward most of the effort. This volume is primarily concerned with the government- business relationships within which these activities take place. Our title reflects our emphasis. Weapons Acquisition is defined to include the conception, development, and production of technically advanced weapons for ultimate use by the armed forces. Process emphasizes the flow of decisions and activities during weapons programs, including the actions, reactions, and interactions of government agencies and defense contractors. Economic Analysis indicates our concern with how these activities and relationships affect the quality, time, cost, and value outcomes of weapons programs.  The principal objective of this volume is increased knowledge of these facets of weapons development and production. Such an objective classified the volume as a social science, rather than administrative study. Yet most social science research, however ""pure"" the form, is ultimately directed at changing public policy. That is the intention here, but this book does not conclude with a specific set of public policy recommendations. Rather, it is largely limited to providing understanding - a prerequisite to criticism, debate, revision, and improvement."
1450,"Weeding Library Collections This book is based upon two recent research projects in weeding and identifying core collections. However, it became apparent that the principles and techniques studied are applicable to almost all types of library collections.   This work has been designed to be used for four distinct purposes:   1. As a comprehensive source summarizing the opinion, knowledge, and serious research in the field of weeding. The author's own research is reported in such detail that replication of the studies is possible. In addition, this book contains the first report of the Harrison study.   2. As a do-it-yourself guide for librarians wishing to weed out their present collections. It is the aim of this book not only to explain and justify its methods, but to include a step-by-step procedure for ""weeding without tears.""   3. As a textbook in library schools, especially in courses that deal with the acquisition and maintenance of library collections, for weeding is one of the best techniques available for the long-range building of useful collections.   4. As a stimulus to further study in this entire area. It is hoped that libraries using the recommended methods will measure and report upon the costs of weeding and the impact of such weeding upon changes in the amount of circulation and in user satisfaction."
1451,"Some Behavioral Patterns of Library Users: The 80/20 rule A characteristic of inventory in business or industry is that approximately 80 percent of the number of transactions taken from a warehouse represents about 20 percent of the items stocked. This may also be considered as a ranking of stock items by their transaction activity which will show that the top 20 percent of the stocked items (i.e., the most active items) account for about 80 percent of the total number of transactions. The rule is sometimes expressed as the 75/25 rule with the same interpretation. It is only by coincidence that the figures add to 100 as the phenomena relate to the relationships between the two statistical measures."
1452,"The Wiswesser Line-Formula Chemical Notation (WLN) The line-formula chemical notation described in this manual is a precise and concise means of expressing the structural formulas of chemical compounds. Its basic idea is to use letter symbols to denote functional groups and to use numbers to express the lengths of alkyl chains and the sizes of rings. These symbols then are cited in connecting order from one end of the molecule to the other. For the past hundred years, ever since structural chemistry began, chemists have been using graphic symbols in this way. This line-formula notation is simply an extension and standardization of this practice."
1453,"Women in Librarianship There are some who question whether the status of women in the library profession is a major issue. A survey of library literature, however shows an increase in the factual data available regarding differences between men and women in salaries, promotional patterns and other professional situations. There are local library groups which are examining the status of women in their own libraries and organizing to improve their employment situations. On the state and national level, conference programs and workshops at library association meetings have dealt with various aspects of sex discrimination, affirmative action policies, sexism in children's materials and the like."
1454,"Work and Motivation The basic plan for this book was evolved during the summer of 1959. At that time I was working on a chapter entitled ""Industrial Social Psychology"" for the annual Review of Psychology. I was impressed by the large amount of research being conducted in the field, but found the task of integrating that research and of identifying the progress made during the period of the review exceedingly difficult. In part, this difficulty was a result of the great differences among investigators in the phenomena they selected for study and the methods they used to study it. A more troublesome problem, however, was the apparent theoretical implications of their research. Concepts tended to be highly specific and inadequately defined. There was little standardization of terminology and little consideration for the nature of the processes underlying empirical data."
1455,"Work and the Nature of Man Work and the Nature of Man is the third book of a trilogy concerning job attitudes. In the first book, Job Attitudes: Review of Research and Opinion, my colleagues and I attempted to review and systematize what had been gleaned from research and contemplation after a half-century of effort. In the Motivation to Work that followed, we described an original research study that offered a completely new hypothesis about the way people feel about their jobs. In this book, I have taken that hypothesis and expanded it to a general theory of Work and the Nature of Man.	While the trilogy contains the three basic stages of scientific inquiry, knowledge of what has gone before, new research and finally a theory, the task that I set out for myself many years ago, upon graduation for the School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh, is just beginning.  That task was to give original substance to the new discipline of Industrial Mental Health and, if possible, to make some positive contributions."
1456,"World Dynamics Over the last several decades interest in economic development, population growth, and the world environment has expanded rapidly. As world-wide stresses have increased, many individuals and organizations have begun to study and to influence the changing aspects of the world situation. But it seems fair to observe that most of the activity has been addressed to separate facets of the world system. Little has yet been done to show how the many actions and forces are affecting one another to produce the total consequences that we observe. Now however, many persons are coming to believe that the interactions within the whole are more important than the sum of the separate parts. This book was undertaken as one step toward showing how the behavior of the world system results from mutual interplay between its demographic, industrial, and agricultural subsystems."
1457,"World Trends in Library Education One of the most significant aspects of the evolution of librarianship in the twentieth century has been the emergence of the library schools as a potent factor in shaping new philosophies and new attitudes in the library profession. The intention of the present work is to examine some of the implications of this rapid growth in the number of library schools, noting current trends and possible changes in the future. Inevitably, some limitations have had to be imposed, and there has been a deliberate concentration upon Anglo- American library education, while at the same time examining other major patterns of professional education for librarians which exist in the world, and comparing these with the approach of the English speaking countries. An attempt has been made to trace the influences which the British and America systems of library education have had, particularly in the developing countries."
1458,"Legal Restrictions on Exploitation of the Patent Monopoly: An Economic Analysis The patent laws confer on a patentee power to exclude all others from making, using or selling his invention. In furtherance of a constitutionally recognized goal - ""To promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts"" - Congress has thus adopted a constitutionally authorized means - ""securing...to Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective...Discoveries."" The constitutional clause is remarkable in several respects. Its recognition of the possibility that invention might require encouragement implies not only that technological innovation is desirable but also that, but for legal subsidization, the quantity of innovation forthcoming would or might be less than optimum. This recognition, coming on the morn of an era during which the tendency of a free market to achieve optimality in all activities was greatly and religiously overestimated, prompts brief inquiry into the soundness of the supposition."
1459,"Language and Thought This book considers the basic aspects of this complex problem - the historical and social essence of language and thought, their interaction in historical evolution, the essence of linguistic meaning in relation to the content side of thought, and the physiological mechanism of the processes of abstraction, generalization, etc."